Composite Structures 259 (2021) 113438

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Composite Structures
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/compstruct

FG and viscoelastic models combination for vibroacoustic modeling of

sandwich structures made of open and closed cell foam materials
A. Tarkashvand ⇑, K. Daneshjou ⇑, A. Golmohammadi
School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran, Iran

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: This paper presents a new method based on a functionally graded viscoelastic model for examining the acoustic
Polymeric foam material vibrations of a submerged sandwich shell in the uid. The structure consists of two isotropic shells that the
Functionally graded viscoelastic model space between them is lled with open‐cell and closed‐cell foams. A laminate model is used to get the equations
Three‐dimensional theory of elasticity of motion of the foam core. It is assumed that the core is composed of an innite number of viscoelastic layers,
Transfer matrix method
while the properties of the adjacent layers are different. Consequently, complex Young’s and shear moduli are
dependent on the frequency of excitation. Density and Young modulus vary according to a distribution function
through the thickness. Because of the effective roles of rotary inertia and shear deformation, the governing
equations of the sandwich structure are obtained by the three‐dimensional theory of elasticity. The Zener
model is used for describing the viscoelastic behavior of foam. Next, the solution procedure of the vibroacoustic
behavior is derived by the transfer matrix method. Finally, the effects of mechanical parameters of foam such as
relative density, edge material fraction, relaxation time, volume fraction, and power index are examined. The
results exhibit that open‐cell foam is better sound insulation than closed‐cell foam.

1. Introduction ufacturers to select between closed and open‐cell foams is permeability

against various elements as a barrier.
The study of acoustic wave transmission in structures is of particu- Various researches and studies have been done on structures made
lar importance in many mechanical systems such as structures of the of foam materials. For example, Parrinello et al. [7] applied a transfer
building, industrial machines, and aerial vehicles [1–5]. Therefore, matrix to predict the acoustic characteristics of a cylinder of innite
Vibro‐acoustic analysis is necessary to assure the safety, reliability, length comprising an arrangement of heterogeneous and homoge-
and integrity of machines and structures [6]. Among the various struc- neous layers with different natures (solid, uid, and poroelastic).
tures, cylindrical shell structures, which are simplied types of struc- Because minor elements were needed in this case, the suggested
tures, have received much attention in recent decades and are method was useful for homogeneous layers and various layers can
widely used in various industries. Generally, media of homogeneous be combined as multilayered structures and the acoustic transmission
layers composed of lightweight porous‐elastic materials are consumed for an acoustic eld or an external wave can be assessed. This tech-
to reduce acoustic transmission through the shell. In the meantime, nique was validated for homogeneous layers of cylinders, and the ef-
elastic foams are new materials for heat, noise, vapor, and other ele- ciency was demonstrated by the investigation of transmission of sound
ments' insulation. The two main types of porous plastic foam are closed through a cylinder with resonators. Seob Son et al. [8] presented an
and open‐cell foams. Both foams are applied in industry, but depend- eigenvalue analysis for a duct with a circular cross‐section that is lined
ing on the variations in structures, performing one type may be greater with foams by applying axisymmetric nite element models based on
than the other according to favorite application. These types of mate- the Helmholtz equation and theory of Biot. Finally, the effect of bound-
rials are made by dissolving gas into a polymer in high‐pressure condi- ary condition and thickness of foam on characteristics of sound prop-
tions while it is in a state of liquid. This process causes the formation of agation was studied and the inuence of damping due to foam’s
a lot of small bubbles. Each type of foams has a distinguished viscosity on the curve of dispersion was discussed, theoretically.
permeability and structure, and the major difference that causes man- Akbarov et al. [9] investigated the torsional dispersion of the propaga-
tion of the wave in a viscoelastic sandwich hollow cylinder. This study

⇑ Corresponding authors.
E-mail addresses: tarkashvand_ali@yahoo.com (A. Tarkashvand), kjoo@iust.ac.ir (K. Daneshjou).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2020.113438
Received 4 October 2020; Revised 1 December 2020; Accepted 8 December 2020
Available online 16 December 2020
0263-8223/© 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A. Tarkashvand et al. Composite Structures 259 (2021) 113438

was performed for a special type of model by applying the exact Saint‐Venant beam and isotropic linearly viscoelastic and functionally
viscoelastic‐dynamics eld of equations. Results were obtained for graded Kirchhoff plate. This procedure was adopted to examine
two different cases. It was concluded that layers viscosity are increased moment elds, the curvature of bending‐twisting, and the displace-
the velocity of the torsional wave propagation. Han et al. [10] pre- ment of the elliptic plate with viscoelastic behavior as a new computa-
sented buckling and vibrational behaviors of corrugated sandwich tional technique. Ashra et al. [24] employed a weighted residual
composite plates, which were lled with foam under and thermal load- approach, viscoelastic constitutive relations, and a useful formulation
ing. The thermoelastic properties were obtained by the homogeniza- of boundary elements for Boltzmann and Kelvin‐Voigt models. The
tion technique according to Gibbs's free energy. Next, a dynamic proposed formulation was needed as a solution for the problem of
procedure for viscoelastic wave propagation in functionally graded heterogeneous electrostatic with materials that characteristics were
material (FGM) plates that were subjected to free‐stress conditions determined as a function of time. Jamali et al. [25] analyzed the prop-
was studied by Yu et al. [11]. In their work, they solved the equations agation of the wave in a plate made by visco‐elastic micro polyvinyli-
by a series of Legendre, the validation was performed for two different dene uoride reinforced by carbon nanotubes. For the simulation of
plates, and then the effect of variations of the gradient was studied. In the plate, three‐dimensional sinusoidal shear deformation theory was
the following, the frequency response of sandwich beams made of applied. The system was rested on and visco‐Pasternak substrate.
Polystyrene, rigid foam, and steel was studied [12]. The applied math- Recently, the vibrational behavior of a functionally graded porous
ematical model was extracted by using the theory of the Timoshenko cylinder by the implementation of the Haar wavelet technique was
beam and the nite element technique. Next, a direct approach based investigated by Golmohammadi et al. [26]. They considered different
on the plate theory for polymeric foams was introduced by Altenbach distribution for pores and the rst‐order shear deformation theory
et al. [13]. Next, in the eld of viscoelastic material, the governing used for obtaining the governing equations. Finally, a parametric study
equations were extracted for a surface and parameters of stiffness were was performed to evaluate the different porosity distributions.
determined for the behavior of viscoelastic material and results were The study of wave propagation and acoustic behavior of structures
compared with those obtained by Kirchhoff‐type theory [14]. Cui has interested many researchers. for instance, Smith [27] and Koval
et al. [15] proposed a model for the functionally graded (FG) foam [28,29] established general expressions for sound transmission of iso-
to ameliorate the characteristics of energy absorption. The ability of tropic shells. Subsequently, Blaise and Lesueur [30,31] presented
the energy absorption was investigated by simulation of tests on differ- three‐dimensional models for the sound transmission loss of orthotro-
ent specimens. It is concluded that functionally graded foams were bet- pic cylindrical shells. Study in this eld was continued by researchers
ter than uniform foam in the absorption of energy. Similarly, Hosseini‐ such as Tang et al. [32], Lee and Kim [33], and Daneshjou et al.
Hashemi et al. [16] introduced that the best model based on mathe- [34,35] by presenting different theories for isotropic, composite, and
matic for metallic and polymeric foams is functionally graded vis- poroelastic materials. In recent years, researches on the sound trans-
coelastic (FGV) materials. For this reason, they presented an mission of structures composed of poroelastic materials, for their
accurate and reliable technique for the investigation of free vibration extensive application, have grown. For example, Zhou et al. [36],
for FGV panels. Also, Zamani et al. [17] studied the vibration of plates Liu et al. [37–39] studied sound transmission through a double‐shell
made by functionally graded viscoelastic open‐cell foam which rested structure lined with poroelastic materials, in attendance of external
on the visco‐Pasternak foundation. Viscoelastic treatment of shear and ow. Next, Talebitooti et al. [40] proposed the extended full method
bulk moduli were extracted by Kelvin‐Voigt and standard solid model. by consideration of three‐dimensional wave propagation to investigate
More, a simple formula for characterization of the correlative inu- the transmission of sound through a poroelastic cylinder. Similarly,
ence of mass density and Young’s modulus of the sandwich panel made Daneshjou et al. [41] studied the transmission of sound through a mul-
by mass density gradient foam core was proposed by Xiao et al. [18]. A tilayered cylinder with bounded‐unbounded construction. Magniez
new gradient model based on high‐order sandwich plate theory was et al. [42] suggested a mixed model of Boit‐shell calculate the trans-
developed and this model was veried with a nite element simula- mission of sound through a sandwich cylinder of innite length that
tion. Wang and Zhao [19] studied the vibrational behavior of a sand- is composed of a poroelastic core and orthotropic skins. Talebitooti
wich beam made of metal foam core embedded in Winkler‐Pasternak et al. [43] applied the 3‐D theory to examine the inuence of com-
suspension using the Chebyshev collocation technique. Three distribu- pressing porous material on the loss of sound transmission in a cylin-
tions were assumed for foam, and Hamilton’s principle and der that is composed of air‐gap insulation and porous core in
Timoshenko beam theory were utilized for the extraction of governing attendance of external ow. Also, a study to optimize the weight
equations and boundary conditions. Amirinezhad et al. [20] investi- and sound transmission loss in a double‐walled cylinder with foam
gated wave propagation through a polymeric foam plate by utilizing by applying the variables chromosome technique was performed by
a functionally graded viscoelastic model. In this study, the rst‐order Talebitooti and Gohari [44].
shear deformation theory (FSDT) was applied for the extraction of gov- According to the above introduction, it can be seen that there have
erning equations, and the Zener model was used for the description of been few studies on the sound transmission loss of sandwich shells
the viscoelastic treatment of the plate. It was concluded that by with polymer foam cores. Therefore, in this article, an attempt has
decreasing the index of power‐law and increasing material constant, been made to ll this study gap with a new method. Here, the
the sound transmission loss (TL) was increased. Hu et al. [21] exam- vibrational‐acoustic behavior of open and closed cell foams is exam-
ined the inuence of the structure of cells on the thermal characteris- ined. For this purpose, a sandwich shell with an immersed polymer
tics of foams. In this study, heat transfer simulation was performed in foam core was considered in the uid. Due to the distribution of pores
steady‐state conditions to obtain the conductivity in foam models. It in the foam material, a new method of analysis based on viscoelastic
was demonstrated that at specic relative density, foams with irregu- and FG materials is presented here. A laminate model is used to obtain
lar cell shape and inhomogeneous size were tended to have a slight equations of motion of the foam core, which it is assumed that the
thermal conductivity. Next, Xia et al. [22] reported that foams with inner core is composed of an innite layer of viscoelastic isotropic
closed‐sell and microstructures have a signicant inuence on the adhesives, each of which has its mechanical properties. In other words,
propagation of sound waves. Various air gap and perforation types the mechanical properties of the inner core (density and Modulus of
were designed for varying the foam microstructure. The results were elasticity) also change depending on the frequency of stimulation in
exhibited that half‐hole foams have good behavior in sound insulation the direction of thickness based on a function. The equations of motion
and absorption in the high‐frequency range. Barretta and Luciano [23] of each layer are obtained using the three‐dimensional theory of elas-
proposed a novel procedure of solution based on the principle of cor- ticity, taking into account the effects of shear and rotation. Then, the
respondence between orthotropic, homogenous, and linearly elastic technique of transfer matrix is utilized, which consists of a matrix of

