Group3 Capstone Final 1 2

San Pablo Colleges Page 1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
PROJECT CONTEXT
Sound energy is part of the environment, which is involved in our daily
lives. It is a type of mechanical energy that is produced when an object vibrates.
This vibration can be converted into electrical energy and stored, which can give
power to electronic devices.
Utilizing electricity has become one of the primary needs of people. It is
essential in our daily lives because we use it for various activities such as
charging, lighting, and cooling. However, with the great consumption of power
from burning fossil fuels, there is a high possibility of facing a global energy
crisis in the near future, and it also brings environmental concerns since its
transmission can be detrimental. That is why many people keep on creating
alternative energy sources to at least help lessen the traditional use of electricity.
Kalyani et al. (2015) stated that harvesting energy from mechanical
vibration is one of the most promising technologies that often remains unnoticed.
Since vibration exists everywhere, like in floors and walls, machines, road
vehicles, and railway tracks, it becomes a good alternative energy source. If this
vibration energy is used and converted into electrical energy, it can be utilized to
power electronic devices, which will ultimately lead to the economic
sustainability of any nation.

Alcaraz et al. conducted a study in 2022 where they developed an
automatic streetlight that was powered by the sound vibrations from passing
vehicles. The researchers stated that the sound energy that has been released by
the cars on a roadway can produce electricity. Regardless of how little energy is
present, the important thing is that it can be harvested. Through a series of tests
they conducted for the said project, the researchers succeeded in enhancing a
device that can convert sound energy into electricity.
In the aforementioned statements above, the researchers aim to design a
vibration-based cashbox and promote green energy alternatives by creating a
device that will make use of sound vibrations to generate power.
OBJECTIVES
The main objective of the study is to determine the effectiveness of using
a vibration-based power generator. In particular, the specific objectives are the
following:
1. To design a vibration-based cashbox that produces electricity.
2. To determine the level of generated power of the following attributes in
creating a vibration-based cashbox in terms of:
1.1 Voltage;
1.2 Current; and
1.3 Decibel.
3. To determine the perceived level of effectiveness of a traditional power
generator in terms of:
2.1 Functionality;
2.2 Usability;
2.3 Sustainability; and
2.4 Portability.
3. To determine the perceived level of effectiveness of creating a vibration-based
cashbox for power generation in terms of:
3.1 Functionality;
3.2 Usability;
3.3 Sustainability; and
3.4 Portability.
4. To determine if there is a significant difference between the overall level of
effectiveness of the traditional generator and the vibration-based cashbox with
regards to power generation.
SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS
The focus of this study was to create a vibration-based power generator
that will convert sound vibration into useful energy. It examined how sound
vibrations were used to generate power. In order to shed light on the viability of
this novel strategy, it employed particular technologies and applications. Thus, this
study included any quantitative research on which to conduct such tests or utilize
any instruments.
The indicated research project was being conducted in San Pablo City,
Laguna. It did not concentrate on the broad concept of testing the prototype in
public utility vehicles (PUVs), but only in jeepneys. It did not also focus on using
the product to power various types of devices all at once. Moreover, it did not
cover the environmental problems associated with the use of fossil fuels for power
generation.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The study, “Sound Energy: Use of Vibration-Based Cashbox in Electricity
Production” was conducted to benefit the following:
Students. This research paper will help them understand the simple ideas
that can be integrated with the latest technology. The science behind the harvesting
of sound energy vibrations can also expand their basic knowledge.
Drivers. They will be able to use this product as storage, which will keep
their money organized. Aside from that, this product will serve as a generator
powered by sound energy vibrations, which promotes green energy alternatives.
Government. Through this research study, the government may be able to
implement this in the best way possible, which will aid in the distribution of the
product to respective public utility vehicles (PUVs).

Future Researchers. This research paper would be a useful reference for
future researchers who plan to do any study in relation to this topic. If this subject
interests future researchers, they might be able to enhance this work even more.
CONSTRAINTS
Constraints in The Use of Vibration-Based Cashbox in Electricity
Production were as follows:
1. The device will not be able to generate electricity if there is not
sufficient energy stored.
2. The cashbox could not power several types of devices at the same time
since its main focus is to generate electricity from sound vibration.
3. If the product is not positioned correctly, it might affect the placement of
the materials inside, which can result in its malfunction.
TECHNICAL BACKGROUND
According to the Solar Impulse Foundation (n.d.), the inevitable end of the
oil, gas, and coal cycles is the cause of the possible energy crisis. We have always
been aware that the energy we utilize on a regular basis is not unlimited, yet we
take it for granted. Oil, gas, power, and even water have limited availability. Yet,
we have not adopted enough safety measures to deal with a potential energy crisis.
Oil and gas have already become too expensive, and with each passing day, they
are moving towards being extinct. Another reason behind the rising demand for
energy is the increasing global population, energy waste, and economic activity.
As global energy consumption increases, there is a high possibility that we will
face a shortage of fossil fuels in the coming decades. Fortunately, there is a way to
reduce the chances of an energy crisis occurring. That is through the utilization of
renewable energy sources. And one of the most sustainable ways of harvesting
energy is through mechanical vibration.
The sound vibration that vehicles produce makes it ideal to generate
electricity through the use of mechanical vibrations. In modern times, a variety of
sources are used to create power. Although it is less common, sound energy to
electric energy conversion works quite well in large cities and loud places like the
road (Alcaraz et al., 2022). Thus, a vibration-based power generator can be
implemented in public utility vehicles (PUVs), specifically jeepneys. Since most
jeepney drivers possess smartphones, mini fans, and lights, there is a growing
demand for power consumption. Given these occurrences, there is a need to make
an alternative source of energy wherein the sound vibration coming from the
vehicles will be converted into useful energy.
The researchers made an innovative decision to create a cashbox made out
of metal. The cashbox is not only for keeping money, but it can also function as a
charging port. This cashbox is an energy converter that will be able to harness
sound vibrations through the use of piezoelectric material. The piezoelectric
enables the generation of electric signals. The gathered energy will be transferred
and stored in empty batteries, making it available for use. By implementing this
device, the sound vibration that jeepneys produce will be converted into
electricity, providing useful energy for jeepney drivers.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Sound Energy
According to the study conducted by Raghu (2018), every part of the world
consists of a variety of sounds, including those produced by human speech. The
vibrations of sound are responsible for the propagation of sound waves that we
always hear. A medium, like a solid, liquid, or gas, is necessary for the
transmission of these sound waves. The waves coming from a source of sound are
usually generated as sound vibrations in the air that surrounds us, which will be
communicated to the destination, such as the human ear. Clearly, sound is a
significant part of our lives. And learning more about its nature and characteristics
will help us find ways to make use of it for better purposes.

