Electrochemistry

MCQs = 3
Course Outline

Electrochemistry
 Oxidation number or state
 Explanation of electrolysis
 Electrode potential
 Balancing of redox equations by ion-electron method
 Balancing redox equations by oxidation number change method
Learning Outcomes
 Give the characteristics of a redox reaction.
 Define oxidation and reduction in terms of a change in oxidation number.
 Use the oxidation-number change method to identify atoms being oxidized or reduced in redox
reactions.
 Define cathode, anode, electrode potential and S.H.E. (Standard Hydrogen Electrode).
 Define the standard electrode potential of an electrode.
 Use the ion-electron method/oxidation number method to balance chemical equations.

Electrochemistry
 Study to electrical properties of electrolyte solution
 Relation b/w electrical energy and chemical energy
 Relation b/w Current and Reaction
 Transformation of chemical into electrical energy
 Process brought about by electricity = Electrolytic conduction
 Process which proceed with generation of electricity = Electrical conduction
Conductor
 (Allow electricity to pass)
W.O.F is a better conductor
A) Pure NaCl Crystal B) Diamond C) Graphite D) Marble piece
i. Metals (Metallic conduction)
 Free electrons

 Conductance

 No chemical change
ii. Electrolytes (Electrolytic conduction)
 Conductor in aqueous solution or in molten form.
 Free ions
 Chemical change (Electrolysis)
  Conductance Temperature Strength of electrolyte ionization of electrolyte

 Heat may be evolved or absorbed during formation of aqueous solution of electrolyte

Strong Electrolyte
 Ionization = max
 Strong acid, Strong base, Salt of strong acid
HCl, HBr, H2SO4, HClO4, HI, HClO3, HNO3 NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2,
LiOH , NaCl,KBr,MgCl2,NH4Cl, KCl
Weak electrolyte
 Partial ionization
 Weak acid + Base
 NH4OH, H2CO3, CH3COOH, HF, HNO2 , C5H5N, HCN, ZnSO4 ,H3BO3, (COOH)2 ,HgCl2, Mg(OH)2
Non-electrolyte
 Cannot ionize
 Urea, Sucrose(sugar), Glucose, Ethanol, CCl4, Kerosene
W.O.F liquid cannot conduct electricity?
A) Aqueous BaCl2 B) Mustard oil C) Liquid KCl D) Soap solution
During the formation of aqueous solution of any electrolyte: (Med 2018)
A) Heat is evolved B) Heat is absorbed
C) Heat may evolved or absorbed D) Electrolyte do not dissolve in water
The aqueous solution of which of the following electrolyte will conduct electric current to large extent:

A) 𝑀𝑔(𝑂𝐻)2 B) 𝐻2𝐶𝑂3 C) 𝑁𝐻4𝐶𝑙 D) 𝑁𝐻4𝑂𝐻

(Med 2018)

Which is strong electrolyte? (Med-2016)

(a) Ca(OH)2 (b) SiCl4 (c) KCl (d) SrCl2

Oxidation (De-electronation) Reduction (electronation)

Loss of electron, H Gain of electron, H
Gain of O Loss of O
Occur due to oxidizing agent Occur due to reducing agent
O.N =  O.N = 
+ive =  -ive = 
Addition of electronegative atom Loss of electronegative atom
Removal of electropositive Gain of electropositive atom

 In redox reaction number of electron loss and gain are equal

Oxidation Number
 Apparent charge on molecule or ion
 Valency is only the number (Combining capacity of the atom)
Rules for oxidation No
 Element in free state, Molecule = Zero
 Hydrogen with metal = -1, Hydrogen with Non-metal = +1
 Oxygen (Normal oxide) = -2, Oxygen (per-oxide) = -1, Oxygen (Super-oxide) = -1/2 Oxygen with
fluorine = +2
 Group no, Charge No = Oxidation No
Which is not redox reaction?
A) H2SO4 + NaOH  Na2SO4 + H2O B) CO2  C + O2
C) Na + Cl2  2NaCl D) Zn + HNO3  Zn(NO3)2 + NO + H2O
Compound in which oxidation number of Cl is +3
A) ICl B) ClO3- C) ClF3 D) HClO4
Oxidation number of N in NO3-1 is
A) +5 B) +4 C) +3 D) +2
Reaction in which the oxidation number of N not change
A) 2NO2 + H2O HNO3 + HNO2 B) N2 + O2 2NO
C) 2NO2 N2O4 D) NH4NO2 N2 + 2H2O
In which compound valency of carbon is 4 but oxidation is zero
A) Methane B) Carbon dioxide
C) Carbon monoxide D) Formaldehyde
8 es gain per-molecule
A) HNO3 NO2 B) HNO3 NH3
C) NH3 NH4+ D) N2O5 NO
Oxidation state of carbon in diamond
A) +4 B) -4 C) 0 D) +2
Oxidation state of O is +1
A) F2O B) H2O2 C) Cl2O D) F2O2
The oxidation state of nitrogen in NH4NO3 are (Med-2019)