2
A. Tarkashvand et al. Composite Structures 259 (2021) 113438

global transfer that is composed as a product of the matrices of local 2.1. Dynamic governing equations
transfer by using displacement and stress components continuity at
the interfaces of the neighboring layers. Finally, the effect of geometric 2.1.1. Governing equations of isotropic cylinders
and mechanical parameters on the sound transmission loss of the sand- it can be represented the equation of Navier’s governing wave for
wich shell is examined. the isotropic hollow cylinder, in guided wave propagation as follows
[45,46]:
2. Geometry and coordinates system 2
^  U ¼ @ U;
 
r2 U þ ð þ Þr rA ð1Þ
@t 2
Consider a sandwich cylindrical shell structure composed of two
isotropic cylinders with innite length and with different elastic prop- Here, t represents the time and U indicates the eld of displace-
erties and thicknesses, as shown in Fig. 1 in the system of orthogonal ment that is a function of time and cylindrical coordinates. In ther; ,
cylindrical coordinate. It is considered that a core made of the poly- and z directions, the corresponding displacement components of the
meric foam there is between the cylinders. The polymeric foam core U vector indicates byur ; u , anduz ; respectively.  is density and 
is bonded to the inner and outer cylindrical shells, completely. To and  are Lamé constants that demonstrate the velocities of bulk wave
investigate the acoustical behavior of the sandwich structure, the inner in the material. The Helmholtz decomposition can be applied to the
core is considered to be open‐cell and closed‐cell. The internal and simplication of the problem because the cylinder is considered isotro-
external isotropic shells are made of aluminum and steel, respectively. pic here.
The external shell has an inner radiusr 3 , outer radiusr 4 and uniform U ¼ r þ r  H; ð2Þ
thicknessh3 . Besides, the thickness, inner and outer radius of the inter-
nal isotropic shell are indicated by h1 ; r 1 and r 2 ; respectively. h2 is the This decomposition separates the shear wave from the longitudinal
representative thickness of the polymeric foam core. From outside on wave in an isotropic structure. Here,  and HðH r ; H  ; H z Þ are a scalar
the external cylinder, an oblique plane wave is incident and transmits and vector potential eld; respectively. It is assumed that the eld of
through the sandwich shell structure whose it is assumed to be an ane- displacement to be a combination of scalar potential eld gradient
choic inside cavity. Besides, in the z‐direction and the external uid () and vector potential eld curl (H). The invariance of gauge, by
medium, there is a uniform airow at V velocity. In the internal and the assumption that the hollow cylinder is innitely long, can be writ-
external uids, the density and speed of sound wave are; 1 ; c1 ten as [47]:
and3 ; c3 , respectively. ^  H ¼ 0;
rA ð3Þ

Fig. 1. Geometry and properties of a laminated sandwich cylindrical shell with polymeric foam core with an acoustic excitation.

3
A. Tarkashvand et al. Composite Structures 259 (2021) 113438

 
This condition is also called equal volume conditions that mean the @u:r;n @u:z;n
¼ ∑n¼0 rz;n ðr Þ cos ðnÞeiðtkz zÞ ;
1
rz;n ðr; ; z; t Þ ¼  þ ð9cÞ
structure volume is constant. The invariance of the gauge can be @z @r
applied here because the cylinder has innite volume and length. Solv-
Here,  rr;n ðr Þ; r;n ðr Þ and rz;n ðr Þ functions are radial, circumferen-
ing the problem is to be possible without consideration of boundary
tial, and axial stress components; respectively, and are expanded in
conditions on the two ends of the cylinder. it will be demonstrated that
detail in Appendix C.
the noticed eld of displacement (Eq. (2)) in terms of functions of
Lamé potential, the governing equations of motion will be satised.
2.1.2. Materials properties of the polymeric foam core
By applying Eq. (2) into Eq. (1) and after simplifying and rearranging,
According to the basic linear viscoelasticity, the function of stress is
results in vector and scalar wave equations, represented as:
linearly‐dependent on the history of the function of strain as follow:
@ 2  n ðr; ; z; t Þ
ϻ21 r2  n ðr; ; z; t Þ ¼ ; ð4aÞ Z t
@t 2  ðt Þ ¼ rðt  Þ@ɛðÞ=@d; ð10Þ
0
2
@ Hn ðr; ; z; t Þ
ϻ22 r2 Hn ðr; ; z; t Þ ¼ ; ð4bÞ
@t 2 Here, ɛðtÞ, ðtÞ; and rðtÞ are functions of strain, stress, and relax-
ation; respectively. Viscoelastic material's behavior can be approxi-
Here, n represents the number of circumferential order, which indi-
mated with various models. As viscoelastic materials, the
cates the pattern of a static wave in the circumferential direction and
conventional constitutive relations for polymeric and metallic foams,
ϻ1 is the velocity of the dilatational longitudinal bulk wave.
are the model of homogeneous isotropic combined with the models
 þ 2 of simple viscoelastic [51,52]. Notwithstanding the present technique
ϻ21 ¼ ; ð5Þ
 can be used for the solution of each type of distribution of material for
and ϻ2 represents the velocity of the shear bulk wave in an innite elas- viscoelastic materials, Zener viscoelastic model that is thickness‐
dependent, as the most appropriate mathematical model for foams
tic body of the shell material properties.
[53,54], is utilized as the constitutive relation. Therefore, a linear

