ksnkaOkh 10

b;sydih - 10 fY%aKsh

10' Y%S ,xldj yd ngysr f,dalh

10'1 mD;=.Siska wdishdjg meñKSu

10’2 mD;=.Siska meusKs wjosfha YS% ,xldfjz foaYmd,k ;;ajh
10’3 YS% ,xldj yd ,xfoaiska

10'1 mD;=.Siska wdishdjg meñKSu

 wdishdj yd hqfrdamh w;r fj<o ud¾. 3 ls'

1 fldkaia;ka;sfkdam,a k.rfha isg m¾ishdj uOH wdishdj yryd
Ökh olajd jeà ;snq f.dvìï udj;
2 fldkaia;ka;sfkdam,a isg uOHOrKS uqyqo Tiafia ñirh r;= uqyqo
yryd bkaoshdkq id.rhg
3 fldkaia;ka;sfkdam,a isg ne.avE.a m¾ishka fndlal yryd
bkaoshdfõ ngysr fjr<g

 f.dvìï NdKav m%jdykh

o ;j,ï Ndú;d úh'

o uOH;k hq.h jkúg wdishdkq fj<odfï taldêldrh uqia,sñ
cd;sh i;= úh'
o uqia,sïjre wdishdfõ l=tZ nvq we;=¨ NdKav tla /ia lr
hqfrdamshkag úlsKsfuka wêl ,dN ,eìh'
o by; ud¾. ;=ku fldkaia;ka;sfkdam,h yd iïnkaO úh'
o 1453 oS bia,dïjre ^;=¾lsjre& fuu k.rh hg;a lr .;a ksid
wdishd yd hqfrdamd w;r idïm%odhsl fj<odug myr jeoqKs'
1
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 uqyqoq NdKav m%jdykh

o keõ Ndú; úh'

o fldkaia;ka;sfkdam,h iïnkaO lrf.k uqyqo Tiafia o ud¾.
;snqKs'
 fldkaia;ka;sfkdam,h bia,dïjre i;= úu ksid hqfrdamsh
l%sia;shdkqjkag úYd, mdvqjla úh'
 uqia,sïjre wdishdfõ l=tZ nvq ñ, by, kexúu, NdKav ys.hla
we;s lsrßu, l<g fj,djg NdKav fkdoSu ksid hqfrdamshkag
oqIalr;d we;s úh'
 hqfrdamShka ld,dka;rhl isg wdishd;sl l=tZ nvq mrßfNdackhg
yqre ú isáhy'
 l=reoZq $ .ïñrßia we;=¨ l=tZ nvq ioyd hqfrdamsh fj<ofmdf<a fydoZ
b,a¨ula ;snqKs'
 ishtZ fj<o ud¾. bia,dïjre hgf;a ;snq ksid hqfrdamshka
wdishdjg meñKsug ud¾. fijqy'
 fuysoS mD;=.Sisyq fmruqfKa isáhy'

 mD;=.Siska
 uõ rg mD;=.d,hhs' ^hqfrdamfha whsîrßhka w¾Ooaùmfha msysá
rgls&
 w;a,dka;sla id.rhg uqyqK ,d msysàu'
 úfoaY ino;d uqyqoq ud¾.fhka isoq úu'
 iuqø lghq;=j, ksmK q ;ajhla ;sîu'

 15 jk ishjfiaos fykars l=udrhd ^kdjql fykarß& foaY

.fõIKhg Wkkaoq úh'
 mD;=.d,fha kdúl úoHd,hla ;snqKs'
 tys kdúl Ys,amh, is;shï úoHdj, ;drld Ydia;%h b.ekaúh'
 wdishdjg kj uqyqoq ud¾.hla fiúfïoS mD;=.Siska bosrßfhka úh'
 1498 - jiafldao .dud wms%ldjg .uka fldg bkaoshdfõ
le,slÜj,g meñKsu'
 fuh wdishdfõ hqfrdamd n, jHdma;sfha wdrïNhhs'
 miqj ,kafoais," bx.%Sis, m%xY hk hqfrdamSfhda ;u n,h wdishdjg
2

me;srùh'
Page
 hqfrdamshka wdishdjg meñKsfï wruqKq
 wd¾Ól jdis ,nd .eksu'
 wd.u m%pdrh lsrsu'
 cd;Hka;r lS¾;sh oskd .eksu'

 mD;=.Siska wdishdjg meñKsfï wruqKq

 wd¾Ól jdis ,nd .eksu'
 frdaudKq lf;da,sl wd.u m%pdrh

 mD;=.Siska meñfKk úg wdishd fj<o taldêldrh uqia,sïjreka i;=h'

 jiafldao .dud fmros.g meñKsfï wruqK jYfhka m%ldY lr we;af;a
le,slÜj,g meñKs miq “ls%ia;shdkska iy l=tZ nvq fidhd meñKsfhuq“
hkakhs'
 fojk lKavdhug ,enqKq Wmfoia kï ,xldfõ fj<o .nvdjla bos
lsrsughs'
 mqclhska mia fofkl=g O¾u m%pdrh ioyd le,slÜys md,lhkaf.ka
wjir .kakd fuka ioyka úh'

