EET- 4314- Intro. to Power System -Ch- 1

MfM, Agro-Technical and Technology College
Department of Electrical and Electronics Technology
EET 4314- Introduction to Power Systems
CHAPTER - 1
Fundamentals of Power System
Lecture by: Semret M. (MSc.)

Out-lines:
✓ Introduction
✓ Structure of Power System
✓ AC & DC Transmission System
✓ Introduction to Power Transformer & Instrumentation Transformer
✓ Complex Power
✓ Single Phase & 3 Phase Transmission System

Introduction
• Electrical Energy is one of the most basic needs for the economic
development and progress of a country. Various functions that are vital
to present-day living may halt due to unavailability of electric energy.
• The energy supply system is called Power System. The role of electricity
in the development of modern civilization cannot be estimated. The
economy of a country depends directly on the availability of surplus
electric energy.
• In fact, per-capita income of a country is directly proportional to the

energy consumption per person. The greater the per capita
consumption of energy in a country, the higher is the standard of living
of its people.
Lecture by: Semret M. (MSc)

• Energy exists in different forms in nature but the most important
form is the electrical energy.
• The modern society is so much dependent upon the use of

electrical energy that it has become a part and parcel of our life.
• Here, we shall focus our attention on the general aspects of

electrical energy, its generation, transmission and distribution
system which is known as Power System. Lecture By: Semret M. (MSc)
Power System
What is a Power System ?
• Electricity is generated at central power stations and then transferred
to loads (i.e., Domestic, Commercial and Industrial) through the
transmission and distribution system.
• A combination of all these systems is collectively known as an Electric

Power System.
• A power system is a combination of central generating stations,

electric power transmission system, Distribution and utilization
system.
• Each one of these systems is explained in detail in the next sections.

Lecture By: Semret M. (MSc)
Structure of Power System

Electric Energy Supply System
• The transmission of electric power from a power station to consumers’
premises is known as the electric supply system.
• An electric supply system consists of three principal components viz., the

power station, the transmission lines and the distribution system.
• Electric power is produced at the power stations which are located at

favourable places, generally quite away from the consumers.
• It is then transmitted over large distances to load centres with the help of
conductors known as transmission lines.
• Finally, it is distributed to a large number of small and big consumers through

a distribution network, supply system can be broadly classified into:
(i) DC or AC system
(ii) Overhead or Underground system.

Types of Transmission
1. HVAC Transmission system
2. HVDC Transmission system
1. HVAC Transmission system

• In HVAC transmission system, electrical energy is generated and transmitted using
the AC voltage and current signals.
• From the generation station, the voltage is stepped up by a three-phase

transformer, which allows the transmission of energy with lower power losses.
• And then stepped down again at the distribution side using three-phase
transformer for medium or low voltage consumer-loads.
1.1 Flexible AC Transmission system (FACTS)
• Although HVAC is the preferred electricity source, transmission system is a

challenge due to its production of reactive power.
• It is, however feasible to use in shorter distance applications. Lecture By: Semret M. (MSc)
• Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems (FACTS) systems were
developed:
✓ To increase the efficiency of long distance transmission using AC technology by enhancing the
power flow via the regulation of voltage and current signals.
• The operation of FACTS is described using Figure 1.2. Power transmission

between two nodes of a transmission line, depends on the voltages,
Figure 1.2 . Schematic diagram of FACTS system Lecture By: Semret M. (MSc)
2. HVDC Transmission system
• In an HVDC-substation or converter substation, rectifiers and inverters

are placed at both ends of the transmission line as seen in Figure1.3
below.
• The rectifier section converts the AC voltage to a DC voltage, while the

inverter section converts the DC voltage back to an AC voltage.
• DC transmission is used over long distances as it decreases the losses

and improves the overall system efficiency.
• A system consisting of two converter stations and a single

transmission line is known as a ‘two terminal DC system’ or a ‘point-to-
point system’.