Chezhian et al. (2020) also stated that sound is a form of energy. This is
produced because of the back-and-forth vibrations of the molecules of an object.
The sounds that we hear can be either pleasant, such as the music, or any
undesired or unpleasant sound, which is referred to as noise. Vehicles, electrical
generators, loud music, machinery, construction, and other sources are the main
sources of sound vibrations.
Mechanical Vibration
Based on the study of Uechi, H. and Uechi, S. (2019), the vibrations of
mechanical systems and machines, such as those of floors and walls, buildings and
bridges, vehicles, railway trains, or tracks, are often considered useless for creating
unwanted sounds and waste of energies, and so methods for preventing, absorbing,
and damping undesirable vibrations have been developed. Vibrations are a mixture
of all energy states, and an oscillation is defined by its unique frequency or energy
spectrum that is directly related to the oscillation’s energy. If vibrations are
understood as dynamical phenomena, trash and waste can be regarded as useful
resources of materials and energy to be used.
Energy-efficient technologies, as well as sustainable and renewable energy
sources including solar, wind, thermal energy, and electromechanical energy, are
being actively researched to lessen the detrimental effects of human activity on

ecosystems and the natural world. Electricity sources, energy storage devices, or
the transfer of converted electricity to electrical networks are generally the goals
of energy harvesting technology. These technologies are thought to lower
greenhouse gas emissions for the preservation of the environment.
The mechanical vibrations of vehicles are usually diminished by
sophisticated modern suspension technologies such as tires, tire air, springs, and
shock absorbers. The mechanical system of vehicles can be considered a multi-
leveled, stratified spring system. Drivers and passengers are on the higher level of
the system, where ride quality is maximized, vibrations of vehicles are minimized,
and unwanted vibrations and impacts are absorbed and maintained in the low-level
spring system. This is essential for the concept of mechanical-induced electric
energy conversion by employing a flexible energy converter module.
Energy harvesting technologies and designs have been developing, and
demands for the fabrication of efficient electronics are actively investigated by
employing piezoelectric-based energy harvesting devices made of crystals and
ceramics that can generate a small voltage whenever they are mechanically
deformed. The piezoelectric effect is the internal generation of electrical charge
resulting from an applied mechanical force, and the reverse piezoelectric effect is
the internal generation of a mechanical strain resulting from an applied electrical
field.
Hao (2021) also added that there are various forms of environmental
energy, such as light, heat, electromagnetic fields, and mechanical vibrations. It is

more attractive to harvest energy from mechanical vibrations, partly because
mechanical vibrations are widespread and independent of the season, weather and
location. The vibration energy harvester is the equivalent of an electronic power
source that forces electrons to flow in electronic circuits. Four main mechanisms
are available to achieve an electronic coupling between the mechanical and
electrical domains of vibration energy harvesting machines. The piezoelectric
conversion principle has been given the highest attention because of its many
advantages. This is due to the relatively simple configuration of the transducers
and their high conversion efficiency.
Piezoelectric
According to Choi et al. (2016), researchers are now concentrating on
renewable energy sources because the use of fossil fuels will decline as climate
change becomes more serious. Additionally, making use of ambient waste energy,
such as unwanted mechanical vibration and abandoned heat, has attracted some
attention. Energy harvesting is the term for this process, which has been explored
for low-power electronic devices.
To collect the ambient energy from the vehicles on a road, we need to
convert road vibration, like mechanical energy, into electrical energy. This
conversion can be carried out using three different techniques: piezoelectricity,

electrostatics, and electromagnetics. Vibrations or shocks that have kinetic energy
can be converted into electrical energy by the piezoelectric effect.
Piezoelectric generators (energy harvesters) provide a durable and
dependable solution by converting normally wasted vibration energy in the
environment to usable electrical energy. They are ideal in applications that need to
charge a battery, super capacitor, or directly power remote sensor systems. They
have the widest range of output power density as well as the simplest structure
among the three methods of harvesting mechanical energy. This piezoelectric
energy harvesting technology is gaining significant research interest and has been
applied for harvesting energy from human bodies, energy harvesting shoes, and
sidewalk tiles. Thus, using the piezoelectric effect to harvest energy from road
traffic could be a new and reliable macro-energy source.
Moreover, vibration energy harvesting is the process of converting
vibration energy into electrical energy. Through a process known as energy
harvesting, small amounts of energy that would otherwise be lost to the
surrounding environment, such as heat, light, and vibration, can be captured.
Energy harvesting is mostly used in wearable electronics, wearable sensors, and
small autonomous devices in wireless sensor networks because of the little
amounts of energy that are being gathered.
The ideal applications for vibration energy harvesting are those involving
sensors or measurement tools used to collect data about certain elements, or
situations where more conventional power sources, such batteries, are impractical
or prohibitively expensive. A transducer device converts the vibration energy into
electrical energy, while a resonator amplifies the vibration source in vibration-
powered generators. Typically, the transducer is made up of a piezoelectric crystal
or a magnet and coil.
Many crystals can emit an electric current when compressed or when an
electric charge is employed. This piezoelectric effect is used in ultrasound and
sonar devices, as well as energy harvesting. Piezoelectric generators utilize thin
casings or beams made of piezoelectric crystals as a transducer mechanism. When
a crystal is placed under strain by the kinetic energy of the vibration, a small
quantity of current is produced because of the piezoelectric effect. These
mechanisms are generally straightforward with few moving parts, and they have a
very long service life, making them the most prevalent technique of harvesting the
energy from vibrations (Alternative Energy, 2020).
Electricity
According to Gautam et al. (2017), electricity is crucial in our everyday
lives because without it, a lot of our tasks will stop working. Numerous techniques
are used to produce the enormous amount of electricity that is needed. However,
the excessive and destructive use of power necessitates the employment of
alternative energy sources that can both generate electricity and serve as a practical
means of producing advantageously high levels of electric energy.