10'2 mD;=.Siska meñKs wjêfha Y%S ,xldfõ foaYmd,k ;;ajh

 msysàu jeo.;a uOHia:dkhlh'

 msysàu ksid jdKscuh yd hqOuh jeo.;alula ;snqKs'
 mD;=.Siska fihs,ka f,i yeoskaúh'
 fuys l=reoq fydoZ nj Tjqka oek isáhy'
 1505 ud¾;= fmros. mD;=.Sis m%;srdcHd f,i *%ekaisial+ o w,afïod m;a
lr tjk ,oS'
 Tyqg ,enqKq Wmfoia jqfha fihs,ka fidhd .; hq;= njhs' ^,xldj&
 fudyqf.a mqf;l= jq f,dfrkafidao w,afïod .uka .;a keõ lKavdhula
l=Kdgqjlg wiq ú wyïfnka furgg meñKs nj ioyka fõ'
3
Page

 mD;=.d, rcqf.a wruqK bgq úh'

 mD;=.Siska meñfKk úg ,xldj fldgia ;=kls'
o fldaÜfÜ - 8 jk ùr mrdl%undyq rPq
o hdmkh - mrrdcfialrï rPq
o Wvrg - fiakd iïu; úl%undy rPq

 ksfhdað;hd rcq yuqúug mD;=.Siska /f.k .sfha jx.= iys; oS¾>

ud¾.hla Tiafihs'
 fld<U iy fldaÜfÜ w;r oqr jeä nj ye.ùug fufia lf<ah'
^mrx.shd fldaÜfÜ .shd jf.a&

 úchdnd fld,a,h ^1521&

 8 fjks ùr mrdl%undyq rcqf.a mqf;l= jq 6 fjks úchndyq rcúh'
 fu;=udf.a ìij ñh .sh miq rc;=ud lSrje,af,a ìij kï ;j;a
ìijla irKmdjd .;af;ah'
 wehf.a Wjukdj jqfha wehf.a l,ska újdyfha mq;d jq foajrdcg
rclu ,nd oSuhs'
 fuhg WrK jq 6 fjks úchndyqf.a mq;=ka ;sfokd rcq urd rdcH
meyer .;s'
 fuh 1521 isoq jq úchnd fld,a,hhs'
 fldaÜfÜ - 7 fjks nqjfklndyqg rPqg o, rhs.u - uoaoqu
nKavdr rPqg o, iS;djl - udhdoqkafka rPqg o whs;s jk f,ig
fldaÜfÜ rdcOdksh fldgia flreKs'
 fudjqkag Woõ lf<a tjlg Wvrg md,lhd jq chúr nKavdr h'
 úchndyq rcq urKhg m;a lf<a i,udka keue;a;dh'
 fï ish,af,ka jeä jdis w;ajqfha furg n,h me;srúfï
wfmalaIdfjka isá mD;=.Siskagh'

 YS% ,xldfõ uqyqoqnv m<d;aj, mD;=.Sis n, jHdma;sh

 7 fjks nqjfklndyq rcq yd udhdoqkafka w;r u;fNao we;s úh'
 fya;=j kï fldaÜfÜ rdcHfha wkd.; rdcH Wreuh ms<n s o
m%Yakhhs
 udhdoqkafka rcq fldaÜfÜ rdcHhg wh;a m%foaY lsysmhla w;am;a
lr .ekSug ;e;a lsrßu'
 nqjfklndyqg oqjla ñila ^iuqø foaú& mq;=ka fkd isáfha h'
4

 rK Y+rfhl= jq ùosh nKavdr yd iuqø foaú újdy úh'