• Similarly, if a substation has more than two converter stations and
interconnecting DC terminal lines, it is known as a multi-terminal DC
substation.
• There are two main types of switching devices used in convertors

required for HVDC systems, namely thyristors and insulated gate
bipolar transistor.
Figure 1.3. Schematic of HVDC system layout

AC and DC transmission Systems (Comparison)
1. AC is easy to be transferred over longer distances – even between

two cities – without much energy loss. DC cannot be transferred over
a very long distance. It loses electric power. The rotating magnets
cause the change in direction of electric flow.
2. The AC transmission line uses 3 conductors for long power
transmission. And the DC transmission line uses 2 conductors for
power transmission.
3. The AC transmission line has inductance and surges whereas the DC
transmission line is free from inductance and surges.
✓ The inductance and the surges are nothing but the wave of the high
voltage which occurs for short duration.
4. The high voltage drop occurs across the AC terminal lines when their
end terminals voltage are equal. The DC transmission line is free from
inductance, and hence no voltage drop occurs across the line. Lecture By: Semret M. (MSc)
5. The phenomenon of the skin effect occurs only in the AC transmission
line. The skin effect causes the losses, and this can be reduced by
decreasing the cross-section area of the conductor. The phenomenon
of skin effect is completely absent in the DC transmission line.
6. At same voltage, the DC transmission line has less stress as compared

to the AC transmission line. Hence, DC requires the less insulation as
compared to AC.
7. The communication line interference is more in the AC transmission

line as compared to the DC transmission line.
8. The corona effect is the phenomenon through which the ionization

occurs across the conductor. And this ionisation causes the losses in the
conductor. The phenomenon of corona effect occurs only in the AC
transmission line and not in the dc transmission line.
9. The dielectric loss occurs in the AC transmission line and not in the DC
transmission line.
10. The AC transmission line has the difficulties of synchronisation &
stability whereas the DC transmission line is free from stability and
synchronisation.
11. The AC transmission line is less expensive as compared to the DC

transmission line.
12. The small conductor is used for AC power transmission as

compared to the DC transmission.
13. The AC transmission line requires the transformer for step-up &
step-down the voltage. Whereas in DC transmission line the
booster & chopper are used for step-up and step-down the voltage.

Summarization between HVAC & HVDC
Parameter HVAC HVDC

Connection Between 2 Not Possible Possible (0 Hz)
Different Frequencies
Transmission Limitation Yes (due to L and C) No (only R)
Conductor Diameter Larger Diameter Small Diameter

(due to skin effect)
System Structure Simple Complicated
(due to convertor station)
Capital Cost Low High (convertor)
Losses High Low
Tower Design Bulky Simplified

Types of Distribution Systems
Distribution systems can be categorized according to the construction:
1. Overhead and
2. Underground systems
Overhead Distribution System

• The overhead system is used for distribution. It is typically 5 to 10 times less
expensive than the underground system.
• The spacing is usually provided between the conductors, at the supports &
intermediate points.
• This spacing provides insulation which avoids an electric discharge between
the conductors.

Underground Distribution System
• This type of distribution system is employed in places where overhead

construction is unfeasible, for example, it is preferred in crowded areas.
• In this system, line surges are suppressed by using cables, and also the utility
company can save on transformers and generators from the damage due to
line surges.

Table 1: Comparing Overhead system with Underground System
Overhead Distribution System Underground Distribution System

The voltage level used in overhead system can be The voltage level used in underground system is below
as high as 400KV. 66KV (due to difficulties in insulation).
The volume of copper needed is ¼ the volume of The volume of copper needed is same as that required for
copper required for 2-wire DC system. two wire DC system.
It is hard to locate the exact point of fault if the It is easier to find the exact point of fault in comparison
transmission lines are very long. with the overhead system.
The overhead lines can be easily repaired from the

The underground lines are difficulty to repair from faults
faults occurring due to short circuits, breakage of
occurring due to short circuits, breakage of line, etc.
line, and so forth.
Maximum stress exists between the conductor Maximum stress exists on the insulation between the
and the supporting structure. conductors.
The transmission by overhead system is less
The transmission by underground system is expensive.
costly.
High maintenance cost of the overhead system. The maintenance cost of the underground system is less.

