Michael Faraday FRS (/ˈfærədeɪ, -di/; 22 September 1791 – 25 August 1867) was an

English scientist who contributed to the study of electromagnetism and electrochemistry. His
main discoveries include the principles underlying electromagnetic
induction, diamagnetism and electrolysis.
Although Faraday received little formal education, he was one of the most influential scientists in
history.[1] It was by his research on the magnetic field around a conductor carrying a direct
current that Faraday established the basis for the concept of the electromagnetic field in physics.
Faraday also established that magnetism could affect rays of light and that there was an
underlying relationship between the two phenomena.[2][3] He similarly discovered the principles of
electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism, and the laws of electrolysis.
His inventions of electromagnetic rotary devices formed the foundation of electric motor
technology, and it was largely due to his efforts that electricity became practical for use in
technology.[4]
As a chemist, Faraday discovered benzene, investigated the clathrate hydrate of chlorine,
invented an early form of the Bunsen burner and the system of oxidation numbers, and
popularised terminology such as "anode", "cathode", "electrode" and "ion". Faraday ultimately
became the first and foremost Fullerian Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Institution, a lifetime
position.
Faraday was an excellent experimentalist who conveyed his ideas in clear and simple language;
his mathematical abilities, however, did not extend as far as trigonometry and were limited to the
simplest algebra. James Clerk Maxwell took the work of Faraday and others and summarized it
in a set of equations which is accepted as the basis of all modern theories of electromagnetic
phenomena. On Faraday's uses of lines of force, Maxwell wrote that they show Faraday "to have
been in reality a mathematician of a very high order – one from whom the mathematicians of the
future may derive valuable and fertile methods."[5] The SI unit of capacitance is named in his
honour: the farad.
Albert Einstein kept a picture of Faraday on his study wall, alongside pictures of Arthur
Schopenhauer and James Clerk Maxwell.[6] Physicist Ernest Rutherford stated, "When we
consider the magnitude and extent of his discoveries and their influence on the progress of
science and of industry, there is no honour too great to pay to the memory of Faraday, one of the
greatest scientific discoverers of all time."[1]

Contents

 1Personal life
o 1.1Early life
o 1.2Adult life
o 1.3Later life
 2Scientific achievements
o 2.1Chemistry
o 2.2Electricity and magnetism
o 2.3Diamagnetism
o 2.4Faraday cage
 3Royal Institution and public service
 4Commemorations
 5Awards named in Faraday's honour
 6Gallery
 7Bibliography
 8See also
 9References
 10Sources
  11Further reading
o 11.1Biographies
 12External links
o 12.1Biographies
o 12.2Others

Personal life[edit]
Early life[edit]
Michael Faraday was born on 22 September 1791 in Newington Butts,[7] Surrey (which is now
part of the London Borough of Southwark).[8] His family was not well off. His father, James, was a
member of the Glasite sect of Christianity. James Faraday moved his wife, Margaret (née
Hastwell),[9] and two children to London during the winter of 1790 from Outhgill in Westmorland,
where he had been an apprentice to the village blacksmith.[10] Michael was born in the autumn of
that year. The young Michael Faraday, who was the third of four children, having only the most
basic school education, had to educate himself.[11]
At the age of 14 he became an apprentice to George Riebau, a local bookbinder and bookseller
in Blandford Street.[12] During his seven-year apprenticeship Faraday read many books,
including Isaac Watts's The Improvement of the Mind, and he enthusiastically implemented the
principles and suggestions contained therein.[13] He also developed an interest in science,
especially in electricity. Faraday was particularly inspired by the book Conversations on
Chemistry by Jane Marcet.[14][15]

Adult life[edit]

