05/11/2024

GEOGRAPHICAL
EGYPTIAN
• The land of Pharaohs,
ARCHITECTURE consists of a narrow
strip of fertile, alluvial
J. Feraer, uap soil along both banks of
the Nile, flanked by
shelves of barren land
and rugged cliffs, beyond
which lie arid, desert
plateaux.

• In its lower or GEOLOGICAL

Northern part, the • The natural products, such as timber, clay and stone,
largely determine the character, of the architecture
river divides to form of a country.
a great delta of
sluggish outlets to
the Mediterranean
Sea, while to the
east, and roughly
parallel with its
course, extends the
Red Sea.

GEOLOGICAL GEOLOGICAL
• The natural products, such as timber, clay and stone, • The natural products, such as timber, clay and stone,
largely determine the character, of the architecture largely determine the character, of the architecture
of a country. of a country.

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GEOLOGICAL
• The natural products, such as timber, clay and stone,
largely determine the character, of the architecture
CLIMATIC
of a country.
• Egypt has been said to have but two seasons, spring
and summer. The climate is warm, snow and frost are
unknown, except in Delta where storm and even rain
are rare.
• Such a climate, with its brilliant sunshine, conduced
also to simplicity of design

Dendera Temple of Hathor

TEMPLE OF HORUS AT EDFU

There was no real need for windows, and thus unbroken massive walls not only
• Sufficient light reached the interior of temples through protected the interior from sunheat, but also provided surface for hieroglyphics
doors and roof slits and pictorial presentation of religious rituals, historic events and daily pursuits

HISTORICAL & SOCIAL HISTORICAL & SOCIAL

• The Egyptian civilization is among the most ancient • The Egyptian civilization is among the most ancient
of which we have any clear knowledge. Our of which we have any clear knowledge. Our
information is derived from ancient literary sources, information is derived from ancient literary sources,
from records on papyri and tablets, but more from records on papyri and tablets, but more
particularly from Egyptian buildings and their particularly from Egyptian buildings and their
inscriptions. inscriptions.

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HISTORICAL & SOCIAL HISTORICAL & SOCIAL

• The Egyptian civilization is among the most ancient • The Egyptian civilization is among the most ancient
of which we have any clear knowledge. Our of which we have any clear knowledge. Our
information is derived from ancient literary sources, information is derived from ancient literary sources,
from records on papyri and tablets, but more from records on papyri and tablets, but more
particularly from Egyptian buildings and their particularly from Egyptian buildings and their
inscriptions. inscriptions.

HISTORICAL & SOCIAL ASSIGNMENT

• The Egyptian civilization is among the most ancient • RESEARCH FOR MOVIES PERTAINING TO EGYPT,
of which we have any clear knowledge. Our MENTIONING ANY OF THE FOLLOWING PERIODS
IN THEIR HISTORY:
information is derived from ancient literary sources,
from records on papyri and tablets, but more • Ancient Kingdom (Dynasties I-X)
particularly from Egyptian buildings and their • Middle Kingdom (Dynasties XI-XVII)
inscriptions. • New Kingdom (Dynasties XVIII-XXX)
• Ptolemaic Period (332-30 B.C.)
• The Roman Period (30BC-AD395)
• Later Periods (AD395 to the present day)

RULES

• The more students researching on 1 topic, the less

grade equivalent.
• Output – Drawings depicting the period and a
reaction paper
• Medium – Mixed Media and Manual Handwriting on
Short Bond Paper/A4 Paper
• Non-compliance = grade deduction
Egyptian Dwelling

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MASTABA
is a type of ancient Egyptian tomb in the form of a flat-roofed,
rectangular structure with inward sloping sides, constructed out of mud-
bricks (from the Nile River) or stone. These edifices marked the burial
sites of many eminent Egyptians during Egypt's Early Dynastic
Period and Old Kingdom

The Step
Pyramid of
Djoser was built
about 4700 years
ago with six
layers ... It started
off as
a mastaba tomb
— a flat-roofed
structure with
sloping sides
Stepped Pyramid of King Zoser

Why Bent?