Advantage & Disadvantage of Overhead & Underground System
Advantage Advantage
▪ Lower cost. ▪ Less vulnerable to blinks when animals and branches
contact lines.
▪ Quicker construction.
▪ Not vulnerable to damage from tree branches; no right of way
▪ Easier to spot damage and faults. trimming required.
▪ Can be built anywhere. ▪ Less susceptible to damage from vehicle collisions
▪ Any voltage can be placed overhead. ▪ Not impacted by wind
▪ More attractive (better performance).
Disadvantage Disadvantage
▪ More susceptible to bad weather, such as high winds.
▪ More expensive to build and repair
▪ Vulnerable to blinks when animals and branches
▪ Fed by overhead lines. At some point, all underground power
contact lines.
lines are connected to overhead lines, which makes them
▪ Susceptible to damage from vehicle collisions. vulnerable to outages.
▪ Less attractive. ▪ Difficult to locate faults
▪ More vulnerable to damage from trees and vegetation, ▪ Limitations on voltages that can be buried underground.
which requires right of way trimming.

• Nowadays, 3-phase, 3-wire AC system is universally adopted for
generation and transmission of electric power as an economical
proposition.
• However, distribution of electric power is done by 3-phase, 4-wire a.c.

system. The underground system is more expensive than the overhead
system.
• Therefore, the overhead system is mostly adopted for transmission and

distribution of electric power.

Typical AC Power Supply in a Power System
• The large network of conductors between the power station & the
consumers can be broadly divided into two parts viz., transmission
system and distribution system.
• Each part can be further sub-divided into two—primary transmission and
secondary transmission & primary distribution and secondary
distribution.
• In Fig. 2, the layout of a typical AC power supply scheme in a power
system is shown by a single line diagram. It may be noted that it is not
necessary that all power schemes include all the stages shown in the
figure.
• For example, in a certain power scheme, there may be no secondary
transmission and in another case, the scheme may be so small that there
is only distribution and no transmission.

Generating Stations
• Energy is generated (transformed from one to another) at the

generating stations. Generating stations are of different type, for
example, thermal, hydro, solar power stations, nuclear.
• The generated electricity is stepped up through the transformer
and then transferred over transmission lines to the load centres.

➢ In Fig. 2, G.S. represents the generating station where electric power is
produced by 3-phase alternators operating in parallel.
➢ The usual generation voltage is 11 kV. For economy in the transmission

of electric power, the generation voltage (i.e., 11 kV) is stepped upto
132 kV at the generating station with the help of 3-phase transformers.
➢ The transmission of electric power at high voltages has several

advantages including the saving of conductor material and high
transmission efficiency.

➢ It may appear advisable to use the highest possible voltage for
transmission of electric power to save conductor material and have
other advantages.
➢ But there is a limit to which this voltage can be increased. It is because

the increase in transmission voltage introduces insulation problems as
well as the cost of switchgear and transformer equipment is increased.
➢ Therefore, the choice of proper transmission voltage is essentially a

question of economics.
➢ Generally, the primary transmission is carried at 66 kV, 132 kV, 220 kV

or 400 kV.

Primary transmission (Tx).
The electric power at 132 kV is transmitted by 3-phase, 3-wire overhead
system to the outskirts of the city. This forms the primary transmission.
Secondary transmission
The primary Tx line terminates at the receiving station (RS) which usually
lies at the outskirts of the city. At the receiving station, the voltage is
reduced to 33kV by step-down transformers.
✓ From this station, electric power is transmitted at 33kV by 3-phase, 3-
wire overhead system to various sub-stations (SS) located at the
strategic points in the city. This forms the secondary transmission.
Primary distribution
The secondary Tx line terminates at the sub-station (SS) where voltage is
reduced from 33 kV to 11kV, 3-phase, 3-wire. The 11 kV lines run along
the important road sides of the city. This forms the primary distribution.
✓ It may be noted that big consumers (having demand more than 50 kW)
are generally supplied power at 11 kV for further handling with their
own sub-stations.
Secondary distribution
In the last stage in a Power System, the electric power from primary
distribution line (11 kV) is delivered to distribution sub-stations (DS) or
Distribution Transformer. A typical pole mounted distribution transformer
is shown in Fig. 5.
These sub-stations are located near the consumers’ localities and step
down the voltage to 400 V, 3-phase, 4-wire for secondary distribution.
✓ The voltage between any two phases is 400 V & between any phase
and neutral is 230 V.
The single-phase residential lighting load is connected between any one

