THE STUDY OF CULTURE, It is used to denote the female subtype.

SOCIETY AND POLITICS Examples may include queen, woman, girl,

mother, hen, cow, vixen, etc.
IDENTITY
The distinctive characteristics define an Masculine:
individual and are shaped by one’s It is used to denote a male subtype.
membership in a particular group. Examples are king, man, boy, father, cock,
bull, fox, etc.
Continuously shaped and reshaped over
time, including his activities within the society D. GENDER IDENTITY
and his interaction with other people. I. Man: A gender identity that is typically
associated with being male but can also be
Identities are very important because they adopted by someone who was assigned
shaped both the individual, and group female at birth.
behavior as well as people’s views about I. Woman: A gender identity typically
other people and society. associated with being female but can also be
adopted by someone who was assigned
IDENTITY FACTORS male at birth.
A. SEX – refers to the biological I. Non-binary: A gender identity that doesn't
characteristics of humans such as male or fit within the traditional binary of male or
female. female. Non-binary people may feel that they
are a mix of both genders, somewhere in
B. SEXUAL ORIENTATION- is the between, or entirely outside these
emotional, romantic, or sexual attraction that categories.
a person feels toward another person. I. Genderqueer: A gender identity that
Ex. Heterosexual, Homosexual, Bisexual, challenges the conventional boundaries of
Lesbian, Gay, Asexual, Pansexual gender, often overlapping with non-binary
but can be a distinct identity.
Examples: I. Transgender: A person whose gender
a) Heterosexual (Straight): Attraction to identity differs from the sex they were
people of the opposite gender. assigned at birth. For example, a person
b) Homosexual (Gay/Lesbian): Attraction assigned female at birth who identifies as a
to people of the same gender. man is a transgender man.
c) Bisexual: Attraction to more than one Examples:
gender. a) Cisgender: A person whose gender
d) Pansexual: Attraction to people identity aligns with the sex they were
regardless of gender. assigned at birth (e.g., someone assigned
e) Asexual: Lack of sexual attraction to female at birth who identifies as a woman).
others (though they may still b) Transgender: A person whose gender
experience romantic attraction). identity does not align with the sex they were
assigned at birth (e.g., someone assigned
C. GENDER ROLE male at birth who identifies as a woman).
Gender role refers to various roles, rights, c) Non-Binary: A person whose gender
and responsibilities of men and women and identity does not fit within the traditional
their interactions. It does not simply refer to binary of male or female.
men or d) Genderqueer: A person who rejects
women but to how their characteristics, traditional gender distinctions and identifies
behaviors, and identities are formed because with neither, both, or a combination of male
of socialization. and female genders.

Feminine: SOCIETY
- Refers to the group of people living in a ❑ a person who is an expert in anthropology
community ❑ people who practice anthropology, which
-a community, nation, or broad grouping of is the study of humanity. An anthropologist
people having common traditions, might be interested in everything from the
institutions, and collective activities and traditions of a tribe on a remote island to the
interests. culture of
an urban community and everything in
CULTURE between.
❑ Society’s way of life provides the
basis for forging identities ETHNOGRAPHY
❑ Culture can be defined as all the ways of -Research method of long-term participant
life including arts, beliefs, and institutions of observation.
a population that are passed down from -A qualitative method for collecting data
generation to generation. Culture has been often used in the social and behavioral
called "the way of life for an entire society." sciences. Data are collected through
❑ As such, it includes codes of manners, observations and interviews, which are then
dress, language, religion, rituals, art. used to conclude how societies and
individuals function.

“FRANZ BOAS”
a German-American anthropologist and a
pioneer of modern anthropology who has
been called the "Father of American
Anthropology“ and The Father of Modern
Anthropology. process.
POLITICS
❑ Politics is the set of activities that are His work is associated with the movements
associated with making decisions in known as historical particularism and cultural
groups, or other forms of power relations relativism. The historical Particularism
among individuals. approach claims that each society has its
❑ Refers to a set of activities and actions unique historical development and must be
that are used to hold power in government. understood based on its own specific cultural
❑ Plato believes that conflicting interests of and environmental context, especially its
different parts of society can be harmonized. historical process.
The best, rational and righteous, political
order, which he proposes, leads to a Franz Uri Boas was a German-American
harmonious unity of society and allows each anthropologist and a pioneer of modern
of its parts to flourish, but not at the expense anthropology who has been called the
of others. "Father of American Anthropology“ and The
Social Science Disciplines, anthropology, Father of Modern Anthropology. process.
sociology and political science.
“HENRY OTLEY BEYER”
WHAT IS ANTHROPOLOGY? FATHER OF PHILIPPINE
❑ Greek words: ANTHROPOS (human ANTHROPOLOGY
being/man) LOGOS ( study)
❑ Is the study of human beings and their Henry Beyer authored the “Wave of
ancestors through time and space and its Migration Theory.” He theorized that early
relation to physical character, environment, Filipinos descended from waves of
social relations, and culture. migrants-cavemen and Aeta's who traveled
through land bridges and later, Indonesians
WHO IS AN ANTHROPOLOGIST?
and Malays who reached the country by living cultures and present their observations
boat. in an ethnography.