ϻ22 ¼ ; ð6Þ Zener model [16] with three parameters, with constitutive Eq. (10)

is considered as presented in Fig. 2.
According to the theory of elasticity, the potentials ϕ and H in form  
of cylindrical coordinates are as follow [46–50]: d dɛ
þT2 ¼ R1 ɛ þ T ; ð11aÞ
dt dt
 n ðr; ; z; t Þ ¼ ∑n¼0 f ðrÞ cos ðnÞeiðtkz zÞ ;
1
ð7aÞ
ðr Þ
H r;n ðr; ; z; t Þ ¼ ∑n¼0 g r ðrÞ sin ðnÞeiðtkz zÞ ; T1¼ ð11bÞ
1 ;
ð7bÞ G1 ðr Þ

H ;n ðr; ; z; t Þ ¼ ∑n¼0 g  ðrÞ cos ðnÞeiðtkz zÞ ;

1
ð7cÞ ðr Þ
T2¼ ; ð11cÞ
G2 ðr Þ
H z;n ðr; ; z; t Þ ¼ ∑n¼0 g z ðrÞ sin ðnÞeiðtkz zÞ ;
1
ð7dÞ
T ðzÞ ¼ T 1 þ T 2 ; ð11dÞ
Here, kz is the number of waves, which represents the propagation
of the wave in the axial direction and  indicates angular frequency. where, G1 and G2 are the modulus of shear,  is the constant of damping
The g  ðr Þð ¼ r; ; zÞ and f ðr Þare unknown coefcients in modied Bes- of the Zener model, and T is the constant of relaxation time. The strain
sel functions form, and g ðr Þ and f ðr Þ for each layer can be achieved by and stress can be considered as Eq. (12a). Thus, by substituting Eq.
substituting Eqs. (7) into Eqs. (4) (The radial components of g ðr Þ and (12a) into Eq. (11), the modulus of the bulk and shear complex are
f ðr Þ are expressed in Appendix A. Thus, the eld of displacement in obtained:
directions of r, , and z can be obtained at each point within the middle
of the shell by bellow equations:  ðr Þ ¼  0 expðit Þ; ɛ ðr Þ ¼ ɛ0 expðit Þ; ð12aÞ

: :
@ n 1 @H z;n @H ;n 1 þ it
¼ ∑n¼0 ur;n ðr Þ cos ðnÞeiðtkz zÞ ;
1
ur;n ðr; ; z; t Þ ¼ þ  ð8aÞ GðÞ ¼ G1 ; K ðÞ ¼ K 0 ð12bÞ
@r r @ @z 1 þ iΛt
Here,  is frequency andΛ ¼ T 2 =T . It must be mentioned, in
: :
1 @ n @H r;n @H z;n expansion, such foams have elastic behavior. So the modulus of bulk
¼ ∑n¼0 u;n ðr Þ sin ðnÞeiðtkz zÞ ;
1
u;n ðr; ; z; t Þ ¼ þ  ð8bÞ (K 0 ), respect to the frequency, is constant [13,14,53]. By setting
r @ @z @r
Λ ¼ 0 andΛ ¼ 1 the Zener model will be reduced to Kelvin and elastic
@ n H ;n @H ;n 1 @H r;n
: : :
models; respectively. Poisson’s ratio and elasticity modulus can be
uz;n ðr; ; z; t Þ ¼ þ þ  obtained using relations of elasticity as follows:
@z r @r r @
¼ ∑n¼0 uz;n ðr Þ cos ðnÞeiðtkz zÞ ;
1
ð8cÞ

Here,U r;n ðr Þ, U ;n ðr Þand U z;n ðr Þare expressed in Appendix B. for the
isotropic shell, the stress equations are obtained by replacing the eld
of displacement Eqs. (8) into the stress‐displacement.
 :   : 
@ur;n @u:;n u:r;n @u:z;n @ur;n
 rr;n ðr; ; z; t Þ ¼  þ þ þ þ 2
@r r@ r @r @r
¼ ∑n¼0  rr;n ðr Þ cos ðnÞeiðtkz zÞ ;
1
ð9aÞ
 
@u:;n u:;n 1 @u:r;n
r;n ðr; ; z; t Þ ¼   þ
@r r r @
¼ ∑n¼0 r;n ðr Þ sin ðnÞeiðtkz zÞ ;
1
ð9bÞ
Fig. 2. Zener model to describe of viscoelastic behavior of foam core.

4
A. Tarkashvand et al. Composite Structures 259 (2021) 113438

9KG : 9ɦG1 ð1 þ iT Þ solution for Eq. (16) can be written in terms of a dilatational scalar
E¼ ) E ðÞ ¼ ; ð13aÞ  
3K þ G 3ɦð1 þ iΛT Þ þ ð1 þ iT Þ potential function  dje and an equivoluminal vector potential func-
 dje 
tion H ðH r ; H  ; H z Þ [46].
3K  2G : 1 3ɦð1 þ iΛT Þ  2ð1 þ iT Þ
¼ ) ðÞ ¼ ; ð13bÞ udje ¼ r dje þ r  H dje ; ð17Þ
2ð3K þ GÞ 2 3ɦð1 þ iΛT Þ þ ð1 þ iT Þ
Here,ɦ ¼ K 0 =G1 . Functionally graded materials are a type of non‐ And H dje should satisfy the bellow equation as [47]:
homogeneous materials that their mechanical features change gradu-
r  Hdje ¼ 0; ð18Þ
ally and continuously in the direction of thickness. For this type of
material, the variations of properties are described as mathematical‐ It will be demonstrated that the mentioned vector of displacement
based volume fraction distribution law. This volume fraction has a in term of  dje and H dje , will satisfy the motion governing equation. By
polynomial function, exponential form, etc. so in Eqs. (11) and (12), applying Eq. (17) into Eq. (16) and after simplifying and rearranging,
by multiplying a distribution function asVðrÞ, the model of function- the equation of wave for the jth layer will be expressed as [50]:
ally graded viscoelastic is expressed as follow:
2dje @ 2  dj e 2dje dje þ 2dje
1 þ iT ϻ1 r2  dje ¼ ; 1 ¼ ; ð19Þ
Gðr:Þ ¼ V 2 ðr ÞG1 ; ð14aÞ @t 2 dje
1 þ iΛT
h i
@ 2 H dje d je
K ðr; Þ ¼ K 0 ϕ2 V ðr Þ2 þ ð1  ϕÞV ðr Þ ; ð14bÞ ϻ22dje r2 H dje ¼ 2
; 22dje ¼ dje ; ð20Þ
@t 

dje dje
9k0 Gðr; Þ Here, 1 is the dilation wave velocity, 2 is the velocity of an
E ðr; Þ ¼ ; ð14cÞ
3k0 þ Gðr; Þ equivoluminal wave that traveling in an innite elastic body of the
jth layer material properties. For two modied governing Eqs. (19)
and (20), the assumed solutions will be in the following forms [50]:
1 3ɦð1 þ iΛT Þ  2ð1 þ iT Þ
ðr; Þ ¼ ; ð14dÞ
2 3ɦð1 þ iΛT Þ þ ð1 þ iT Þ 1
 dje ðr; ; z; t Þ ¼ ∑ f ðr Þdje cosnðÞeiðtkz zÞ ; ð21aÞ
n¼0
1
ðr Þ ¼ s ½ϕ2 V ðr Þ2 þ ð1  ϕÞVðrÞ ; 2
ð14eÞ
1