Innovative methods are made to generate something unique and
worthwhile that will show new facets in the realm of electricity. In relation to the
law of conservation of energy, curiosity about how sound vibrations might be used
to generate power still arises. Aside from that, there are a number of sustainable
energy sources that humans have found up until this artificial period. Some of
them are heavily used in proper conditions to offset the shortfall in energy caused
by the rapid advancement of technology, which has driven up energy demands.
However, the main problem that scientists have been focusing on for a long time is
the energy sources’ efficiency, as was covered above.
In agreement with the statement above, Ahmad and Othman (2014) said
that one of the most desirable demands for humans nowadays is electricity.
Electricity’s usage around the world has expanded quickly, and businesses have
started using huge amounts of it to power all other production-related technology
as well as to heat homes and illuminate dim areas. And the result has been a rise in
the world’s electricity usage.
Inappropriate and unwise energy policies can have negative environmental
impact, which is now major global issue. Natural gas is thought to be a reasonably
clean fuel because it might not contain as many contaminants as coal or oil.
However, air pollution is an inevitable byproduct of burning any fuel, including
natural gas. Thus, cutting down on power waste during consumption and
increasing the efficiency of electricity generation are two ways to lessen the
harmful effects that energy use has on the environment.

Energy Crisis
Samchy (2023) stated that the energy crisis represents a huge demand for
fuel, which is increasing by the day. But the sources of energy are limited. That’s
why we’re all facing a crisis, or a fear that we don’t have enough fuel to make
electricity and use our favorite devices. The causes of the energy crisis, its effect
on our everyday lives, and what we can do to address this problem must all be
known. Because only the oil market is largely relied upon for trade and finance all
over the world. The availability of fuel, its price and its use are highly dependent
not only on trade but also on the overall political and social balance of each
country. Because most of the countries depend on fossil fuels.
While the article written by Unacademy (2022) indicated that an energy
crisis is any major disruption in the supply of energy resources to an economy.
Some of the power sources used at a specific time and place, in particular those
that provide national energy infrastructure and fuel for product development, are
generally covered by this literature. Global demand for energy has increased in
recent years as a result of population growth and the pandemic. Due to the rapid
depletion of natural gas and coal resources, society is in a state of energy crisis.
All these problems can be solved by the rise of green energy, although it will take
time.
Renewable Energy
As indicated in the article written by Shinn in 2022, innovation is one of
the reasons behind the growing demand for renewable power, as it drives down
costs and starts to deliver a clean energy future. Renewable resources are slowly
taking the place of dirty fossil fuels in the electricity sector, which lowers carbon
emissions and other types of pollution. Renewable energy is sometimes referred to
as clean energy because it comes from naturally occurring processes or sources
that can be replaced over time. And the transition to a clean energy future can be
accelerated by promoting renewable energy sources or using them in your house.
Furthermore, Boco (2022) also mentioned that it is possible to extract clean
energy from a renewable source, such as sound vibration. Everyone could benefit
from the ability to capture and produce electrical energy from the mechanical
vibrations that sound produces. Until now, a number of supposedly
environmentally benign energy sources have been found and put to use, including
heat, wind, and solar energy. In appropriate situations, some of them are being
maximized in order to overcome and perhaps stop any potential energy shortages
that could have caused energy needs to increase. Over the years, there has been an
increase in interest in using mechanical vibrations to generate electricity for the
reason that some renewable energy sources require excessive financial investment
but produce poor power output relative to their cost.
Sound Vibration as Source of Electricity

