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GE102 REVIEWER

HISTORY AND HISTORIOGRAPHY


History - study of the past
- Greek word historia which means knowledge acquired through inquiry or investigation.
Historia - known as the account of the past of a person or of a group of people through written documents and historical
evidence.
Traditional historians lived with the mantra of “no document, no history.”
Historiography - writing of history, especially the writing of history based on the critical examination of sources
● External criticism- practice of verifying the authenticity of evidence by examining its physical characteristics
● Internal criticism- examination of the evidence.

HISTORICAL SOURCES: PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOURCES


● Primary sources - sources produced at the same time as the event, period, or subject being studied.
( autobiography, diaries, fossils, relics and letters)
● Secondary sources - created using primary sources ( biography, encyclopedia, textbooks, and thesis)

THE 3GS OF COLONIAL HISTORY


● GOD
- The Power of Faith
● GOLD
- Trade under Colonialism
● GLORY
- Trace of Colonization
THE VOYAGE OF MAGELLAN TO THE PHILIPPINES
- Ferdinand Magellan
- Magellan was a Portuguese who served under the flag and King of Spain began traveling in 1519 from Spain to
make the first voyage around the world.
- 5 ships called San Antonio, Concepcion, Victoria and Trinidad with 264 sailors
THE MAGELLAN EXPEDITION
- The Treaty of Tordesillas gave Spain the right to venture into the unexplored regions of the South Seas as the
Pacific Ocean was then called.
- Pigafetta’s account that was published in Italian in 1800 under the title, “Primo viaggio intorno al globo
terracqueo”; and a letter written in Latin in 1522 by Maximilianus Transylvanus entitled, “De Moluccis Insulis”.
March 16, 1521
- Magellan arrived at the Archipelago of San Lazaro or Islas de San Lazaro (a term given by Magellan to the
Philippines)(the date was extended by one day and made March 17th)
Homonhon
- Magellan first went to the island of Homonhon in Samar. Meanwhile, Magellan was able to talk to the natives
through Enrique, a Malay who served as an interpreter who was said to be Magellan's slave. Enrique had been
with Magellan since 1511 after the Portuguese conquered Malacca. Pegaffeta called him Hinrich (in Portuguese).
According to Pegaffeta, Hinrich or Enrique was a native of Sumatra.
At Limasawa
- March 28, 1521, had seen a fire on an island the night before, we anchored near it. We saw a small boat which
natives call boloto with eight men in it, approaching the flagship.
- March 31, 1521, The Spaniards reached Limasawa in Leyte and held the first mass in the archipelago led by
Father Pedro de Valderrama, been held in Masao, Butuan. which was in Agusan del Norte in Mindanao. After the
mass, the Spaniard built a cross on top of a hill. It was witnessed by Rajah Kolambu, leader of Limasawa and his
brother Rajah Siaui, leader of Butuan.
- Easter Sunday Mass at Limasawa attend by Rajah Kolambu, the chief of Butuan & Calagan
- April 5, 1521 When Magellan arrived in Cebu, they built a cross on the shore, which means that they claimed the
territory on behalf of Spain.
- April 7, 1521 The Spaniards came to Cebu. They were accepted by Rajah Humabon, the leader of Cebu.
- April 14, 1521 The baptism of the natives of Cebu was performed. Rajah Humabon and his wife Hara Amihan
were also baptized. The image of Santo Ninio was given to Hara Amihan.
- April 27, 1521 The battle took place in Mactan where Magellan was killed. Lapu-Lapu, the leader of Mactan,
refused to recognize the power of Spain. When Magellan died, Duarte Barbosa and Juan Serrao succeeded him
as head of the expedition, but were later assassinated by Rajah Humabon.
ALVARO DE SAAVEDRA CERON
- Was one of the Spanish explorers in the Pacific Ocean.
- The first to the Far East to be lifted out on Mexican soil consisted of the three ships: the Florida, the Santiago, the
Espiritu Santo and it had 120 men.
The Saavedra Expedition’s Goal
(4 goals)
- First, is to see what might have happened to the survivor of the Magellan expedition.
- Second, is to look for Trinidad which had not been heard from.
- Third, is to inquire about what became of the Cabot expedition; and
- lastly, to see what happened to the Loaisa Expedition.
The Saavedra Expedition
- Departing from Zihuatanejo, Mexico on November 1, 1527, carries a letter from Cortes to the king of Cebu. 2
ships sank bcs of the storm and the remaining crew ships reached Guam by December 29 and claimed Yap
Island for Spain.
The Villalobos Expedition
