REVIEWER IN MMW

REVIEWER IN MMW
Mathematics - study of number and arithmetic operations.

-set of tools or a collection of skills
- also viewed as a science which involves logical reasoning, drawing conclusions

from assumed premises, and strategic reasoning based on accepted rules, laws
or probabilities.
The Nature of Mathematics
MATHEMATICS IS….
-A set of problem solving tools - An art
-A process of thinking - A study of patterns
-A language
PATTERNS
-Is an arrangement which helps observers anticipate what they might or what
may happen next.
Examples of Pattern
 Logic Pattern
 Number Pattern
 Geometric Pattern
 Word Pattern

NUMBER PATTERN
1. 1, 3,5,7,9,___, ____, _
*note that the common differences of the numbers is 2…therefore,

after 9, if we add 2, we’ll have 11, add 2 to 11 and we’ll have 13, and so
on…
2. 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, ____, ____
x2 x2 x2 x2 x2
we’ll notice that if you’ll multiply 2 by 2, the answer is 4, multiply 4 by 2,
you’ll get 8; multiply 8 by 2 , and you’ll get 16..
3. 98, 109, _____, 131, _____

11 22
The difference between the 1st two numbers is 11..But the difference
between the 2nd & the 4th number is 22.. And you have to know that 11
x 2 is 22. We jumped two places there..
4. 448,224,112,56,28,____,____
if you divide 448 by 2, you’ll get 224; divide 224 by 2, you’ll have 112;
112 divide by 2 is 56 and so on. This is also saying that you multiply the
1st number by ½ or the common ratio is ½.
5. a square number or perfect square is an integer that is the square

of an integer; in other words, it is the product of some integer with itself.
1, 4, 9, 16, 25, ____, _____
1=1x1 16 = 4 x 4
4=2x2 25 = 5 x 5
9=3x3 ___ = 6 x 6
 6. 2, 5, 10, 17, 26, 37, 50 65 82

3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17
2 2 2 2 2 2
This is known as ‘continuous subtraction”. If you can’t find the common
difference on the first set of numbers, try to get the common difference
on the next set of numbers
Fibonacci series : a series of numbers in which each number ( Fibonacci
number ) is the sum of the two preceding numbers.
The Fibonacci Sequence is the series of numbers:
0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, ...
ARITHMETIC SERIES
If the terms of a sequence differ by a constant, we say the sequence
is arithmetic. If the initial term of the sequence is a and the common
difference is d, then we have,
Formula: an = a + d (n-1).
The sum of an arithmetic series is found by

multiplying the number of terms times the average of the first and last terms.
GEOMETRIC SERIES
The sum of an arithmetic series is found by
multiplying the number of terms times the average of the first and last terms.
SETS - a well-defined collection of objects; the objects are called elements or

members of the set.
Methods of Writing a Set

A. Roster Method – or Tabulation Method – the elements of the set are
enumerated and separated by a comma.
B. Rule Method – or Set Builder Notation – a descriptive phrase to

describe the elements of the set
TYPES of Sets
A. Finite Sets – elements are limited or countable ; the last element
can be identified.
ex. P = {x|x is a positive integer less than 100}
W = {x|x is a type of whale}
Infinite Sets – elements are unlimited or uncountable.
ex. I = {x|x is a positive integer}
O = {x|x is a living thing found in the ocean}
B. Unit Set- a set with only one member

Empty Set or a Null set ( ø )– a set with no elements
Universal Set ( U ) – contains all the objects under consideration.
The cardinal number of a set is the number of elements or members in
the set, the cardinality of set A is denoted by n(A).
 Subset. If A and B are sets, A is called subset of B, written A ⊆ B, if
and only if, every element of A is also an element of B.
Symbolically: A⊆B
 Equal Sets. Given a set A and B, A equals B, written, A = B, if and
only if, every element of A is in B and every element of B is in A.
 Power Sets. Given a Set from universal set U, the power set of S
denoted by P(S), is the collection (or sets ) of all subsets of S.
VENN DIAGRAM - uses overlapping circles or other shapes to illustrate the
logical relationships between two or more sets of items. Often, they serve to
graphically organize things, highlighting how the items are similar and different .
OPERATIONS ON SETS
 UNION - The union of A and B, denoted A∪B, is the set of all elements x
Symbolically: A∪B = {x|x ∈ A v x ∈ B}.