As indicated in the study of Das et al. (2013), available sound energy,
which takes the form of sound vibration around us and can be regarded as a
source of electricity if it can be efficiently transformed into electric power, is a
source that is comparatively underappreciated and less talked about. Simply
speaking, sound is any material’s vibration. The material can be anything,
including wood, water, air, or any other substance; the only space where sound
cannot travel is a vacuum. These materials make sound when they vibrate or
move quickly back and forth. Different kinds of sound sensors can detect sound.
One of the best materials for sound sensors is piezoelectric material. Piezoelectric
materials are proven to be helpful for the production and defect of sound since
sound is nothing more than air vibration, and piezoelectric transducers are
sensitive to all types of vibration.
Dayaday and Olivo (2021) also mentioned that it is feasible to use sound
as a source of energy. Loudspeakers, crowded streets, concerts, building sites,
industries, and many other locations and objects can all be sources of sound
vibrations. These vibrations become useful by the method created that converts
sound energy into electrical energy. Furthermore, by placing the gadget next to
noisy areas and enabling it to absorb sound vibrations from the environment, it
helps many households lower their power usage and, consequently, the burden of
paying their electric bills.
Additionally, the method known as energy harvesting transforms ambient
energy into usable energy, such as electricity. Due to their quantity and
cleanliness, sound energy sources have a considerable potential for energy
harvesting, among other types of ambient energies. With decreasing energy
requirements and the potential for improved sound energy harvesting performance
through appropriate design, sound energy as a source of electricity holds great
promise for use in a variety of applications, including the supply of energy to low-
power devices (Choi et al., 2019).
In accordance with the above-mentioned information, Goel et al. (2014)
stated that a new situation is forming that directs us to a potential renewable
energy source that we have long been familiar about, the sound. We are all
surrounded by sound, which can be used to meet our energy needs. Sound is
transformed into electrical impulses in our most fundamental applications so that it
can be communicated through media. Using sound energy as an electrical source
can be far more advantageous for human life than using other energy sources. This
is due to the fact that sound vibration is an essential factor in environmental
contamination. When sound vibration is concentrated for the purpose of producing
electricity, it may be possible to uncover a further, hidden energy source that will
help conserve non-renewable energy sources like coal, crude oil, and other limited
resources.
SYNTHESIS
The review of related literature and studies primarily focused on the
literature and studies that support this research project. In the studies of Raghu
(2018) and Chezhian et al. (2020), they stated how understanding more about the
nature of sound will help us find ways to make use of it for better purposes.
According to Uechi, H. and Uechi, S. (2019) and Hao (2021), energy harvesting
technologies and designs have been developing, which raises interest in making
use of sound vibrations in energy conversion. Choi et al. (2016) and the article in
Alternative Energy emphasized the advantages of utilizing the piezoelectric effect
in vibration energy harvesting as it provides a solution by converting normally
wasted vibration energy to usable electrical energy. For Gautam et al. (2017) and
Ahmad and Othman (2014), electricity is crucial in our everyday lives because it is
one of the most desirable demands for humans nowadays. However, Samchy
(2023) and the article written by Unacademy (2022) mentioned that the huge
demand for fuel will soon lead to an energy crisis due to the fact that sources of
energy are limited. That is why Shinn (2022) and Boco (2022) recommended the
extraction of energy from a renewable source, as it drives down costs and delivers
a clean energy future. Moreover, Das et al. (2013), Dayaday and Olivo (2021),
Choi et al. (2019), and Goel et al. (2014) have laid out their findings about the
potential of making use of sound vibration as a new alternative source of
electricity.
CONTEXT DIAGRAM
Figure 1. Context Diagram
The proponents of the study made an innovative vibration-based cashbox
that will harness the readily available source of ambient sound vibration, offering
a potential renewable and sustainable alternative to traditional, fossil-fuel-
dependent sources. This device is not only for that, but it also functions as a
cashbox that can store the money of jeepney drivers.
The researchers created the prototype so that the sound vibrations produced
by jeepneys would be converted into a useful source of energy. Once the vibration
hits the piezoelectric, the energy will be harvested and generated into power. With
the help of the TP4056 and boost converter, the energy will be transferred and
stored in empty batteries, which will then be ready for use by the jeepney drivers.
With this innovation, we can conserve energy and benefit from the ambient sound
in our environment, which will also help us promote green energy alternatives and
contribute to a sustainable future.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Cashbox. Lockable container to keep the money safe that also has the ability to
generate power.
Fossil Fuels. Non-renewable energy sources that are widely used in energy
production, such as coal, oil, and natural gas.
Generation. Refers to the production or creation of electricity.
Piezoelectric. A transducer that harnesses sound vibration and turns it into electric
signals.
Sound Energy. Energy resulting from the vibrations of an object.
Sound Vibration. This serves as the raw material for the piezoelectric to generate
electrical energy.
Vibration Energy Harvesting. The process in which vibration energy is captured
from a jeepney and converted into usable electric power.

CHAPTER 2
REEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the research methodology, process, and analysis that
the researchers used upon data gathering. The following parts were encountered:
Research Design, Respondents of the Study, Research Locale, Data Gathering
Instrument, Evaluation Method, Implementation Plan, System Architecture, and
System Workflow.
RESEARCH DESIGN
The proponents of the study employed quantitative research and an
experimental design. According to Fleetwood in 2023, quantitative research is a
methodical evaluation of phenomena through the collection of quantifiable data,
while experimental design refers to a test used to determine the effectiveness of
something that has not been tried. Specifically, this research utilized a quasi-
experimental design to demonstrate how independent and dependent variables are
related to one another.
This research was a quantitative study because it presented the findings
through numerical data. By distributing a survey questionnaire, the researchers
were able to gather data from the answers of the chosen respondents, who were the
jeepney drivers. This study also employed an experimental design to conduct such
tests under controlled conditions, which will determine the difference between the
level of effectiveness of traditional and vibration-based power generators in terms
of functionality, usability, sustainability, and portability.
RESPONDENTS OF THE STUDY
The respondents of the study being conducted were the jeepney drivers in
San Pablo City, Laguna. To select the preferred respondents, the researchers used
purposive sampling. Below are the criteria in selecting the respondents.They must
be driving public utility vehicles (PUVs) around Brgy. San Jose in San Pablo City.
They must also have an idea about the traditional generator. The researchers chose
the jeepney drivers as they could provide the best information to achieve the
study’s objectives. All 30 participants were used as a sample in conducting the
survey.
RESEARCH LOCALE
The proponents conducted the research study in Brgy. San Jose, San
Pablo City, Laguna. This place was chosen as a place for gathering data because
it is an urbanized area, which helped the researchers utilize the sound vibration
produced by public transportation. The aforementioned place approved the
researchers to gather data, which included selected respondents from the jeepney
terminal for their survey.
DATA GATHERING INSTRUMENT

The researchers used a survey questionnaire as an instrument to gather the
needed data for conducting the study. This method involves distributing a set of
questions or statements to respondents. The survey questionnaires provided by the
researchers contain information about the prototype to evaluate the respondents’
perceptions towards utilizing traditional and vibration-based power generators. By
using the 4-Point Likert Scale, the respondents were able to express their answers
with regard to the effectiveness of the generators in terms of their functionality,
usability, sustainability, and portability. After the collection of data, the
researchers tallied and evaluated their responses to draw some conclusions about
their study.
EVALUATION METHOD
The researchers tallied the survey responses to determine the result of their
study and also used a legend to interpret the data. The chosen respondents
analyzed the given questionnaires and answered them using the 4-Point Likert
Scale. Each scale has its own verbal interpretation: 1 is the lowest scale, which is
equivalent to Strongly Disagree; 2 is equivalent to Disagree; 3 is equivalent to
Agree; and 4 is the highest scale, which is equivalent to Strongly Agree. The
researchers tallied the survey responses to determine the result of their study and
used a legend to interpret the data
The researchers analyzed the frequency and weighted mean to evaluate the
data. Frequency indicates how many respondents will be able to examine and use
the specific prototype. On the other hand, the weighted mean will aid in
calculating the average value of each data set.
To conclude their study, the researchers used a t-test to determine if there
is a significant difference between the overall effectiveness of the vibration-based
cashbox and the already existing generator.
Legend:
POINT SCALE RANGE INTERPRETATION
4 3.25 – 4.00 Strongly Agree
3 2.50 – 3.24 Agree
2 1.75 – 2.49 Disagree