Ruy López de Villalobos Expedition to the Philippines (1542-1546)
● Date of Departure: November 1, 1542, from Barra de Navidad, New Spain (now Mexico).
● Commander: Ruy López de Villalobos, appointed by Antonio de Mendoza, viceroy of New Spain.
● Objective: Exploration and colonization of the Philippines.
Key Events:
1. Arrival in the Philippines: Villalobos reached Mindanao on February 2, 1543, becoming the first Spaniard to
explore the island.
2. Naming the Philippines: Villalobos named the archipelago "Felipinas" in honor of Prince Felipe of Spain (later King
Felipe II). This name was initially given to the southern island of Tandaya (possibly Leyte) and later extended to
the entire archipelago.
3. Confirmation: The name "Felipinas" was officially confirmed by King Felipe II in a decree on September 24, 1559.
● The Portuguese, established in the Moluccas, opposed the Spanish expedition, treating Villalobos as an enemy.
● After enduring hardships for two years, Villalobos was forced to surrender to the Portuguese.
● He returned to Spain aboard a Portuguese ship but succumbed to a fever at Amboina (Maluku) on Good Friday,
1546
● Villalobos’ expedition marked an important moment in Spanish exploration of the Philippines, laying the
foundation for future Spanish claims to the islands.
A Letter of Fray Geronimo Santisteban to the Viceroy of Spain: The Legazpi Expedition
● After the failure of previous Spanish expeditions to the Philippines (Villalobos, Loaisa, and Magellan), King
Charles I halted further colonization attempts.
● Change in Leadership:
Upon Philip II's ascension to the throne in 1556, he instructed Luis de Velasco, viceroy of Mexico, to prepare a
new expedition to the Philippines.
● Legazpi Expedition:
The expedition was led by Miguel López de Legazpi and accompanied by Andrés de Urdaneta, a priest who had
survived the earlier Loaisa expedition.
● The mission aimed to successfully establish Spanish control over the Philippines after previous failures.
February 13, 1565
- The Miguel Lopez De Legazpi Expedition landed on Cebu Island, after that he proceeded in Leyte, then Camiguin
and eventually in Bohol. He also formed a blood compact with Datu Sikatuna,the local chieftain. Legazpi gained
access to valuable resources, including spices and gold from Bohol.
April 27, 1565
- Legaspi returned to Cebu; destroyed the town of Raja Tupas and establish a settlement. On orders of King Philip
II, 2,100 men arrived from Mexico. They built the port of Fuerza de San Pedro which became the Spanish trading
outpost and stronghold for the region.
May 8, 1565
- Martin de Goiti arrived in Manila and was initially welcomed by the natives. He formed an alliance with Rajah
Suliman, the Muslim king.
- Miguel López de Legazpi arrived shortly after and joined forces with Goiti. He formed alliances and established
peace with local leaders like Rajah Suliman, Lakandula, and Matanda.
- In 1571, Legazpi ordered the construction of Intramuros, the walled city, and declared it the seat of government
and capital of the Spanish colony.
- Legazpi died in 1572 and was buried at San Agustin Church in Intramuros. In 1574, Manila was officially named
"Insigne y Siempre Leal Ciudad de España" ("Distinguished and Ever Loyal City of Spain") by King Philip II.
Juan de Plasencia, Customs of the Tagalogs
- Juan de Plasencia, a Franciscan priest, arrived in the Philippines in 1578 and spent much of his life spreading
Christianity. He worked alongside Fray Diego de Oropesa to preach in the areas around Laguna de Bay and
Tayabas (Quezon), founding numerous towns in Luzon, including Caliraya, Majayjay, Nagcarlan, Pila, Lumban,
and Siniloan.
- Contributions to Language and Religion:
Plasencia wrote several books to aid in the missionary work, focusing on teaching the Spanish language to the
natives and helping missionaries understand local languages. One of his significant contributions was the
"Doctrina Cristiana", the first book printed in the Philippines, which was published in Spanish and Tagalog (in both
Latin and Baybayin scripts) and even had a version in Chinese.
- Cultural Insights:
In his writings, particularly in “Customs of the Tagalogs”, Plasencia documented the social structure and customs
of the indigenous Filipinos. His work provided a detailed account of local governance, justice systems,
inheritances, and dowries, reflecting the pre-colonial social order that was largely unknown to the Spanish at the
time.
- Legacy:
Plasencia’s missionary work and writings played a significant role in the early spread of Christianity in the
Philippines and in preserving the understanding of Filipino culture during the Spanish colonial period.