Portrait of Faraday in 1842 by Thomas Phillips

In 1812, at the age of 20 and at the end of his apprenticeship, Faraday attended lectures by the
eminent English chemist Humphry Davy of the Royal Institution and the Royal Society, and John
Tatum, founder of the City Philosophical Society. Many of the tickets for these lectures were
given to Faraday by William Dance, who was one of the founders of the Royal Philharmonic
Society. Faraday subsequently sent Davy a 300-page book based on notes that he had taken
during these lectures. Davy's reply was immediate, kind, and favourable. In 1813, when Davy
damaged his eyesight in an accident with nitrogen trichloride, he decided to employ Faraday as
an assistant. Coincidentally one of the Royal Institution's assistants, John Payne, was sacked
and Sir Humphry Davy had been asked to find a replacement; thus he appointed Faraday as
Chemical Assistant at the Royal Institution on 1 March 1813.[2] Very soon Davy entrusted
Faraday with the preparation of nitrogen trichloride samples, and they both were injured in an
explosion of this very sensitive substance.[16]
Faraday married Sarah Barnard (1800–1879) on 12 June 1821.[17] They met through their families
at the Sandemanian church, and he confessed his faith to the Sandemanian congregation the
month after they were married. They had no children.[7]
Faraday was a devout Christian; his Sandemanian denomination was an offshoot of the Church
of Scotland. Well after his marriage, he served as deacon and for two terms as an elder in the
meeting house of his youth. His church was located at Paul's Alley in the Barbican. This meeting
house relocated in 1862 to Barnsbury Grove, Islington; this North London location was where
Faraday served the final two years of his second term as elder prior to his resignation from that
post.[18][19] Biographers have noted that "a strong sense of the unity of God and nature pervaded
Faraday's life and work."[20]

Later life[edit]

Three Fellows of the Royal Society offering the presidency to Faraday, 1857

In June 1832, the University of Oxford granted Faraday an honorary Doctor of Civil Law degree.
During his lifetime, he was offered a knighthood in recognition for his services to science, which
he turned down on religious grounds, believing that it was against the word of the Bible to
accumulate riches and pursue worldly reward, and stating that he preferred to remain "plain Mr
Faraday to the end".[21] Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1824, he twice refused to
become President.[22] He became the first Fullerian Professor of Chemistry at the Royal
Institution in 1833.[23]
In 1832, Faraday was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and
Sciences.[24] He was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in
1838. In 1840, he was elected to the American Philosophical Society.[25] He was one of eight
foreign members elected to the French Academy of Sciences in 1844.[26] In 1849 he was elected
as associated member to the Royal Institute of the Netherlands, which two years later became
the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and he was subsequently made foreign
member.[27]

Faraday's grave at Highgate Cemetery, London

Faraday suffered a nervous breakdown in 1839 but eventually returned to his investigations into
electromagnetism.[28] In 1848, as a result of representations by the Prince Consort, Faraday was
awarded a grace and favour house in Hampton Court in Middlesex, free of all expenses and
upkeep. This was the Master Mason's House, later called Faraday House, and now No. 37
Hampton Court Road. In 1858 Faraday retired to live there.[29]
Having provided a number of various service projects for the British government, when asked by
the government to advise on the production of chemical weapons for use in the Crimean
War (1853–1856), Faraday refused to participate, citing ethical reasons.[30]
Faraday died at his house at Hampton Court on 25 August 1867, aged 75.[31] He had some years
before turned down an offer of burial in Westminster Abbey upon his death, but he has a
memorial plaque there, near Isaac Newton's tomb.[32] Faraday was interred in the dissenters'
(non-Anglican) section of Highgate Cemetery.[33]

Scientific achievements[edit]
Chemistry[edit]

Equipment used by Faraday to make glass on display at the Royal Institution in London

