Digital Signal Processing

Lecture No. 1: Introduction

Third Class

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 Course Overview
• Signals and Systems.
• Classification of Discrete Digital Systems.
• Time and Frequency Domains Analysis.
• Signal Transformation Methods: Fourier, Wavelet
and Z-transform.
• Digital Filter Types: FIR and IIR Filters.
• Digital Filter Design.
• Analog Filter Design.
• DSP Applications.
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 Books
• J.G. Proakis and D.G. Manolakis, Digital Signal Processing, 4rd edition,
Prentice-Hall , 2006.

• R.G Lyons, Understanding Digital Signal processing, 3rd edition, Prentice-

Hall, (Amazon’s top-selling for five straight year) ,2011.

• Monsons Hays, Schaums Outline of Digital Signal processing, 2nd edition

,McGraw-Hill Companies, 2012.

• Richard, The Essential Guide to Digital Signal Processing, 1st edition

Prentice-Hall ,ePUB, 2014.

• J.G. Proakis , Digital Signal Processing Using MATLAB, 3rd edition, Cengage
Learning , 2012.

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 What is Digital Signal Processing?
Signal: It can be broadly defined as any physical quantity that varies as
a time and/or space and has the ability to convey information,
examples of these signals are:

• Electrical signals: currents and voltages in AC circuits, radio

communications signals, video signals etc.
• Mechanical signals: sound or pressure waves, vibrations in a
structure, earthquakes, etc.
• Biomedical signals: electro-encephalogram, lung and heart
monitoring, X-ray and other types of images.
• Finance: time variations of a stock value or a market index.

Digital Signal: operating by the use of discrete signals to represent data

in the form of numbers.

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 What is Digital Signal Processing?

Processing: a series operations performed according to

programmed instructions.

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 What is Digital Signal Processing?

Converting a continuously changing waveform

(analog) into a series of discrete levels (digital)

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What is Digital Signal Processing?

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What is Digital Signal Processing?

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 What is Digital Signal Processing?

discrete signal is discrete in time but continuous in amplitude.

digital signal is discrete in both time and amplitude.

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 The Concepts of Signals and Systems

➢ The most convenient mathematical representation of a signal is via

the concept of a function, say x(t). In this notation:

x represents the dependent variable (e.g. voltage, pressure, etc.)

t represents the independent variable (e.g. time, space, etc.).

➢ Depending on the nature of the independent and dependent

variables, different types of signals can be identified such as:
✓ Analog signals
✓ Discrete signals
✓ Digital signals
✓ Multi-channel signals
✓ Multi-dimensional signals

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 The Concepts of Signals and Systems

• System: A physical entity that operates on a set of primary

signals (the inputs) to produce a corresponding set of resultant
signals (the output).
• The operations, or processing, may take several forms:
modification, combination, decomposition, filtering, extraction
of parameters, etc.
• System characterization: a system can be represented
mathematically as a transformation between two signal sets ,
as in x[n] → y[n]:

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 The Concepts of Signals and Systems

Depending on the nature of the signals on which the

system operates, different basic types of systems
may be identified:
Analog or continuous-time system: the input and output
signals are analog in nature.
Discrete-time system: the input and output signals are
discrete.
Digital system: the input and outputs are digital.
Mixed system: a system in which different types of signals
(i.e.analog,discrete and/or digital) coexist.

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 The Concepts of Signals and Systems

Discussion:
Early education in engineering focuses on the use of calculus to analyze
various systems and processes at the analog level:
motivated by the prevalence of the analog signal model
e.g.: circuit analysis using differential equations
Yet, due to extraordinary advances made in micro-electronics, the most
common/powerful processing devices today are digital in nature.
Thus, there is a strong, practical motivation to carry out the processing of
analog real-world signals using such digital devices.
This has lead to the development of an engineering discipline know as
digital signal processing DSP.
Digital Signal Processing:
In its most general form, DSP refers to the processing of analog signals by
means of discrete-time operations implemented on digital hardware.

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 Basic components of a DSP System

• In its most general form, a DSP system will consist of three main
components, as illustrated below:

• The analog-to-digital (A/D) converter transforms the analog signal

xc(t) at the system input into a digital signal xd[n].
• The digital system performs the desired operations on the digital
signal xd [n] and produces a corresponding output yd [n] also in
digital form.
• The digital-to-analog (D/A) converter transforms the digital output
yd [n] into an analog signal yc (t) suitable for interfacing with the
outside world.

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Basic components of a DSP System

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Basic components of a DSP System

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 DSP Implementation –Analog/Digital
Conversion
To implement DSP we must be able to:

(1) perform numerical operations including, for example, additions, multiplications,

data transfers and logical operations either using computer or special-purpose
hardware.