If ϕ < 1, the foam is closed‐cell, and if ϕ ¼ 1, foam is open‐cell. H dr je ðr; ; z; t Þ ¼ ∑ g r ðr Þdje sinnðÞeiðtkz zÞ ; ð21bÞ
n¼0
According to the experimental results of Refs. [51,52] for polymeric
and metallic foams, Poisson’s ratio over the thickness is considered 1

constant. Besides, density is assumed as a function of distribution that H dje ðr; ; z; t Þ ¼ ∑ g  ðr Þdje cosnðÞeiðtkz zÞ ; ð21cÞ
n¼0
s is the minimum amount of foam density. However, for every func-
tion of distribution, the proposed technique provides an exact solution, 1
H dzje ðr; ; z; t Þ ¼ ∑ g z ðr Þdje sinnðÞeiðtkz zÞ ; ð21dÞ
but as a particular case, it is assumed that the properties of panel vary- n¼0
ing in the thickness direction by a function of power‐law distribution:
For a wave mode, the integer of n is known as the circumferential
 m
ra  r2 order. kz is the number of the axial wave and  is the angular fre-
V ðr Þ ¼  þ ð1  Þ 1  ; ð15aÞ
h2 quency. The g  ðr Þdje ð ¼ r; ; zÞ and f ðr Þdje coefcients are unknown
and they are in the form of the modied Bessel functions. By substitut-
s ing Eqs. (21) into Eqs. (19) and (20), for each layer the functions of
¼ ; ð15bÞ
p f ðr Þdje and g ðr Þ dje are founded. For these functions, radial components
are presented in Appendix A. Besides, by applying Eqs. (21) into Eq.
where is the constant of material that has been demonstrated in refer-
(17), the eld of displacement in directions of r; ; z at each point
ences for different materials,p isas the density of the bulk material, m is
within the middle of the jth layer are founded by the bellow equations:
the index of the power‐law, and r a is the medium radius of the jth layer.
By setting m ¼ 0 and 1, the function of distribution mentioned in Eq. @ dje 1 @H zdje @H dje
(15) can be reduced to monotonous and linear distribution; ur ðr; ; z; t Þdje ¼ þ 
@r r @ @z
respectively. 1 
¼ ∑ ur ðr Þdje cosnðÞeiðtkz zÞ ; ð22aÞ
n¼0
2.1.3. Governing equations of polymeric foam core
The polymeric foam can be considered as composed of g layers
1 @ dje @H dr je @H dzje
made by homogeneous isotropic materials [55,56]. By applying the u ðr; ; z; t Þdje ¼ þ 
r @ @z @r
linear theory of three‐dimensional elasticity, in cylindrical coordi- 1 
nates, the motion governing equation can be derived for a homoge- ¼ ∑ u ðr Þdje sinnðÞeiðtkz zÞ ; ð22bÞ
n¼0
neous isotropic elastic solid. The equation of displacement of the jth
layer can be expressed as bellow [46]: j j
@ dje H d e @H d e 1 @H rdje
uz ðr; ; z; t Þdje ¼ þ þ 
    @ u 2 dje @z r @r r @
dje r2 udje þ dje þ dje r r  udje ¼ dje ; ð16Þ 1 
@t 2 ¼ ∑ uz ðr Þdje cosnðÞeiðtkz zÞ ; ð22cÞ
n¼0
2 2 2
Here, r2 ¼ @r@ 2 þ 1r @
þ r12 @
@2
@
þ @z 2 is the Laplacian operator in three‐   
The expression of ur ðr Þdje , u ðr Þdje and uz ðr Þdje are represented in
@r

dimensional coordinates, r is the cylindrical gradient, dje is the

Appendix B. The equations of stress for the jth layer are obtained by
Lame’s elastic constant, dje is the modulus of shear, applying the eld of displacement Eqs. (22) into the stress‐
 
dje dje
dj e dj e
and u ¼ ur ; u ; uz is the displacement vector. The most common displacement.

5
A. Tarkashvand et al. Composite Structures 259 (2021) 113438

!
@udr je @udje udr je @uzdje Now, for the jth layer, local transfer matrix can be obtained by
 rr ðr; ; z; t Þdje ¼ dje þ þ þ
@r r@ r @r removing Xjn of the Eqs. (26) and (28).
 1
þ  ɛ M dnje ¼ Ddnje Ddnj1e M dnj1e ; ð31Þ
1
¼ ∑  rr ðr Þdje cosnðÞeiðtkz zÞ ;

ð23Þ  1
n¼0
Here, Sn½j ¼ Ddnje Ddnj1e is the local matrix of transfer for the jth
layer, which connects the variables of the eld on the inner plane to
Here, ɛ ¼ r:u ¼ r2  ¼ k2c . those on the outer plane. Such a relationship in the form of a matrix
! can be applied to connect between adjacent layers. This creates a rela-
dj e dje
dje dj e @u u 1 @urdje
r ðr; ; z; t Þ ¼   þ tionship between the variables of the eld of the outer face to the inner
@r r r @
face of the polymeric foam core [59]. In continue, according to the
1
¼ ∑  r ðr Þdje sinnðÞeiðtkz zÞ ;

ð24Þ conditions of continuity in all g layers, the transfer matrix TFG;n is
n¼0 obtained in 6 × 6 dimensions as below:
! Tcore;n ¼ Sgn Sg1 g2
   S1n ;
dje n Sn ð32Þ
@urdje @uz
rz ðr; ; z; t Þdje ¼ dje þ
@z @r Therefore
1
 rz ðr Þdje cosnðÞeiðtkz zÞ ;

¼ ∑ ð24bÞ M dnr3 e ¼ T core;n M dnr 2 e ; ð33Þ
n¼0

Where
where M dnr 2 e and M dnr 3 e are expressed as:
dj e
E h iT
d j e ¼ ; ð25aÞ r r
M dnr3 e ¼ udr r3 e ; ud 3 e ; udzr3 e ;  drrr 3 e ; dr3 e ; drzr 3 e ; ð34aÞ
2ð1 þ dje Þ
h iT
E dje dje r r
M dnr 2 e ¼ udr r 2 e ; ud 2 e ; udzr 2 e ;  drrr 2 e ; dr2 e ; drzr 2 e ;
dje ¼ ; ð25bÞ ð34bÞ
ð1  2dje Þð1 þ dje Þ
After the process is completed for all layers, a global matrix of
where  rr ðr Þdje ,  rz ðr Þdje and  r ðr Þdje functionsare expressions of the com-
  
transfer is obtained that corresponds to the boundary conditions at
ponents of stress in radial, axial, and circumferential directions. The
the inner and outer layers of the core. For the external shell, similarly,
expansion of these functions is expressed in Appendix C.
the matrix can be as follows:

2.2. The transfer matrix method M dnr3 e ¼ Bdnr 3 e Y dnr 3 e ; ð35aÞ

In continue, to achieve the relationship between stresses and dis- M dnr 4 e ¼ Bdnr 4 e Y dnr 4 e ; ð35bÞ
placement that are mentioned in Eqs. (8) and (9), for each layer of
where M dnr 4 e is:
the sandwich multilayer cylinder, boundary conditions expressions
h iT
should be expanded. This technique is known as the transfer matrix r r
M dnr4 e ¼ udr r4 e ; ud 4 e ; udzr4 e ;  drrr 4 e ; dr4 e ; drzr 4 e ; ð36Þ
technique and it has been known as a useful procedure to assemble
such expressions [55–58]. Base on the laminate model, it is assumed Now, by calculation of vector Yn using Eq. (35b) and by substitut-
that the foam core is a compound of g isotropic viscoelastic layers that ing in Eq. (35a), the vibration main equation can be obtained.
at their interfaces are completely bonded (Fig. 1). Thus, relating to the
stresses and displacement of outer and inner planes of the jth layer, a M dnr4 e ¼ T e;n M dnr 3 e ; ð37Þ
local matrix of transfer is achieved. where
  1
M ndje ¼ D dj e X dj e 
n n ; ð26Þ T e;n ¼ Bdnr 3 e Bdnr 2 e ; ð38Þ
r¼r dje