Faraday's earliest chemical work was as an assistant to Humphry Davy. Faraday was specifically
involved in the study of chlorine; he discovered two new compounds of chlorine and carbon. He
also conducted the first rough experiments on the diffusion of gases, a phenomenon that was
first pointed out by John Dalton. The physical importance of this phenomenon was more fully
revealed by Thomas Graham and Joseph Loschmidt. Faraday succeeded in liquefying several
gases, investigated the alloys of steel, and produced several new kinds of glass intended for
optical purposes. A specimen of one of these heavy glasses subsequently became historically
important; when the glass was placed in a magnetic field Faraday determined the rotation of the
plane of polarisation of light. This specimen was also the first substance found to be repelled by
the poles of a magnet.[citation needed]
Faraday invented an early form of what was to become the Bunsen burner, which is in practical
use in science laboratories around the world as a convenient source of heat. [34][35] Faraday worked
extensively in the field of chemistry, discovering chemical substances such as benzene (which
he called bicarburet of hydrogen) and liquefying gases such as chlorine. The liquefying of gases
helped to establish that gases are the vapours of liquids possessing a very low boiling point and
gave a more solid basis to the concept of molecular aggregation. In 1820 Faraday reported the
first synthesis of compounds made from carbon and chlorine, C2Cl6 and C2Cl4, and published his
results the following year.[36][37][38] Faraday also determined the composition of the chlorine clathrate
hydrate, which had been discovered by Humphry Davy in 1810.[39][40] Faraday is also responsible
for discovering the laws of electrolysis, and for popularizing terminology such
as anode, cathode, electrode, and ion, terms proposed in large part by William Whewell.[41]
Faraday was the first to report what later came to be called metallic nanoparticles. In 1847 he
discovered that the optical properties of gold colloids differed from those of the corresponding
bulk metal. This was probably the first reported observation of the effects of quantum size, and
might be considered to be the birth of nanoscience.[42]

Electricity and magnetism[edit]

Faraday is best known for his work regarding electricity and magnetism. His first recorded
experiment was the construction of a voltaic pile with seven British halfpenny coins, stacked
together with seven discs of sheet zinc, and six pieces of paper moistened with salt water. With
this pile he decomposed sulfate of magnesia (first letter to Abbott, 12 July 1812).

Electromagnetic rotation experiment of Faraday, 1821, the first demonstration of the conversion of
electrical energy into motion.[43]

In 1821, soon after the Danish physicist and chemist Hans Christian Ørsted discovered the
phenomenon of electromagnetism, Davy and William Hyde Wollaston tried, but failed, to design
an electric motor.[3] Faraday, having discussed the problem with the two men, went on to build
two devices to produce what he called "electromagnetic rotations".[44] One of these, now known
as the homopolar motor, caused a continuous circular motion that was engendered by the
circular magnetic force around a wire that extended into a pool of mercury wherein was placed a
magnet; the wire would then rotate around the magnet if supplied with current from a chemical
battery. These experiments and inventions, first carried out in the basement of the Royal
Institution on 3 September 1821, formed the foundation of modern electromagnetic technology.
[45]
Faraday published the results of his discovery in the Quarterly Journal of Science, and sent
copies of his paper along with pocket-sized models of his device to colleagues around the world
so they could also witness the phenomenon of electromagnetic rotations.[45] In his excitement,
Faraday hastily released the paper which had not acknowledged his work with either Wollaston
or Davy. The resulting controversy within the Royal Society strained his mentor relationship with
Davy and may well have contributed to Faraday's assignment to other activities, which
consequently prevented his involvement in electromagnetic research for several years. [46][47]

One of Faraday's 1831 experiments demonstrating induction. The liquid battery (right) sends an electric
current through the small coil (A). When it is moved in or out of the large coil (B), its magnetic field induces
a momentary voltage in the coil, which is detected by the galvanometer (G).

From his initial discovery in 1821, Faraday continued his laboratory work, exploring
electromagnetic properties of materials and developing requisite experience. In 1824, Faraday
briefly set up a circuit to study whether a magnetic field could regulate the flow of a current in an
adjacent wire, but he found no such relationship.[48] This experiment followed similar work
conducted with light and magnets three years earlier that yielded identical results. [49][50] During the
next seven years, Faraday spent much of his time perfecting his recipe for optical quality (heavy)
glass, borosilicate of lead,[51] which he used in his future studies connecting light with magnetism.
[52]
In his spare time, Faraday continued publishing his experimental work on optics and
electromagnetism; he conducted correspondence with scientists whom he had met on his
journeys across Europe with Davy, and who were also working on electromagnetism.[53] Two
years after the death of Davy, in 1831, he began his great series of experiments in which he
discovered electromagnetic induction, recording in his laboratory diary on 28 October 1831 he
was; "making many experiments with the great magnet of the Royal Society". [54]

A diagram of Faraday's iron ring-coil apparatus

Built in 1831, the Faraday disc was the first electric generator. The horseshoe-shaped magnet (A) created
a magnetic field through the disc (D). When the disc was turned, this induced an electric current radially
outward from the centre toward the rim. The current flowed out through the sliding spring contact m,
through the external circuit, and back into the centre of the disc through the axle.

