HENNUR-BAGALUR MAIN ROAD, KANNUR POST, BENGALURU-562149

Faculty of Computer Applications

Artificial Intelligence

BBA/BA III Semester BCA

Prepared By,
Sandhya M
Faculty of Computer Applications
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Unit 1: Overview of AI

What is Artificial Intelligence?

According to the father of Artificial Intelligence, John McCarthy, it is “The science and
engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs”.
Artificial Intelligence is a way of making a computer, a computer-controlled robot, or a
software think intelligently, in the similar manner the intelligent humans think.
AI is accomplished by studying how human brain thinks, and how humans learn, decide, and
work while trying to solve a problem, and then using the outcomes of this study as a basis of
developing intelligent software and systems.
Artificial intelligence is the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially
computer systems. Specific applications of AI include expert systems, natural language
processing, speech recognition and machine vision.

Philosophy of AI

While exploiting the power of the computer systems, the curiosity of human, lead him to
wonder, “Can a machine think and behave like humans do?”
Thus, the development of AI started with the intention of creating similar intelligence in
machines that we find and regard high in humans.

Goals of Artificial Intelligence

At its core, the primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to simulate human-like intelligence in
machines, empowering them to carry out complex tasks and decision-making processes
autonomously.

1. Problem-Solving and Decision Making

One of the central aims of AI is to develop systems that can analyze large datasets, identify
patterns, and make data-driven decisions. This ability to solve problems and make decisions
efficiently is invaluable across various industries, from healthcare and finance to transportation
and manufacturing.

2. Natural Language Processing (NLP)

AI-driven NLP is a critical aspect of creating machines that can understand and communicate
with humans in natural language. NLP enables virtual assistants like Siri and Alexa to
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comprehend user queries and respond appropriately, making machine interactions more
intuitive and user-friendly.

3. Machine Learning and Deep Learning

Machine learning and deep learning are subset of AI that focus on enabling machines to learn
from data without explicit programming. These techniques have led to significant
advancements in computer vision, speech recognition, and recommendation systems, among
others.

4. Robotics and Automation

Integrating AI with robotics has given rise to intelligent machines that can perform physical
tasks with precision and accuracy. From assembly line robots in manufacturing plants to
autonomous vehicles, AI-powered automation is reshaping industries worldwide.

5. Enhancing Healthcare and Medicine

AI's goal in healthcare is to improve diagnostics, treatment planning, and patient care. Medical
professionals can leverage AI algorithms to analyze medical images, predict disease outcomes,
and develop personalized treatment plans for patients.

6. Fostering Creativity and Innovation

AI is not limited to practical applications alone; it has the potential to spur creativity and
innovation. AI-powered tools can assist artists, writers, and designers generate creative new
ideas and push the boundaries of human imagination.

What Contributes to AI?

Artificial intelligence is a science and technology based on disciplines such as Computer

Science, Biology, Psychology, Linguistics, Mathematics, and Engineering. A major thrust of
AI is in the development of computer functions associated with human intelligence, such as
reasoning, learning, and problem solving.
Out of the following areas, one or multiple areas can contribute to build an intelligent system.
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The Basic Elements of Artificial Intelligence

AI “the science and engineering of making intelligent systems.” The intelligent systems could
be in the form of software, hardware, or a combination of both.

Elements of AI include:

 Natural language processing (NLP)

 Expert systems
 Robotics
 Intelligent agents
 Computational intelligence

Natural Language Processing

NLP is a branch of AI that allows machines to use and understand human language. It is built
into products such as automatic language translators used in multilingual conferences, text-to-
speech translation, speech-to-text translation, and knowledge extraction from text. This
technology is used to scan data in the form of raw language such as handwriting, voice, and
images into contextually relevant structures and relationships that can easily be integrated with
other structured data for more efficient analysis in subsequent processes. Unstructured data are
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rarely used since they were originally meant only for use by humans. Hence, there is a need to
utilize, understand, and unlock the vast wealth of valuable information hidden in them.

Expert Systems

Expert systems are machines or software applications that provide explanation and advice to
users through a set of rules provided by an expert. The rules are programmed into software to
reproduce the knowledge for nonexperts to solve a range of actual problems. Examples of this
are found in the fields of medicine, pharmacy, law, food science, and engineering, and
maintenance. In the oil and gas industry, expert systems have been used from exploration
through production, from research through operations, and from training through fault
diagnosis.

Examples of expert system applications in the oil and gas industry include:

 Dipmeter interpretation to translate tadpoles into strata and formations

 Electrofacies determination
 Reservoir characterization
 Blowout prevention
 Drilling fluid selection
 Lead finder: to estimate probability of exploratory drilling success using neighboring
borehole histories
 Pipe sticking advisor: to provide guidelines on why drill strings get stuck and how to
free them
 Configuring wellheads assemblies for production wells
 Drilling planner to advise on choosing drilling bits and their speed of rotation, mud
weight, and geosteering based on geological information
 Drilling monitoring of rate of penetration, drill cuttings transitions, and early warning
for drilling incidences.

Robotics

 Intelligent robots are mechanical structures in various shapes that are programmed to
perform specific tasks based on human instructions.
 Depending on the environment of use (land, air, and sea), they are called drones and
rovers. In the petroleum industry, they have been used in innovative and beneficial
ways: in production; to connect different segments of drill pipes during drilling, in
underwater welding to conduct underwater maintenance and repair tasks;
 In exploration to map outcrops for building digital models for geologists; and in field
operations to inspect remote sites and challenging terrains that are potentially dangerous
for humans to navigate.
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Some of the benefits derived from the use of robots in the oil and gas industry include
improving safety, increasing productivity, automating repetitive tasks, and reducing
operational costs by diminishing downtime.