Kartilya ng Katipunan
- Emilio Jacinto y Dizon ( December 15, 1875- April 16, 1899)
- One of the highest ranking officers during the Philippine Revolution
- He joined the Kataastaasan, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (Katipunan)
- Served as the advisor on Fiscal matters and secretary to Andres Bonifacio
- He edited revolutionary newspaper of the Katipunan called Kalayaan
- Pen name “Dimasilaw” and “Pingkian”
- Brain of the Katipunan
Kartilla - serves as the guidebook
There are 14 rules in kartilya ng katipunan
May 28,1898- The flag raising day
Mga Aral nang Katipunan ng mga A.N.B.
1. Ang kabuhayang hindi ginugugol sa isang malaki at banal na kadahilanan ay kahoy na walang lilim, kundi
damong makamandag
2. Ang gawang magaling na nagbubuhat sa pagpipita sa sarili, at hindi sa talagang nasang gumawa ng kagalingan,
ay di kabaitan.
3. Ang tunay na kabanalan ay ang pagkakawang gawa, ang pagibig sa kapua at ang isukat ang bawat kilos, gawa’t
pangungusap sa talagang Katuiran.
4. Maitim man at maputi ang kulay ng balat, lahat ng tao’y magkakapantay; mangyayaring ang isa’y higtan sa
dunong, sa yaman, sa ganda…; ngunit di mahihigtan sa pagkatao.
5. Ang may mataas na kalooban inuuna ang puri sa pagpipita sa sarili; ang may hamak na kalooban inuuna ang
pagpipita sa sarili sa puri.
6. Sa taong may hiya, salita’y panunumpa.
7. Huag mong sasayangin ang panahun; ang yamang nawala’y mangyayaring magbalik; nguni’t panahong nagdaan
na’y di na muli pang magdadaan. Value of time
8. Ipagtanggol mo ang inaapi, at kabakahin ang umaapi.
9. Ang taong matalino’y ang may pagiingat sa bawat sasabihin, at matutong ipaglihim ang dapat ipaglihim.
10. Sa daang matinik ng kabuhayan, lalaki ay siyang patnugot ng asawa’t mga anak; kung ang umaakay ay tungo sa
sama, ang patutunguhan ng iaakay ay kasamaan din.
11.
12. Ang di mo ibig na gawin sa asawa mo, anak at kapatid, ay huag mong gagawin sa asawa, anak, at kapatid ng iba.
13. Ang kamahalan ng tao’y wala sa pagkahari, wala sa tangus ng ilong at puti ng mukha, wala sa pagkaparing
kahalili ng Dios wala sa mataas na kalagayan sa balat ng lupa; wagas at tunay na mahal na tao, kahit laking
gubat at walang nababatid kundi ang sariling wika, yaong may magandang asal, may isang pangungusap, may
dangal at puri; yaong di napaaapi’t di nakikiapi; yaong marunong magdamdam at marunong lumingap sa bayang
tinubuan.
14. Paglaganap ng mga aral na ito at maningning na sumikat ang araw ng mahal na Kalayaan dito sa kaabaabang
Sangkalupuan, at sabugan ng matamis niyang liwanag ang nangagkaisang magkalahi’t magkakapatid ng ligaya
ng walang katapusan, ang mga ginugol na buhay, pagud, at mga tiniis na kahirapa’y labis nang natumbasan.
Kung lahat ng ito’y mataruk na ng nagiibig pumasuk at inaakala niyang matutupad ang mga tutungkulin, maitatala
ang kaniyang ninanasa sa kasunod nito.
Declaration of Philippine Independence
- The Filipinos struggled for detachment from their Colonial masters
- The 1898 Philippine Revolution led by Andres Bonifacio & his Katipunan
- Supremo is how they called Andres Bonifacio
- Emilio Jacinto who laid the values of Katipunan all the times
- “Teachings of Katipunan”-“Kartilla”
- Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista was assigned to proclaim & solemnize the declaration of Philippines Independence
by virtue issued by Engregious Dictator Don Emilio Aguinaldo Y Fanny
- Declaration was signed by 98 persons among them an American army forces
- June 12,1898 proclamation of Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo in Kawit, Cavite. Did not receive any recognition from United
States nor Spain, since it lacked territory and sovereignty
- March 23, 1902 Emilio Aguinaldo was captured by US Forces
Commonwealth Era
- January 2,1944 was interrupted when Japanese occupied the Philippines
- October 20,1944 Gen. Douglas Mc Arthur w/ allied forces landed on the island of Leyte to liberate the Philippines
from Japanese
- September 2,1945 Japan formally surrendered
- July 4, 1946 commonwealth ended when the US granted Independence
- 1962 Diosdado P. Macapagal decided to move the date of celebrated to June 12 (R.A No. 4166)
White- signifying the distinctive emblem of the famous Society of the “Katipunan”
3 Star- principal islands of this Archipelago (Luzon, Mindanao & Panay)
Sun- gigantic steps made by the sons of the country
8 Rays- 8 provinces (Manila,Cavite,Bulacan,Pampanga,Nueva Ecija,Bataan,Laguna & Batangas)
Blue,Red, White - commemorating the flag of the United States of North America
Philippine Flag was made in Hong Kong by Mrs. Marcella Agoncillo, assisted by Lorenza Agoncillo & Delfina
Herboza
Sites of the First Mass
- Easter Sunday on March 31,1521 small island named “Mazaua” hosted the first Christian Mass
- Antonio Pigaffeta (1523) & Antonio deHerrera y Torsedillas had 2 identical accounts of this event
- “Massawa” a word found in 181 Philippine Languages, only found in Butuanon and its scion, Tausug, means
“bright light & clear crystal”
- Some Filipino historians challenge the claim that Limasawa was the site of the first Catholic mass in the country
- Historian Sonia Zaide identified the site of the first Christian Mass in Butuan as Masao (Mazaua)
- Zaides claim was supported by the diary of Magellan’s chronicler, Antonio Pigafetta.
- In 1995 Congresswoman Ching Plaza in Agusan Del Norte – Butuan, submitted a bill to the Congress contesting
that Butuan was the site of the first mass.
1. Limasawa Island, Southern Leyte
- Recognized as the actual site of the First Mass
- Also known as “powerful Roman Catholic Church”
- Spanish Embassy acknowledge Limasawa as Landing point for Magellan, also dispatched the Galleon of
Andalusia for 5 days to Maasin City & abt 3 hours to Limasawa
- Recognized by the Embassy of Portugal in Metro Manila as “Mazzaua” written by Pigafetta
2. Masao or Mazaua in Butuan City, Agusan Del Norte
- Some advocates argue that Magellan and his men landed in Mazaua, located in Butuan City, Agusan del
Norte,
- citing evidence like rice fields, gold, and artifacts such as the "balanghai" unearthed in the area.
- However, the actual harbor for ships traveling to and from Butuan is in Nasipit, 25 kilometers west of
Mazaua, as the waters off Butuan's coast are too shallow for navigation.
3. Homonhon Island, Eastern Samar
- After landing in Guam, which Magellan named Las Islas de los Ladrones, his troops had a difficult stay.
- Some from Homonhon Island and Samar claim that Magellan and his crew held a mass there to thank
God for their safe journey from Guam across the Pacific.
- This is supported by groups advocating the first mass in Homonhon.

