CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM

SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

1.What is Kc for the following equilibrium when the equilibrium concentration of each
substance is: [SO 2 ]= 0.60 M, [O 2 ] = 0.82 M and [SO 3 ] = 1.90 M ?

2. Write the expression for the equilibrium constant, Kc for each of the following

reactions:

(i)

(ii)

3. For the following equilibrium,

Both the forward and reverse reactions in the equilibrium are elementary bimolecular
reactions. What is Kc, for the reverse reaction?

4. Explain why pure liquids and solids can be ignored while writing the equilibrium
constant expression?

5. The equilibrium constant expression for a gas reaction is,

Write the balanced chemical equation corresponding to this expression.

6. BF3 does not have protons but still acts as an acid and reacts with NH3. Why is it so? What

type of bond is formed between the two?

7. Write the conjugate acids for the following Bronsted bases: NH ,NH ,HCOO –

8. The concentration of H + in a soft drink is 3.8 10–3 M. What is its pH?

9. At 450 K, Kp=2.0×1010 /bar for the given reaction at equilibrium.
2SO2(g)+O2(g) ⇌ 2SO3(g) What is Kc at this temperature?

10. Describe the effect of:

a) Addition of H2
b) Addition of CH3OH
c) Removal of CO
2H2 (g)+CO (g) ⇌ CH3OH (g)
d) Removal of CH3OH on the equilibrium of the reaction:

(l ) ⇌ H3O+(aq) + Cl–(aq) Label the two conjugate acid-base pairs in this ionization.
Question 11. The ionization for hydrochloric in the water has given below: HCl(aq) + H2O

Question 12. The conjugate acid of the weak base is always stronger. What would be the
decreasing order of the basic strength of the following conjugate bases? OH–, RO–,
CH3COO–, Cl–

Question 13. The aqueous solution of the sugar does not conduct electricity. But, when
sodium chloride is added to water, it conducts electricity. How would you explain the
statement based on the ionisation, as well as how is it affected by the concentration of the
sodium chloride?

Question 14. The reaction between ammonia and boron trifluoride is given below as follows:
NH3 + BF3 → H3N: BF3 Identify the acid and base in the given reaction. Which theory
gives an explanation to it? What is the hybridisation of B as w N in the given reactants?

Question 15. The compound BF3 does not have a proton; however, it still acts as an acid and
reacts with NH3. Why is it so? What type of bond can be formed between the two?

Question 16. Based on the given equation pH = – log [H+], the pH of the given 10-8 mol dm-
3 solution of HCl shall be 8. But, it is observed to be less than 7.0. Justify the reason.

Question 17. The ionisation constant of the weak base MOH is given by the expression; Kb =
[M+][OH–]/[MOH–] Values of the ionisation constant for some weak bases at particular
temperatures give below: Base: Di-methylamine, Urea, Pyridine, and Ammonia Kb: 5.4 × 10-
4, 1.3 × 10-14, 1.77× 10-9, 1.77 × 10-5 Arrange the following bases in the decreasing order
of the extent of their ionisation at equilibrium. Which among the above base is the strongest?

Question 18. Arrange the following compounds in increasing order for pH KNO3 (aq),
CH3COONa (aq), NH4Cl (aq), C6H5COONH4 (aq)

MCQS

1.According to Lewis concept, an acid is:

(a) proton donor
(b) electron pair donor
(c) electron pair acceptor
(d) proton acceptor

2.Ostwald’s dilution law is applicable to:

(a) Strong electrolytes only
(b) Weak electrolyte only
(c) Non-electrolytes
(d) Strong and weak electrolytes

3.The pH of a solution of hydrochloric acid is 4. The molarity of the

solution is:
(a) 4.0
(b) 0.4
(c) 0.0001
(d) 0.04

4.The strong conjugate base is

(a) NO32-
(b) Cl–
(c) SO42-
(d) CH3COO–

5.Which of the following pairs constitutes a buffer ?