Intelligent Agents

Multi-agent systems (MAS) is a subfield of AI that builds computational systems capable of

making decisions and take actions autonomously. These systems are capable of maintaining
information about their environment and making decisions based on their perception about the
state of the environment, their past experiences, and their objectives. Agents can also interface
with other agents to collaborate on common goals. They emulate human social behaviour by
sharing partial views of a problem, enabling collaboration, and cooperating with other agents
to make appropriate and timely decisions to reach desired objectives. Agents have been
implemented successfully, mostly in the manufacturing industries, and are proven to have
potential benefits in the petroleum industry. Uses of MAS include:

 Managing supply chain

 Addressing various production- and maintenance-related tasks
 Processing and managing the distributed nature of the oil and gas business
 Verifying, validating, and securing data streams in complex process pipelines
 Getting insights from data to increase operational efficiency
 Scheduling maintenance
 Preventing theft and fraud

Still, the application of MAS in the oil and gas industry is yet to gain the expected popularity.
A smart integration of MAS with machine learning (ML) can bring many more benefits for the
development of the industry.

Computational Intelligence

Computational Intelligence is the computational aspect of AI that focuses on utilizing and

deriving value from data. It uses the knowledge-discovery and data-mining processes to
develop ML workflows to learn from historical data and predict future events. There are several
algorithms designed to build ML models. Examples are artificial neural networks, decision
trees, random forests, support vector machines, extreme learning machines, fuzzy logic types
I and II, adaptive neuro fuzzy inference systems (popularly known as ANFIS), Gaussian-
process regression, Bayesian belief network, and K-nearest neighbour. Data science can be
defined as the new and continuously evolving field that uses various scientific methods,
processes, algorithms, and systems to extract knowledge, patterns, or insights from data.
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Supervised Machine Learning

Supervised ML algorithms learn patterns from historical examples (called training data) to
generate the outcome of future events. It involves building and training a model for a specific
application using a set of input data with their corresponding target values. The model is able
to predict outcomes for new inputs after sufficient training. An example is to build a
relationship between wireline logs as input and a specific reservoir property (such as porosity)
from historical data to predict the porosity values for a new or uncured well. Typical
applications of this method are regression and classification.

Unsupervised Machine Learning

In contrast to supervised, unsupervised ML algorithms make inferences from events without

prior classification or labels. They infer a function, usually based on some distance metric, to
discover a hidden structure from unlabelled data. An expert can thus derive meanings that lead
to new insights. An example is to use historical wireline log data to compartmentalize a
reservoir into zones based on the density of the data points. An expert may then interpret the
sections as different lithologies. A typical application of this is clustering.

Hybrid Machine Learning

Hybrid or mixed ML algorithms combine supervised and unsupervised methods to solve a

problem especially where there are uncertainties in human knowledge. Either one could come
first. A typical application could start with supervised learning and the predicted output could
then be clustered to reveal certain hidden patterns. Another application could start by assigning
clusters to an input data to generate an output that will form the basis for a new prediction to
achieve a supervised learning objective.

Generally, the main challenge of ML is to maintain a delicate balance between underfitting

(low variance with high bias) and overfitting (high variance with low bias). This is the core of
the optimization process.

Programming Without and with AI:

The programming without and with AI is different in following ways −

Programming Without AI Programming With AI

A computer program without AI can answer A computer program with AI can answer
the specific questions it is meant to solve. the generic questions it is meant to solve.
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AI programs can absorb new modifications

by putting highly independent pieces of
Modification in the program leads to change in its
information together. Hence you can modify
structure.
even a minute piece of information of
program without affecting its structure.

Modification is not quick and easy. It may lead to

Quick and Easy program modification.
affecting the program adversely.

What is AI Technique?

In the real world, the knowledge has some unwelcomed properties −

 Its volume is huge, next to unimaginable.
 It is not well-organized or well-formatted.
 It keeps changing constantly.
AI Technique is a manner to organize and use the knowledge efficiently in such a way that −
 It should be perceivable by the people who provide it.
 It should be easily modifiable to correct errors.
 It should be useful in many situations though it is incomplete or inaccurate.
AI techniques elevate the speed of execution of the complex program it is equipped with.

Applications of AI

AI has been dominant in various fields such as −

 Gaming − AI plays crucial role in strategic games such as chess, poker, tic-tac-toe, etc.,
where machine can think of large number of possible positions based on heuristic
knowledge.
 Natural Language Processing − It is possible to interact with the computer that
understands natural language spoken by humans.
 Expert Systems − There are some applications which integrate machine, software, and
special information to impart reasoning and advising. They provide explanation and
advice to the users.
 Vision Systems − These systems understand, interpret, and comprehend visual input on
the computer. For example,
o A spying aeroplane takes photographs, which are used to figure out spatial
information or map of the areas.
o Doctors use clinical expert system to diagnose the patient.
o Police use computer software that can recognize the face of criminal with the
stored portrait made by forensic artist.
 Speech Recognition − Some intelligent systems are capable of hearing and
comprehending the language in terms of sentences and their meanings while a human
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talks to it. It can handle different accents, slang words, noise in the background, change
in human’s noise due to cold, etc.
 Handwriting Recognition − The handwriting recognition software reads the text
written on paper by a pen or on screen by a stylus. It can recognize the shapes of the
letters and convert it into editable text.
 Intelligent Robots − Robots are able to perform the tasks given by a human. They have
sensors to detect physical data from the real world such as light, heat, temperature,
movement, sound, bump, and pressure. They have efficient processors, multiple sensors
and huge memory, to exhibit intelligence. In addition, they are capable of learning from
their mistakes and they can adapt to the new environment.

History of AI:

Year Milestone / Innovation

Karel Čapek play named “Rossum's Universal Robots” (RUR) opens in London, first use
1923
of the word "robot" in English.