in U such that x is in A or x is in B.
Example 1: Suppose A = {a, b, c}; B = {c, d, e}; and U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g},

then A∪B = {a, b, c, d, e}
 Intersection. The intersection of A and B, denoted A⋂B, is the set of all
Symbolically: A⋂B = {x|x ∈ A ^ x ∈ B}.

elements x in U such that x is in A and x is in B.
Example 2: Suppose A = {a, b, c} and B = {c, d, e} and U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g},

then A⋂B = {c}
 Complement. The complement of A (or absolute complement of A),
Symbolically: A’ = {x|x ∈ U | x ∉ A}.

denoted A’, is the set of all elements x in U such that x is not in A.
Example 3: Suppose A = {a, b, c, d, e} and U={a, b, c, d, e, f, g}, then

A’ = {f, g}.
 Difference. The difference of A and B (or relative complement of B with

respect to A), denoted A ̴B, is the set of all elements x in U such that x is in
Symbolically: A ̴B = {x|x ∈ A ^ x ∉ B} = A⋂B‘

A and x is not in B.
Example 4: Suppose A = {a, b, c} and B = {c, d, e} and U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g},

then A ̴B = {a, b}.
B ~ A = {d,e}
 Symmetric Difference. If set A and B are two sets, their symmetric
difference Is the set consisting of all elements that belong to A or to B, but
Symbolically: A⊕B = {x|x ∈ (A∪B) ∧ x ∉ (A⋂B)} = (A∪B)⋂(A⋂B)’ or

not to both A and B, denoted by A⊕B.
(A∪B) ̴ (A⋂B).
 Disjoint Sets. Two sets are called disjoint (or non-intersecting) if and only
Symbolically: A and B are disjoint ⇔ A⋂B = ∅.

if, they have no elements in common.
Example 6: Suppose A = {a, b, c} and B = {d, e}. Since A⋂B = ∅, therefore A

and B are disjoint sets.
 Ordered Pair. In ordered pair (a,b), a is called the first component and b is
called the second component. In general, (a, b) ≠ (b, a).
AxB = {(a,b)|a ∈ A and b ∈ B}

 Cartesian Product. The Cartesian product of sets A and B, written AxB, is
Example 8: Let A={2, 3, 5} and B={7, 8}. Find each set.
a. AxB
AxB = {(2, 7), (2, 8), (3, 7), (3, 8), (5, 7), (5, 8)}
b. BxA
BxA = {(7, 2), (7, 3), (7, 5), (8, 2), (8, 3), (8, 5)}
c. AxA
AxA = {(2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 5), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 5), (5, 2), (5, 3),
(5,5)}
Counting the Number of Elements in a Set

 Rule 1. If A and B are finite and disjoint sets, then
n(AUB) = n(A) +n(B).
 Rule 2. If A and B are finite sets and intersects, then

n(AUB)=n(A) + n(B)- n(A⋂B).
 Rule 3. If A, B and C are finite sets, then

n(AUBUC)= n(A)+ n(B)+ n(C)- n(A⋂B)-n(A⋂B)-n(B⋂C)+ n(A⋂B⋂C).
If Programmers Club of 45 members admitted only owners of computer desktop
and/or laptop, and if 28 members owned a desktop and 37 members owned a
laptop, how many members owned both a desktop and a laptop?
Solution:
Let n(U) be the set of all members,
n(A∪B) be the set of all members, 45
n(A) be the set of all members owning a desktop,28
n(B) be the set of all members owning a laptop, 37
n(A⋂B) be the set of all members owning a desktop and a laptop.
n(A∪B)= n(A)+ n(B)- n(A⋂B)
45=28+37 - n(A⋂B)
45=65 - n(A⋂B)
n(A⋂B)=65 – 45 = 20
The chain of 40 WSS boutiques in the Philippines provided the following