1 1.00 – 1.74 Strongly Disagree
IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
This research study ventured into the burgeoning field of vibration-based
power generation, fueled by the need for effective and sustainable energy
solutions. The researchers of the study created survey questionnaires based on the
effectiveness of utilizing traditional and vibration-based power generators with
regard to their functionality, usability, sustainability, and portability. Before
conducting the survey, the researchers provided a consent form for each
participant that allowed them to get specific data from them.
While conducting the survey, the researchers showed the respondents how
the device works. After gaining knowledge about the prototype, the questionnaires
were given to them, and they answered the questionnaires based on the given
aspects. Once the participants had already submitted their responses, the
researchers gathered and analyzed all the data, and then they interpreted the
results.
SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
Figure 2. System Architecture
The system architecture illustrates how the cashbox that converts sound
vibration it into energy functions. The figure shows how the cashbox serves a
dual purpose — as a money storage and a power generator.

It features a lock on the outside for the safety of the owner’s money. Upon
opening, there are four compartments that are designed for users to store money.
The components beneath play a significant role in harnessing sound vibration and
converting it into electricity. These components include the piezoelectric, wires,
TP4056, boost converter, and lithium-ion batteries. Additionally, there is a
connected switch and port at the end of the circuit, enabling the cashbox to power
a device.
Overall, the system architecture explores the flow of energy and highlights
the roles and interactions between each component, how they come together to
create a cohesive and effective system, and how to ensure its smooth functioning.
SYSTEM WORKFLOW
Figure 3. System Workflow
The figure shows a workflow that illustrates the overall operation of the
device. The workflow begins with the product having two different functions. To
use the cashbox as money storage, the user must insert the key into the lock to
open it. Then, the user can put their money in the compartments to store it and
make it organized. After doing so, the cashbox is now ready to close and lock.
On the other hand, the cashbox must be placed on the surface where the
sound vibration coming from the jeepney and coins is present for it to function as
power generator. The researchers utilized piezoelectricity, which is responsible for
the generation of electric signals, to collect energy. By using the TP4056 and boost
converter, electrical connections within the materials can be established. The
collected energy will then be stored in empty batteries. Finally, if sufficient energy
is gathered, the cashbox will be able to power a device. Once the function is
completed, the workflow will be finished.

CHAPTER 3
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
1. Level of generated power in creating a vibration-based cashbox.
Table 1. Voltage
Trial 7am to 11am 11am to 3pm 3pm to 7pm Average
Day 1 2.22 V 2.0 V 2.91 V 7.13 V
Day 2 1.20 V 2.35 V 2.70 V 6.25 V
Day 3 1.59 V 2.60 V 2.05 V 7.24 V
Table 1 presents the level of generated power in terms of voltage. The
researchers conducted three trials during the day, noon, and evening. The first trial
had an average of 7.13 V. The next day of testing resulted in 6.25 V, and the last
trial had 7.24 V. The researchers observed that the generated power during the 3
p.m. to 7 p.m. trials had the highest voltage due to rush hour. The longer a jeepney
stays at rest with its engine open, the stronger the vibration it can produce. As
described by Enrera and Koch (2023), a particle placed in its equilibrium position
will vibrate repeatedly back and forth. It moves in a periodic or repeating manner
as a result of its oscillatory characteristic. Recurring motion over regular periods
of time is what defines periodic motion. Deekshitha et al. (2017) also added that
the kinetic energy being wasted while a vehicle moves can be utilized to generate
power using the mechanical stress on the crystals due to the piezoelectric effect.
Table 2. Current
Day 1 0.35 mA 0.34 mA 0.42 mA 0.37 mA
Day 2 0.24 mA 0.39 mA 0.42 mA 0.35 mA
Day 3 0.40 mA 0.40 mA 0.32mA 0.37 mA
Table 2 shows the level of generated power in terms of current. During the
three-day trial, each day was divided into three to determine the generated current
in the morning, afternoon, and evening. The total average for the first trial was
0.37 mA, for the second day it was 0.35 mA, and for the last trial it was 0.37 mA.
The researchers observed that the generated power during the 3 p.m. to 7 p.m.
trials had the highest generated current. This result can be associated with Table
1, which shows that the highest generated voltage was also during the 3 p.m. to 7
p.m. trials. It demonstrated Ohm’s Law, which describes that the current flowing
through a circuit is directly proportional to the voltage. In other words, if we
increase the voltage, then the current will increase (Enrera and Heald, 2023).
Martin (2022) also stated that increasing the voltage means that the electrons
moving around the circuit are given a bigger push. They will move faster, and a
higher number of them will then pass the same point every second. Thus, it
increases the current.
Table 3. Decibel
Day 1 68 dBA 72 dBA 75 dBA 71.67 dBA
Day 2 70 dBA 71 dBA 77 dBA 72.67 dBA
Day 3 65.3 dBA 70 dBA 72.5 dBA 69.27 dBA
Table 3 shows the level of collected decibel readings. In conducting
the three-day trial, each day was divided into morning, noon, and evening to
determine the decibel. The average decibel reading for day one was 71.67
dBA, for the second day was 72.67 dBA, and for the last trial was 69.27
dBA. The researchers observed that the averages of the generated decibels
in the three-day trial were close to each other. This indicates that if a vehicle
can produce sound vibrations per day, it could be a great alternative energy
source. Makarova et al. (2018) found that one of the most significant factors
impacting the environment is an increase in automobilization. Nowadays,
automobile transportation is the primary source of noise pollution in urban
areas. Referencing to the law of conservation of energy, which states that
‘energy cannot be created nor destroyed,’ sound waves, as a form of
mechanical energy, can be converted to other forms, such as heat energy or
electric energy, through a suitable conversion approach.

2. Perceived Level of Effectiveness of a Traditional Power Generator
Table 4. Functionality
Statements Mean Interpretation
1. Can perform its function as a power

generator. 3.53 Strongly Agree
2. Can effectively provide electrical energy.