1943 Foundations for neural networks laid.

1945 Isaac Asimov, a Columbia University alumni, coined the term Robotics.

Alan Turing introduced Turing Test for evaluation of intelligence and

1950 published Computing Machinery and Intelligence. Claude Shannon published Detailed
Analysis of Chess Playing as a search.

John McCarthy coined the term Artificial Intelligence. Demonstration of the first running
1956
AI program at Carnegie Mellon University.

1958 John McCarthy invents LISP programming language for AI.

Danny Bobrow's dissertation at MIT showed that computers can understand natural
1964
language well enough to solve algebra word problems correctly.

Joseph Weizenbaum at MIT built ELIZA, an interactive problem that carries on a dialogue
1965
in English.
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Scientists at Stanford Research Institute Developed Shakey, a robot, equipped with

1969
locomotion, perception, and problem solving.

The Assembly Robotics group at Edinburgh University built Freddy, the Famous Scottish
1973
Robot, capable of using vision to locate and assemble models.

1979 The first computer-controlled autonomous vehicle, Stanford Cart, was built.

1985 Harold Cohen created and demonstrated the drawing program, Aaron.

Major advances in all areas of AI −

 Significant demonstrations in machine learning
 Case-based reasoning
 Multi-agent planning
1990
 Scheduling
 Data mining, Web Crawler
 natural language understanding and translation
 Vision, Virtual Reality
 Games

1997 The Deep Blue Chess Program beats the then world chess champion, Garry Kasparov.

Interactive robot pets become commercially available. MIT displays Kismet, a robot with
2000 a face that expresses emotions. The robot Nomad explores remote regions of Antarctica
and locates meteorites.

o 2002: for the first time, AI entered the home in the form of Roomba, a vacuum cleaner.
o 2006: AI came in the Business world till the year 2006. Companies like Facebook,
Twitter, and Netflix also started using AI.

Deep learning, big data and artificial general intelligence (2011-present)

o Year 2011: In the year 2011, IBM's Watson won jeopardy, a quiz show, where it had
to solve the complex questions as well as riddles. Watson had proved that it could
understand natural language and can solve tricky questions quickly.
o Year 2012: Google has launched an Android app feature "Google now", which was
able to provide information to the user as a prediction.
o Year 2014: In the year 2014, Chatbot "Eugene Goostman" won a competition in the
infamous "Turing test."
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o Year 2018: The "Project Debater" from IBM debated on complex topics with two
master debaters and also performed extremely well.
o Google has demonstrated an AI program "Duplex" which was a virtual assistant and
which had taken hairdresser appointment on call, and lady on other side didn't notice
that she was talking with the machine.

What is Intelligence?

The ability of a system to calculate, reason, perceive relationships and analogies, learn from
experience, store and retrieve information from memory, solve problems, comprehend
complex ideas, use natural language fluently, classify, generalize, and adapt new situations.

Types of Intelligence

Intelligence Description Example

The ability to speak, recognize, and

use mechanisms of phonology
Linguistic intelligence Narrators, Orators
(speech sounds), syntax (grammar),
and semantics (meaning).

The ability to create, communicate

Musicians,
with, and understand meanings made
Musical intelligence Singers,
of sound, understanding of pitch,
Composers
rhythm.

The ability of use and understand

relationships in the absence of action Mathematicians,
Logical-mathematical intelligence
or objects. Understanding complex Scientists
and abstract ideas.

The ability to perceive visual or

spatial information, change it, and re- Map readers,
Spatial intelligence create visual images without Astronauts,
reference to the objects, construct 3D Physicists
images, and to move and rotate them.

The ability to use complete or part of

Bodily-Kinesthetic intelligence the body to solve problems or fashion Players, Dancers
products, control over fine and coarse
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motor skills, and manipulate the

objects.

The ability to distinguish among

Intra-personal intelligence one’s own feelings, intentions, and Gautam Buddhha
motivations.

The ability to recognize and make Mass

Interpersonal intelligence distinctions among other people’s Communicators,
feelings, beliefs, and intentions. Interviewers

What is Intelligence Composed of?

The intelligence is intangible. It is composed of −

 Reasoning
 Learning
 Problem Solving
 Perception
 Linguistic Intelligence

Let us go through all the components briefly −

 Reasoning − It is the set of processes that enables us to provide basis for judgement,
making decisions, and prediction. There are broadly two types −
Inductive Reasoning Deductive Reasoning

It starts with a general statement and

It conducts specific observations to makes broad
examines the possibilities to reach a
general statements.
specific, logical conclusion.
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Even if all of the premises are true in a statement, If something is true of a class of things in
inductive reasoning allows for the conclusion to be general, it is also true for all members of
false. that class.

Example − "All women of age above 60

Example − "Nita is a teacher. Nita is studious.
years are grandmothers. Shalini is 65 years.
Therefore, All teachers are studious."
Therefore, Shalini is a grandmother."
 Learning − It is the activity of gaining knowledge or skill by studying, practising, being
taught, or experiencing something. Learning enhances the awareness of the subjects of
the study.
The ability of learning is possessed by humans, some animals, and AI-enabled systems.
Learning is categorized as −
o Auditory Learning − It is learning by listening and hearing. For example,
students listening to recorded audio lectures.
o Episodic Learning − To learn by remembering sequences of events that one has
witnessed or experienced. This is linear and orderly.
o Motor Learning − It is learning by precise movement of muscles. For example,
picking objects, Writing, etc.
o Observational Learning − To learn by watching and imitating others. For
example, child tries to learn by mimicking her parent.
o Perceptual Learning − It is learning to recognize stimuli that one has seen
before. For example, identifying and classifying objects and situations.
o Relational Learning − It involves learning to differentiate among various
stimuli on the basis of relational properties, rather than absolute properties. For
Example, adding ‘little less’ salt at the time of cooking potatoes that came up
salty last time, when cooked with adding say a tablespoon of salt.
o Spatial Learning − It is learning through visual stimuli such as images, colors,
maps, etc. For Example, A person can create roadmap in mind before actually
following the road.
o Stimulus-Response Learning − It is learning to perform a particular behavior
when a certain stimulus is present. For example, a dog raises its ear on hearing
doorbell.
 Problem Solving − It is the process in which one perceives and tries to arrive at a
desired solution from a present situation by taking some path, which is blocked by
known or unknown hurdles.
Problem solving also includes decision making, which is the process of selecting the
best suitable alternative out of multiple alternatives to reach the desired goal are
available.
 Perception − It is the process of acquiring, interpreting, selecting, and organizing
sensory information.
Perception presumes sensing. In humans, perception is aided by sensory organs. In the
domain of AI, perception mechanism puts the data acquired by the sensors together in
a meaningful manner.
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 Linguistic Intelligence − It is one’s ability to use, comprehend, speak, and write the
verbal and written language. It is important in interpersonal communication.