information:
19 of the boutiques import their garments from Italy,
14 of the boutiques import their garments from France,
10 of the boutiques import their garments from Germany,
6 of the boutiques import their garments from Italy and France,
5 of the boutiques import their garments from France and Germany,
3 of the boutiques import their garments from Italy and Germany,
n(I) = 19, n(F) = 14, n(G) = 10, n(I ⋂ F) = 6, n(F ⋂ G) = 5, n(I ⋂ G) = 3, and
2 of the boutiques import their garments from Italy, France, and Germanv
n(I ⋂ F ⋂ G)=2 y.
a. Determine the number of boutiques which does not purchase any garments
from the three countries?
n(I U F U G)= n(I)+ n(F)+ n(G) - n(I ⋂ F) - n(F ⋂ G) - n(I ⋂ G) + n(I ⋂ F ⋂
G)
Here, n(I) = 19, n(F) = 14, n(G) = 10, n(I ⋂ F) = 6, n(F ⋂ G) = 5, n(I ⋂ G) =
3, and n(I ⋂ F ⋂ G)=2.
Thus, since
n(I U F U G)= 19 + 14 + 10 - 6 - 5 - 3 + 2 = 31
There are 31 boutiques that purchase their garments from at least one of
the three countries.
Each student in a class of 40 plays at least one indoor game chess,

monopoly and scrabble. 18 play chess, 20 play scrabble and 27 play
monopoly. 7 play chess and scrabble, 12 play scrabble and monopoly and
4 play chess, monopoly and scrabble. Find the number of students who
play (i) chess and monopoly. (ii) chess, monopoly but not scrabble.
Given : n(C)= 18 n(M) = 27 n(S) = 20 n(C⋂M⋂S) = 4

n(C⋂S)= 7 n(M⋂S)=12 n(CUMUS)= 40
n(CUMUS)= n(C)+ n(M)+ n(S)- n(C⋂M)-n(C⋂S)-n(M⋂S)+ n(C⋂M⋂S).
40 = 18 + 27 + 20 - n(C⋂M) – 7 – 12 + 4
n(C⋂M) = 10

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Mathematics - study of number and arithmetic operations.

- also viewed as a science which involves logical reasoning, drawing conclusions

The Nature of Mathematics

-A set of problem solving tools - An art

-A process of thinking - A study of patterns

*note that the common differences of the numbers is 2…therefore,

3. 98, 109, _____, 131, _____

5. a square number or perfect square is an integer that is the square

 6. 2, 5, 10, 17, 26, 37, 50 65 82

The Fibonacci Sequence is the series of numbers:

0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, ...

The sum of an arithmetic series is found by

SETS - a well-defined collection of objects; the objects are called elements or

Methods of Writing a Set

B. Rule Method – or Set Builder Notation – a descriptive phrase to

B. Unit Set- a set with only one member

Symbolically: A∪B = {x|x ∈ A v x ∈ B}.

Example 1: Suppose A = {a, b, c}; B = {c, d, e}; and U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g},

 Intersection. The intersection of A and B, denoted A⋂B, is the set of all

Symbolically: A⋂B = {x|x ∈ A ^ x ∈ B}.

Example 2: Suppose A = {a, b, c} and B = {c, d, e} and U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g},

 Complement. The complement of A (or absolute complement of A),

Symbolically: A’ = {x|x ∈ U | x ∉ A}.

Example 3: Suppose A = {a, b, c, d, e} and U={a, b, c, d, e, f, g}, then

 Difference. The difference of A and B (or relative complement of B with

Symbolically: A ̴B = {x|x ∈ A ^ x ∉ B} = A⋂B‘

Example 4: Suppose A = {a, b, c} and B = {c, d, e} and U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g},

Symbolically: A⊕B = {x|x ∈ (A∪B) ∧ x ∉ (A⋂B)} = (A∪B)⋂(A⋂B)’ or

Symbolically: A and B are disjoint ⇔ A⋂B = ∅.

Example 6: Suppose A = {a, b, c} and B = {d, e}. Since A⋂B = ∅, therefore A

AxB = {(a,b)|a ∈ A and b ∈ B}

Example 8: Let A={2, 3, 5} and B={7, 8}. Find each set.

Counting the Number of Elements in a Set

 Rule 2. If A and B are finite sets and intersects, then

 Rule 3. If A, B and C are finite sets, then

The chain of 40 WSS boutiques in the Philippines provided the following

Each student in a class of 40 plays at least one indoor game chess,

Given : n(C)= 18 n(M) = 27 n(S) = 20 n(C⋂M⋂S) = 4

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3. 98, 109, _, 131, _