a) -3 and +5 b) +5 and -3 c) -3 and -3 d) Zero

The oxidation number of carbon in Mg(HCO3)2 is: (Eng-2018)

A) +4 B) -4 C) -2 D) Zero

The oxidation number of nitrogen in Nitrite ion is: (Eng-2013)

A) +1 B) +2 C) +3 D) +4
Which statement given below is not true for the reaction?
Fe3+ + e Fe2+ (Eng-2013)
A) Fe3+ is being reduced
B) The oxidation state of Fe has changed
C) Fe3+ could be referred to as a reducing agent in this reaction
D) Both Fe3+ and Fe2+ are called cations

Oxidizing agent
 O.N = 
 Oxidize to others
 Reduce it self
 Gain the electron
 Element in their higher oxidation state KMnO4, K2Cr2O7, SO3, FeCl3
 Some oxides CaO, MgO, CrO3, H2O2
 Most electronegative elements O3, F2
Reducing agent
 O.N = 
 Reduce to other
 Oxidize it self
 Lose of electron
 Metals of group IA, IIA
 Element in their lower oxidation states
 LIAlH4, NaBH4, CH3OH, H2S, SO2
 H2S reduces Br2 into HBr, Cl2 into HCl, Fe+3 into Fe+2, KIO3 into I2, KMnO4 into MnSO4
 Spoilage of food, aging, Cancer, hardening of arteries, Rheumatoid arthritis involve oxidation
 Reducing agent Preservatives
 Vitamin C and E Natural reducing agents + Preservatives
 Intermediate O.N Both oxidizing and reducing agent (HNO2)
 Na+ oxidizing agent, Na reducing agent
 I- reducing agent, I2 oxidizing agent
 FeSO4 + K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 Cr2(SO4)3 + Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + H2O
 6KI + K2Cr2O7 + 7H2SO4 Cr2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + 7H2O + 3I2
 2KIO3 + 5SO2 + 2H2O MnSO4 + K2SO4 + H2SO4
 HNO3(aq) + C2H6O(l) + K2Cr2O7 (aq) KNO3(aq) + C2H4O(l) + H2O(l) + Cr(NO3)3 (aq)
 KClO3 (aq) + HBr(aq) Br2 (l) + H2O(l) + KCl (aq)
 8H (aq) + 6Cl (aq) + Sn(s) + 4NO3- (aq)
+ -
SnCl62- (aq) + 4NO2 (g) + 4H2O(l)
 2MnO4-(aq) + 10Cl- (aq) + 16H+ (aq) 5Cl2 (g) + 2Mn2+(aq) + 8H2O(l)
 2H2O(l) + Al(s) + MnO4 (aq) → Al(OH)4 (aq) + MnO2(s)
– –
Would you use an oxidizing agent or reducing agent in order for the following reactions to occur?

a. ClO3- ClO2 b. SO42- S2-

c. Mn2+ MnO2 d. Zn ZnCl2

Hydrogen act as oxidizing agent

A) C2H4 + H2 C2H6 B) N2 + 3H2 2NH3
C) CH3-CHO + H2 CH3-CH2-OH D) Na + H2 NaH
In the reaction, R – CHO + 2CuO  R – COOH + Cu2O which substance is oxidizing agent? And
which substances oxidizes? (mention it respectively)
(a) CuO, R–COOH (b) R–CHO, CuO (c) CuO, R–CHO (d) Cu2O, R–CHO
Which of the following is a redox reaction?
(a) As2O3 + 3H2S  As2S3 + 3H2O
(b) 2NH3 + H2O + CO2  (NH4)2CO3
(c) CaO +3C  CO + CaC2
(d) Be(OH)2 + 2HCl BeCl2 + 2H2O