Difference between Human and Machine Intelligence

 Humans perceive by patterns whereas the machines perceive by set of rules and data.
 Humans store and recall information by patterns, machines do it by searching
algorithms. For example, the number 40404040 is easy to remember, store, and recall
as its pattern is simple.
 Humans can figure out the complete object even if some part of it is missing or distorted;
whereas the machines cannot do it correctly.

………………………………………………………………………………………………

Unit-1

Short Questions:

1)Define Artificial Intelligence.

2)What is Intelligent system?

3)What is NLP?

4)List the applications of AI.

5)What is Machine learning.

Long Questions:

1)Explain philosophy of AI.

2)Explain the various types of Artificial Intelligence.

3)Explain the difference between Human Intelligence and Machine Intelligence.

4)Explain the various elements of Artificial Intelligence.

5)Explain the various goals of Artificial Intelligence.

6)Explain the various components of Artificial Intelligence.

=================================================================
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Unit- 2:AI Applications

Application of AI
Artificial Intelligence has various applications in today's society. It is becoming essential for
today's time because it can solve complex problems with an efficient way in multiple industries,
such as Healthcare, entertainment, finance, education, etc. AI is making our daily life more
comfortable and faster.
Following are some sectors which have the application of Artificial Intelligence:

1. AI in Astronomy
o Artificial Intelligence can be very useful to solve complex universe problems. AI technology
can be helpful for understanding the universe such as how it works, origin, etc.
2. AI in Healthcare
o Healthcare Industries are applying AI to make a better and faster diagnosis than humans. AI
can help doctors with diagnoses and can inform when patients are worsening so that medical
help can reach to the patient before hospitalization.
3. AI in Gaming
o AI can be used for gaming purpose. The AI machines can play strategic games like chess,
where the machine needs to think of a large number of possible places.
4. AI in Finance
o AI and finance industries are the best matches for each other. The finance industry is
implementing automation, chatbot, adaptive intelligence, algorithm trading, and machine
learning into financial processes.
5. AI in Data Security
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o The security of data is crucial for every company and cyber-attacks are growing very rapidly
in the digital world. AI can be used to make your data more safe and secure. Some examples
such as AEG bot, AI2 Platform, are used to determine software bug and cyber-attacks in a
better way.
6. AI in Social Media
o Social Media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Snapchat contain billions of user profiles,
which need to be stored and managed in a very efficient way. AI can organize and manage
massive amounts of data. AI can analyse lots of data to identify the latest trends, hashtag, and
requirement of different users.
7. AI in Travel & Transport
o AI is becoming highly demanding for travel industries. AI is capable of doing various travel
related works such as from making travel arrangement to suggesting the hotels, flights, and
best routes to the customers. Travel industries are using AI-powered chatbots which can make
human-like interaction with customers for better and fast response.
8. AI in Automotive Industry
o Some Automotive industries are using AI to provide virtual assistant to their user for better
performance. Such as Tesla has introduced TeslaBot, an intelligent virtual assistant.
o Various Industries are currently working for developing self-driven cars which can make your
journey more safe and secure.
9. AI in Robotics
o Artificial Intelligence has a remarkable role in Robotics. Usually, general robots are
programmed such that they can perform some repetitive task, but with the help of AI, we can
create intelligent robots which can perform tasks with their own experiences without pre-
programmed.
o Humanoid Robots are best examples for AI in robotics, recently the intelligent Humanoid robot
named as Erica and Sophia has been developed which can talk and behave like humans.
10. AI in Entertainment
o We are currently using some AI based applications in our daily life with some entertainment
services such as Netflix or Amazon. With the help of ML/AI algorithms, these services show
the recommendations for programs or shows.
11. AI in Agriculture
o Agriculture is an area which requires various resources, labour, money, and time for best result.
Now a day's agriculture is becoming digital, and AI is emerging in this field. Agriculture is
applying AI as agriculture robotics, solid and crop monitoring, predictive analysis. AI in
agriculture can be very helpful for farmers.
12. AI in E-commerce
o AI is providing a competitive edge to the e-commerce industry, and it is becoming more
demanding in the e-commerce business. AI is helping shoppers to discover associated products
with recommended size, colour, or even brand.
13. AI in education
AI can automate grading so that the tutor can have more time to teach. AI chatbot can
communicate with students as a teaching assistant.
o AI in the future can be work as a personal virtual tutor for students, which will be accessible
easily at any time and any place.
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AI Virtual Assistance

A digital assistant is an advanced computer program, also known as a virtual digital assistant,
a mobile assistant, and a predictive chatbot. It is designed to support a user by answering
questions and performing basic tasks, typically over the internet. In modern times, people are
intimate with smartphone digital assistants like Bixby on Samsung phones, Mycroft or Google
Assistant on Android smartphones, and Siri on iPhones and iPads.
The most popular examples of digital assistants are smart speakers, such as Amazon Echo and
Google Home. The Cortana, a Microsoft digital assistant for the computer, users who use
Microsoft Windows 10 may be familiar with this assistant. Digital assistants learn and offer a
personalized, conversational experience by using machine learning, natural language
processing, advanced artificial intelligence, natural language understanding.
o They are able to give automatic responses for informational and transactional requests as well
as the most common IT service desk questions.
o They help to remind an employee to submit an expense report. Also, digital assistants help you
out to remind your events time or other meeting schedules.
o They can answer complex questions, for example, what is my location, where is the coffee
shop nearby the convention centre or me, and where is petrol pump that is open until 10 p.m.
Travel and Navigation:
AI travel technologies are driving quicker customer service, personalized recommendations,
flight forecasting and other advancements. Chatbots and AI travel planners can answer
questions, share info about hotels and destinations and perform other tasks to create
individualized travel experiences.