3.43 Strongly Agree
3. Can power the device by utilizing fossil

fuel sources and converting them into 3.57 Strongly Agree
electricity.
4. Can provide the expected result as long as

there is sufficient energy stored. 3.57 Strongly Agree
AVERAGE MEAN 3.53 Strongly Agree

Legend: 3.26-4.00 (Strongly Agree); 2.51-3.25 (Agree); 1.76-2.50 (Disagree); 1.00-1.75( Strongly Disagree)
Table 4 shows the effectiveness of a traditional power generator in terms
of functionality. It presents each statement’s weighted mean together with its
verbal interpretation. 3.57 was the highest mean in this category, and 3.43 was the
lowest. Both were marked as Strongly Agree. The average weighted mean for the
effectiveness of a traditional power generator in terms of functionality was 3.53,
with a verbal interpretation of Strongly Agree. Therefore, the respondents agreed
that the traditional power generator is highly functional. According to the
Interaction Design Foundation (2020), functionality relates to whether a design
works and helps users achieve their goals and needs. When a design is highly
functional, it accomplishes its goals and does so effectively.

Table 5. Usability
1. Can offer convenient means to generate power.

3.60 Strongly Agree
2. Can be operated with minimal effort.

3.57 Strongly Agree
3. Can easily produce electrical power by

converting chemical energy into electricity. 3.60 Strongly Agree
4. Can be effectively used as a generator to

power my device. 3.37 Strongly Agree
of usability. It presents each statement’s weighted mean together with its verbal
interpretation. Statements one and three both had the highest mean, wherein the
highest calculated weighted mean was 3.60 with a verbal interpretation of
Strongly Agree. While statement four had the lowest calculated weighted mean
with 3.37 and a verbal interpretation of Strongly Agree. The average weighted
mean for the effectiveness of a traditional power generator in terms of usability
was 3.54, with a verbal interpretation of Strongly Agree. In conclusion, all the
statements regarding usability suggested a high level of satisfaction and perceived
effectiveness among users.

According to the Geological Survey (n.d.), fossil fuels are burned to
generate power. They are burned in the presence of oxygen at major power plants.
The conversion of energy from chemicals stored in the fuel to produce electricity
ensures its usability in accomplishing basic tasks seamlessly.
Table 6. Sustainability
1. Can help the environment by consuming

electricity from fossil fuels. 2.57 Agree
2. Can do no harm to the environment because it is

not complicated to utilize. 2.77 Agree
3. Can offer sustainable energy solutions by

converting chemical energy into electricity. 2.67 Agree
4. Can deliver renewable energy because it is

powered by fossil fuel-based sources. 2.83 Agree
AVERAGE MEAN 2.71 Agree

of sustainability. It presents each statement’s weighted mean together with its
verbal interpretation. The highest weighted mean was 2.83 for statement four, and
the lowest weighted mean was 2.57 for statement one. Both statements received a
verbal interpretation of Agree. The overall weighted mean result was 2.71, with a
verbal interpretation of Agree. Thus, the table shows that respondents didn’t fully
agree with the sustainability of using a traditional power generator since burning
fossil fuels to generate electricity has some detrimental effects on the
environment.
Staff (2023) stated that the concept of sustainability is based on the idea
that natural resources on Earth are limited. Therefore, promoting sustainable
activities helps to maintain a balance between the environment and the economy.
It is movement and energy that ensure the Earth’s continued viability while
controlling and reducing resource depletion.
Table 7. Portability
1. Can be carried easily. 3.53 Strongly Agree
2. Can be used anytime and anywhere. 3.57 Strongly Agree
3. Can be accessed all the time. 3.57 Strongly Agree
4. Can be moved to different environments. 3.60 Strongly Agree

of portability. It presents each statement’s weighted mean along with its verbal
interpretation. The highest weighted mean was calculated to be 3.60 with a verbal
interpretation of Strongly Agree for statement four, and the lowest weighted mean
was 3.53 with a verbal interpretation of Strongly Agree for statement one. The
computed weighted mean was 3.57, which has a verbal interpretation of Strongly
Agree.
In conclusion, it indicates that the generator was easy for the users to carry
and use, making it suitable for various environments and situations. According to
Merriam-Webster (2024), portability refers to the quality of being light and small
enough to be easily carried and moved.
3. Perceived Level of Effectiveness of Creating a Vibration-Based Cashbox

for Power Generation
Table 8. Functionality
1. Can perform its function as a cashbox and easily

organize my money. 3.57 Strongly Agree
2. Can effectively provide electrical energy. 3.53 Strongly Agree
3. Can power the device by harnessing sound 3.60 Strongly Agree

vibration and converting it into electricity.
4. Can provide the expected result as long as there is 3.57 Strongly Agree
sufficient energy stored.

Table 8 presents the effectiveness of a vibration-based cashbox in terms of
functionality. The weighted mean of each statement was presented together with
its verbal interpretation. The perceived effectiveness of a vibration-based cashbox
in terms of functionality consisted of four statements. The highest computed
weighted mean was 3.60 and the lowest weighted mean was 3.53. Both had a
verbal interpretation of Strongly Agree. The computed weighted mean was 3.57,
which has a verbal interpretation of Strongly Agree. Therefore, it indicates that
users perceive the product as effective, meaning it can effectively harness sound
vibrations that can be converted into electrical energy. Based on the study of
Uechi, H. and Uechi, S. (2019), the vibrations of mechanical systems and
machines, such as those of vehicles, can be effectively converted into electricity
and used to power electronic devices. This is due to the fact that mechanical
vibrations are widespread and independent of the season, weather, and location,
which makes them ideal for vibration energy harvesting.
Table 9. Usability
1. Can be easily understood. 3.70 Strongly Agree
2. Can be operated with minimal effort. 3.70 Strongly Agree
3. Can be easily used as a cashbox to organize 3.47 Strongly Agree

my money.
4. Can be effectively used as a generator to 3.60 Strongly Agree

power my device.
Table 9 shows the effectiveness of a vibration-based cashbox in terms of
usability. The weighted mean of each statement was presented together with its
verbal interpretation. The highest weighted mean was 3.70 for statements one and
two, while the lowest weighted mean was 3.47 in statement three. All statements
were interpreted of Strongly Agree, with an overall weighted mean of 3.62. This
suggests that jeepney drivers found the product very useful as both a cashbox and
a generator. According to Smith (2018), usability is a measure related to a product
that has been utilized in a specific scenario by specific users and may fulfill the
specified aim effectively and satisfactorily.
Table 10. Sustainability