Beyer’s popular theory suggests that the -studies cultural variations across different
ancestors of modern Filipinos societies and examines the need to
traveled to the archipelago in different understand each culture in its own
“waves of migration”. These included contex
the following waves:
ARC- The study of past societies and their
Prof. Otley Beyer's Wave Migration Theory cultures, especially the material remains of
the past, such as tools, food remains, and
According to Dr. Beyer, the ancestors of the places where people lived.
Filipinos came in different "waves of
migration", as follows: -deals with pre-historic societies by studying
their tool and environment.
1. "Dawn Man", a cave-man type who was
similar to Java man, Peking Man, and other LA- The study of language, especially how
Asian homo sapiens of 250,000 years ago. language is structured, how they reflect and
shape different aspects of human society
2. The aboriginal pygmy group, the Negritos, and culture, evolution of language, and the
who arrived between 25,000 and 30,000 social and cultural contexts for language.
years ago via land bridges.
PA- Also called biological anthropology,
3. The sea-faring tool- using Indonesian physical anthropology is the study of human
group who arrived about 5,000 to 6,000 evolution and variation, both past and
years ago and were the first immigrants to present
reach the Philippines by sea.
-studies the origins of humans as well as the
4. The seafaring, more civilized Malays who interplay between social factors and
brought the Iron age culture and were the processes of human evolution, adaptation
real colonizers and dominant cultural group and
in the pre-Hispanic Philippines. variation over time

D awn men- by land and bridges GOALS OF ANTHROPOLOGY:

A etas/negritos- by land and bridges 1. OBSERVE THE COMMON THINGS
I ndonesians- by boat AMONG PEOPLE, TRADITIONS,
M alays- by boat LANGUAGE AND OTHERS.
2. DISCOVER WHAT MAKES PEOPLE
FIELDS OF ANTHROPOLOGY DIFFERENT FROM EACH OTHER
3. CREATE KNOWLEDGE THROUGH
4FIELD OF ANTHROPOLOGY RESEARCHES ABOUT HUMAN KIND AND
BEHAVIOR
-CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY
-ARCHEOLOGY WHAT IS SOCIOLOGY?
-LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY ❑ Came from the French word “Sociologie”
-PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY which means companion and “Ology” a
Greek word which means “the study of”.
CA- The study of cultures and societies of ❑ The study of human social life, groups
human beings and their very recent past. and society
Traditional cultural anthropologists study ❑ Sociologist examine and present new
insights and perspectives on the different
elements and aspects of society as a culture, Applied sociology is the branch of sociology
gender, race and ethnicity, social that focuses on using sociological theories
movements, class and other forms of social and methods to address practical social
stratification issues and problems. This branch of
and other organizations and institutions. sociology seeks to apply sociological
knowledge to real-world situations, such as
“AUGUSTE COMTE” social policy, community development, and
Auguste Comte is considered one of the organizational analysis. Applied sociologists
founders of sociology. He coined the term work in a variety of settings, including
“sociology” in 1838 by combining the Latin government agencies, non-profit
term socius (companion, associate) and the organizations, and research institutions, and
Greek term logia (study of, speech). Comte often collaborate with other professionals to
hoped to unify all the sciences under address complex social problems.
sociology. He believed sociology held the GOALS OF SOCIOLOGY:
potential to improve society and direct 1. TO STUDY THE NATURE OF HUMANITY
human activity, including the other sciences. 1. APPRECIATE SOCIETY

FIELDS OF SOCIOLOGY POLITICAL SCIENCE

❑ Systematic study of Politics
1. Social organization ❑ The study of the state including its forms
❑ Social organization refers to a pattern of of
relationships between and among different government, political system, political
groups and individual people. social behavior and political ideology. (Aristotle)
organization could be said to be the ❑ Politics was started by the ancient Greeks
fundamental basis of modern society, as it ❑ According to Aristotle, men are political
allows for the carrying out of very complex animals. Men are bound to politics, for the
activities that other members of society reason, that man is designed to be with other
either men in the community.
participate in or are affected by. Typically, ❑ Focuses on the fundamental values of
when sociologists discuss social equal, freedom and justice, its processes are
organizations, they are referring to: linked to the dynamics of conflict, resolution
1. Social institutions, such as the family or and cooperation
school.
2. Social groups, such as professional FIELDS OF POLITICAL SCIENCE
associations, or voluntary organizations like Public Administration – examines how the
the Kiwanis Club or neighborhood government functions and how decisions
associations. and policies are made
3. Social inequality, which groups people Political Economy – evaluates the
according to class, such as the middle class, interplay between economics, politics,
working class, underclass, upper class, etc. and law and its implications for the various
4. Religious groups, such as churches and institutions within society
affiliated charities.
5. Bureaucracies, including government Comparative Politics – compares various
agency’s administrative units. domestic politics and governance system
across different sovereign states
2. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
❑ Is the study of how people's thoughts, GOALS OF POLITICAL SCIENCE
feelings, beliefs, intentions and behavior are 1. MAKE PEOPLE BETTER CITIZENS
influenced by the social environment 2. KEEP SOCIAL ORDER AND HARMONY
AMONG
3. APPLIED SOCIOLOGY DIFFERENT GROUPS OF PEOPLE
3. PROTECT THE RIGHTS OF AN
INDIVIDUAL
4. AVOID CONFLICT AND PROMOTE
COOPERATION