1. Chatbots and Online Customer Service.

For hotels and other businesses in the tourism industry, one of the most exciting uses for
artificial intelligence is assisting customers online. In particular, there has already been
widespread adoption for the purposes of powering chatbots on social media platforms, as well
as instant messaging apps.
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2. Face-to-Face Customer Service

While the use of artificial intelligence for powering online customer service is now relatively
commonplace, one of the emerging trends is for the technology to be used for face-to-face
customer service interactions. This can cut queues at information or reception desks and
improve overall efficiency.
One example of this technology in action is the AI robot ‘Connie’, deployed by Hilton. This
robot uses artificial intelligence and speech recognition to provide tourist information to
customers who speak to it. Each human interaction also helps to teach the robot, improving the
quality of all future communications.
3. Data Processing and Data Analysis
Finally, it is important to understand that the applications of AI within the travel and
tourism industry are not limited to customer service alone. One of its most popular and
effective uses is for gathering and interpreting data to draw conclusions about customers,
business practices, and pricing strategies.
4. Voice-Based Digital Assistance
An emerging use for artificial intelligence in the travel and tourism industry involves providing
voice-based digital assistance, which can take many forms. For instance, it is now possible to
provide voice assistants within hotel rooms, allowing guests to ask questions or make requests
and receive an immediate response.
5. Flight Forecasting
The use of AI within the travel and tourism industry is also increasingly influencing flight
forecasting. This discipline relies on currently available data and historical flight data. AI-
powered software can use weather patterns, past flight times, and trends related to flight speed
to accurately forecast when flights will arrive and how long delays are likely to last.
6. Social Media Channel Analysis
Artificial intelligence in the travel and tourism industry also has a valuable role to play when
it comes to social media. In particular, businesses in the industry can use AI to better understand
how users engage with their social media channels and what those users say.

AI in Education

AI does not detract from classroom instruction but enhances it in many ways.
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1.Adaptive Learning: “Used to teach students basic and advanced skills by assessing their
present skill level and creating a guided instructional experience that helps them become
proficient.”
2.Assistive Technology: AI can help special needs students access a more equitable education,
for example by “reading passages to a visually impaired student.”
3.Early Childhood Education: “AI is currently being used to power interactive games that
teach children basic academic skills and more.”
4.Data and Learning Analytics: “AI is currently being used by teachers and education
administrators to analyze and interpret data,” enabling them to make better-informed decisions.
5.Scheduling: Helping administrators to schedule courses and individuals to manage their
daily, weekly, monthly or yearly schedules.
6.Facilities Management: AI is effective at “monitoring the status of power, Wi-Fi and water
services; alerting the facilities management workers when problems arise.”
7.Overall Institution Management: AI is currently being used to manage entire institutions,
powering student records systems, transportation, IT, maintenance, scheduling, budgeting, etc.
8.Writing: Not only does Lynch assert that AI is already at work helping students improve
their writing skills.

Artificial Intelligence in Health Care

AI can process vast repositories of medical data into useful insights. AI is rapidly being
incorporated in different areas of medical research, and there have already been some major
breakthroughs that threaten to transform the future of medicine. Here are some healthcare
applications where AI is being applied currently.

1. Radiology
AI is being used to analyze X- ray, CT and MRI scans, to diagnose medical conditions in
patients. The computer vision techniques allow programs to detect abnormalities in radiology
images, and have reached up to 100% accuracy on test datasets, for several diseases. The
success of AI in the field of medical diagnosis, gives hope for a future with minimized errors
and speedy diagnosis, which will take healthcare years ahead of its time.

2.MedicalDataAnalysis

With deep learning and cutting-edge tools, AI is structuring medical data, to provide doctors
and medical researchers with better understanding of the enormous medical data cache. From
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processing and analysis clinical trials, to find the effects of vaccines, drugs and more, to
tracing the origins of strains of viruses, AI is helping scientists track and further medical
research, by eliminating redundant methods of data analysis and manual filtering of data.

3. Drug Discovery

Integrating AI with bio-tech platforms is one of the most interesting applications of AI in

healthcare today. Several pharmaceutical companies like Pfizer are applying machine
learning, in search of immuno-oncology drugs. By finding patterns in medical data, and
studying the outcomes of existing drugs on patients, they are trying to discover new
combinations of drug ingredients for developing novel drugs. With some very advanced
projects like ChemGAN currently available online, researchers and AI engineers are trying
unprecedented techniques for discovering new drugs and vaccines to combat chronic and
several other illnesses.

4. Robot Assisted Surgery

By using AI for creating robots to assist doctors in surgery, the latest discoveries are trying
to uncover the secret to minimally invasive surgeries. The robots combine live camera feed
with mechanical tools to perform a new kind of surgery that allows surgeons to operate with
magnified views, better control and precision of the tools, and thus minimizing the surgery-
related complications.