Page
  Tjqkag O¾umd, yd úfÊmd, kï mq;=ka fofofkla úh'
 rcqf.a wfmalaIdj jqfha O¾umd, l=ureg rdcH mejrÍuhs'
 fldaÜfÜ .ek wkd.; isysk uejz udhdoqkafka nqjfklndyq rcqf.a
fuu ;SrKhg leu;s fkdùh'
 udhdoqkafkaf.ka fldaÜfÜ rdcHhg ysrsyer fj;ehs is;=
nqjfklndyq ;u wdrlaIdjlg mD;=.Siska leojd .;af;ah'
 uqyqoq nv m%foaYj, mD;=.Sis n,fldgq bos fjkq oelsug uqia,sïjre
leu;s fkdúh'
 wjia:dfjka m%fhdack .;a mD;=.Siska fldaÜfÜ rdcHh ;=, isá
uqia,sïjrekag tfrysg lghq;= lsrsug nqjfklndyq rcq fmd<Ujd
.;af;ah'
 uqia,sïjrekaf.a iydh iS;djl udhdoqkafka rcqg ,enqKs'
 ,xldfõ uqia,sïjrekaf.a b,a,su u; bkaoshdfõ le,slÜj,
md,lhd jq iefudrska mD;=.Siskag tfrys m%ydr ioyd udhdoqkafka
rcqg kdúl iydh ,nd oqkafka h'
 iefudrskaf.a wdOdrfhka udhdoqkafka mD;=.Siskag myr oqkay'
 mD;=.Siska i;=j mej;s kdúl yd wú n,h ksid tys
id¾:l;ajfha m%;sM, ,enqfKa mD;=.Siskag h'
 iS;djl yd fldaÜfÜ w;r .egqï we;s úh'
 mD;=.Siska fldaÜfÜ rdcHfha wdrlaIdjg igka l<y'
 mD;=.Siskaf.a hqO úhoï f.úug rcqg isoq úh'
 tfy;a nqjfklndyq mD;=.Sis .e;s md,lfhl= fkdúh'
 mD;=.Sis fjä myrßka 7 jk nqjfklndyq rcq urKhg m;a úh'
^1550 foieïn¾ 29&

fya;=(
o rcq lf;da,sl wd.ug yerúug mD;=.siska .;a W;aidyh ksIaM, úh'
o mD;=.Siska fldaÜfÜ jeishkag b;d wêl ñ,g NdKav úlsKsu'
o fldaÜfÜ ksIamdok wju ñ,g ,nd .ekSu'

 nqjfklndyq rcq Ôj;aj isáhos ;u uqKqnqre O¾umd, l=uref.a

ms<srejla mD;=.d,hg hjd Tgqkq me<oùu'
 mD;=.Sis wdrlaIdj ueoafoa O¾umd, l=ure fldaÜfÜ rc úh'
5
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  O¾umd, rcq mD;=.Sis rElvhla úh'
 lf;da,sl wd.u je<o .eksu'
 fldaÜfÜ jeishkag mD;=.siskaf.ka jk wlghq;=lï je<elaúug
ls%hd fkdlsrßu hk ldrKd ksid Tyqg uyck iydh fkd,eìK'
 ta ksid wdrlaIdj m;d o<odj mjd iS;djlg jevu flrsKs'
 O¾umd, l=ure 1551 - 1597 olajd rc úh'
 rcq kdñl jq w;r kshu md,lhska mD;=.siska úh'
 O¾umd, rcq ;E.s Tmamqjlska ;u rdcHh mD;=.Siskag mejrßh'
 rcqf.a urKska miq fldaÜfÜ md,khg mD;=.Siskag ks;Hdkql+,
whs;shla ,enqKs'

 jSosh nKavdr
 7 jk nqjfklndyq rPqf.a oshKsh - iuqo%foajs
 iuqo%foajshf.a iajdushd - jSosh nKavdr
 fudjqkaf.a mq;d - OrAumd, l=ure

 jSosh nKavdr mD;=.Siskag tfrys jq ldrKd

o md;=.Siska fldagzfgz rPud,s.h fld,a, lEu
o md;=.Siska fldagzfgz jeishkag ysrsyer lsrsu

 md;=.Siska Tyqj w;awvx.=jg f.k fld<U fldgqj ;=< isr lrk ,oS’
 Tyqf.a nsij ryia Wu.Zl wdOdrfhka Tyqj fnzrd .kakd ,os’
 mia fhdoqka fldrf<a me<EoZ m%foaYfha n<fldgqjla ;kd mD;=.Sis jsfrdaOS
igka wdruzN lrk ,os’
 fldagzfgz jeishkaf.a iyh ,enqKs
 md;=.Siskag w,dN ydks isoq jsh
 iS;djl md,lhskag ysirohla jsh
 md;=.Siska yd udhdoqkafka tlaj jSosh nKavdrg myr oqkS’
 jSosh nKavdr Wvrgg m,d .sfha h
6

 miqj hdmkhg .sh w;r tysos we;s jq .egqulos Tyq urKhg m;a jsh’
Page
 iS;djl rdPOdksh