The oxidizing and reducing agents respectively in the reaction given below are: (Eng-2018)
H2S + 2FeCl4 2FeCl2 + 2HCl + S
A) S2-, Fe3+ B) Fe2+, S2- C) Fe3+, S2- D) S2-, Cl1-
The reducing agent in the reaction given, 𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂4+𝐾𝐼+𝐻2𝑆𝑂4⟶𝑀𝑛𝑆𝑂4+𝐾2𝑆𝑂4+𝐼2+𝐻2𝑂 is:

A) 𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂4 B) 𝐾𝐼 C) 𝐻2𝑆𝑂4 D) 𝐾𝐼 and 𝐻2𝑆𝑂4 both

(Med 2018)

Consider the following reaction select the true statement.

(Eng-2017)
-1
(a) Silver is reduced (b) NO3 is oxidized to NO
(c) Silver gains electron (d) Nitrogen accepts electron
Food article spoiling involves oxidation reduction processes, to prevent this reaction we usually add
preservative which act as: (Eng-2017)
(a) An oxidizing agent (b) A reducing agent
(c) An acid (d) A base
Choose the true statement regarding the reaction given below (Med-2016)
2Na(g) + Cl2(g) 2NaCl(s)
A) Chloride is oxidized and sodium is reduced
B) Chlorine acts as an oxidizing agent and sodium as reducing agent
C) Chlorine acts as a reducing agent and
D) None of the above
In which of the following reaction hydrogen acts as oxidizing agent. (Med-2016)
(a) H2 + Cl2 2HCl (b) C2H4 + H2 C2H6
(c) 2Na + H2 2NaH (d) N2 + 3H2 2NH3
Which of the following is the strongest reducing agent? (Eng-2014)
A) Ar B) K+ C) Cl+ D) Ca2+
 Electrode Potential
 Tendency to accept and loss the electron
 Potential set between metal and its 1M aqueous salt solution
 E° = Standard electrode potential (S.E.P) ( P = 1 atm, T = 298K)
SHE
 Reference electrode
 E° = 0
 Pt (Electrode) , Pt black( Increase the surface area)
 1 M HCl (Electrolytic solution
Electrochemical series
 Arrangement of elements with increasing electrode potential
Li Lieutenant  E°red = 
K Khurseed  E°oxi = 
Ba Babar  Replace to H from acid = 
Ca Can  Ability to loss electron = 
Na Still  Ability to gain electron = 
Mg Marry  Reducing power = 
Al A  Oxidizing power = 
Mn Mindblowing  Reaction with water = 
Zn Zoya  Reaction of metal =
Cr Karorpati  Reaction of non-metal =
Fe Feroz  Reduction potential
Ni Ni
Sn Sceience
Pb Pardhi
H2 Hy
Cu Ku
I2 Ali
Fe Fasial sy Strength as oxidizing agent
 Above element is anode (E°red = Smaller value)
Ag Aga
 Above can replace the below element (E°red = Smaller value)
Hg Hoga
 Below element can accept the electron from above element
Br2 Bahar
Standard oxidation potentials of three metallic cations are of
Cl2 Kal
Au Ao X, Y, Z are 0.52 V, -3.03V and -1.18V. the order of reducing
F Fer power is
A) Y > Z > X B) X > Y > Z C) Z > Y > X D) Z > X > Y
Which one is feasible/spontaneous/correct?
A) MgSO4 + Zn  ZnSO4 + Mg B) ZnSO4 + Cu  CuSO4 + Zn
C) ZnSO4 + Mg  MgSO4 + Zn D) CuSO4 + 2Ag  Ag2SO4 + 2Cu
When Cu rod is placed in solution of AgNO3 then
A) Blue color appeared B) Complex with AgNO3 formed
C) N2 gas evolved D) Nothing will happen
S.E.P of four metals of X, Y, Z, W are -3.05V, -1.66V, 0.40V, 0.76V. The highest chemical
reactivity is
A) X B) Y C) Z D) W
 The reaction M + 2H+ M+2 + H2 most suitably applies to the combination
A) Cu + HCl B) Ag + HCl C) Cu + HNO3 D) Mg + HCl
S.E.P of four divalent elements of X, Y, Z, W are -1.46V, -0.36V, 0.15V, -1.24V. Then
A) X will replace Z+2 from aq solution B) Y will replace W+2 from aq solution
C) Z will replace Y+2 from aq solution D) All are possible