phase and neutral, whereas 3-phase, 400 V motor load is connected
across 3-phase lines directly.
▪ It may be worthwhile to mention here that secondary distribution
system consists of feeders, distributors & service mains.
▪ Fig. 6 shows the elements of low voltage distribution system.
✓ Feeders (SC or SA) radiating from the distribution sub-station (DS)

supply power to the distributors (AB, BC, CD and AD). No consumer is
given direct connection from the feeders. Instead, the consumers are
connected to the distributors through their service mains.

Substation
Substation
➢ A substation can be defined as an assembly of apparatus used to

change some characteristics like voltage, AC, DC, frequency, power
factor, etc., of electric supply.
➢ Substations play a key role in power systems. The continuity of

supply depends largely upon the successful operation of
substations.
➢ Thus, it is imperative to exercise utmost care while designing and

building a substation.
Substation
➢ Some of the key factors to consider when planning and layout a
substation include:
✓ It should be located at a proper site (i.e. it should be located at the

center of gravity of load).
✓ It should provide safe and reliable arrangement.
• Safety consideration must be given to the maintenance of regulation clearances,
facilities for carrying out repairs and maintenance, abnormal occurrences such
as possibility of explosion or fire etc.
✓ It should be easily operated and maintained.

✓ It should involve minimum capital cost.

Classifications of Substations
➢ Classification of Substations according to Service Requirement

A. Transformer Substations
B. Converting Substations
C. Switching Substations
D. Power factor correction Substations
E. Industrial Substations
F. Frequency changer Substations
➢ Classification of Substations as Per Constructional Features
1. Indoor Substations
2. Outdoor Substations
3. Underground Substations
4. Pole-mounted Substations
WHAT THE PURPOSE OF STONE
IN SUBSTATION?
1.1 Test your self !
1. Define: Power System
2. Draw structure of Power System
3. Why is AC transmission a better Alternative to DC
transmission?

Second Lecture
on
Chapter -1
Power
Transformer
&
Instrument
Transformers
Introduction to Power Transformer & Instrument Transformers
A transformer is electrical equipment used for stepping up or stepping down the

voltage level. The transformer does not change the power and frequency. Both
these parameters remain unchanged when the transformer steps up or step-down
the voltage.
A transformer has a magnetic core on which two winding called primary winding and
secondary winding are wound to bring level of voltage or current to a desired value.
These two windings are electrically isolated from each other but magnetically
coupled.
➢ The following types of transformers are widely used as per the application
requirements.
1. Power Transformer
2. Instrument Transformer

Power Transformer
What is a Power Transformer?
▪ Power transformers are basically large-rating transformers used in high-voltage
applications.
➢ They are generally installed at the generating station to increase the voltage for
onward transmission of electric power at high voltage over a long distance.
➢ At the receiving end ,the power transformer reduces the voltage as per the user’s
requirement.
Therefore, on the basis of raising /lowering voltage, the power transformer is of 2 types.
1. The step-up power transformer raises the voltage,
2. While a step-down power transformer lowers the voltage.
The power transformers are generally delta-connected primary & secondary winding,
because, in power transmission at high voltage, the neutral is not required.
1. Step-up Power Transformer
• A step up transformer at the power station steps up the voltage and

consequently steps down the current.
• This means that the current flowing in the overhead cables is relatively small
and can be distributed long distances across country.
• In Step-Up Transformer, the secondary voltage (Vs) is greater than the primary
voltage (Vp).