o wdruzNlhd - udhdoqkafka rPq

o mD;=.Sis jsfrdaOs m%;sm;a;shls
o fldagzfgz md,lhkag tfrys igkg msjsiK q d h
o OrAumd, fldagzfgz rP jq miq m%ydr oevs jsh
o 1557 udhdoqkafka ishtZ n,h fhdod myr oqkafkah
o igk widrA:l jsh
o udhdoqkafka fldagzfgz k.rfhka neyer m%foaYj,g myr oqkafkah
o fldagzfgz yd fld<U fldgqjg tljr m%ydr t,a, lf<ah
o gslsrs l=ure yd mD;=.Sis w;r uq,af,arshdfjzos oreKq igkla we;s jsh
o oskla mqrd meje;s igkska mD;=.Sis wka; mrdPhla ,ensh
o mD;=.Sis 1600 ush .shy
o wdishdkq rgl mD;=.Sis ,enq oreKq;u mrdPhhs
o iS;djlska fldagzfgzg jrska jr m%ydr t,a, jsh
o 1565 OrAumd, rPq fld<U fldgqfjz mosxpshg .shd

 1 rdPisxy rPq

o 1581 gslsrs l=ure 1 rdPisxy kuska rP jsh

o lr,sheoafoa nKavdr m,jdyer Wvrg iS;djlg weod .;a;d
o 1582 jk jsg mD;=.Sis n,h fld<U fldgqj we;=tZ m%foaY lsysmhlg
muKla iSud jsh
o iS;djlg rhs.u Wvrg yd fldagzfgz fndafyda m%foaY whs;s jsh
o rPq fld<U fldgqj fojrla jeg,qy

^1& mD;=.Sis wjs n,h yd f.dafjka ,enq wdOdr u; furg rPq

mrdPh jsh
^2& 1587 oS rPq fnfrA jefjz P,h we<la lmd uqyqog niaijd
fldgqjg we;=tZ jSug W;aiyd lf<ah’
o widrA:l jsh
o rPqg m%udKj;a kdjsl Yla;shla fkdjSu;a fya;=
jsh

 Wvrg rPq yd igklska miq wdmiq meusfKk jsg fm;xf.dv Whfka oS

7

WK lgqjla wekSfuka ;=jd, jS urKhg m;a jsh

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  iS;djl rdPOdksh mrsydksh yd nsoZjegsu
o iS;djl md,lhska ksrka;r hqoaOhl kshe,Su
o rdPisxy rPqf.a fn!oaO jsfrdaOs m%;sm;a;sh
o Wvrg hg;a lr .ekSug Wmldr l, jSriqkaor nKavdr uerjSu
ksid Pk;d wm%idohg ,la jSu
o jSriqkaor nKavdrf.a mq;d fldkmamq nKavdr Wvrg rP jSu
o rdPHhg Wreulaldrfhl= fkdisgSu

 iS;djl md,lhska ksid furg mD;=.Sis n,h iSud jsh

 iS;djl mrsydksh;a iu.Zu mD;=.Siska Yla;su;a jsh
 fldagzfgz yd rhs.u weod .kakd ,os
 iS;djl we;euz fmfoia weod .kakd ,os
 uqyqoqnv m%foaY /il n,h msysgqjd .kakd ,os

 hdmkh rdPOdksh
 md,k lghq;= wdrAh pl%jrA;s mrmqrh
 mD;=.i S s meusfKk jsg md,lhd mrrdPfialruz rPqh
 uq,a oYlfha oS mD;=.Sisf.a wjOdkhg hdmkh ,la fkdjSh
 fj<oZ fnda. hdmkfhka fkd,enSu ksid

 ixls,s rPq ^1519-1561&

o mD;=.Sis fj<oZ kejzj,g ndOd jsh
o lf;da,sld.u m%pdrhg ndOd
o 1543 oS mD;=.Siska hdmkh wdl%uKh lsrsu
o rPq hqoaOhlg fkdf.dia lmamuz f.jd iduodk jsh
o mD;=.Sis mqPlfhda hdmkfha lf;da,sld.u m%pdrh wdruzN l<y
o yskaoq mqPlfhda jsreoaO jsh
o rPq ukakdruz m%foaYfha lf;da,sld.u m%pdrhg ndOd lf<a h
o lf;da,sld.u je<oZ .;a whg keje;;a yskaoq wd.u je<oZ .ekSug
ksfhda. lf<ah
o ksfhda.hg msgq mE whg oevs ovqjuz meusK jsh
o ukakdruz m%foaYfha lf;da,sld.u m%pdrhg fuh uy;a ndOdjla jsh
o usIkdrs mqPlhskaf.a b,a,Su jqfha rPqq n,fhka my lrk f,ihss
8

o 1548 oS tu ksid ixls,s rPq udhdoqkafka iu.Z .sjsiqulh t<UqKs

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 o mD;=.Sis jsfrdaOs jSosh nKavdrj ixls,s rPq ms<s .;af;ah
o 1560 mD;=.Sis keje;;a hdmkh wdl%uKh lf<ah
o ixls,s rPq w.kqjr w;yer m,d .sfhah
o ixls,s rPq mD;=.Siskaf.a oevs fldkafoais ms<sf.k keje;;a n,hg m;a
jsh
o tfy;a mD;=.Siska ukakdrfuz wdrlaIl n<fldgqjla bos l<y

