X- CH -5 LIFE PROCESSES-TRANSPORTATION AND EXCRETION NOTES

VELAMMAL VIDYALAYA ALAPAKKAM
STD: X SUBJECT: BIOLOGY
CH -5 LIFE PROCESSES - NOTES
TRANSPORTATION
Transportation in Human Beings:
Circulatory system helps to transport blood to various parts of the body to ensure the
supply of nutrients and oxygen to these parts and remove carbon dioxide and
metabolic wastes.
The circulatory or transport system in human beings consists of:
• A pumping organ—a muscular heart

• Blood vessels—Arteries ,veins,capillaries
• Circulating medium—Blood and lymph
Steps in circulation of blood:
• The relaxed thin-walled upper chamber of the heart on the left, the left
atrium, receives oxygen- rich blood from the lungs through the
pulmonary vein.
• The left atrium contracts and transfers blood to the left ventricle.
• The left ventricle contracts and sends the oxygen-rich blood through
aorta to the various parts of the body.
• De-oxygenated blood from the various parts of the body is transported
by vena cava to the relaxed right upper chamber of the heart called the
right atrium.
• The right atrium contracts and transfers blood to the right ventricle.
• The right ventricle pumps de-oxygenated blood for oxygenation to the
lungs through pulmonary artery.
• Ventricles have thicker muscular walls than atrium as they have to pump
blood into various organs.
Role of valves: Valves ensure that blood does not flow backwards when the atria or
ventricles contract.
Significance of separation of right and left side of the heart: It is useful to prevent
mixing of oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood. It also allows a highly efficient
supply of oxygen to the body. It is useful for animals that have high energy needs,
such as birds and mammals, which constantly use energy to maintain their body
temperature.
Types of heart:
Fishes have a two chambered heart. Blood pumped by heart gets oxygenated by
gills and passes directly to the rest of the body. This is called single circulation.
Amphibians and reptiles have three- chambered hearts and tolerate some mixing
of the oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood. Birds and mammals have four
chambered heart. Blood goes through the heart twice during each cycle in them.
This is known as double circulation.
Types of Blood Vessels
Arteries Veins
(i) Carry blood from heart to various organs (i)Carry blood from various organs
of the body. of body to the heart.
(ii) Carry oxygenated blood from the heart (ii) Carry de-oxygenated blood from
except the pulmonary artery. various organs except the pulmonary vein.
(iii) Have thick and elastic walls. (iii) Have thin non-elastic walls.
(iv) Valves are absent. (iv) Valves are present.

(v) Blood flows under high pressure. (v) Blood flows under low pressure.
Capillaries: The smallest vessels have walls which are one-cell thick and are called
capillaries. Their thin wall helps in exchange of material between the blood and
surrounding cells. Veins are formed when the capillaries join together.
Role of blood platelets: Platelet cells circulate around the body in the blood and
help in the clotting of blood when blood flows out during injury or cut.
Lymph or Tissue fluid: It is formed by the plasma, proteins and blood cells which
escape into the intercellular spaces in the tissues through the pores present in the
walls of the capillaries. Lymph is similar to the plasma of blood but colourless and
contains less protein. It also carries digested and absorbed fat from intestine and
drains excess fluid from extra cellular space back into the blood. Lymph enters the
lymphatic capillaries which join to form large lymph vessels that finally open into
larger veins.
Transportation in Plants:
Two main conducting pathways in plants are:

(i) Xylem and
(ii) Phloem
(i) Xylem: It carries water and minerals from the roots to other parts of the plants.
(ii) Phloem: It carries products of photosynthesis from leaves to the other parts of
the plant.
Transport of Water and Minerals
(i) By root pressure: The cells of root in contact with soil actively take up ions which
creates a difference in ion concentration between the root and the soil. Water moves
into the root from the soil to eliminate this difference, creating a column of water that
is steadily pushed upwards.
(ii) By transpiration pull: Loss of water from stomata by transpiration gets replaced
by the xylem vessels in the leaf which creates a suction to pull water from the xylem
cells of the roots. This strategy is used during day time and helps to transport water
to the highest points of the plant body.
Transpiration and its roles: The loss of water in the form of vapour from the aerial
parts of the plant is known as transpiration.
It helps in
(i) absorption and upward movement of water and minerals.
(ii) temperature regulation by cooling the leaf surface.
Transport of food and other substances:
Translocation is the transport of soluble products of photosynthesis through

phloem.
Sucrose is transferred into sieve tubes of phloem via the companion cells using
energy from ATP. This increases the osmotic pressure inside the sieve tubes which
causes movement of water into the sieve tubes from the adjacent xylem. This
pressure helps in translocation of material in the phloem to tissues which have less
pressure.
EXCRETION
Excretion: Removal of metabolic wastes from the body is called as excretion.
Excretion in Unicellular organisms: Many unicellular organisms remove metabolic

wastes from the body surface into the surrounding water by simple diffusion.
Excretion in Human Beings:
Excretory system of human beings includes:

(i) A pair of Kidneys
(ii) A Urinary Bladder
(iii) A pair of Ureters
(iv) A Urethra
The purpose of making urine is to filter out waste product from the blood i.e., urea
which is produced in the liver. Each kidney has large numbers of filtration units called
nephrons.
The urine formation involves three steps.
(i) Glomerular filtration: Nitrogenous wastes, glucose water, amino acid filter from
the blood in blood capillaries into Bowman Capsule of the nephrons.
(ii) Selective reabsorption: Some substances in the initial filtrate, such as glucose,
amino acids, salts and a major amount of water are selectively reabsorbed back by
capillaries surrounding the nephrons.
(iii) Tubular secretion: Some ions like K+, H+, etc. are secreted into the tubule which
opens up into the collecting duct.
Urine produced in the kidneys passes through collecting duct into the ureters.
Ureters takes urine into the urinary bladder where it is stored until it is released
through the urethra. Release of urine is under nervous control.
Excretion in Plants:
Excess oxygen and carbon dioxide removed through stomata. Excess water
removed by transpiration through stomata.
Plant waste products are also removed by:
• Storage in cellular vacuoles

• Storage in leaves that fall off
• Storing as resins and gums in old xylem
• By excreting into the soil around them.

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VELAMMAL VIDYALAYA ALAPAKKAM

STD: X SUBJECT: BIOLOGY

CH -5 LIFE PROCESSES - NOTES

Transportation in Human Beings:

• A pumping organ—a muscular heart

Steps in circulation of blood:

Types of Blood Vessels

(iv) Valves are absent. (iv) Valves are present.

Two main conducting pathways in plants are:

Transport of Water and Minerals

Transport of food and other substances:

Translocation is the transport of soluble products of photosynthesis through

Excretion: Removal of metabolic wastes from the body is called as excretion.

Excretion in Unicellular organisms: Many unicellular organisms remove metabolic

Excretion in Human Beings:

Excretory system of human beings includes:

The urine formation involves three steps.

• Storage in cellular vacuoles

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