5. Patient Experience

From optimizing ambulance routes to waiting times using real time data, AI is working
towards making healthcare more accessible and efficient for the general public.
Conversational AI is making huge progress in developing chatbots to assist patients, monitor
their progress and giving health-specific alerts. Some of these projects can conduct entire
appointments from the patients’ homes and then guide the patient towards treatment or
specialized appointments, by reviewing the symptoms and analyzing the data provided by
the patient.

6.Managing Medical records and other Data: To manage medical records and details of patient
will be recorded.

7.Digital consultation- Babylon in UK: To have a medical consultation

8.Health Monitoring: Health trackers like FitBit,Apple,Garmin to monitor heart rate and
activity levels.
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What is OCR (Optical Character Recognition)

Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is the process that converts an image of text into a
machine-readable text format. For example, if you scan a form or a receipt, your computer
saves the scan as an image file. You cannot use a text editor to edit, search, or count the words
in the image file. However, you can use OCR to convert the image into a text document with
its contents stored as text data.
Image acquisition
A scanner reads documents and converts them to binary data. The OCR software analyzes the
scanned image and classifies the light areas as background and the dark areas as text.
Preprocessing
The OCR software first cleans the image and removes errors to prepare it for reading. These
are some of its cleaning techniques:
Text recognition
The two main types of OCR algorithms or software processes that an OCR software uses for
text recognition are called pattern matching and feature extraction.
Pattern matching
Pattern matching works by isolating a character image, called a glyph, and comparing it with a
similarly stored glyph. Pattern recognition works only if the stored glyph has a similar font and
scale to the input glyph. This method works well with scanned images of documents that have
been typed in a known font.
Feature extraction
Feature extraction breaks down or decomposes the glyphs into features such as lines, closed
loops, line direction, and line intersections. It then uses these features to find the best match or
the nearest neighbour among its various stored glyphs.
Postprocessing
After analysis, the system converts the extracted text data into a computerized file. Some OCR
systems can create annotated PDF files that include both the before and after versions of the
scanned document.
Card Detections: Scanned card details
Line Detections: To find which text in a document are bound in specific margin and lines.
Character Extraction: Used in handwriting, where the tools identify each character.

AI in E-Commerce

1. Personalized product recommendations.

Artificial intelligence is being used to offer personalized product recommendations based on
past customer behaviour and lookalike customers.
Websites that recommend items you might like based on previous purchases use machine
learning to analyse your purchase history. Retailers rely on machine learning to capture data,
analyse it, and use it to deliver a personalized experience, implement a marketing campaign,
optimize pricing, and generate customer insights.
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2. Pricing optimization.
AI-enabled dynamic pricing is a strategy of changing your product price based on supply and
demand. With access to the right data, today’s tools can predict when and what to discount,
dynamically calculating the minimum discount necessary for the sale.
3. Enhanced customer service.
With virtual assistants and chatbot technology, you can deliver the appearance of higher
touch customer support. Virtual agents also have the advantage of being available 24/7, so low-
level questions and issues can be addressed at any time of day, without making your customer
wait.
4. Customer segmentation.
Access to more business and customer data and processing power is enabling ecommerce
operators to understand their customers and identify new trends better than ever.
5. Smart logistics.
“Machine learning’s predictive powers shine in logistics, helping to forecast transit times,
demand levels, and shipment delays.”
6. Sales and demand forecasting.
Artificial intelligence can help you do just that. A recent McKinsey report suggests that
investment in real-time customer analytics will continue to be important to monitor and react
to shifts in consumer demand that can be harnessed for price optimization or targeted
marketing.

Artificial Intelligence in Mobile Payments

However, the AI Industry that is so far the most invested in AI development is the financial
industry, with a particular focus on payments. AI technology is expecting to see exponential
growth in the finance industry within the next 10 years, and signs of this are already visible.
Being one of the crucial aspects of financial technologies, AI, coupled with ML has several use
cases in the finance industry.

Artificial Intelligence in Photo Editing

Transform your photos with AI image editing using Canva’s Magic Edit, powered by Stable
Diffusion. Simply brush over an area of your image and type to add anything you can imagine
to the image. Add a fruit slice to a glass of lemonade to make it look more appealing, insert a
sun into a plain sky to create warmth, or give someone a pair of shades to anonymize them. Let
your imagination run wild, and turn text prompts into effortless edits with our AI-powered
photo editor.
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How can we install AI

Installing AI on a mobile device typically involves using applications (apps) that have AI
capabilities built into them. Here's a general guide on how to access AI features on your mobile:

1. App Store: Go to your device's app store (Google Play Store for Android or
the Apple App Store for iOS).
2. Search: Use the search function to look for apps that offer AI features you
are interested in. For example, you can search for "AI language translation,"
"AI photo editing," "AI voice assistant," etc.
3. Select and Install: Choose the app that suits your needs and tap the "Install"
or "Get" button to download and install it on your device.
4. Permissions: Some AI apps might require certain permissions, such as access
to your camera, microphone, or location, to function correctly. Grant the
necessary permissions as prompted.
5. Launch the App: After installation, find the app on your home screen or app
drawer and tap on it to launch it.
6. Follow On-screen Instructions: Many AI apps have user-friendly interfaces
with on-screen instructions. Follow the prompts to set up and start using the
AI features.
7. Keep Updated: To ensure you have the latest features and security patches,
keep your AI apps updated. Most app stores have an option to automatically
update apps, or you can update them manually from the store.
8. Built-in AI Features: Additionally, your mobile device might come with
built-in AI features like voice assistants (e.g., Siri, Google Assistant). You
can access and use them by following your device's user manual or exploring
the settings.
…………………………………………………………………………

Unit -2

Short Questions:

1) Mention any two Virtual Assistants App.

2)Mention any two applications of Artificial Intelligence.

3)Define Robotics.
4)What is E-Commerce?
5)What is Chatbots?
6)What is Deep Learning?
7) Mention any two applications of the mobile payment system.
8)How AI used in Health Care?
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Long Questions:

1) Explain the various Applications of Artificial Intelligence.