4. Mahaba Island, Placer, Surigao del Norte.


- Finally, in the North-East of Mindanao, another group said that the expedition of Magellan was the first
Mass in Surigao del Norte, Mahaba Island.
The Cavite Mutiny Controversy
- José Rizal dedicated El Filibusterismo to three priests—Mariano Gómez (85), José Burgos (30), and Jacinto
Zamora (35)—who were executed by garrote on February 17, 1872, for their alleged involvement in the Cavite
Arsenal Revolt. The priests, active in advocating for the secularization of the clergy, were quickly tried and
sentenced to death. However, historian Chris Antonette Piedad-Pugay notes that there are two differing accounts
regarding their execution, which not all Filipinos, including college students, are aware of.
A. The Spanish Perspective of the 1872 Cavite Mutiny
- Based on Pugay’s historical account, Spanish historian José Montero y Vidal depicted the Cavite Revolt as an
attempt by the Indios to overthrow Spanish rule. Gov. Gen. Rafael Izquierdo’s report exaggerated the event, using
it to implicate the native clergy, who were advocating for secularization. Izquierdo blamed the unruly Spanish
press for spreading malicious propaganda that the Filipinos embraced. He reported to the King of Spain that the
rebels sought to install a new "hari," like Fathers Burgos and Zamora, and claimed the clergy encouraged the
revolt by promising rewards such as wealth, employment, and military ranks. Izquierdo also condemned the Indios
as gullible and prone to theft.
B. THE FILIPINO VERSION OF THE CAVITE INCIDENT
- Based on Pugay’s historical account, Dr. Trinidad Hermenigildo Pardo de Tavera, a Filipino scholar, provided the
Filipino perspective on the Cavite Mutiny. He viewed the incident as a mutiny by native Filipino soldiers and
laborers at the Cavite arsenal, frustrated by the loss of their privileges. Tavera indirectly blamed Gov. Izquierdo’s
harsh policies, such as abolishing workers' privileges and prohibiting a school for arts and trades, which Izquierdo
saw as a cover for a political club. Tavera argued that the Spanish friars and Izquierdo exaggerated the mutiny,
portraying it as a grand conspiracy involving the native army, residents of Cavite and Manila, and the clergy to
overthrow Spanish rule. Tavera believed the friars’ desire to retain power, especially after the Madrid
government’s plan to strip them of influence in civil and educational matters, led them to exaggerate the mutiny.

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