(a) NaOH and HCl
(b) HNO3 and NH4NO3
(c) HCl and KCl
(d) HNO2 and NaNO2

6.Le Chatelier’s principle is applicable to:

(a) only homogeneous chemical reversible reactions
(b) only heterogeneous chemical reversible reactions
(c) only physical equilibria
(d) all systems, chemical or physical in equilibrium.
7.Which of the following is the weakest base?
(a) NaOH
(b) Ca(OH)2
(c) NH4OH
(d) KOH

8.When NH4Cl is added to NH4OH solution

the dissociation of ammonium hydroxide is reduced. It is due to:
(a) common ion effect
(b) hydrolysis
(c) oxidation
(d) reduction

9.For the reversible reaction

N2 (g) + 3H2(g) ⇋ 2NH3 + Heat
The equilibrium shifts in forward direction
(a) by increasing the concentration of NH3(g)
(b) by decreasing the pressure
(c) by decreasing the concentration of N2 and H2
(d) by increasing pressure and decreasing temperature

10.A base according to Bronsted concept is a substance which can:

(a) lose pair of electron
(b) donate protons
(c) gain a pair of electrons
(d) accept protons

11.The oxidation number of Cr in Cr(CO)6 is

—————–
(a) 0
(b) +2
(c) -2
(d) +6

12.Which of the following is not a redox reaction?

(a) CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
(b) O2 + 2H2 → 2H2O
(c) Na + H2O → NaOH + 1/2H2
(d) MnCl3 → MnCl2 + 1/2 Cl2
13.In the reaction
3Br2 + 6CO32- + 3H2O → 5Br – + BrO3– + 6HCO3–
(a) Bromine is oxidised and carbonate is reduced.
(b) Bromine is reduced and water is oxidised.
(c) Bromine is neither reduced nor oxidised.
(d) Bromine is both reduced and oxidised.

14.The most powerful oxidising agent among the following is:

(a) H2SO4
(b) H3BO3
(c) HPO3
(d) H3PO4

15.The oxidation number of Cr in K2Cr2O7 is:

(a) -6
(b) +6
(c) +2
(d) -2

ADVANCED LEVEL
1. One mole of ferrous oxalate requires____ moles of MnO4– to get
oxidised completely in an acidic medium
(a) 0.6 moles
(b) 0.4 moles
(c) 0.2 moles
(d) 7.5 moles

2.H2O2 changes Cr2O72- ion to CrO5 in an acidic medium, the oxidation state of Cr in
CrO5 is
(a) +6
(b) +5
(c) -10
(d) +3
 REDOX REACTIONS

1.Reduction never involves:

(a) gain of electrons
(b) decrease in oxidation number
(c) loss of electrons
(d) decrease in valency of electropositive component

2.The oxidation number of Cr in Cr(CO)6 is

—————–
(a) 0
(b) +2
(c) -2
(d) +6

3.Which of the following is not a redox reaction?

(a) CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
(b) O2 + 2H2 → 2H2O
(c) Na + H2O → NaOH + 1/2H2
(d) MnCl3 → MnCl2 + 1/2 Cl2

4.The most powerful oxidising agent among the following is:

(a) H2SO4
(b) H3BO3
(c) HPO3
(d) H3PO4

5.The oxidation number of Cr in K2Cr2O7 is:

(a) -6
(b) +6
(c) +2
(d) -2

7.With reference to the above, which one of the following is the correct
statement?
(a) Zn is reduced to Zn2+ ions.
(b) Zn is oxidised to Zn2+ ions.
(c) Zn2+ ions are oxidised to Zn.
(d) Cu2+ ions are oxidized toCu.

8.Oxidation number of P in PO43-, of S in SO42- and

that of Cr in Cr2O72- are
respectively:
(a) +3, +6 and +5
(b) +5, +3 and +6
(c) +3, +6 and +6
(d) +5, +6 and +6

9.In the reaction:

2Ag + 2H2SO4 → Ag2SO4 + 2H2O + SO2
Sulphuric acid acts as:
(a) Oxidising agent
(b) Reducing agent
(c) Catalyst

ADVANCED LEVEL

1. One mole of ferrous oxalate requires____ moles of MnO4– to get oxidised completely in an
acidic medium

(a) 0.6 moles

(b) 0.4 moles

(c) 0.2 moles

(d) 7.5 moles

2. H2O2 changes Cr2O72- ion to CrO5 in an acidic medium, the oxidation state of Cr in CrO5 is

(a) +6 (d) +3

(b) +5 (c) -10

SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1.Write a balanced chemical equation for the following reactions:

(i) Permanganate ion (MnO4–) reacts with sulphur dioxide gas in an acidic medium to produce
Mn2+ and hydrogensulphate ion.