2)Explain AI applications in Educations.
3)Explain AI applications in Travel and Navigations.
4) Write a steps to install AI Apps.
5) Write a note on OCR.
6) Explain AI in E-Commerce.
==================================================================
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Unit- 3 : Robotics
These are some technologies which will replace humans and human activities in coming
years. These robots are designed to be used for any purpose but these are using in sensitive
environments like bomb detection, deactivation of various bombs etc. Robots can take any
form but many of them have given the human appearance. The robots which have taken the
form of human appearance may likely to have the walk like humans, speech, cognition and
most importantly all the things a human can do. Most of the robots of today are inspired by
nature and are known as bio-inspired robots. Robotics is that branch of engineering that deals
with conception, design, operation, and manufacturing of robots.
 Robots will never harm human beings.
 Robots will follow instructions given by humans with breaking law one.
 Robots will protect themselves without breaking other rules.

Characteristics

There are some characteristics of robots given below:

 Appearance: Robots have a physical body. They are held by the structure of their
body and are moved by their mechanical parts. Without appearance, robots will
be just a software program.
 Brain: Another name of brain in robots is On-board control unit. Using this robot
receive information and sends commands as output. With this control unit robot
knows what to do else it’ll be just a remote-controlled machine.
 Sensors: The use of these sensors in robots is to gather info from the outside world
and send it to Brain. Basically, these sensors have circuits in them that produces
the voltage in them.
 Actuators: The robots move and the parts with the help of these robots move is
called Actuators. Some examples of actuators are motors, pumps, and compressor
etc. The brain tells these actuators when and how to respond or move.
 Program: Robots only works or responds to the instructions which are provided
to them in the form of a program. These programs only tell the brain when to
perform which operation like when to move, produce sounds etc. These programs
only tell the robot how to use sensors data to make decisions.
 Behaviour: Robots behavior is decided by the program which has been built for
it. Once the robot starts making the movement, one can easily tell which kind of
program is being installed inside the robot.

What is Software Robotics?

Software Robotics is the use of bot programs to automate computer tasks normally performed
by people. Software robotics is synonymous with robotic process automation (RPA) and is the
less widely used term, except in the financial services industry. Its potential benefits include
increased efficiency, accuracy, customer satisfaction and visibility, and lower costs.
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What is a Robot?

A robot is a type of automated machine that can execute specific tasks with little or no human
intervention and with speed and precision.

TYPES OF ROBOTICS

Pre-Programmed Robots
Pre-programmed robots operate in a controlled environment where they do simple,
monotonous tasks. An example of a pre-programmed robot would be a mechanical arm on an
automotive assembly line. The arm serves one function — to weld a door on, to insert a certain
part into the engine, etc. — and its job is to perform that task longer, faster and more efficiently
than a human.

Humanoid Robots
Humanoid robots are robots that look like or mimic human behavior. These robots usually
perform human-like activities (like running, jumping and carrying objects), and are sometimes
designed to look like us, even having human faces and expressions. Two of the most prominent
examples of humanoid robots are Hanson Robotics’ Sophia and Boston Dynamics’ Atlas.

VIDEO: THE JAKARTA POST

Autonomous Robots
Autonomous robots operate independently of human operators. These robots are usually
designed to carry out tasks in open environments that do not require human supervision. They
are quite unique because they use sensors to perceive the world around them, and then employ
decision-making structures (usually a computer) to take the optimal next step based on their
data and mission. One example of an autonomous robot is the Roomba vacuum cleaner, which
uses sensors to roam freely throughout a home.

EXAMPLES OF AUTONOMOUS ROBOTS

 Cleaning Bots (for example, Roomba)

 Lawn Trimming Bots
 Hospitality Bots
 Autonomous Drones
 Medical Assistant Bots

Teleoperated Robots
Teleoperated robots are semi-autonomous bots that use a wireless network to enable human
control from a safe distance. These robots usually work in extreme geographical conditions,
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weather and circumstances. Examples of teleoperated robots are the human-controlled

submarines used to fix underwater pipe leaks during the BP oil spill or drones used to detect
landmines on a battlefield.

Augmenting Robots
Augmenting robots, also known as VR robots, either enhance current human capabilities or
replace the capabilities a human may have lost. The field of robotics for human augmentation
is a field where science fiction could become reality very soon, with bots that have the ability
to redefine the definition of humanity by making humans faster and stronger. Some examples
of current augmenting robots are robotic prosthetic limbs or exoskeletons used to lift hefty
weights.

What Is a Bot? What Is Software Robotics?

Software robotics, also called bots, are computer programs which carry out tasks
autonomously. One common use case of software robots is a chatbot. A chatbot is a computer
program that simulates conversation both online and over the phone and is often used in
customer service scenarios. Chatbots can either be simple services that answer questions with
an automated response or more complex digital assistants that learn from user information.

TYPES OF BOTS

 Chatbots: carry out simple conversations, often in a customer service setting.

 Spam Bots: collect email addresses and send spam mail.
 Download Bots: download software and apps automatically.
 Search Engine Crawler Bots: scan websites and make them visible on search engines.
 Monitoring Bots: report on website speed and status.

HOW DO ROBOTS WORK?

1. Independent Robots

Independent robots are capable of functioning completely autonomously and

independent of human operator control. These typically require more intense
programming but allow robots to take the place of humans when undertaking
dangerous, mundane or otherwise impossible tasks, from bomb diffusion and deep-sea
travel to factory automation. Independent robots have proven to be the most disruptive
to society, as they eliminate certain jobs but also present new possibilities for growth.

2. Dependent Robots

Dependent robots are non-autonomous robots that interact with humans to enhance
and supplement their already existing actions. This is a relatively new form of
technology and is being constantly expanded into new applications, but one form of
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dependent robots that has been realized is advanced prosthetics that are controlled by
the human mind.