• The pyramid is called the Bent Pyramid because it

actually is bent at the top. It changes angles two-
thirds of the way up from 54 degrees to 43, giving it
the bent appearance it is known for. Archaeologists
believe that this was done because of an engineering
Bent Pyramid failure of the original angle, being too steep to
support the structure. They also believe it represents
Pyramid of Seneferu a change of construction techniques, from step-sided
Sneferu was the first king of the fourth dynasty of Ancient Egypt, who construction to smooth-sided
according to Manetho reigned for 24 years (2613-2589 BC)

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Imhotep
was an Egyptian polymath who
served under the Third
Dynasty king Djoser as chancel
lor to the pharaoh and high
priest of the sun
god Ra at Heliopolis. He is
considered by some to be the
earliest
known architect, engineer, and
physician in history,though two
other Eygptian figures
identified as physicians, Hesy-
Ra and Merit-Ptah, lived
around the same time.

A sphinx is a mythical creature with the head of a human and the body of a
The Great Pyramids at Giza lion. In Greek tradition, it has the head of a human, the haunches of a lion,
and sometimes the wings of a bird

The three pyramids survived up to our days –Khufu, Kafre, Menkaure

which were built for the kings with corresponding names. The oldest and
the largest one is Khufu, which is known as a Great pyramid.

EGYPTIAN
VOLUTE

Louvre, Paris

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King Tutankhamen (or Tutankhamun) ruled

Amun-Ra was given Egypt as pharaoh for 10 years until his
the official title "king of death at age 19, around 1324 B.C.
the gods" by Although his rule was notable for reversing
the tumultuous religious reforms of his
worshippers, and father, Pharaoh Akhenaten, Tutankhamen’s
images show the legacy was largely negated by his
combined deity as a successors. He was barely known to the
modern world until 1922, when British
red-eyed man with a archaeologist Howard Carter chiseled
lion's head that had a through a doorway and entered the boy
surrounding solar disk. pharaoh’s tomb, which had remained
sealed for more than 3,200 years. The
tomb’s vast hoard of artifacts and treasure,
intended to accompany the king into the
afterlife, revealed an incredible amount
about royal life in ancient Egypt, and
Amun Ra - sun god quickly made King Tut the world’s most
famous pharaoh. Tutankhamen

Ramesses the Great or Ramses, is one of the most notable and powerful
pharaohs of all time. If Moses was raised by the daughter of Ramses
II and Nefertari, then the Exodus occurred under the leadership of
Merneptah and the cruel enslavement of the Jews occurred under the
leadership of Ramses II.

Temple of Khons

Bud columns @
Temple of Amon Ra, Thebes
Temple of Khons
• Typical temple: pylons, court, hypostyle hall, sanctuary,
chapels all enclosed by high girdle wall
• Avenue of sphinxes and obelisks fronting pylons

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Temple of Amon, Karnak

Grandest temple and the work of
many kings

Temple of Isis, Nubia

Mammisi Temple
• Became the prototype of the Greek Doric temples

Luxor Temple

Great Temple of Abu Simbel

Obelisks

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Temple of Queen Hatshepsut, Der El-Bahari

Egyptian Egyptian
RELIGION ROOF & OPENINGS
• Cult of many gods representing • Roof was not an important consideration
nature: sun, moon, stars, animals • Flat roofs sufficed to cover and exclude heat
• No windows
• After death, a persons soul went on to • Spaces were lit by skylights, roof slits, clerestories
enjoy eternal life in kingdom of the God
Osiris - imagined this kingdom as a WALL
perfect version of Egypt • Batter wall - diminishing in width towards the top for stability
• Pharaohs were buried, bringing with • Thickness: 9 to 24m at temples
them the things they might need in the • Unbroken massive walls, uninterrupted space for hieroglyphics
afterlife, even living people
• Wished for a fine burial, embalmment DECORATIONS
and funeral rites, and a permanent tomb • Mouldings such as "gorge" or "hollow and roll" was inspired by reeds
or "eternal dwelling" • Torus moulding
• Dead body had to be preserved to
house the spirit
• Remove insides, dry out the body,
filled with linen, masked and bandaged

Egyptian
TEMPLES
ROCK-CUT or ROCK-HEWN
TOMBS MORTUARY TEMPLES
• Built along hillside
• For nobility, not royalty
• worship/
pharaohs
in honor of
Activity a4
CULT TEMPLES
• worship/ in honor of god
INK
Parts:
• Entrance pylon
• Large outer court open to Pyramid vs Mastaba vs ROCK-HEWN TOMBS
sky (hypaethral court)
• Hypostyle hall
• Sanctuary surrounded by
passages
• Chapels/chambers used in
connection with the temple
service

Tombs at Beni Hasan