(Balance by ion electron method)

(ii) Reaction of liquid hydrazine (N2H4) with chlorate ion (CIO3–) in basic medium produces
nitric oxide gas and chloride ion in a gaseous state.

(Balance by oxidation number method)

(iii) Dichlorine heptaoxide (Cl2O7) in gaseous state combines with an aqueous solution of
hydrogen peroxide in acidic medium to give chlorite ion (ClO2–) and oxygen gas.

(Balance by ion electron method)

Q2. Balance the following equations by the oxidation number method.

Q3. Identify the redox reactions out of the following reactions and identify the oxidising and
reducing agents in them.

Q4. Explain redox reactions on the basis of electron transfer. Give suitable examples.
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY SOME BASIC CONCEPTS AND TECHNIQUES

MCQ’S

1. The reaction: CH3CH2I + KOH(aq) → CH3CH2OH + KI is classified as

(a) electrophilic substitution

(b) nucleophilic substitution

(c) elimination

(d) addition

2. Which of the following is the correct IUPAC name?

(i) 3-Ethyl-4, 4-dimethylheptane

(ii) 4,4-Dimethyl-3-ethylheptane

(iii) 5-Ethyl-4, 4-dimethylheptane

(iv) 4,4-Bis(methyl)-3-ethylheptane

3. Benzene hexachloride is prepared from benzene and chlorine in sunlight by

(a) Substitution reaction

(b) Elimination reaction

(c) Addition reaction

(d) Rearrangement reaction

4. In the organic compound CH2= CH – CH2– CH2– C ≡ CH, the pair of hybridised orbitals
involved in the formation of the C2– C3 bond is:

(a) sp – sp2

(b) sp – sp3

(c) sp2– sp3

(d) sp3– sp3

5.Find the incorrect statement for a nucleophile

(a) A nucleophile is a Lewis acid

(b) Nucleophiles do not seek electron

(c) Ammonia is a nucleophile

(d) Nucleophiles attack low electron density sites

6.Which among the following is the most deactivating meta-directing group in aromatic
substitution reaction?

(a) -COOH

(b) -SO3H

(c) -NO2

(d) -CN

7.Which of the following molecular formulae belongs to the alkyne series?

(a) C7H14

(b) C10H22

(c) C9H16

(d) C16H32

8.The addition of carbonyl compound to HCN is an example of

(a) Nucleophilic substitution (b) Electrophilic addition

(c) Nucleophilic addition (d) Electrophilic substitution

9.Nucleophilicity order is correctly represented by

(d) CH3– ≃ NH2– > HO– ≃ F–

(a) CH3– < NH2– < HO– < F– (b) CH3– > NH2– > HO– > F–
(c) NH2– > F– > HO– > CH3–

10.Hyperconjugation is most useful for stabilizing which of the following carbocation?

(a) Neopentyl (b) Tert-butyl (c) Iso-propyl (d) Ethyl

SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Question 11. Explain why alkyl groups act as electron donors when attached to a π system.

Question 12. Explain, how is the electronegativity of carbon atoms related to their state of
hybridization in an organic compound?

Question 13. What are electrophiles and nucleophiles? Explain with examples.
Question 14. Define:
(i) Homologous Series
(ii) Hetrolytic Cleavage

Question 15:Differentiate between Inductive Effect and Resonance Effect.

 HYDROCARBONS

1,Which of the following is the general formula of alkynes?

(a) CnH2n+2

(b) CnH2n

(c) CnH2n-2

(d) CnH2n-4

2.The IUPAC name of CH3-CH2-CH2-CH=CH2 is:

(a) 1-Butene

(b) 2-Butene

(c) Pent-1-ene

(d) Pent-2-ene

3.Which of the following compounds is an alkene?