Components of Robot

Consider the robot structure showing different components of robots are:

Consider the key components of robotics are:-

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o Power Supply - The working power to the robot is provided by batteries, hydraulic,
solar power, or pneumatic power sources.
o Actuators - Actuators are the energy conversion device used inside a robot. The major
function of actuators is to convert energy into movement.
o Electric motors (DC/AC)- Motors are electromechanical component used for
converting electrical energy into its equivalent mechanical energy. In robots motors are
used for providing rotational movement.
o Sensors - Sensors provide real time information on the task environment. Robots are
equipped with tactile sensor it imitates the mechanical properties of touch receptors of
human fingerprints and a vision sensor is used for computing the depth in the
environment.
o Controller - Controller is a part of robot that coordinates all motion of the mechanical
system. It also receives an input from immediate environment through various sensors.
The heart of robot's controller is a microprocessor linked with the input/output and
monitoring device. The command issued by the controller activates the motion control
mechanism, consisting of various controller, actuators and amplifier.
 Artificial Intelligence

Control System
Computation includes all of the components that make up a robot’s central processing unit,
often referred to as its control system. Control systems are programmed to tell a robot how to
utilize its specific components, similar in some ways to how the human brain sends signals
throughout the body, in order to complete a specific task. These robotic tasks could comprise
anything from minimally invasive surgery to assembly line packing.

Sensors
Sensors provide a robot with stimuli in the form of electrical signals that are processed by the
controller and allow the robot to interact with the outside world. Common sensors found within
robots include video cameras that function as eyes, photoresistors that react to light and
microphones that operate like ears. These sensors allow the robot to capture its surroundings
and process the most logical conclusion based on the current moment and allows the controller
to relay commands to the additional components.

Actuators
A device can only be considered to be a robot if it has a movable frame or body. Actuators are
the components that are responsible for this movement. These components are made up of
motors that receive signals from the control system and move in tandem to carry out the
movement necessary to complete the assigned task. Actuators can be made of a variety of
materials, such as metal or elastic, and are commonly operated by use of compressed air
(pneumatic actuators) or oil (hydraulic actuators) but come in a variety of formats to best fulfil
their specialized roles.

Power Supply
Like the human body requires food in order to function, robots require power. Stationary
robots, such as those found in a factory, may run on AC power through a wall outlet but more
commonly, robots operate via an internal battery. Most robots utilize lead-acid batteries for
their safe qualities and long shelf life while others may utilize the more compact but also more
expensive silver-cadmium variety. Safety, weight, replaceability and lifecycle are all important
factors to consider when designing a robot’s power supply. Some potential power sources for
future robotic development also include pneumatic power from compressed gasses, solar
power, hydraulic power, flywheel energy storage organic garbage through anaerobic digestion
and nuclear power.

End Effectors
End effectors are the physical, typically external components that allow robots to finish
carrying out their tasks. Robots in factories often have interchangeable tools like paint sprayers
and drills, surgical robots may be equipped with scalpels and other kinds of robots can be built
with gripping claws or even hands for tasks like deliveries, packing, bomb diffusion and much
more.
 Artificial Intelligence

APPLICATIONS OF ROBOTICS

Robotics in Manufacturing
The manufacturing industry is probably the oldest and most well-known user of robots. These
robots and co-bots (bots that work alongside humans) work to efficiently test and assemble
products, like cars and industrial equipment. It’s estimated that there are more than three
million industrial robots in use right now.

Logistics Robots
Shipping, handling and quality control robots are becoming a must-have for most retailers and
logistics companies. Because we now expect our packages to arrive at blazing speeds, logistics
companies employ robots in warehouses, and even on the road, to help maximize time
efficiency. Right now, there are robots taking your items off the shelves, transporting them
across the warehouse floor and packaging them. Additionally, a rise in last-mile robots (robots
that will autonomously deliver your package to your door) ensure that you’ll have a face-to-
metal-face encounter with a logistics bot in the near future.

Robots for Home

It’s not science fiction anymore. Robots can be seen all over our homes, helping with chores,
reminding us of our schedules and even entertaining our kids. The most well-known example
of home robots is the autonomous vacuum cleaner Roomba. Additionally, robots have now
evolved to do everything from autonomously mowing grass to cleaning pools.

Travel Robots
Is there anything more science fiction-like than autonomous vehicles? These self-driving
cars are no longer just imagination. A combination of data science and robotics, self-driving
vehicles are taking the world by storm. Companies like Tesla, Ford, Waymo, Volkswagen and
BMW are all working on the next wave of travel that will let us sit back, relax and enjoy the
ride. Rideshare companies Uber and Lyft are also developing autonomous rideshare vehicles
that don’t require humans to operate the vehicle.

Healthcare Robotics
Robots have made enormous strides in the healthcare industry. These mechanical marvels have
use in just about every aspect of healthcare, from robot-assisted surgeries to bots that help
humans recover from injury in physical therapy. Examples of robots at work in healthcare are
Toyota’s healthcare assistants, which help people regain the ability to walk, and TUG, a
robot designed to autonomously stroll throughout a hospital and deliver everything from
medicines to clean linens.

Robots have been employed by pharmaceutical companies to help the fight against COVID-
19. These bots are now being used to fill and seal COVID-19 testing swabs, and are also being
used by some manufacturers to produce PPE and respirators.
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Unit -3

Short Questions:

1) Define Robotics.
2) What is Bot?
3) Mention the difference between Dependent and Independent Robots.
4) Write any two advantages of Robotics.
5) What are the types of sensors?
Long Questions:

1) Explain Robotics and their Applications.

2)Explain the various components of Robotics.
3)Explain the various Types of Robotics.
4) Explain the difference between AI and Robots.

End

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