Faraday's breakthrough came when he wrapped two insulated coils of wire around an iron ring,
and found that, upon passing a current through one coil, a momentary current was induced in the
other coil.[3] This phenomenon is now known as mutual induction.[55] The iron ring-coil apparatus is
still on display at the Royal Institution. In subsequent experiments, he found that if he moved a
magnet through a loop of wire an electric current flowed in that wire. The current also flowed if
the loop was moved over a stationary magnet. His demonstrations established that a changing
magnetic field produces an electric field; this relation was modelled mathematically by James
Clerk Maxwell as Faraday's law, which subsequently became one of the four Maxwell equations,
and which have in turn evolved into the generalization known today as field theory.[56] Faraday
would later use the principles he had discovered to construct the electric dynamo, the ancestor of
modern power generators and the electric motor.[57]
Faraday (right) and John Daniell (left), founders of electrochemistry.

In 1832, he completed a series of experiments aimed at investigating the fundamental nature of

electricity; Faraday used "static", batteries, and "animal electricity" to produce the phenomena of
electrostatic attraction, electrolysis, magnetism, etc. He concluded that, contrary to the scientific
opinion of the time, the divisions between the various "kinds" of electricity were illusory. Faraday
instead proposed that only a single "electricity" exists, and the changing values of quantity and
intensity (current and voltage) would produce different groups of phenomena. [3]
Near the end of his career, Faraday proposed that electromagnetic forces extended into the
empty space around the conductor.[56] This idea was rejected by his fellow scientists, and Faraday
did not live to see the eventual acceptance of his proposition by the scientific community.
Faraday's concept of lines of flux emanating from charged bodies and magnets provided a way
to visualize electric and magnetic fields; that conceptual model was crucial for the successful
development of the electromechanical devices that dominated engineering and industry for the
remainder of the 19th century.[citation needed]

Diamagnetism[edit]

Faraday holding a type of glass bar he used in 1845 to show magnetism affects light in dielectric material.[58]

In 1845, Faraday discovered that many materials exhibit a weak repulsion from a magnetic field:
a phenomenon he termed diamagnetism.[59]
Faraday also discovered that the plane of polarization of linearly polarized light can be rotated by
the application of an external magnetic field aligned with the direction in which the light is moving.
This is now termed the Faraday effect.[56] In Sept 1845 he wrote in his notebook, "I have at last
succeeded in illuminating a magnetic curve or line of force and in magnetising a ray of light".[60]
Later on in his life, in 1862, Faraday used a spectroscope to search for a different alteration of
light, the change of spectral lines by an applied magnetic field. The equipment available to him
was, however, insufficient for a definite determination of spectral change. Pieter Zeeman later
used an improved apparatus to study the same phenomenon, publishing his results in 1897 and
receiving the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics for his success. In both his 1897 paper [61] and his Nobel
acceptance speech,[62] Zeeman made reference to Faraday's work.

Faraday cage[edit]
In his work on static electricity, Faraday's ice pail experiment demonstrated that the charge
resided only on the exterior of a charged conductor, and exterior charge had no influence on
anything enclosed within a conductor. This is because the exterior charges redistribute such that
the interior fields emanating from them cancel one another. This shielding effect is used in what
is now known as a Faraday cage.[56] In January 1836, Faraday had put a wooden frame, 12ft
square, on four glass supports and added paper walls and wire mesh. He then stepped inside
and electrified it. When he stepped out of his electrified cage, Faraday had shown that electricity
was a force, not an imponderable fluid as was believed at the time.[4]

Royal Institution and public service[edit]

Michael Faraday meets Father Thames, from Punch (21 July 1855)

