Lesson 5 (A-B)

FACT
OR
BLUFF
Mechanics
•Raise your hand then say if FACT or BLUFF

•One correct answer is equal to one point
•If someone answers in chorus, the point
will automatically goes to the opponent
•The group with the highest Score wins
Are
you
ready?
Thales is traditionally considered
to be the first philosopher who
lived in the city of Miletus
Fact Bluff
Thales is traditionally considered
to be the first philosopher who
lived in the city of Miletus
Fact
Kathryn Bernardo and Daniel
Padilla both posted in their
instagram accounts on
November 31, stating that their
relationship is over.
Fact Bluff
Kathryn Bernardo and Daniel
Padilla both posted in their
instagram accounts on
November 31, stating that their
relationship is over.
Bluff
Socrates was a
student of Plato
Fact Bluff
Socrates was a
student of Plato
Bluff
Aristotle is the
philosopher who
tutored Alexander the
Great
Fact Bluff
Aristotle is the
philosopher who
tutored Alexander the
Great
Fact
Pilosopo Tasyo is
similar to Aristotle
Fact Bluff
Pilosopo Tasyo is
similar to Aristotle
Bluff
lesson 5
Doxa and episteme

What is truth?
TRUTH
- is defined as something that can be proven and
justified using one's faculties or senses that follows
the order of logic which is factual and valid under
the normal human reason.
- the concept of truth is distinct from belief, as we
must distinguish between false and true views.
A. Ancient Roots
To know the truth is different from
believing something to be true. This is
the reason why we distinguish truth
from opinion.
different views presented
to us every day:
•News
•Social media
•Classroom
•Streets
•Church
•Interaction with people
What is Doxa
and Episteme?
Doxa
- a greek word for mere
belief and popular opinion.
Episteme
- a greek word for knowledge,
based on reasoning and
scientific thinking
We need to distinguish the false from the true,
or the illusions from the real. That is why
philosophers like Plato devoted much of their
time to the problem between appearance and
reality. Something that appears to be true is
not automatically true. When we talk about
knowledge (episteme), we are not concerned
with mere belief or opinion (doxa).
Every person has a set of beliefs or opinions.
We expect people to respect our beliefs and we
even say that every person is entitled to
his/her own opinion. With the diversity of
beliefs through time and across cultures, there
seem to be no point in claiming which views
are correct. We recognize and celebrate
diversity.
Since the beginning of philosophy, it was
recognized that truth is not readily accessible
to human beings. Only gods, beings of
supreme intelligence, possess all truths. Man
has to exert mental effort to know some of
these truths. His rational capacity (reason) is
his tool in such endeavor.
plato
- He emphasized the distinction
between appearance and reality,
emphasizing that something that
appears to be true is not automatically
true.
- He differentiated knowledge from opinion,

stating that knowledge is certain and based
on reality, while opinions are based on
appearances. To know the real, we need
reason or intellect to see beyond the
material world
Aristotle
- He also emphasized reason as
a tool, developing the
syllogism, it's a deductive
argument of a certain form
where a conclusion is inferred
from two premises and it's to
demonstrate the truth of a
claim or conclusion.
Valid syllogisms begin with knowable premises
and guarantee the truth of a conclusion,
demonstrating the importance of reason in
understanding reality.
Example:
Major premise: All men are mortal

Minor premise: Socrates is a man
Conclusion: Socrates is mortal
B. Modern Legacy
Modern Period
- In this period, the most important

contribution was made by Rene
Descartes
Rene Descartes
(1596-1650)
-He is considered the Father
of Modern Philosophy for
introducing the notion of
indubitability(unquestionable
; cannot be doubted).
In his Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes
begins his reflection with the admission that:
"from my earliest years, I have accepted many false
opinions as true, and that what I have concluded from
such badly assured premises could not but be highly
doubtful and uncertain. From the time that I first
recognized this fact, I have realized that if I wished to
have any firm and constant knowledge in the sciences, I
would have to undertake, once and for all, to set aside
all the opinions which I have previously accepted
among my beliefs and start again from the very
beginning."
The point is, statements that are false, doubtful,
or uncertain, cannot be used as basis for
knowledge. The Meditations uses the method of
doubt as a test to distinguish the indubitable
from the dubitable. This is the reason why
Descartes decided to put aside every belief in
which he could imagine the least doubt as though
he knew that it was absolutely false. Those
statements that cannot be doubted are those that
are so clear and so distinct that one cannot
rationally doubt or reject it.
Example:
Descartes concluded that he exists

because it is clear and evident that he is
doubting and to doubt would be
impossible if he does not exist.
Clear and distinct ideas alone can become the
foundation of all knowledge. The method of doubt
was instrumental in arriving at this rationalism.
Descartes has offered us a criteria by which we
can tell our opinion from knowledge. Opinions are
those that can be doubted and are often confused
in our thoughts. Their lack of clarity makes them
dubious. Knowledge, on the other hand, is
indubitable and thus certain.
Thank You
For Listening

Lesson 5 (A-B)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lesson 5 (A-B)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lesson 5 (A-B)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

FACT

•Raise your hand then say if FACT or BLUFF

Doxa and episteme

- He differentiated knowledge from opinion,

Major premise: All men are mortal

- In this period, the most important

Descartes concluded that he exists

You might also like