 hdmkfha md,lhdg isoZq jq mdvq

o rPqg ie,lsh hq;= N=ushla wysus jsh

o ukakdru wjg uq;= lsusosfuka ,enqKq wdodhu wysus jsh

 mD;=.siska hdmkh foaYmd,khg n<mEuz l<y

 1561 mqjsrdPmKavruz ixls,s mrojd n,h w,a,d .;a;d
 hdmk isxydikhg n, wr., we;s jsh
 1591 mD;=.Sis keje;;a hdmkh wdl%uKh lf<ah
 tosrsudkisxyuz n,hg m;a lf<ah
 mD;=.Siskag wjk; jsh
 Wvrg fikr;a rPqg ol=Kq bkaoshdj iu.Z fj<oZ .Kqfokqj,os Wojz
lf<a h
 1617 hdmk md,lhd ush .sfhah
 h<s;a n, wr., we;s jsh
 rP mjqf,a ixls,s keue;af;la n,h w,a,d .;af;ah

 mD;=.Siska fkdbjiq hdmk md,lhkaf.a l%shd

 Wvrg rPqf.a fj<oZ lghq;=j,g iyh oSu

 ol=Kq bkaoshdkqka iu.Z inoZ;d meje;ajSu

 1619 ms,sma o T,sfjzrd hgf;a mD;=.Sis yuqodjla hdmkhg hjk ,os

 hdmkfha mD;=.Siskag jsreoaOj le/,s we;s jsh
 1621 mD;=.Siska hdmkh hg;a lr .kakd ,os
9
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 hdmkh rdPOdksfha mrsydksh yd nsoZjegsu
o hdmkfha Pk;dj fnoS isgsu
o hdmkhg m%udKj;a ks;H yuqodjla fkdisgsu
o hdmkhg Wvrg fuka iajdNdjsl wdrlaIdjla fkd;snSu

 Wvrg rdPOdksh ;=< mD;=.Sis n,h me;sr jSfuz m%h;ak

 my;rg md,kh mD;=.Sis jsh
 Wvrfgz iajdOSk;ajh /lSu Ndr jqfha Wvrg rdPOdkshgh
 1815 olajd Wv/gshka tu j.lSu bgq flrejd

oka;=frA igk

 fldkmamq nKavdr 1 jsu,OrAuiqrsh kuska Wvrg rPjSug

mD;=.siska jsreoaO jSug fya;=
o mD;=.siskaf.a hqo YS,amh rPq oek isgsu’
o mD;=.siskaf.a fjk;a Wmdh udrA. .ek rPq oek isgsu’
 mD;=.sis ;uka Ndrfha isgs fodak l;rskd rP lrjSug W;aiyd
lf<ah
 1594 mD;=.sis lms;dka Pkrd,a fmfrda f,dfmia o iqid hgf;a
fodak l;rskd Wvrg /PsK jYfhka m;a lrk ,os
 jsfoaYSlhska n,hg m;a l, ;eke;af;la /PsK jYfhka
ms<s.eksug Wv/gsfhda ue<s jqy
 Wv/gsfhda 1 jsu,OrAuiqrsh rPqg iyh ,nd oqks
 1594 Tlaf;danrA j,oS oka;=frA os mD;=.sis yuqod yd Wv/gshka
w;r .egqula we;s jsh
 mD;=.sis mrdPh jq w;r lms;dka Pkrd,a fmfrda f,dfmia o iqid
o urKhg m;a jsh
 fodak l;rskd Wv/gshkaf.a w;a wvx.=jg m;a jsh
 1 jsu,OrAuiqrsh rPq wehj jsjdy lr .kakd ,os
 fuz jsjdyh ksid kj rdPjxYhla nsys jsh
 1 jsu,OrAuiqrsh rPqf.a Ph.%yKhg fya;=
o 1 jsu,OrAuiqrsh rPqf.a hqo WmdhYS,s;ajh
o Wv/gshkaf.a iyh rPqg ,enSu
10