(2) convert the digital information, after being processed back to an analog signal –
involves digital-to- analog conversion and reconstruction .
e.g. text-to-speech signal (characters are used to generate artificial sound)

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 DSP Implementation –Analog/Digital
Conversion
To implement DSP we must be able to:

3) convert analog signals into the digital information - sampling & involves analog-to-
digital conversion.
e.g. Touch-Tone system of telephone dialling (when button is pushed two sinusoid signals
are generated (tones) and transmitted, a digital system determines the frequencies and
uniquely identifies the button – digital (1 to 12) output

perform both A/D and D/A conversions

e.g. digital recording and playback of music (signal is sensed by microphones,
amplified, converted to digital, processed, and converted back to analog to be played.

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 Sampling
• The sampling results in a discrete set of digital
numbers that represent measurements of the signal
– usually taken at equal intervals of time
• Sampling takes place after the hold
– The hold circuit must be fast enough that the signal is not
changing during the time the circuit is acquiring the signal
value
• We don't know what we don't measure
• In the process of measuring the signal, some
information is lost
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 Sampling
• Analog signal is sampled every TS secs.
• Ts is referred to as the sampling interval.
• fs = 1/Ts is called the sampling rate or sampling
frequency.
• There are 3 sampling methods:
– Ideal - an impulse at each sampling instant
– Natural - a pulse of short width with varying amplitude
– Flattop - sample and hold, like natural but with single
amplitude value
• The process is referred to as pulse amplitude
modulation PAM and the outcome is a signal with
analog (non integer) values
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Recovery of a sampled sine wave for different sampling rates

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Sampling Theorem

Fs  2fm

According to the Nyquist theorem, the

sampling rate must be
at least 2 times the highest frequency
contained in the signal.

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Nyquist sampling rate for low-pass and bandpass signals

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 Quantization
• Sampling results in a series of pulses of varying
amplitude values ranging between two limits: a
min and a max.
• The amplitude values are infinite between the
two limits.
• We need to map the infinite amplitude values
onto a finite set of known values.
• This is achieved by dividing the distance between
min and max into L zones, each of height 
 = (max - min)/L

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 Quantization Levels

• The midpoint of each zone is assigned a

value from 0 to L-1 (resulting in L values)
• Each sample falling in a zone is then
approximated to the value of the midpoint.

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 Quantization Error
• When a signal is quantized, we introduce an error
- the coded signal is an approximation of the
actual amplitude value.
• The difference between actual and coded value
(midpoint) is referred to as the quantization error.
• The more zones, the smaller  which results in
smaller errors.
• BUT, the more zones the more bits required to
encode the samples -> higher bit rate

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 Analog-to-digital Conversion

Example An 12-bit analog-to-digital converter (ADC)

advertises an accuracy of ± the least significant bit (LSB). If
the input range of the ADC is 0 to 10 volts, what is the
accuracy of the ADC in analog volts?

Solution: If the input range is 10 volts then the analog voltage represented
by the LSB would be:

V max 10 10
VLSB = Nu bits = 12 = = .0024 volts
2 2 4096

Hence the accuracy would be ± .0024 volts.

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DSP Chips : Special Purpose Hardware

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 Limitations of DSP-Aliasing
Most signals are analog in nature, and have to be sampled.

we only take samples of the signals at intervals and don’t know

what happens in between

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Limitations of DSP - Antialiasing Filter

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Limitations of DSP – Frequency Resolution

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Limitations of DSP – Quantization Error

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 Advantages of Digital over Analog Signal Processing

Why still do it?

• Digital system can be simply reprogrammed for other applications /
ported to different hardware / duplicated (Reconfiguring analog
system means hardware redesign, testing, verification)
• DSP provides better control of accuracy requirements (Analog system
depends on strict components tolerance, response may drift with
temperature)
• Digital signals can be easily stored without deterioration (Analog
signals are not easily transportable and often can’t be processed off-
line)
• More sophisticated signal processing algorithms can be implemented
(Difficult to perform precise mathematical operations in analog form)
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 Advantages of Digital over Analog Signal Processing

Advantages:
• Robustness:
• Signal levels can be regenerated.
• Precision not affected by external factors
• Storage capability:
• DSP system can be interfaced to low-cost devices for lasting storage
• allows for off-line computations
• Flexibility:
• Easy control of system accuracy via changes in sampling rate and number of representation
bits.
• Software programmable → reconfiguring the DSP operations simply by changing the program.
• Structure:
• Easy interconnection of DSP blocks (no loading problem)
• Possibility of sharing a processor between several tasks

Disadvantages:
• Cost/complexity added by A/D and D/A conversion.
• Input signal bandwidth is technology limited.
• Quantization effects.

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Applications of DSP-Radar

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Applications of DSP: Biomedical

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Applications of DSP: Speech

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Applications of DSP: Communications

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Applications of DSP: Image Processing

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Applications of DSP: Music

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Applications of DSP: Multimedia

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Applications of DSP

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