Prac. Pathology Ppt

Hawler Mesical University
College Of Health Sciences

Clinical Biochemistry Department
Pathology lab essentials: Tools,Chemicals

and Techniques
Supervised by: Prepared by:

Dr.Ragaz Azad Sedra.Kh.Noori
INTRODUCTION TO
PATHOLOG:
• Pathology is the study of the structural
and functional changes in cells, tissues, and
organs that occur as a result of diseases.
• It helps in understanding the

causes, mechanisms, and effects of
diseases on the body.
• Pathologists are like medical detectives,

investigating diseases by analyzing
tissues, cells, and fluids.
CONT…
• Pathologists use lab results to solve diagnostic
puzzles, helping doctors determine the best
treatment for patients.
• Pathology branches
Histopathology,Cytopathology,Hematopathology,
Clinical Pathology,Immunopathology,Molecular
pathology…
•Etiology explain why diseases arises this term refers to
underlying causes of disease. Pathogenesis explain how
a disease develops , this term clarify mechanism and
progress of diseas.
PATHOLOGY LAB
TOOLS:
1.Microscope: Essential for examining tissue
samples, cells, and microorganisms at a high
magnification.
2.Centrifuge: Separates components of blood or

fluids by spinning samples at high speeds.
4.Cryostat: A specialized
microtome for cutting frozen
tissue samples.
3.Microtome: Cuts extremely thin tissue
sections for microscopic examination.
PATHOLOGY LAB
TOOLS:
5. Hemocytometer: A counting device for measuring
cell concentration, often used for blood cells.
6.Autostainer: Automatically stains tissue

slides for easier microscopic analysis.
8.A slide holder is a tool used in
pathology labs to securely hold and
organize microscope slides containing
tissue or cell samples.
7. PCR Machine: Amplifies DNA sequences for
detecting genetic material in samples.
PATHOLOGY LAB
TOOLS:
9. Spectrophotometer: Measures the absorbance or
transmittance of light by a sample, used for
biochemical analyses.
10.Flow Cytometer: Analyzes the

physical and chemical properties of
cells or particles in a fluid as they pass
through a laser beam.
11 Incubator: Provides controlled environmental conditions

for growing cell cultures or microorganisms.
PATHOLOGY LAB
CHEMICALS:
1.Formalin (Formaldehyde): A preservative used to fix tissue samples by
cross-linking proteins, maintaining cellular structure for
analysis.
2. Xylene: A clearing agent used to prepare tissue

samples for paraffin embedding and sectioning.
3.Ethanol: Used for dehydration of tissue samples and as

a disinfectant.
4.Hematoxylin: A dye used in staining procedures to

highlight cell nuclei in tissue sections.
PATHOLOGY LAB
CHEMICALS:
5. Eosin: A dye that stains cytoplasm and other cell
structures in pink or red, often paired with hematoxylin.
6. Paraffin Wax: Used for embedding tissue samples,

allowing for thin sectioning by a microtome.
7.Sodium Hypochlorite (Bleach): A disinfectant used for

cleaning surfaces and equipment.
8.Tris Buffer: A buffering solution that maintains stable

pH in biochemical assays and electrophoresis.
PATHOLOGY LAB
CHEMICALS:
9.Glutaraldehyde: A fixative similar to formaldehyde,
used for preserving fine cellular structures in electron
microscopy.
10.Mounting Medium: A solution used to preserve stained

tissue sections on slides, preventing fading or distortion
during microscopy.
KEY PATHOLOGY
LAB TECHNIQES:
• Biopsy is the process of analyzing a small tissue sample
that has been surgically removed from a patient.
• The sample is examined under a microscope to diagnose

diseases.
Types of Biopsy:
1.Excisional biopsy: when an entire lump or lesion area with a
rim of normal tissue is removed (diagnostic and therapeutic)
2. Incisional biopsy: only a portion of the lesion is

removed (diagnostic).
CONT…
5.An autopsy (post-mortem examination )

4.Endoscopic biopsy Is a procedure that consists of a thorough
examination of a dead body to determine the
3.Needle Biopsy
cause and manner of death.
6. Punch biopsy: by biopsy 7.Curettage biopsy: Uses a curette (a scoop-like

forceps in the uterus ,skin, tool) to scrape tissue from an area, often used in
oral cavity, esophagus the uterus or skin lesions.
HANDLING OF
BIOPSY:
01. Once a biopsy is taken, it should be
put in plastic or metal container
with adequate amount of fixative (
10% formalin) to prevent rapid
denaturation of cellular proteins of
the cells.
02. It should be sent to the lab with a

request form including patient’s
name age, sex, short clinical notes,
type of biopsy, name of tissue
submitted & findings of operation.
THANK FOR
LISTENING…

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Hawler Mesical University

College Of Health Sciences

Pathology lab essentials: Tools,Chemicals

Supervised by: Prepared by:

• It helps in understanding the

• Pathologists are like medical detectives,

2.Centrifuge: Separates components of blood or

6.Autostainer: Automatically stains tissue

10.Flow Cytometer: Analyzes the

11 Incubator: Provides controlled environmental conditions

2. Xylene: A clearing agent used to prepare tissue

3.Ethanol: Used for dehydration of tissue samples and as

4.Hematoxylin: A dye used in staining procedures to

6. Paraffin Wax: Used for embedding tissue samples,

7.Sodium Hypochlorite (Bleach): A disinfectant used for

8.Tris Buffer: A buffering solution that maintains stable

10.Mounting Medium: A solution used to preserve stained

• The sample is examined under a microscope to diagnose

2. Incisional biopsy: only a portion of the lesion is

5.An autopsy (post-mortem examination )

6. Punch biopsy: by biopsy 7.Curettage biopsy: Uses a curette (a scoop-like

02. It should be sent to the lab with a

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