2. Step-down Power Transformer
• A step-down transformer is defined as a transformer that converts high

voltage (HV) to low voltage (LV) and high current on the secondary side.
• Step-down transformers are used in electronic devices to supply low

voltage and in power systems to adapt voltage levels for consumers,
reducing transmission losses.

Voltage difference between Step-down & Step-up Power Transformer

Instrument Transformer
What is an Instrument Transformer?
▪ As its name implies, the instrument transformer is connected to measuring or protection

equipment. The instrument transformer is used to measure the electrical quantities like
current and voltage.
▪ The direct measurement of electrical quantities on high voltage by conventional

instruments such as:
✓ An ammeter &
✓ A voltmeter is not possible
▪ So, we need to install a current transformer and a potential transformer to lower

the current and voltage respectively.

Current transformer: reduces the current of a transmission line to a measurable
value. We can also call it a step-up transformer because it increases the voltage in the
secondary proportionally to the decrease in the current.
✓ The secondary of the current transformer must not be left open-circuited because the high
voltage at the secondary can cause damage to CT.
✓ The CT secondary must be always a closed circuit.
Potential transformer: is an instrument transformer that lowers the line voltage

to a measurable value. The potential transformer is a step-down transformer, it has more
turns in its primary and fewer turns in its secondary.
✓ The turn ratio of the potential transformer(N1/N2) is more than 1.

Difference between Power Transformers and Instrument Transformers
Basis of Difference Power Transformers Instrument Transformer
Description A power transformer has a high kVA An instrument transformer is one that is designed to
rating and is used to change the voltage reduce the voltage or current level of a transmission
level for power transmission. line for measurement and protection.
Purpose Power transformers are primarily used in Instrument transformers are primarily used to
power systems to change the line voltage measure high voltage, current, and power, among
levels. other things.
Power handling capacity Power transformers are capable of Instrument transformers can handle very low power
handling large amounts of power. levels.
Function Transmission line voltage is increased or Instrument transformers convert voltage or current to
decreased by power transformers. a safer and measurable value before supplying it to
devices such as ammeters, voltmeters, protective
relays, and so on.
Heating Because the power transformer handles a The heat produced in instrument transformers is
large amount of power, the heat quite low.
produced is greater.
Complex Power
In a purely resistive AC circuit, power is simply power. If we add inductance or capacitance to
the circuit, the situation becomes very different.
➢ As you now know, capacitance and inductance affect the phase relationship between
voltage and current.
➢ And we need to understand some specialized techniques before analyse power when
voltage and current are not in phase.
Active and Reactive Power

Power is voltage multiplied by current (V*I). This definition doesn’t require any additional
explanation when we’re working with a resistive AC circuit, because:
➢ The current and voltage have perfect phase alignment, and consequently we will always be
multiplying two positive numbers or two negative numbers.
However, even a small phase difference between current and voltage will create two
portions of the AC cycle in which one of the quantities is positive and the other is negative.
➢ The calculated power during this section of the waveform will be a negative
number.

Q1---- What is a negative power?
Q2---- Can a component release negative

quantities of energy into the surrounding
environment?

Now we do need some additional explanation
▪ Negative power can be a bit confusing at first. A negative power value

indicates that power is not doing work.
▪ To be more specific, the negative-power portions of the AC cycle indicate that

power is delivered to the system,
✓ But does not transfer energy to the system; rather, the energy is returned to the
source.
▪ This type of electrical power is called reactive power. This name will be easy
to remember if you already know that inductors and capacitors—which
create phase shift,
✓ which in turn leads to reactive power—are considered reactive components.
▪ The power will split in 2 ways: part power to the load, while some is stored in the
reactive components (shows in the first figure).
✓ This stored energy in the reactive components flows back to the power source
cyclically (shows in the second figure).