o mD;=.siskaf.a iyhg my;rgska .sh yuqodj Wvrg oS rPqg tl;=

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jSu
n,k igk

 tosrs,af,ard< hgf;a my;rg m%foaYj, mD;=.sis jsfrdaOs

le/,a,la we;s jsh
 fuz le/,a,g Wvrg rPqf.a iyh ,enqKs
 mD;=.siska le/,s kdhl’hka urd oud .uz nsuz .sks ;nuska
le/,slrejka mrdPh lf<a h
 1602 oS wifjzoq wu;r yuqod f.dafjka f.kajd .;af;ah
 wifjzoq Wvrg wdl%uKh lf<a h
 mD;=.Siskag ,.Zd jsh yels jqfha n,k lfmd,a,g muKls
 1 jsu,OrAuiqrsh rPqf.a Wmdhla wkqj i;=re yuqod jgfldg
oreKq m%ydrhla t,a, lf<a h
 mD;=.Siska fjkqfjka igkg f.dia isgs my;/gsfhda o Wvrg
rPqg tl;= jsh
 mD;=.Siska jsYd, msrsila ush .sh w;r mD;=.Siskaf.a wjs wdhqO
Wv/gshka w;g m;a jsh
 fuu mrdPh;a iu.Zu wifjzoq u,ajdk yryd fld<Ug miq neiaid
h’
 miqj mD;=.Siska jrska jr .uznsuzj,g myr oqkay
 1 jsu,OrAuiqrsh rPqg miq n,hg m;a jq fikr;a rPq 1617 oS
mD;=.Siska yd idu .sjsiqulg t<UqKs
 tfy;a th ksis f,i l%shd;aul fkdjsh’

rkafoksj, igk

 1630 oS 600 mD;=.Sis yuqodjla yd 4500 l l=,s yuqodjla iys;j

fldaia;ka;Skq o id f.a kdhl;ajfhka wdl%uKh isoq jsh
 mD;=.Siska noq,a, w,a,d f.k th jskdY lr oeuqfjzh
 uyd wia:dk l=ure Wvrg yuqodjg kdhl;ajh oqkS’
 mD;=.Sisf.a iyhg meusKs my;rg uqo,sjre rPqg tl;= jsh
 wirK jq mD;=.Siska je,a,jdh wi, rkafoksj,g miq neiaidh
 tysos mD;=.Siska 350 muK ush .sfha h
11

 fldaia;ka;Skq o id mjd urKhg m;a jsh

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 .kafkdarej igk

 1638 oS mD;=.Sis fikam;s jq osfhdaf.da o fuzf,da leiaf;%da hgf;a

keje;;a Wvrg wdl%uKh lf<a h
 1000 l mD;=.Sis yuqodjla yd 1000l l=<s yuqodjla iu.Z
uykqjr k.rhg we;=tZ jsh
 11 rdPisxy rPq WmdhYS,sj k.rfhka bj;a jsh’
 rPqf.a yuqod mD;=.Sisyq jg l<y
 .kafkdarefjzos igk we;s jsh
 mD;=.Sisyq wka; mrdPhla ,enqy
 osfhdaf.da o fuzf,da mjd ush .sfha h
 mD;=.Siskaf.a Wvrg wjika wdl%uKhhs

 Wvrg n,h ,nd .ekSug mD;=.Siska t,a, l< ishtZ wdl%uK

wdidrA:l jSug;a Wvrg rdPOdksh wdrlaId jSug;a n,mE fya;=’’

o Wvrg Pk;dj iEu jsgu rPQg iyh oSu
o mD;=.Siska fjkqfjka igka lsrsug .sh my;/gshka Wvrg
oS rPqg tl;= jSu
o Wv/gshkaf.a igka Wml%u yd rPjrekaf.a Wmdh
fl!Y,Hh
o Wvrg rdPOdksfha iajdNdjsl msysgsu

jrAIh Wvrg rcq mD;=.Sis yuqodj fufyhjQ igk is\q jQ

;eke;a;d ia:dkh
1594 I jk jsu,OrAuiQrsh rc;=ud fma frda f,da fmaia o iQid oka;=frA
1602 I jk jsu,OrAuiQrsh rc;=ud fodka fcfrdksfuda o wifjz\q n,k
1630 fikr;a rc;=ud ^igk fldkaia;ka;skQ o id rkafoksj,
fufyhjSu uyd wdia:dk l=ure -
miqj II rdcisxy rcq jsh&
1638 II rdcisxy rc;=ud osfhdaf.da o fuzf,da l%eiaf;%da .kafkdrej
12
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 10’3 YS% ,xldj yd ,xfoaiska

,xfoaiska

o ujz rg Tz,kaohhs
o 17 jk ishjfiaos ,xfoaiska fmros.Zg wdy
o 1602 oS ,xfoaiska fj<oZ iud.uz lsysmhla tl;= fldg tla fj<oZ
iud.ula msysgqjk ,os
o th fmros. Tz,kao fj<oZ iud.u jsh ^VOC&