Faraday had a long association with the Royal Institution of Great Britain. He was appointed
Assistant Superintendent of the House of the Royal Institution in 1821. [63] He was elected
a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1824.[7] In 1825, he became Director of the Laboratory of the
Royal Institution.[63] Six years later, in 1833, Faraday became the first Fullerian Professor of
Chemistry at the Royal Institution of Great Britain, a position to which he was appointed for life
without the obligation to deliver lectures. His sponsor and mentor was John 'Mad Jack' Fuller,
who created the position at the Royal Institution for Faraday.[64]
Beyond his scientific research into areas such as chemistry, electricity, and magnetism at
the Royal Institution, Faraday undertook numerous, and often time-consuming, service projects
for private enterprise and the British government. This work included investigations of explosions
in coal mines, being an expert witness in court, and along with two engineers from Chance
Brothers c.1853, the preparation of high-quality optical glass, which was required by Chance for
its lighthouses. In 1846, together with Charles Lyell, he produced a lengthy and detailed report
on a serious explosion in the colliery at Haswell, County Durham, which killed 95 miners.[65] Their
report was a meticulous forensic investigation and indicated that coal dust contributed to the
severity of the explosion.[65] The first-time explosions had been linked to dust, Faraday gave a
demonstration during a lecture on how ventilation could prevent it. [65] The report should have
warned coal owners of the hazard of coal dust explosions, but the risk was ignored for over 60
years until the 1913 Senghenydd Colliery Disaster.[65]
Lighthouse lantern room from mid-1800s

As a respected scientist in a nation with strong maritime interests, Faraday spent extensive
amounts of time on projects such as the construction and operation of lighthouses and protecting
the bottoms of ships from corrosion. His workshop still stands at Trinity Buoy Wharf above the
Chain and Buoy Store, next to London's only lighthouse where he carried out the first
experiments in electric lighting for lighthouses.[66]
Faraday was also active in what would now be called environmental science, or engineering. He
investigated industrial pollution at Swansea and was consulted on air pollution at the Royal Mint.
In July 1855, Faraday wrote a letter to The Times on the subject of the foul condition of the River
Thames, which resulted in an often-reprinted cartoon in Punch. (See also The Great Stink).[67]

Faraday's apparatus for experimental demonstration of ideomotor effect on table-turning

Faraday assisted with the planning and judging of exhibits for the Great Exhibition of 1851 in
London.[68] He also advised the National Gallery on the cleaning and protection of its art
collection, and served on the National Gallery Site Commission in 1857. [69][70] Education was
another of Faraday's areas of service; he lectured on the topic in 1854 at the Royal Institution,
[71]
and in 1862 he appeared before a Public Schools Commission to give his views on education
in Great Britain. Faraday also weighed in negatively on the public's fascination with table-turning,
[72][73]
mesmerism, and seances, and in so doing chastised both the public and the nation's
educational system.[74]
Faraday delivering a Christmas Lecture at the Royal Institution in 1856.

Before his famous Christmas lectures, Faraday delivered chemistry lectures for the City
Philosophical Society from 1816 to 1818 in order to refine the quality of his lectures. [75] Between
1827 and 1860 at the Royal Institution in London, Faraday gave a series of nineteen Christmas
lectures for young people, a series which continues today. The objective of the lectures was to
present science to the general public in the hopes of inspiring them and generating revenue for
the Royal Institution. They were notable events on the social calendar among London's gentry.
Over the course of several letters to his close friend Benjamin Abbott, Faraday outlined his
recommendations on the art of lecturing, writing "a flame should be lighted at the
commencement and kept alive with unremitting splendour to the end".[76] His lectures were joyful
and juvenile, he delighted in filling soap bubbles with various gasses (in order to determine
whether or not they are magnetic), but the lectures were also deeply philosophical. In his lectures
he urged his audiences to consider the mechanics of his experiments: "you know very well that
ice floats upon water ... Why does the ice float? Think of that, and philosophise".[77] The subjects
in his lectures consisted of Chemistry and Electricity, and included: 1841: The Rudiments of
Chemistry, 1843: First Principles of Electricity, 1848: The Chemical History of a Candle,
1851: Attractive Forces, 1853: Voltaic Electricity, 1854: The Chemistry of Combustion, 1855: The
Distinctive Properties of the Common Metals, 1857: Static Electricity, 1858: The Metallic
Properties, 1859: The Various Forces of Matter and their Relations to Each Other.[78]

Commemorations[edit]
See also: List of things named after Michael Faraday

Statue of Faraday in Savoy Place, London. Sculptor John Henry Foley.