(a) Methane

(b) Ethane

(c) Propene

(d) Butyne

5.The addition of bromine to alkenes results in the formation of:

(a) Alkynes

(b) Alkyl halides

(c) Alkanes

(d) Alcohols

6.The reaction of alkenes with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst is called:

(a) Hydration

(b) Hydrogenation

(c) Dehydration

(d) Halogenation
7.Which of the following is the most stable alkene?

(a) Ethene

(b) Propene

(c) But-2-ene

(d) But-1-ene

8.The isomerism exhibited by alkenes is:

(a) Geometrical isomerism

(b) Optical isomerism

(c) Functional isomerism

(d) Chain isomerism

9.The addition of water to alkenes in the presence of an acid catalyst is called:

(a) Hydration

(b) Hydrogenation

(c) Dehydration

(d) Halogenation

10.The reaction of alkenes with ozone followed by hydrolysis is called:

(a) Ozonolysis

(b) Hydrogenation

(c) Hydration

(d) Halogenation

11.The product formed when ethene is treated with cold concentrated sulfuric acid is:

(a) Ethanol

(b) Ethyl hydrogen sulfate

(c) Ethane

(d) Ethylene glycol

12.The addition of hydrogen bromide to propene in the presence of peroxide gives:

(a) 1-Bromopropane

(b) 2-Bromopropane

(c) 1,2-Dibromopropane

(d) 2,3-Dibromopropane

13.The reaction of alkanes with chlorine in the presence of sunlight is called:

(a) Halogenation

(b) Dehydrogenation

(c) Combustion

(d) Cracking

14.The product formed when methane is treated with chlorine in the presence of sunlight is:

(a) Chloromethane

(b) Dichloromethane

(c) Trichloromethane

(d) Tetrachloromethane

15.The reaction of alkanes with oxygen in the presence of heat is called:

(a) Halogenation

(b) Dehydrogenation

(c) Combustion

(d) Cracking

16.The product formed when ethane is treated with chlorine in the presence of sunlight is:

(a) Chloroethane

(b) 1,1-Dichloroethane

(c) 1,2-Dichloroethane

(d) Trichloroethane

ADVANCED LEVEL
1. The major product formed when 2-methylpropene is treated with HBr in the presence of
peroxide is:
(a) 1-Bromo-2-methylpropane
(b) 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane
(c) 1-Bromo-3-methylpropane
(d) 2-Bromo-3-methylpropane

2.The product formed when benzene is treated with fuming sulfuric acid is:
(a) Benzaldehyde
(b) Benzenesulfonic acid
(c) Phenol
(d) Nitrobenzene

3.The reaction of alkynes with water in the presence of an acid catalyst is called:
(a) Hydration
(b) Hydrogenation
(c) Tautomerization
(d) Hydroboration-oxidation

4.The product formed when benzene is treated with nitric acid and sulfuric acid is:
(a) Benzaldehyde
(b) Benzenesulfonic acid
(c) Phenol
(d) Nitrobenzene

5.The reaction of alkynes with hydrogen in the presence of a Lindlar catalyst gives:
(a) Alkanes
(b) Cis-alkenes
(c) Trans-alkenes
(d) Alkyl halides
 SUBJECTIVE

1. Discuss the concept of isomerism in hydrocarbons with suitable examples.

2. Explain the mechanism of electrophilic addition reactions of alkenes with bromine.
3. Describe the properties and uses of alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes.
4. What is the difference between primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols? Explain
with examples.
5. Discuss the concept of resonance in aromatic compounds.
6. Explain the mechanism of nucleophilic substitution reactions in alkyl halides.
7. How can you distinguish between alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes using chemical tests?
8. Discuss the concept of hyperconjugation and its effect on the stability of carbocations.
9. Explain the mechanism of addition reactions of aldehydes and ketones with Grignard
reagents.
10. Discuss the concept of aromaticity and the conditions necessary for a compound to be
aromatic.