In the end, for the internal shell, the matrix of transfer can be pre-
where sented as:
h iT
M ndje ¼ U r;n
dj e dj e dj e
; U ;n ; U z;n dj e
;  rr;n
dje dj e
;  r;n ;  rz;n ; ð27aÞ M dnr2 e ¼ Qdnr 2 e Zdnr 2 e ; ð39aÞ

h iT M dnr 1 e ¼ Qdnr 1 e Zdnr 1 e ; ð39bÞ

dje dje d je d je dje dje
X dnje ¼ X 1;n ; X 2;n ; X 3;n ; X 4;n ; X 5;n ; X 6;n ; ð27bÞ
The harmonic response of stresses and displacement at each point
The elements of the matrix of coefcient are presented in Djn on a plane perpendicular to radial direction can be achieved by apply-
Appendix B and C. The Eq. (26) for the inner radius of the jth layer ing Zn from Eq. (39b) into Eq. (39a).
can be specialized as: M dnr2 e ¼ T i;n M dnr 1 e ; ð40Þ
M ndj1e ¼ Dndj1e X ndj1e jr¼r dj1e ð28Þ Where
where  1
T i;n ¼ Qdnr2 e Qdnr 1 e ; ð41aÞ
h iT
j1 j1
M ndj1e dj1e
¼ U r;n dj1e
; U d;n e ; U z;n dj1e
;  rr;n dj1e
;  dr;n e ;  rz;n ; ð29aÞ h
dr e
i
r 1 e dr 1 e dr 1 e
M dnr 1 e r1 e
¼ udr;n r1 e
; u;n1 ; udz;n ;  drr;n ; r;n ; rz;n ; ð41bÞ
h iT
j1 j1 j1 j1 j1 j1
X dnj1e ¼ X d1;n e ; X d2;n e ; X d3;n e ; X d4;n e ; X d5;n e ; X d6;n e ; ð29bÞ By a combination of Eqs. (33), (37) and (40), the relationship
between internal ðr ¼ r 1 Þ and external ðr ¼ r 4 Þ boundary conditions
Points of j  1 and j are on the same layer, thus: of the polymeric foam core, inner shell conditions are as follows:
X ndje ¼ X ndj1e ; ð30Þ M dnr4 e ¼ T e;n T core;n T i;n M dnr 1 e ; ð42Þ

6
A. Tarkashvand et al. Composite Structures 259 (2021) 113438

The above equation can be rearranged as below: kz;1 ¼ kz;3 ¼ kz ; ð51Þ

r r
M d1;n4 e ¼ W n M d3;n1 e ; ð43Þ Also, radial wave number kr;3 is expressed as:
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
kr;3 ¼ k2z;3  k2r;3 ; ð52aÞ
2.3. Fluids governing equations
!12
In the structure’s external space, the pressure of external acoustic is ðcc31 Þ2 cos2 ðÞ
  kr;3 ¼ k3 1  ; ð52bÞ
1 þ Msinð Þ
the summation of the incidence wave ðP1I;n Þand reected wave P1R;n .
Thus, in external uid, the equations of the wave can be presented in 
the system of cylindrical coordinate as [27–31,48–50,60]: k3 ¼ ; ð52cÞ
c3
 2  
  @ 

c1 r2 P1I;n ðr; ; z; t Þ þ P1R;n ðr; ; z; t Þ ¼ þ V:r P1I;n ðr; ; z; t Þ þ P1R;n ðr; ; z; t Þ  ;
@t 
r¼r 4 2.4. Acoustical boundary conditions
ð44Þ
2 2 2
At the uid and structure interface, the boundary condition in
Here, r is the gradient operator and r2 ¼ @r@ 2 þ 1r @r@ þ r12 @
@
2 þ
@
@z2
is terms of the gradient of pressure in the acoustic domain that is dened
the three dimensional Laplacian operator. Assuming that the internal at the coupling boundary and in terms of inertia force corresponding to
space (cavity) to be anechoic, in such a condition, into the cavity there the vibrating surface. Thus, in the internal cavity and external surfaces,
 
is only a transmitted wave P3T;n . In the internal cavity, the equations the relationship between radial displacement and pressure can be
expressed as [62,63]:
of the acoustic wave can be expressed as [28–32,61]:

 @ðP3T;n ðr; ; z; t ÞÞ @ 2 ur;n ðr; ; z; t Þ
@ 2 P3T;n ðr; ; z; t Þ ¼ 3  ; ð53aÞ
c23 r2 P3T;n ðr; ; z; t Þ ¼  ; ð45Þ
@r @t 2 
r¼r 1
@t 2 
r¼r 1
  
@ P1I;n ðr; ; z; t Þ þ P1R;n ðr; ; z; t Þ  2 
@ 
The incidence pressure (P1I;n ) corresponding to the incidence wave ¼ 1 þ V:r ur;n ðr; ; z; t Þ ;
@r @t 
is extended in cylindrical harmonics as below [28–32,61]: r¼r 4

ð53bÞ
P1I;n ðr; ; z; t Þ ¼ P0 ∑n¼0 εn ðiÞn J n ðkr;1 r Þ cos ðnÞeiðtkz;1 zÞ ;
1

These equations are achieved using equations of linearized momen-

pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi tum, which is imposed, at the interface of the uid and structure.
n ¼ 0; 1; 2    i ¼ 1 ð46Þ
These equations demonstrate that in acoustic media, the normal veloc-
Here,P0 ,, and n are the incident wave amplitude, angular fre- ity of a uid and shell are equal. Furthermore, for a hollow cylinder
quency, and circumferential mode number; respectively, J n is nth the boundary conditions are given as:
order of rst kind Bessel function, and εn is the factor of Neumann
ðεn ¼ 1if n ¼ 0,εn ¼ 2 if n–0Þ. The pressure of sound that reected (1) On the external surface of the shell ðr ¼ r 4 Þ:
from the surface of the external lateral shell is as follow:
 rr;n ðr; ; z; t Þ þ P1I;n ðr; ; z; t Þ þ P1R;n ðr; ; z; t Þ ¼ 0; ð54aÞ
P1R;n ðr; ; z; t Þ ¼ Pr ∑n¼0 H 2n ðkr;1 r Þ cos ðnÞeiðtkz;1 zÞ ;
1
ð47Þ

Here, Pr and H 2n are the reected wave unknown amplitude and n r;n ðr; ; z; t Þ ¼ 0; ð54bÞ
order of second kind Hankel function; respectively. The pressure of
transmitted sound based on supposition in the medium of internal rz;n ðr; ; z; t Þ ¼ 0; ð54cÞ
non‐resonant is dened as follows:

P3T;n ðr; ; z; t Þ ¼ Pt ∑n¼0 H 1n ðkr;3 r Þ cos ðnÞeiðtkz;3 zÞ ;

1
ð48Þ
(2) On the internal surface of the shellðr ¼ r 1 Þ:
Here, Pt and H 1n are the transmitted wave unknown amplitude and
n order of rst kind Hankel function; respectively. In Eq. (48), kz andkr  rr;n ðr; ; z; t Þ þ P3T;n ðr; ; z; t Þ ¼ 0; ð55aÞ
are the axial and radial wave numbers that are achieved by substitut-
ing Eqs. (46) and (47) into Eqs. (44) and (45). Thus, in the exterior r;n ðr; ; z; t Þ ¼ 0; ð55bÞ
uid, kz;1 and kr;1 are the axial and radial wave numbers, which deter-
rz;n ðr; ; z; t Þ ¼ 0; ð55cÞ
mined by the below equations:
kr;1 ¼ k1 cosð Þ; ð49aÞ Also, at the interface of two layers that are perfectly bonded, the
condition of interfacial continuity is the continuity of shear and nor-
kz;1 ¼ k1 sinð Þ; ð49bÞ mal components of stress, and displacement components.

where 2.5. Solution procedure

 
 1
k1 ¼ ; ð50aÞ First, boundary conditions equations (Eqs. (54) and (55)) must be
c1 1 þ Msinð Þ
substituted into the Eq. (43) and this is the rst step in the procedure
V of solution to solve the problem of sound transmission through the
M¼ ; ð50bÞ
c1 sandwich cylindrical shell. After substituting, a system of linear equa-
tions is generated, which is included of six equations and eight
Here, M is the eternal media Mach number. Besides, in the axial dr e dr e
direction, the entire waves have identical dependence. Thus, in the unknowns (udr
r;n ; u;n ; uz;n ; ur;n ; u;n ; uz;n ; Pr andPt ). To obtain these
1e 1 dr 1 e dr 4 e 4 dr 4 e

interior uid, axial wave number kz;3 is given as: unknowns, other new equations should be implemented. Unknowns