A statue of Faraday stands in Savoy Place, London, outside the Institution of Engineering and
Technology. The Michael Faraday Memorial, designed by brutalist architect Rodney Gordon and
completed in 1961, is at the Elephant & Castle gyratory system, near Faraday's birthplace
at Newington Butts, London. Faraday School is located on Trinity Buoy Wharf where his
workshop still stands above the Chain and Buoy Store, next to London's only lighthouse.
[79]
Faraday Gardens is a small park in Walworth, London, not far from his birthplace at Newington
Butts. It lies within the local council ward of Faraday in the London Borough of Southwark.
Michael Faraday Primary school is situated on the Aylesbury Estate in Walworth.[80]
A building at London South Bank University, which houses the institute's electrical engineering
departments is named the Faraday Wing, due to its proximity to Faraday's birthplace
in Newington Butts. A hall at Loughborough University was named after Faraday in 1960. Near
the entrance to its dining hall is a bronze casting, which depicts the symbol of an
electrical transformer, and inside there hangs a portrait, both in Faraday's honour. An eight-story
building at the University of Edinburgh's science & engineering campus is named for Faraday, as
is a recently built hall of accommodation at Brunel University, the main engineering building
at Swansea University, and the instructional and experimental physics building at Northern
Illinois University. The former UK Faraday Station in Antarctica was named after him.[81]
Without such freedom there would have been no Shakespeare, no Goethe, no Newton, no Faraday,
no Pasteur and no Lister.
—Albert Einstein's speech on intellectual freedom at the Royal Albert Hall, London having fled Nazi Germany, 3
October 1933.[82]

Streets named for Faraday can be found in many British cities (e.g.,
London, Fife, Swindon, Basingstoke, Nottingham, Whitby, Kirkby, Crawley, Newbury, Swansea,
Aylesbury and Stevenage) as well as in France (Paris), Germany (Berlin-Dahlem, Hermsdorf),
Canada (Quebec City, Quebec; Deep River, Ontario; Ottawa, Ontario), the United States
(Reston, Virginia), and New Zealand (Hawke's Bay).[83]

Plaque erected in 1876 by the Royal Society of Arts in Marylebone, London

A Royal Society of Arts blue plaque, unveiled in 1876, commemorates Faraday at 48 Blandford
Street in London's Marylebone district.[84] From 1991 until 2001, Faraday's picture featured on the
reverse of Series E £20 banknotes issued by the Bank of England. He was portrayed conducting
a lecture at the Royal Institution with the magneto-electric spark apparatus. [85] In 2002, Faraday
was ranked number 22 in the BBC's list of the 100 Greatest Britons following a UK-wide vote.[86]
Faraday has been commemorated on postage stamps issued by the Royal Mail. In 1991, as a
pioneer of electricity he featured in their Scientific Achievements issue along with pioneers in
three other fields (Charles Babbage (computing), Frank Whittle (jet engine) and Robert Watson-
Watt (radar)).[87] In 1999, under the title "Faraday's Electricity", he featured in their World
Changers issue along with Charles Darwin, Edward Jenner and Alan Turing.[88]
The Faraday Institute for Science and Religion derives its name from the scientist, who saw his
faith as integral to his scientific research. The logo of the institute is also based on Faraday's
discoveries. It was created in 2006 by a $2,000,000 grant from the John Templeton
Foundation to carry out academic research, to foster understanding of the interaction between
science and religion, and to engage public understanding in both these subject areas. [89][90]
The Faraday Institution, an independent energy storage research institute established in 2017,
also derives its name from Michael Faraday.[91] The organisation serves as the UK's primary
research programme to advance battery science and technology, education, public engagement
and market research.[91]
Faraday's life and contributions to electromagnetics was the principal topic of the tenth episode,
titled "The Electric Boy", of the 2014 American science documentary series, Cosmos: A
Spacetime Odyssey, which was broadcast on Fox and the National Geographic Channel.[92]
Aldous Huxley, the literary giant who was also the grandson of T. H. Huxley, the grandnephew
of Matthew Arnold, the brother of Julian Huxley, and the half-brother of Andrew Huxley, was well-
versed in science. He wrote about Faraday in an essay entitled, A Night in Pietramala: “He is
always the natural philosopher. To discover truth is his sole aim and interest…even if I could be
Shakespeare, I think I should still choose to be Faraday.”[93] Calling Faraday her "hero", in a
speech to the Royal Society, Margaret Thatcher declared: “The value of his work must be higher
than the capitalisation of all the shares on the Stock Exchange!”. She borrowed his bust from the
Royal Institution and had it placed in the hall of 10 Downing Street.[4]