▪ Reactive power does not transfer energy from source to load, but it is not
“wasted,” because reactive loads cannot function without it.
➢ Power that does work somewhere in the load circuit is called Active Power (“real
power” and “true power” are also used). Active power is active at the load,
✓ i.e., it is really doing something, such as
• heating up a soldering iron or

• illuminating a laboratory.
▪ Reactive power is distinguished from active power by the use of a different unit.
✓ Volt-ampere reactive (var) is the unit for reactive power.
▪ Active power uses the unit that we already know, namely, watts.
Understanding the Power Triangle
▪ Active power is denoted by P, and reactive power is denoted by Q. Let’s

introduce 3 additional quantities that are involved in the analysis of power
consumption in reactive circuits:
✓ Complex power, denoted by S, is the vector sum of real power & reactive power.
✓ Apparent power, denoted by |S|, is the magnitude of complex power. It uses the
unit volt-amperes (VA) rather than watts.
✓ Power factor, abbreviated PF, will be discussed shortly.
➢ The following diagram is referred to as the power triangle.

Apparent Power (VA)
• If you measure a load’s RMS voltage and RMS current and then multiply these two
values, the result is apparent power.
• That’s why it’s called “apparent”: it corresponds to the power dissipation that we
would expect based only on RMS voltage and current.
• However, we now know that the apparent power might be higher than the real
power dissipation:
✓ because a phase difference between voltage & current creates reactive power that
contributes to apparent power.

• Consider what happens, though, in a purely resistive circuit. No reactive power is
present; consequently, the angle between active power & complex power will be
zero.
✓ So in this case, apparent power (i.e., the length of the complex power vector) will be
equal to active power.
➢ Apparent power can also be described as the amount of power delivered to a

system by the source.
▪ Again, this is not the same as the actual power dissipation, because some of
that delivered power is returned to the source rather than dissipated at the
load.
Power Factor
➢ The ratio of active power to apparent power is called the power factor. In other
words, power factor is the power usefully employed by a device (P), divided by
what is carried to that device via the power grid, |S|.
➢ Power factor can also be calculated as the cosine of the angle of the load
impedance
✓ i.e., the angle between active power and complex power, labelled θ in
previous Fig. 9.

• In a purely resistive circuit, there is no reactive power, and consequently active power
is equal to apparent power and the power factor is one (cos 0º=1).
✓ The power triangle has been reduced to a line.
• In general, we want the power factor to be as close to one as possible because this
indicates that the grid’s electrical energy is being used more efficiently.

❖Let’s say that the grid needs to supply power for a 240 W motor. If this motor is
designed to have a power factor of one, it will draw 1 A of current from the grid.
▪ If the power factor is lower than one, it will draw more than 1 A of current, but the real power
dissipation is still 240 W.
▪ Thus, the power grid needs to deliver additional current in order to accomplish the same
amount of work, and this leads to:
✓ More resistive power loss in the distribution wires &

✓ Higher equipment costs.
❖ Both capacitors & inductors create the phase differences that lead to reactive power, but
their specific effects on phase are exactly opposite and can balance each other out.

Power factor correction
➢ What causes the low power factor ?
Or
➢ What type of load/components causes the low power

factor ?

➢A low power factor is caused by inductive loads that create magnetic

fields, such as:
i. Motors
ii. Transformers
iii. Solenoid valves and
iv. Relays

▪ Power factor correction refers to the process of improving power factor by

deliberately adding reactance (such as a capacitor) into a circuit in such a way as to
mitigate the effects of other reactance (such as the inductance of a motor coil).
▪ You’ll often see banks of very large capacitors on site at industrial locations. Their purpose
is to counteract the effect of inductors and thus to improve power factor.

➢ If the system power factor is equal to one, then
❖ All the power supplied by the power source is going to the load to do work.
➢ If the system power factor is less than one, then
➢ Some of the power is wasted as reactive power.

➢ This reactive power requires generators, transmission lines and transformers to be
oversized to handle the additional current.
How to improve the power factor
• The power factor serves as an expression of energy efficiency, ranging from 0 to 1.
• The lower the power factor, the less efficient the power usage.
• In the inductive load the current lags the voltages, where as in the case of capacitive load
current leads the voltages which is shown in the figure respectively.