7
A. Tarkashvand et al. Composite Structures 259 (2021) 113438

of ur;n
dr 1 e
andur;n
dr 4 e
are achieved by substituting Eqs. (46)‐(48) into Eqs. where
(53) and in terms of Pt andPr . Therefore, the radial displacement at W T ð Þ is the sound power transmitted and per unit length of the
the internal cavity, as well as the external surface, are expressed as structure is obtained as:
below equations: Z 2 
 1 @
W T ð Þr¼r 1 ¼ Re P3T;n ður;n Þ rd ; ð61Þ
2 0 @t
Pr kr;1  2 
H n1 ðr 4 kr;1 Þ  H 2nþ1 ðr 4 kr;1 Þ
1
ur;n ðr; ; z; t Þ ¼ ∑n¼0
2ð  V  kz;1 Þ 1 2 The mark * and Re are complex conjugate and real parts; respec-
P0 εn ðiÞn kr;1   tively. By substituting P3T;n and ur into Eq. (61) and by extending this
iðtkz;1 zÞ 1
cos ðnÞe þ ∑n¼0 2
J n1 ðr 4 kr;1 Þ  J nþ1 ðr 4 kr;1 Þ equation, will have:
2ð  V  k1z Þ 1
Z
cos ðnÞeiðtkz;1 zÞ ; ð56aÞ 1   2
W T ð Þ ¼ Re Pt H 1n ðk3r r Þ:ðiur;n ðr ÞÞ cos2 ðnÞrd
2 0
r  
Pt kr;3  1  ¼  Re Pt H 1n ðkr;3 r Þ:ðiur;n ðr ÞÞ ; ð62Þ
H n1 ðr 1 kr;3 Þ  H 1nþ1 ðr 1 kr;3 Þ cos ðnÞeiðtkz;1 zÞ ; εn
1
ur;n ðr; ; z; t Þ ¼ ∑n¼0
22 3
ð56bÞ In the presence of external ow W I ðÞ, the power of incidence
sound is obtained from the intensity of incidence sound as [62–64]:
Hence, according to Eqs. (56), a linear equations system is rear-
ranged as:  r 4 P0 2
W I ð Þr¼r 4 ¼ cosð Þð1 þ Msinð ÞÞ; ð63Þ
2 3
8 9 1 c1
W n;11 W n;12 W n;13 1 0 0 0 W n;14 H 1n ðr 1 kr;3 Þ > > ur;n
dr 1 e
>
>
>
> >
>
6 W n;21 W n;22 W n;23 0 1 0 0 W n;24 H 1n ðr 1 kr;3 Þ 7
>
> dr 1 e
u;n >
> Thus, by replacing Eqs. (62) and (63) into Eq. (60), the coefcient
6 7>>
>
>
>
>
6 W n;31 W n;32
6 W n;33 0 0 1 0 1
W n;34 H n ðr 1 kr;3 Þ 77
>
>
> uz;n
dr 1 e >
>
> of transmission Gð Þ can be obtained as follows:
< =
6 W n;41 W n;42
6 W n;43 0 0 0 H 2n ðr 4 kr;1 Þ W n;44 H 1n ðr 1 kr;3 Þ 7
7 ur;n
dr 4 e
 
1
6 W n;51 W n;52 W n;53 0 0 0 0 W n;54 H 1n ðr 1 kr;3 Þ 7
7>> dr 4 e
u;n >
> 1 Re Pt H n ðkr;3 r 1 Þðiur;n ðr 1 ÞÞ r 1 1 c1 
6
6 W n;61 W n;62 W n;63 0 0 0 0 W n;64 H 1n ðr 1 kr;3 Þ 7
>
> >
> Gð Þ ¼ ∑n¼0 ; ð64Þ
6 7>> uz;n
dr 4 e >
> r 4 εn P0 2 cosð Þð1 þ Msinð ÞÞ
4 0 0 0 1 0 0 Ln;77 0 5>
>
>
>
>
>
>
> Pr >
>
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ln;88 > >
:
Pt
; Finally, the sandwich cylinder TL is achieved as:
8 9
> 0 > TLð Þ ¼ 10log10 ðGð ÞÞ1 ; ð65Þ
>
> >
>
>
>
> 0 >
>
>
>
> 0 >
>
>
<F >
=
n;41
¼ ; 4. Results and discussions
>
> 0 >
>
>
> 0 > >
>
> >
>
>
> F n;71 >
>
>
: >
; 4.1. Convergence and validation of solution procedure
0
ð57Þ
As seen in the previous sections, all equations are in series form.
where Therefore, it must be ensured that a sufcient number of modes are
included in the analysis and it must be shown that the solution con-
kr;1  2  verges. For this purpose, the transmission loss was analyzed according
Ln;77 ¼ H n1 ðr 4 kr;1 Þ  H 2nþ1 ðr 4 kr;1 Þ ; ð58aÞ
2ð  V  kz;1 Þ2 1 to the mode number. Four frequencies including 500, 1000, 1500, and
2500 Hz were considered for convergence of equations for the sand-
wich shell with polymeric foam core. As shown in Fig. 3, it can be seen
kr;3  1 
Ln;88 ¼ H n1 ðr 1 kr;3 Þ  H 1nþ1 ðr 1 kr;3 Þ ; ð58bÞ that convergence has occurred for all four frequencies, and with
22 3
increasing frequency, the number of modes required for convergence
has increased.
F n;41 ¼ P0 εn ðiÞn kr;1 J n ðr 4 kr;1 Þ; ð58cÞ
Because in previous studies, sound transmission through viscoelas-
tic material shells has not been investigated, to validate this research, a
P0 εn ðiÞn kr;1  
F n;71 ¼ J n1 ðr 4 kr;1 Þ  J nþ1 ðr 4 kr;1 Þ ; ð58dÞ comparison has been done with the results of researches who have
21 ð  kz;1 VÞ2 investigated the TL of the isotropic cylinder. For this reason, an alu-
In Eq. (57), the unknowns can be calculated simultaneously and in minum cylinder, which has been studied in previous studies by Koval
terms ofP0 , will be derived. [29] and Zhou et al. [36] by applying thin shell theory, is evaluated.
The comparison is performed for a xed incidence angle at  ¼ 45°
3. Description of sound transmission loss and various Mach numbers and the following conditions should be
satised:
Generally, transmission loss means the accumulated reduction in
waveform energy intensity since the propagation of the wave is out- (I) The parameter of the power index m in Eq. (15) should be con-
ward from the source, or since it propagates across a specied type sidered zero and ϕ should be equal to one which means poly-
of structure or a specied area. It expresses the ratio between the meric foam core to be completely homogeneous.
power of incidence acoustic and the power transmitted (II) The parameters of  and T should be equal to zero, which means
[30,31,40–42,62,63]. The TL measurement scale is in dB and can be eliminating the viscous part constant of relaxation time
calculated by applying the below formula:
  Due to the lack of studies on the transmission loss of sandwich
1 shells with polymeric foam cores, the results obtained from the present
TLð Þ ¼ 10log10 ; ð59Þ
G work are compared with the results of other researchers in the eld of
where transmission loss of isotropic shells. For this purpose, three studies
  published by Magniez et al. [62], Ghinet et al. [65], Parrinello et al.
W T ðÞ [7], and Bliss have been considered. In order to bring the polymeric
Gð Þ ¼ ; ð60Þ
W I ð Þ foam core closer to the isotropic, the α must be equal to 1, the power

8
A. Tarkashvand et al. Composite Structures 259 (2021) 113438

Fig. 3. Mode convergence diagram.

of m must be equal to 0, and the Λ must be equal to 1. The structure be seen, in low frequency or in the stiffness control regionðf < f R Þ,
studied by Magniez consists of three isotropic aluminum shells structure with polymeric foam core is better acoustic isolation than
ðE ¼ 69GPa;  ¼ 2768kg=m3 ;  ¼ 0:3;  ¼ 0:05Þ. According to this, in the structure with FGM core. This phenomenon can be attributed to
this study, to exhibits the developed code accuracy, it is assumed that the fact that the polymeric foam core provides greater exural stiffness
three layers are composed of aluminum with an outer radius of for the structure. Also, in high frequency or coincidence control
r 4 ¼ 2:164m and thicknessesh1 ¼ h2 ¼ h3 ¼ 1mm. Also, it is consid- regionðf > f coin Þ, shell with polymeric foam is improved the sound
ered that surrounding the shell in both inner and outer media, to be transmission loss level and this improvement can be attributed to
air with 1 , 3 ¼ 1:284kg=m3 and c1 , c3 = 340 m/s. It has also sup- the viscoelastic properties of this type of material. As an overall con-
posed that the incidence angle is  ¼ 45 . As shown in Fig. 4, the clusion, it can be said that for the design of a sandwich structure adja-
obtained results have been validated with those presented by Magniez cent to the sound, sandwich shells with a polymeric foam core are
et al. [62], and an excellent agreement is observed. Especially, in the suggested because they are less weighty.
dips of frequency (ring (f r ), critical (f c ), and coincidence (f coin )) are
completely similar. However, some discrepancies are observed. 4.3. Effect of thickness
Because Magniez et al. [62] applied the FSDT for obtaining governing
equations. The FSDT assumes that displacement across the cylinder Fig. 7 shows the effects of different thicknesses of foam core for the
thickness is linear. Moreover, it ignores the normal stress in the thick- wave propagation of the sandwich shell. For this analysis, four various
ness direction. thicknesses (2.5, 5, 10, and 20 mm) are considered. It is assumed that