 ,xfoaiska fmros.g meusKsfuz m%Odk wruqK

o ,dN bmhSu

 ,xfoaiskaf.a fmros. uOHia:dkh

o Pdjd oqmf;a - n;djsh
o b;d fydoZ j._fha l=reoq $ .uzusrsia iys; ,xldj flfrys
,xfoaiskaf.a wjOdkh fhduq jsh
o 1602 oS ,xfoaiS oQ;fhl= jq fPdrsia jEka iams,anrAPka furgg
meusK 1 jsu,OrAuiQrsh rPq yuq jSu
o miqj isn,a o jrAgz kuz ;j;a oQ;fhl= rPq yuq jSu
o fuu oQ; .uka widrA:l jsh
o forg w;r M,odhs inoZ;d wdruzN jqfha 11 rdPisxy rPq ojih
o 11 rdPisxy rPqg mD;=.Siska furgska m,jd yersug Wjukd jsh
o m%udKj;a kdjsl n,hla rPqg fkd;snQKs
o rPq ,xfoaiskaf.a iyh n,dfmdfrd;a;= jsh
o fomsrsi w;r isoq jq ,sms yqjudrej, m%;sM,hla f,i rPqg iyh
oSug ,xfoaiska leue;s jsh
o 1638 oS fomsrsfia tl.Z;djh u; uvl,mqfjz mD;=.Sis
n,fldgqjg myr oqks ^,xfoais kdjsl yuqod wKfok ks<Odrs
fjiagrAj,avz yd ,xld oQrA;hka&
o n,j;a igklg fmr mD;=.Siska hg;a jsh
o i;=gg m;a rPq yd ,xfoaiska .sjsiqula w;aika lf<a h
13
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 1638 Wvrg ,xfoaiska .sjsiqfuz uq,sl wruqKq
^1& mD;=.i S ska furgska m,jd yerSug Wvrg rPqg iyh oSug
,xfoaiska tl.Z jSu
^2& ,xfoaiskag jeh jk uqo,a fj<oZ o%jH u.Zska f.jSug rPq tl.Z jSu
^l=reoZq $ .uzusrsia $ uS $ bgs hkdosh&
^3& we;=ka yer Wvrg fiiq fj<oZ o%jH ,nd .ekSu ms<snoZ taldOsldrs
whs;sh ,xfoaiskag ,enSu
^4& mD;=.Siskaf.ka w,a,d .kakd ,o n,fldgqj, rPq woyia lrkafka
kuz ,xfoaiska yuqodj k;r lrjSug tl.Z jSu

o 1638 uvl,mqj n,fldgqj hg;a lr.ekSfuz isg mD;=.Siska furgska

fkrmd yersug wjqreoq 20 la .; jsh
o mD;=.Siska i;=j ;snq n,fldgq ,xfoaiska jsiska w,a,d .kakd ,os
 ;%sl=Kdu,h $ uS.uqj $ .d,a, $ltZ;r $fld<U $ukakdru $hdmkh
o 1658 jk jsg mD;=.Siska furgska fkrmd yrsk ,os
o .sjsiqu wkqj n,fldgqj, ,xfoais yuqod k;r l< yels jqfha rPqf.a
leue;a; u;h
o tfy;a ,xfoaiska th wu;l lruska ;ukag jdisodhl n,fldgq rPqg
Ndr oSfuka je,l=Ks
o rPq yd ,xfoaiska w;r fydoZ ys; mtZoq jsh’

 11 rdPisxy rPq ,xfoaiska furgg leoZjSfuz wruqKq 2 Ls

^1& ,xfoais wdOdr ,ndf.k mD;=.Siska ,xldfjka fkrmSu
^2& mD;=.Siska hgf;a ;snq m%foaY Wvrgg wEodf.k iajdOSk yd ksoyia
,xldjla nsys lsrsu
 m%:u wruqK bgqlr.;a;;a fojk wruqK bgq lr .; fkdyels jsh
 1658 jk jsg rPqf.a Wmdh ksid ,xfoaiskag whs;s jqfha mD;=.Siska i;=
jq N=ushg jvd wvq m%udKhls
 Wvg rdPOdksfha 11 rdPisxy rPq 1 jsu,OrAuiqrsh rPqg miq nsys jQ
jeo.;au md,lhdh
 11 rdPisxy rPq ,xfoaiska yd ,sms .KqfoKqj,os m%ldY lf<a ;ud uqtZ
,xldfjzu rPq njh
 ;%sisxy,dOSYajr
 11 rdPisxy rPq yd ,xfoaiska ,sms .KqfoKqj,os Ndjs; l< joka jqfha
14

 ug fiajh lrk ys;j;a ,xfoais Pd;sh

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 Tn jykafiaf.a iqjp lSlre fiajl