Awards named in Faraday's honour[edit]

In honor and remembrance of his great scientific contributions, several institutions have created
prizes and awards in his name. This include:

 The IET Faraday Medal[94]

 The Royal Society of London Michael Faraday Prize[95]
 The Institute of Physics Michael Faraday Medal and Prize[96]
 The Royal Society of Chemistry Faraday Lectureship Prize[97]

Gallery[edit]


Michael Faraday in his laboratory, c. 1850s.

Michael Faraday's study at the Royal Institution.

Michael Faraday's flat at the Royal Institution.

 

Artist Harriet Jane Moore who documented Faraday's life in watercolours.

Bibliography[edit]

Chemische Manipulation, 1828

Library resources about

Michael Faraday

 Online books
 Resources in your library
 Resources in other libraries

By Michael Faraday
 Online books
 Resources in your library
 Resources in other libraries

Faraday's books, with the exception of Chemical Manipulation, were collections of scientific
papers or transcriptions of lectures.[98] Since his death, Faraday's diary has been published, as
have several large volumes of his letters and Faraday's journal from his travels with Davy in
1813–1815.

 Faraday, Michael (1827). Chemical Manipulation, Being Instructions to Students in

Chemistry. John Murray. 2nd ed. 1830, 3rd ed. 1842
 Faraday, Michael (1839). Experimental Researches in Electricity, vols. i. and ii.
Richard and John Edward Taylor.; vol. iii. Richard Taylor and William Francis, 1855
 Faraday, Michael (1859). Experimental Researches in Chemistry and Physics.
Taylor and Francis. ISBN 978-0-85066-841-4.
 Faraday, Michael (1861). W. Crookes (ed.). A Course of Six Lectures on the
Chemical History of a Candle. Griffin, Bohn & Co. ISBN 978-1-4255-1974-2.
 Faraday, Michael (1873). W. Crookes (ed.). On the Various Forces in Nature. Chatto
and Windus.
 Faraday, Michael (1932–1936). T. Martin (ed.). Diary. ISBN 978-0-7135-0439-2. –
published in eight volumes; see also the 2009 publication of Faraday's diary
 Faraday, Michael (1991). B. Bowers and L. Symons (ed.). Curiosity Perfectly
Satisfyed: Faraday's Travels in Europe 1813–1815. Institution of Electrical
Engineers.
 Faraday, Michael (1991). F.A.J.L. James (ed.). The Correspondence of Michael
Faraday. Vol. 1. INSPEC, Inc. ISBN 978-0-86341-248-6. – volume 2, 1993; volume
3, 1996; volume 4, 1999
 Faraday, Michael (2008). Alice Jenkins (ed.). Michael Faraday's Mental Exercises:
An Artisan Essay Circle in Regency London. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
 Course of six lectures on the various forces of matter, and their relations to each
other London; Glasgow: R. Griffin, 1860.
 The Liquefaction of Gases, Edinburgh: W.F. Clay, 1896.
 The letters of Faraday and Schoenbein 1836–1862. With notes, comments and
references to contemporary letters London: Williams & Norgate 1899. (Digital
edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf)

Volumes 1-3 of Michael Faraday's "Experimental researches in electricity," from 1839,

1844, and 1855, respectively

Title page of Volume 1 of Michael Faraday's "Experimental researches in electricity,"

1839


First page of Volume 1 of Michael Faraday's "Experimental researches in electricity,"
1839