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Grammar Points Summary
Grammar Point Rules and Explanations
Have/has (not) + past participle 1.Present Perfect She has traveled all over the world. She has lived in China and Japan.
Had (not) + past participle
2. Past Perfect I had flown in an airplane. When we arrived, the movie had started.
Subject + has/have (not) + been + -ing
3. Present Perfect How long has Jake been swimming? Progressive She has been swimming for thirty minutes. She has been swimming since 1:00.
Subject + to be + verbing 4. Present Progressive Emily is reading right now.
Had (not) + been + verbing
5. Past Perfect She had been waiting for an hour. Progressive She had been feeling angry. 6. Phrasal Modals (have They have to run. to, have got to, ought to, The bird has got to find food. be able to) The boy is able to eat spicy food. He ought to sleep.
7. Modals (can, could, Subject + modals(not) + main verb
may, might, should, had These babies can touch their toes! better, must, will, They are able to touch their toes! would) When Joe was younger, he could touch his toes. My friend could be/might be/may be playing sports. She should buy a gift at the mall.
8. Preference Modals I prefer snowboarding to surfing. I like the snow better than the water. I would rather play in the snow.
Adjectives describe nouns/pronouns
9. Adjectives A happy mother is a good mother. I have awesome teachers. They are colorful.
Subject 1 (be verb) as (adjective) as subject 2.
10. Comparatives You are as tall as your dad. My mom’s face is just as round as my grandma’s.
Subject 1 (be verb) one of the (superlative adjective) (plural
11. Superlatives noun).. He is one of the most talkative guys in the entire family. New York City is one of the most famous cities in the world.
The students who arrived late sat in the back of the room 12. Adjective Clauses Michael is the person whom you have spoken to on the with Where, Who, phone. Whom, That, Which, No one bought any of the computers that weren’t on sale. When. The garden is full of flowers which only bloom in the spring. I congratulated the mother whose child won first place in the spelling contest. The place where I took this picture is called Joshua Tree National Park. 1955 is the year when Disneyland opened. Nouns describe people, places, things. 13. Count and Noncount There is a shrimp on the floor. Nouns I found information on the Internet. Where are the scissors? The data are important.
An + (a, e, I, o, u) 14. Articles (a, an) An application An apple An orange A phone A cup of tea.
15. Quantifiers My aunt also had some pigs.
She has a great deal of land for all of the animals. Usually, my aunt doesn’t have much time to relax. Maintaining a farm definitely requires a lot of work.
16. Requests and
Permission (Would you, Would you close the door? Will you, Could you, Can Would you mind closing the door? you) May I borrow a pen? Would you mind if I left early?
17. Confusing Pronouns Ann and I are good friends.
You know Ann and me. He helped himself to the drinks. He made himself a drink. He made a drink for himself.