How to improve the power factor
➢ Neglecting inductance for inductive loads like motors is not accurate (shown in the first Figure).
➢ Let’s consider both resistance and inductance now (shown in the second Figure).
➢ Now in order to improve the power factor, we have to connect a parallel capacitive reactive
power to cancel out the total reactive power shown in the third figure below.
➢ And also by charging a penalty for low power factor, power companies encouraging the
customer to improve their power factor. Lecture By: Semret M. (MSc)
The Impedance Triangle
While we’re on the topic of power factor, let’s briefly discuss another type of triangle that is
useful in AC power analysis. The impedance triangle conveys the impedance characteristics of
a circuit;
▪ The horizontal and vertical sides correspond to the resistance and reactance, respectively,
and the hypotenuse is the complex impedance.

▪ The angle between resistance and impedance is the same as the angle between
active power and complex power in the power triangle.
▪ This gives us another way to calculate power factor:

Reading Assignment
✓ Single phase and Three Phase Transmission!

1.2 Test your self !
1. What is a Reactive Power?
2. Difference between Power & Instrument Transformer?

Thank You !!

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MfM, Agro-Technical and Technology College

Department of Electrical and Electronics Technology

EET 4314- Introduction to Power Systems

Lecture by: Semret M. (MSc.)

✓ Structure of Power System

✓ AC & DC Transmission System

✓ Introduction to Power Transformer & Instrumentation Transformer

✓ Single Phase & 3 Phase Transmission System

• In fact, per-capita income of a country is directly proportional to the

Lecture by: Semret M. (MSc)

• The modern society is so much dependent upon the use of

• Here, we shall focus our attention on the general aspects of

• A combination of all these systems is collectively known as an Electric

• A power system is a combination of central generating stations,

• Each one of these systems is explained in detail in the next sections.

Lecture By: Semret M. (MSc)

• An electric supply system consists of three principal components viz., the

• Electric power is produced at the power stations which are located at

• Finally, it is distributed to a large number of small and big consumers through

Lecture By: Semret M. (MSc)

1. HVAC Transmission system

• From the generation station, the voltage is stepped up by a three-phase

1.1 Flexible AC Transmission system (FACTS)

• Although HVAC is the preferred electricity source, transmission system is a

• The operation of FACTS is described using Figure 1.2. Power transmission

• In an HVDC-substation or converter substation, rectifiers and inverters

• The rectifier section converts the AC voltage to a DC voltage, while the

• DC transmission is used over long distances as it decreases the losses

• A system consisting of two converter stations and a single

Lecture By: Semret M. (MSc)

• There are two main types of switching devices used in convertors

Figure 1.3. Schematic of HVDC system layout

Lecture By: Semret M. (MSc)

1. AC is easy to be transferred over longer distances – even between

6. At same voltage, the DC transmission line has less stress as compared

7. The communication line interference is more in the AC transmission

8. The corona effect is the phenomenon through which the ionization

11. The AC transmission line is less expensive as compared to the DC

12. The small conductor is used for AC power transmission as

Lecture By: Semret M. (MSc)

Parameter HVAC HVDC

Conductor Diameter Larger Diameter Small Diameter

Losses High Low

Tower Design Bulky Simplified

Lecture By: Semret M. (MSc)

Overhead Distribution System

Lecture By: Semret M. (MSc)

• This type of distribution system is employed in places where overhead

Lecture By: Semret M. (MSc)

Overhead Distribution System Underground Distribution System

The overhead lines can be easily repaired from the

Lecture By: Semret M. (MSc)

▪ Less attractive. ▪ Difficult to locate faults

Lecture By: Semret M. (MSc)

• However, distribution of electric power is done by 3-phase, 4-wire a.c.

• Therefore, the overhead system is mostly adopted for transmission and

Lecture By: Semret M. (MSc)

Lecture By: Semret M. (MSc)

• Energy is generated (transformed from one to another) at the

Lecture By: Semret M. (MSc)