The standard electrode potential , , are +0.54V, -1.09V and 0.44V

A) B)

C) D)

Which of the following does not occur, when a rod of Zn metal is dipped in an aqueous
solution of CuSO4?
(a) Blue colour of the oxygen fades gradually
(b) weight of Zn–metal rod decreases.
(c) weight of metal strip of zinc increases.
(d) Colour of the surface of Zn road become saffron–red
Zn rod is placed in 100 ml of 1M CuSO4 solution so that molarity of Cu+2 changes to 0.7M. The
molarity SO4-2 ion this stage will be
A) 0.8M B) 1M C) 0.7M D) 1.8M

Which of the following is spontaneous reaction? (Med-2016)

A) Zn + Cu2+ Zn2+ + Cu B) 2NaCl(g) 2Na(g) + Cl2(g)
C) Zn2+ + Cu Zn + Cu2+ D) 2Fe(OH)3 2Fe + 3O2 + 3H2
What will happen if a block of copper metal is dropped into a beaker containing a solution of 1M
FeSO4? (Eng-2013)
Cu2+ + 2e Cu +0.34 V
Fe2+ + 2e Fe -0.44 V
A) The copper will dissolve with no other change
B) The copper will dissolve and Fe will be precipitated out
C) The copper will dissolve with the evolution of H2 gas
D) No reaction will occur
Half ell reaction standard reduction potential, Eo (Med-2013)
A) Fe+2 + 2e Fe – 0.41 B) Cu+2 + 2e Cu + 0.34
C) Ni+2 + 2e Ni – 0.23 D) Zn+2 + 2e Zn – 0.76

Ecell voltage
 E cell = E red + E oxi
 E cell = -ive = Cell cannot be made and non-spontaneous
 Cell representation = Anode//cathode
Standard electrode potential are , . The reaction that is possible
A) FeCl2 + SnCl4  FeCl4 + SnCl2
B) FeCl3 + SnCl2  FeCl2 + SnCl4
C) FeCl2 + SnCl2  FeCl3 + SnCl4
D) FeCl3 + SnCl4  FeCl2 + SnCl2
The value of , . The of the cell with net cell reaction
A) +0.35V B) -1.17V C) + 0.41V D) -0.76V
An electrochemical cell has two half-cell reactions as
A+2 + 2e A ; = 0.34V , X+2 + 2e X ; = -2.37V
A) +2.71V B) -2.03V C) + 0.41V D) -0.76V
The standard reduction potential for the two half-cell reactions are given (Eng-2018)
Cr+3 + 3e → Cr E0 = 0.74 V
Fe+3 + 3e → Fe E0 = +0.77V
A) Cr oxidizes and act as anode
B) Fe reduces and act as anode
C) Cr reduces and act as anode
D) Fe oxidizes and act as anode

𝐵𝑟2 + 2𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 ⟶ 𝐶𝑙2

Students calculated the cell voltage for the reaction, (Med 2018)

through the formula 𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 ° = 𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑑 ° + 𝐸𝑜𝑥𝑑 ° the answer was negative. It means that:
2𝑁𝑎𝐵𝑟 +

A) The reaction is non spontaneous and feasible

B) The reaction is non spontaneous and not feasible
C) The reaction is spontaneous and feasible
D) The reaction is spontaneous and not feasible
Calculate Eo cell from the half-cell reactions: Zn Zn+2 + 2e Ered = -0.76 (Eng-2017)
Eoxi = +0.76
Cu+2 + 2e Cu Ered = +0.34
A) 1.10v B) 1.20v C) 1.0V D) 1.40V
A cell is constructed of the following two half cells. What is E+ of the cell? (Med-2016)

Ag+ + e – Ag + 0.80V , Al3+ + 3e– Al + 1.67 V

A) 2.47 V B) 0.087 V C) – 0.87 V D) 5.81 V

Electrolysis
 Electrochemical reaction is carried out at electrodes during electrolytic conduction
 Apparatus Electrolytic cell + Electrolyte (Molten + Aq. Soln)
 Electrolytic cell Electrodes , Tank, reaction
 Electrode Surface in the cell at which reaction take place
Wire, plate or rod, piece of graphite
Metallic conduction change into electrolytic conduction
 May or may not involve in reaction (Inert electrode)
Electron flow from Anode to cathode