Mean Interpretation

converting mechanical vibrations into electricity. 3.60 Strongly Agree
2. Can do no harm to the environment because it

is not complicated to utilize. 3.63 Strongly Agree

recycling noise into electricity. 3.43 Strongly Agree
4. Can deliver renewable energy because it comes

from a readily available source of sound. 3.60 Strongly Agree

Table 10 presents the effectiveness of a vibration-based cashbox in terms
of sustainability. The weighted mean of each statement was presented together
with its verbal interpretation. The highest weighted mean was 3.63 for statement
two, and the lowest was 3.43 for statement three. All statements received a verbal
interpretation of Strongly Agree, with an overall weighted mean of 3.57. This
indicates that the respondents found the prototype effective in utilizing sound
vibration as a new alternative source of clean energy. According to Hameed et al.
(2018), demand has drawn attention to a sustainable energy supply, which entails
reduced energy consumption from fossil fuels, decreased pollution, and optimal
energy use. These factors have caused an increase in emphasis on utilizing
renewable energy sources.
Table 11. Portability

Mean Interpretation
1. Can be carried easily. 3.80 Strongly Agree
2. Can be used anytime and anywhere. 3.70 Strongly Agree
3. Can be accessed all the time. 3.70 Strongly Agree
4. Can be moved to different environments. 3.73 Strongly Agree
Table 11 presents the effectiveness of a vibration-based cashbox in terms
of portability. The weighted mean of each statement is presented together with its
verbal interpretation. The highest weighted mean 3.80 for statement one, and the
lowest weighted mean was 3.70 for statements two and three. All statements
received a verbal interpretation of Strongly Agree, with an overall weighted mean
of 3.73.
In conclusion, users agreed that the device is lightweight, portable,
accessible all the times, and can be moved to different places. As defined by the
Cambridge Dictionary (2024), portability is the state of being light and compact
enough to be readily carried or transported.
4. Significant Difference Between the Overall Level of Effectiveness of the

Traditional Generator and the Vibration-Based Cashbox with Regards to
Power Generation
Table 12. Summarized t-test for the effectiveness of the traditional generator and
vibration-based cashbox.
TG V – BC
M S12 M S12 S2 T-critical T-test
Value Value
Functionality 3.52 0.21 3.57 0.17 0.0065 2.00 2.41
Usability 3.54 0.19 3.63 0.18 0.0063 2.00 4.06
Sustainability 2.26 0.17 3.56 0.21 0.0066 2.00 44.43
Portability 3.56 0.20 3.73 0.17 0.0065 2.00 8.03

Legend: M=Mean S12=Variance of the first sample S22=Variance o the second sample S2=Mean of
variance
Table 12 shows the summarized t-test for the effectiveness of the
traditional generator and vibration-based cashbox. This table displays the mean,
mean variance of the first and second samples, t-critical value, and t-test value. To
determine the calculation result, if the t-test value is greater than the t-critical
value, then the result will be “REJECT NULL.” Otherwise, if the t-test value is
less than the t-critical value, then the result will be “ACCEPT NULL.”
The table shows that all the indicators of the traditional generator and
vibration-based cashbox were REJECT NULL. All the t-test values of the
indicators were greater than the t-critical value, and that means that all indicators
rejected the null.
According to Adhikari et al. (2023), the analysis of data is done by using a
statistical test known as the t-test. In educational research, this is one of the most
widely used statistical hypothesis tests. An independent sample t-test can be
applied when two unrelated variables are being compared. Utilization of the
paired t-test is suitable for comparing two dependent variables. This research
examines the significance and adaptability of t-tests in the field of education by
compiling reviews of these tests.

CHAPTER 4
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents the summary of the findings, the conclusions drawn,
and the recommendations of the researchers based on the results of their study.
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
The salient findings of the study are summarized as follows:
1. The level of generated power in terms of voltage indicates that the
mechanical energy coming from a jeepney can be converted into electrical
energy.
2. The level of generated power in terms of current can be associated with
voltage. As demonstrated by Ohm’s Law, the current flowing through a
circuit is directly proportional to the voltage. Which means that if we
increase the voltage, then the current will increase.
3. The level of collected decibel readings showed that the vibration produced
by a vehicle per day would be a great alternative source of energy.
4. It showed that the effectiveness of a traditional power generator in terms of
functionality had an interpretation of Strongly Agree. Therefore, the
respondents agreed that the traditional power generator is highly
functional.
5. It showed that the effectiveness of a traditional power generator in terms of
usability had an interpretation of Strongly Agree. It concluded that all of

the statements with regard to usability suggested a high level of satisfaction
and perceived effectiveness among users.
6. The average weighted mean for the effectiveness of a traditional power
generator in terms of sustainability was 2.71, with a verbal interpretation of
Agree. Thus, the respondents didn’t fully agree with the sustainability of
using a traditional power generator.
7. The average weighted mean for the effectiveness of a traditional power
generator in terms of portability was 3.57, with a verbal interpretation of
Strongly Agree. It concluded that the generator was easy for the users to
carry and use.
8. It presented that the effectiveness of a vibration-based cashbox in terms of
functionality had an interpretation of Strongly Agree. Therefore, the users’
perception of the product is effective. Meaning it can effectively perform
its function when it comes to energy conversion.
9. It presented that the effectiveness of a vibration-based cashbox in terms of
usability had an interpretation of Strongly Agree. This implies that the
jeepney drivers found the product very useful since it can be used as a
cashbox and a generator.
10. The overall calculated mean for the effectiveness of a vibration-based
cashbox in terms of sustainability was 3.57, with a verbal interpretation of
Strongly Agree. The respondents found the prototype effective in using
sound vibration as an alternative source of clean energy.