 1665-1668 ,xfoaiska m%ydr lsysmhlska Wvrg m%foaY lsysmhla w,a,d
.;af;ah
 1770-1775 rPq m%ydr lsysmhlska ,xfoaiska wh;a lr .;a m%foaY
lsysmhla w,a,d .;af;ah
 1770 miq Y;jrAIhla hk ;=rd ,xfoaiska Wvrg iu.Z .egquzj,ska
je<ls isgsh y
 Wvrg rdPOdksh iuznkaOfhka ,xfoaiskaf.a m%;sm;a;sfha
lemSfmfkk ,laIK
^1& ,xfoais fj<oZ iud.ug mdvq isoq jk .egquzj,ska je,ls Wvrg
iu.Z idulduSj lghq;= lsrsug W;aiyd lsrsu
^2& Wvrg rPqf.a ys; oskd .ekSug ,xfoaiska l< foaj,a
 rPqg ;E.sfnda. ,nd oSu $ rPq yuq jSug oQ; msrsia hejSu
 rPq iu.Z ,sms yqjudre lr .ekSu
,xfoaiska fuz ish,af,ka n,dfmdfrd;a;= jqfha Wvrg jefjk l=reoq
,nd .ekSuhs
^3& Wmiuzmodj f.k tau jeks rPqf.a wd.usl lghq;=j,g wjYH
kejz imhd oSu
11 jsu,OrAuiqrsh rPq $YS% jsPh rdPisxy rPq $lSrA;s Y%S rdPisxy rPq

 Wmrsu wdrA:_l jdis ,nd .ekSfuz ,xfoais m%;sm;a;s

^1& Wvrg rPqg fjk;a Pd;ska iu.Z fj<oZ inoZ;d meje;ajSu wjysr l,d
^2& rPq yd u; .egquz we;s jq jsg Wvrg yd my;rg w;r lvj;a jid
oeuzud
^3& we;euz my;rg m%foaYj, jS j.dj oshK q q lsrSu’ iy,a wdkhkhg hk
jshou wju lr .ekSu ioZyd
^4& l=reoq j.d lrjSu yd wdrlaId lsrsu’ l=reoqj,ska jsYd, ,dNhla ,nd
.; yels ksid
^5& ,dN ,nd .; yels j.djka isoq lsrsu’ Wod’’’ ’Wla $ fldams $ lmq

 Wvrg rdPH yd ,xoaiska w;r .egquz we;s jSu

o 1760 uS.uqj yd ud;r .egqu
1760 uS.uqj yd ud;r ,xfoais jsfrdaOs le/,s we;s jSu
15

lSrA;s Y%S rdPisxy rPqf.a ld,fha isgs my;/gsfhda ;uka

fjkqfjka ueosy;a jk f,ig b,a,d isgSu
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 rPq .,f.dv wOsldruz hgf;a my;rgg yuqod tjk ,os
yuqod m%ydrfhka lgqjk yd ud;r fldgq hg;a lf<a h
miqj ,xfoaiska fuu ia:dk keje; w,a,d .kakd ,os

o 1764 Wvrg wdl%uKh

nerka jeka tla wdKavqldrhdf.a fufyhjSu u; fiakdxl 6la
iu.Z Wvrg wdl%uKh lf<a h
fiakdxl 6ka tllgj;a Wvrgg <.Zd jsug bv fkd,enqKs
iqmqreoq m%ydrj,ska Wv/gsfhda fuu fiakdxl mrdPh lf<a h

o 1765 Wvrg wdl%uKh

kej;;a Wvrg wdl%uKh lf<a h

fujr uykqjrg we;=tZ jsh
lSrA;s Y%S rdPisxy rPqf.a idu leue;a; u; ,xfoaiska ;ukag
jdisodhl fldkafoais bosrsm;a l<y
widOdrK fldkafoaisj,g rPq wlue;s jsh
tu ksid ,xfoaiska k.rh fld,a,ld udihla tys jsiSh

,xfoaiska k.rh w;yer fld<Ug meusKs fya;=

 wdydr ys.Zh
 f,v frda. we;s jSu
 jeis iuh wdruzN jSu

o 1766 idu .sjsiqu

lSrA;s Y%S rdPisxy rPq yd ,xfoaiska w;r idu .sjsiqula w;aika

lf<a h
fuu .sjsiqu ksid Wvrgg fjr<nv ;Srh wysus jsh
Wvrg iduzm%odhsl fj<oZdug myr jeoqKs
,xfoaiska i;=j meje;s m%foaYj, whs;sh .sjsiqfuka ms<s.ekqKs
;j;a j.ka;s /ilska jdis w;a jqfha ,xfoaiskagh
fldkaafoais ,sys,a lr .ekSug idlpzPd meje;ajjq ;a ,xfoaiska tl.Z
fkdjSh
16

Wv/gsfhda .sjsiqu m%fhda.sl bgq lr .ekSug wjia:djla fkdoqkay

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