In continue, another comparison was made with Ghinet et al. and Par- the sound wave hits the outer surface of the outer shell, at a 45 angle.
rinello et al., Which is shown in Fig. 5. As can be seen, by comparison of As can be seen in Fig. 6, at low frequenciesðf < f R Þ, an increase in core
these two studies, a good Conformity is attained. Although, minor differ- thickness has caused an increase in sound transmission loss. This is
ences can be observed between these works, which is since the displace- because increasing the thickness results in increased structural stiff-
ment eld in Ghinet et al. [65] study have dened with the Mindlin ness. At high frequencies, due to the decrease in the coincidence fre-
model. It should be mentioned that this model implies a variation of lin- quency due to the increase in thickness, the sound transmission is
ear displacement through the direction of thickness. Thus, shear strain increased. As a general result, it can be said that by doubling the
and stress in the shell thickness direction are not considered properly. thickness, the sound transmission loss across the whole of the fre-
Also, it is assumed that normal stress in the thickness direction is ignored quency band, 6 dB increases.
completely. Besides, Parrinello et al. [7] have used a nite element
method to solve the problem, which is why the difference is obvious. 4.4. Effects of power index

4.2. Comparison between two structures with FGM and FGV cores Fig. 8 display the changes in the mechanical properties of the mod-
ulus of elasticity and density along the shell thickness for different
Fig. 6 demonstrates the sound transmission loss comparison amounts of the power index and minimal relative density. As the
between two sandwich shells with FGM and polymeric foam cores. power index increases, Young's modulus and the density decrease as
The data listed in Tables 1 and 2 are used for this analysis. As can they have the highest value for m ¼ 0 and the lowest value for innity.

9
A. Tarkashvand et al. Composite Structures 259 (2021) 113438

Fig. 4. Comparison of TL for a triple-layer cylinder made of aluminum between present study and the published work by Magniez et al. [62].

Fig. 5. Sound transmission loss evaluation between the results of present study, Ghinet et al. [65], and Parrinello et al. [7].

10
A. Tarkashvand et al. Composite Structures 259 (2021) 113438

Fig. 6. Sound transmission loss comparison between two sandwich shells with FGM and polymeric foam cores.

Table 1
The geometrical and sandwich cylindrical shell and simulation conditions used in the study.

Material (uid) Internal medium Inner layer Outer layer External medium
Air Aluminum Steel Air

Density (kg/m3) 1.29 2768 8100 1.29

Young’s modulus (GPa) – 69 190 –
Poisson’s ratio – 0.3 0.265 –
Sound speed (m/s) 340 – – 340
Inner radius (m) – r 1 ¼ 2:699 r 3 ¼ 2:7995 –
Outer radius (m) – r 2 ¼ 2:6995 r 4 ¼ 2:8 –
Thickness (mm) – 0.5 0.5 –
Incidence angles (deg)  ¼45°

Table 2
Material properties of FGV core.
 
Material Type  s kg=m3  g G1 ðGPaÞ K 0 ðMPaÞ T ϕ

Elastic 1 600 – 0 2000 4000 – –

FG 1 600 0.65 1 2000 4000 – –
Viscoelastic 0.5 600 – 0 2000 4000 0.003 0
FGV 0.5 600 0.65 1 2000 4000 0.003 0.7

Besides, for these two values (m ¼ 0andm ¼ 1), the core is isotropic 4.5. Effects of relaxation time
and properties are the same in the thickness of direction. In other
words, the core is a form of an isotropic viscoelastic material. Accord- Fig. 10 exhibits the effect of time relaxation on the transmission
ing to the description of Fig. 8, the effects of the power index (m) on loss of the sandwich shell with the polymeric foam core. This gure
the sound transmission loss of a sandwich cylinder with a polymeric compares TL for three different relaxation times ð ¼ 0:03; 0:003;
foam core are shown in Fig. 9. Here, the radius and thickness of the and 0:0003Þ with data listed in Tables 1 and 2. If ¼ 0, the structure
components are assumed to be constant and the angle of incidence with polymeric foam core will lose its viscous properties. Fig. 10 shows
that with increasing the relaxation time, before the ring frequency

of the wave is considered 45 . As a result, the transmission loss across
the whole frequency band has decreased. Because the power index (f < f R ), TL is increased, which is due to the increment of the viscose
decreases the mechanical properties of Young's modulus and density properties in the structure, because, in the lower frequency, the ampli-
along with the thickness of the structure tude of the wave is large. However, in the frequency range between

11
A. Tarkashvand et al. Composite Structures 259 (2021) 113438

Fig. 7. Effects of different thicknesses of foam core on sound transmission across the sandwich shell.

Fig. 8. The variation of Young's modulus and density in the radius direction for different amounts of the power index and minimal relative density.

12
A. Tarkashvand et al. Composite Structures 259 (2021) 113438

Fig. 9. Effect of power index on sound transmission through the sandwich cylindrical shell.

Fig. 10. Effect of time relaxation on the sound transmission loss of the sandwich shell with the polymeric foam core.

13
A. Tarkashvand et al. Composite Structures 259 (2021) 113438

ring frequency and critical frequency (mass control region), TL has not tion on the mechanical behavior of the structure. In Fig. 13, according
changed, and this is because the relaxation time does not affect the to power‐law, exponential, and trigonometric volume fraction laws,
mass, but after ring frequency (f R < f ), as the relaxation time the changes of Young's modulus and density in the radial direction
increases, the TL decreases and this is because the amplitude of vibra- are displayed. It should be mentioned that the variation of the
tions is lower at higher frequencies. power‐law volume fraction is drawn in Fig. 8. From the comparison
between in these Figs, it can be found that the structure designed
4.6. Effects of minimal relative density (α) according to exponential volume fraction law provides a higher den-
sity and stiffness. The effective material properties of the polymeric
Fig. 11 demonstrates the effect of minimal relative density on the foam core at any arbitrary radius by exponential and trigonometric
TL of the sandwich shell with the polymeric foam core. The range of volume fraction laws are expressed as [66,67]:
 is between 0 to 1. Fig. 11 shows that with increasing , TL in the fre-  m
ra  r2
quency range is improved, because increasing  intensies the modu- V ðr Þ ¼  þ ð1  Þexp 1  ; ð66aÞ
h2
lus of elasticity and density (See Fig. 8).
 m
ra  r2
4.7. Effects of edge materials (ϕ) V ðr Þ ¼  þ ð1  Þsin2 1  ; ð66bÞ
h2
Fig. 12 demonstrates the effect of edge material (ϕ) on the propaga- The effects of the different volume fractions on the sound transmis-
tion of a wave from a sandwich shell with a polymeric foam core. For sion of a sandwich cylindrical shell with a polymeric core are dis-
played in Fig. 14. The results show polymeric foam made according

this analysis, assuming that the angle of incidence sound wave is 45 ,
different coefcients of Edge material 0.6, 0.7, 0.85, and 1 are consid- to exponential volume fraction law in comparison with forms of
ered. As the Edge material coefcient increases, the foam approaches power‐law and trigonometric is better sound insulation. This reduction
open‐cell form the closed‐cell form. In other words, for ϕ ¼ 1 the foam in sound transmission across the structure can be attributed to the
is open‐cell. As can be seen in Fig. 12, by increasingϕ, TL is increased. increase in stiffness and density.
As a result, the performance of open‐cell foam in reduction and absorp-
tion of sound due to their permeability is better than closed‐cell foam. 4.9. Strain energy analysis
In the structure with open‐cell construction, the waves of sound are
allowed to interact with the membranes of residual and this causes In continue, energy dissipated and energy stored by polymeric
some of the sound to be absorbed because energy is dumped. foam core sandwich shell will be investigated. For a structure with vis-
coelastic materials construction, part of the energy is stored and
4.8. The effects of the different volume fractions another part is dissipated. The stored part is known as strain energy.
It should be mentioned, for elastic materials, the dissipated part of
Polymeric foams are new materials whose properties vary in the the energy is negligible. Since the strain energy is the result of the
thickness direction. The material distribution can be altered according structural deformation, thus in structures under large deformation is
to the requirement, and it is dened by volume fraction power laws. stored more strain energy. For each layer per unit length, the strain
Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the effect of material distribu- energy is as follows [62]:

Fig. 11. effect of minimal relative density on the TL of the sandwich shell with the polymeric foam core.