11. The overall calculated mean for the effectiveness of a vibration-based
cashbox in terms of portability was 3.73, with a verbal interpretation of
Strongly Agree. It concluded that the users agreed that the device was
lightweight and portable.
12. The T-test showed that indicators rejected the null hypothesis. Therefore,
there is a significant difference between the overall level of effectiveness
of the traditional generator and the vibration-based cashbox with regards to
power generation.
CONCLUSION
The study’s findings served as the basis for the conclusion.
1. The researchers successfully achieved their goal of determining the
perceived effectiveness of creating a vibration-based cashbox compared to
the existing generator by testing its functionality, usability, sustainability,
and portability.
2. The device was able to store 6 V to 7 V on each day of its testing.
Therefore, the researchers concluded that harnessing the wasted sound
vibration produced by jeepneys and converting it into power is an effective
way of promoting clean and sustainable energy.
3. There is a significant difference between the overall level of effectiveness
of the traditional generator and the vibration-based cashbox with regards to
power generation.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the findings of the study, the researchers present several
recommendations for the improvement of the prototype.
1. The researchers have only inserted one USB port; the developers can add
more USB ports for wider usage.
2. The researchers used the product for jeepneys only. Thus, future
researchers may place it in many more public utility vehicles (PUVs) to
make it more functional and to use the sound vibration in every
transportation.
3. The developers can use more piezoelectric to harvest more sound vibration.
4. The developers can add a digital indicator to determine the battery level.
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APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
MR. MANOLITO JAVIER TAGLE
President of Spacada
San Pablo City, Laguna
Dear Mr. Tagle:
As a partial fulfillment of the Capstone Research, we, the researchers from
Grade 12 STEM, are currently working on a research paper entitled “Sound
Energy: Use of Vibration – Based Cashbox in Electricity Production.”
Therefore, we are writing this letter to ask for your permission to conduct
a survey with 30 selected jeepney drivers who are currently members of your
organization.
You can rest assured that the collected information will be kept strictly
confidential. We are eagerly waiting for your response with this request. Thank
you very much!
Respectfully yours,
Dejarme, Sophia Marie Alvero, Maika Eunice Escondo, Andrea
Reyes, Zhanen Mirafuentes, Ken Ryan
Appendix B
MATERIALS AND PPROCESS

Step 1:
Gathering materials, equipment, and tool
Step 2:
The platinum sheet is being cut

Step 3:
The cashbox has been created
Step 4:
The cashbox is being painted

Step 5:
The piezos are connected
Step 6:
TP4056 has been connected

Step 7:
Lithium Ion has been placed in the battery compartment
Step 8:
The boost converter is also connected and powered up

Appendix C
TOTAL EXPENSES
A. Materials
MATERIALS QUANTITY UNIT PRICE TOTAL PRICE
Lithium Ion 6 ₱100 ₱600

Battery
Lock 1 ₱167 ₱167
Wires 12 ₱5 ₱60
Piezoelectric 20 ₱11 ₱220
Metal 1 ₱2,000 ₱2,000
Rod 1 ₱240 ₱240
Door Hinge 1 ₱62 ₱62
Bosny Paint 1 ₱120 ₱120
Electronic Kit 1 ₱1,087 ₱1,087
TOTAL ₱4,556
B. Miscellaneous
MISCELLANEOUS PRICE
Professional Welder ₱3,000
Papers and Hard Bind ₱2,000
TOTAL ₱5,000
CURRICULUM VITAE

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San Pablo Colleges Page 1

Sound energy is part of the environment, which is involved in our daily

lives. It is a type of mechanical energy that is produced when an object vibrates.

power to electronic devices.

Utilizing electricity has become one of the primary needs of people. It is

transmission can be detrimental. That is why many people keep on creating

Kalyani et al. (2015) stated that harvesting energy from mechanical

power electronic devices, which will ultimately lead to the economic

sustainability of any nation.

Alcaraz et al. conducted a study in 2022 where they developed an

device that can convert sound energy into electricity.

In the aforementioned statements above, the researchers aim to design a

vibration-based cashbox and promote green energy alternatives by creating a

device that will make use of sound vibrations to generate power.

The main objective of the study is to determine the effectiveness of using

a vibration-based power generator. In particular, the specific objectives are the

1. To design a vibration-based cashbox that produces electricity.

2. To determine the level of generated power of the following attributes in

creating a vibration-based cashbox in terms of:

1.2 Current; and

3. To determine the perceived level of effectiveness of a traditional power

generator in terms of:

2.3 Sustainability; and

3. To determine the perceived level of effectiveness of creating a vibration-based

cashbox for power generation in terms of:

3.3 Sustainability; and

4. To determine if there is a significant difference between the overall level of

effectiveness of the traditional generator and the vibration-based cashbox with

regards to power generation.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS

The focus of this study was to create a vibration-based power generator

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study, “Sound Energy: Use of Vibration-Based Cashbox in Electricity

Production” was conducted to benefit the following:

of sound energy vibrations can also expand their basic knowledge.

powered by sound energy vibrations, which promotes green energy alternatives.

Government. Through this research study, the government may be able to

product to respective public utility vehicles (PUVs).

Future Researchers. This research paper would be a useful reference for

Constraints in The Use of Vibration-Based Cashbox in Electricity

Production were as follows:

1. The device will not be able to generate electricity if there is not

sufficient energy stored.

since its main focus is to generate electricity from sound vibration.

3. If the product is not positioned correctly, it might affect the placement of

the materials inside, which can result in its malfunction.

As global energy consumption increases, there is a high possibility that we will

energy is through mechanical vibration.

The sound vibration that vehicles produce makes it ideal to generate

electricity through the use of mechanical vibrations. In modern times, a variety of

road (Alcaraz et al., 2022). Thus, a vibration-based power generator can be

implemented in public utility vehicles (PUVs), specifically jeepneys. Since most

vehicles will be converted into useful energy.

The researchers made an innovative decision to create a cashbox made out

sound vibrations through the use of piezoelectric material. The piezoelectric

electricity, providing useful energy for jeepney drivers.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

consists of a variety of sounds, including those produced by human speech. The

communicated to the destination, such as the human ear. Clearly, sound is a

will help us find ways to make use of it for better purposes.