Features Cathode Anode

Sign in Galvanic +ive & -ive -ive & +ive
& Electrolytic
Path Into solution Out of solution
Electrode potential Greater Ered Lower Ered
Reaction Reduction Oxidation
Direction of Cations Anions
movement of ions

When electrode is inert Pt or Graphite

Electrolyte Cathode Anode
PbBr2(Molten) Pb Br2
NaCl(Molten) Na Cl2
NaCl(Aq) H2 Cl2
CuCl2(Aq) Cu Cl2
CuSO4(Aq) Cu Cl2
KNO3(Aq) H2 O2
NaOH(Aq) H2 O2
H2SO4(Aq) H2 O2
NaNO3 H2 O2

Faraday law

 W Q W It W = Z I t (1st Law)
 W e 2nd Law e = equivalent weight
 W eIt

 W= F = 96500C

 Z ( Electro- chemical Equivalent) Amount of substance produce during electrolysis by passing 1

Coulomb of electricity
 e (Gram equivalent weight) Amount of substance produce during electrolysis by passing 1 Faraday
of electricity
 Calculate gram equivalent of Na2CO3, H2SO4, Al(OH)3 ,Al2(SO4)3
Order of equivalent conductance is
A) LiCl > NaCl> KCl B) KCl > NaCl> LiCl
C) NaCl > KCl > LiCl D) LiCl > KCl > NaCl
How much copper can be deposited by 2.5 F of electricity
A) 2 moles B) 2.5 moles C) 1.25 moles D) 0.125 moles
How much electricity in Faraday is required to get 9 g of Al
 A) 3 F B) 2 F C) 1 F D) 1.5 F
Hint: In order to deposit 27 g of Al, electricity required = 3F
……………………. 9 g of Al, electricity required = 3/27×9 = 1

Types of cells

Electrolytic cell Galvanic

Battery No battery
Non-spontaneous reaction Spontaneous reaction
Require energy Source of energy
Electrical into chemical Chemical into electrical
Cathode = -ive Cathode = +ive
Complete cell Two half-cell salt bridge use

Zinc and copper electrodes are connected for galvanic cell and salt bridge is also immersed in both the
half-cell the salt bridge will give cation to (Eng-2019)
A) Copper half-cell B) Zinc half cell C) Both A and B D) None of these
If the salt bridge is not employed between two half-cell in the Galvanic cell. Then the effect on the
voltage would be: (Eng-2014)
A) Decrease rapidly B) Decrease slowly C) Drops to zero D) Increase slowly

Nelson Cell
 Electrolysis of aqueous NaCl
 Raw material = NaCl(aq)
 Product = NaOH
 Cell = Nelson
 Cathode = Steel H2 gas liberated
 Anode = Graphite Cl2 gas liberated
 At anode, Cl– donate e– as EO.P. of Cl– > EO.P. of OH–
 At cathode, H+ accept e– as ER.P. of H+ > ER.P. of Na+
 O2 is not formed at anode here as over voltage is very high for it

When current is passed through aqueous solution of sodium chloride than

A) O2 is evolved at cathode B) H2 is evolved at Anode
C) pH is decrease D) pH is increase

Advantages of cell electrolytic

 Recharging the batteries
  Purification of metal
 Electroplating to protect the metal
 Extraction of metals Cu, Na, Mg, Al
 Manufacture of chemicals NaOH, Cl2
Chrome plating is related no: (Eng-2018)

A) Daniell cell B) Voltaic cell C) Electrolytic cell D) Fuel cell

Electroplating
 Electroplating tank = Wood, cement, glass
 Metal to be electroplated = Cathode
 Metal whose plating = Anode
 Salt of metal to be deposited

Daniel cell (Voltaic cell)

 Cathode = Cu
 Anode = Zn
 Two half cell
 Volt meter
 Wire = Connect two cell
 Salt bridge = KNO3, KCl / gel

When zinc electrode is coupled with copper electrode in a galvanic cell

a) Reduction takes place at zinc electrode
b) Oxidation takes place at copper electrode
c) Reduction takes place at copper electrode
d) Both a and b