14
A. Tarkashvand et al. Composite Structures 259 (2021) 113438

Fig. 12. Effect of Edge material (ϕ) on the propagation of a wave from a sandwich shell with a polymeric foam core.

 Z 1 Z 2 Z r 3 
1 1 5. Conclusion
U¼ Re f gT fɛ g rdrddz ; ð67aÞ
2 2 0 0 r1 þ
In this paper, a novel method based on the viscoelastic and FG
Where
materials model was proposed to investigate the vibroacoustic behav-
f g ¼ f zz ;   ;  rr ;  r ;  rz ;  z gT ; ð68Þ ior of a sandwich cylindrical shell lined with foam material. The struc-
ture was stimulated by an oblique sound wave while immersed in the
And
uid. The structure was composed of two isotropic shells as inner (alu-
fɛ g ¼ fɛ zz ; ɛ ; ɛrr ; ɛr ; ɛ rz ; ɛ z gT ; ð69Þ minum) and outer (steel) layers and a polymeric foam layer as the
inner core. The inner core was considered in open‐cell foam and
Fig. 15 represents the comparison between strain energy for all
closed‐cell foam form. A laminate model was used to obtain the equa-
three outer, inner, and core layers. It can be seen that the strain
tions of motion of the foam core. It was assumed that the foam poly-
energy of the outer layer is higher than the other layers because
meric core consisted of an innite number of viscoelastic isotropic
the deformation is more in the outer layers at low frequencies.
layers, while the properties of the adjacent layer were different. In
Besides, the deformation of the inner layer is greater than the defor-
other words, mechanical properties such as the shear moduli, complex
mation of the core, the strain energy of the inner layer is greater than
Young’s, and the density were dependent on the frequency. Consider-
that of the core. This can be attributed to the fact that at low fre-
ing the effects of shear and rotation, the equations of motion of each
quencies, the deformation of the outer and inner layers is in the same
layer were obtained using three‐dimensional elasticity theory. Zener's
phase [62,68]. In other words, these two shells vibrate in the same
mathematical model was then used to describe the viscoelastic behav-
phase. Therefore, it causes the deformation of the core to be very
ior of each layer. Using Hamilton’s decomposition, the equation of
small. However, as can be seen in Fig. 15, the strain energy for the
motion of each layer was divided into two separate wave equations
internal foam core is increased at high frequencies. Because at higher
(shear and pressure), and by solving each of these equations separately
frequencies than the coincidence frequency, the outer and inner lay-
and replacing the boundary conditions, the displacement and stress
ers vibrate in the opposite phase, this increases the deformation of
eld was founded.
the polymeric foam core.
To investigate the acoustic treatment of the sandwich shell, the
The strain energy is separated into compression and shear terms. In
effect of various mechanical parameters of the foam core, such as Edge
the strain energy of polymeric foam core, the contributions of com-
material fraction, power index, relaxation time, relative density ()
pression and shear are demonstrated in Fig. 16. This gure exhibits
were examined, and the following results were obtained:
that the term shear has a signicant contribution to the strain energy
of this type of core. Given that the shells are vibrating in the phase‐in
a) By increasing the value of edge material fraction from zero to
range of low‐frequency, the inuence of the compression term is more
one, the foam was changed from closed‐cell foam mode to
than the shear term. Although, in a range of higher frequency, vibrat-
open‐cell foam mode, which was increased the sound transmis-
ing out of phase will increase the inuence of the term of shear. On the
sion loss. As a general result, open‐cell foam materials perform
contrary, the compression and shear terms, for elastic materials have
better in controlling and absorbing sound than closed‐cell foam
almost similar contributions in strain energy.
materials.

15
A. Tarkashvand et al. Composite Structures 259 (2021) 113438

Fig. 13. The variation of Young's modulus and density in the radius direction for different amounts of the power index and minimal relative density. (a)
Exponential volume fraction law. (b) Trigonometric (Sinusoidal) volume fraction law.

16
A. Tarkashvand et al. Composite Structures 259 (2021) 113438

Fig. 14. The effect of variations of volume fraction on sound transmission loss through the sandwich cylinder with polymeric foam core.

Fig. 15. Contributions of the strain energy for the inner and outer shells and, polymeric foam core.

17
A. Tarkashvand et al. Composite Structures 259 (2021) 113438

Fig. 16. Contributions of compression and shear in the strain energy for the polymeric foam core.

b) As the amount of power index was increased, the mechanical 2 2

2 ¼ 2
 k2z ; 2 ¼  k2z ðA5Þ
properties of Young's modulus and density were decreased ðμ1 Þ ðμ2 Þ2
through the thickness of the structure. As a result, sound trans-
where the six parameters; An ; Bn ; Cn ; Dn ; E n and F n are unknowns and
mission loss was decreased in the whole of the frequency
g 1 ðr Þ, g 2 ðr Þare dened by the following terms [45,46].
region.
c) By growing the minimal relative density, density and modulus g r ðr Þ  g  ðr Þ ¼ 2g 1 ðr Þ ðA6Þ
of elasticity were increasing, as a result, TL in all frequency
range was enhanced. g r ðr Þ þ g  ðr Þ ¼ 2g 2 ðr Þ ðA7Þ
d) The results showed that an increase in the relaxation time led to
The property of the gauge invariance [45,46,68–70] has been uti-
an increase in the stiffness of the structure and a decrease in the
lized to eliminate two of the integration constants entering Eqs. (7).
structural dumping, so it was increasing the loss of sound trans-
It may be shown that any of three potentials, g z ðr Þ; g r ðr Þ  g  ðr Þ
mission at low frequencies and decreasing the loss of sound
andg r ðr Þ þ g  ðr Þ, can be set equal to zero, without loss of the generality
transmission at high frequencies.
of solution. If g r ðr Þ þ g  ðr Þ ¼ 0 one obtains g r ðr Þ ¼ g  ðr Þ ¼ g 1 ðr Þ
thereforeHn ¼ Qn ¼ 0.

Declaration of Competing Interest

Appendix B. .
The authors declare that they have no known competing nancial
The functionsur;n ðr Þ, u;n ðrÞ and uz;n ðrÞ are expressions of the dis-
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to inu-
placement components in radial, circumferential, and axial directions.
ence the work reported in this paper.

0 0
n n
Appendix A. . ur;n ðr Þ ¼ Z n ðr ÞAn þ Sn ðr ÞBn þ Z :n ðr ÞCn þ S: ðr ÞDn
r r n
 ik1z Z :nþ1 ðr ÞEn  ik1z S:nþ1 ðr ÞF n ; ðB1Þ
The expressions of the radial components f ðrÞand g  ðrÞð ¼ r; ; zÞ are
followed: n n 0 0
u;n ðrÞ ¼  Z :n ðr ÞAn  S:n ðr ÞBn  Z n ðr ÞCn  Sn ðr ÞDn
f ðr Þ ¼ An Z n ðr Þ þ Bn Sn ðr Þ ðA1Þ r r
 ik1z Z :nþ1 ðr ÞE n  ik1z S:nþ1 ðr ÞF n ; ðB2Þ
g z ðr Þ ¼ Cn Z n ðr Þ þ Dn Sn ðr Þ ðA2Þ
uz;n ðrÞ ¼ ik1z Z :n ðr ÞAn  ik1z S:nþ1 ðr ÞBn
2g 1 ðr Þ ¼ 2E n Z nþ1 ðr Þ þ 2F n Snþ1 ðr Þ ðA3Þ  
0 nþ1 :
 Z nþ1 ðr Þ þ Z nþ1 ðr Þ E n
r
2g 2 ðr Þ ¼ 2Hn Z n1 ðr Þ þ 2Qn Sn1 ðr Þ ðA4Þ  
0 nþ1 :
Z n and Sn are nth order Bessel functions or Hankel functions. More-  Snþ1 ðr Þ þ Snþ1 ðr Þ F n ;
r
over, and  are:

18
A. Tarkashvand et al. Composite Structures 259 (2021) 113438

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