Pollution CBCS

Pollution
Dr. Gaurav Kumar

Assistant Professor, PGDAV College,
University of Delhi
Main themes of presentation
Types of Pollution
Pollution In Facts & Figures
Impact of Pollution
Control Measures
MAJOR TYPES OF POLLUTION
AIR POLLUTION
WATER POLLUTION
SOIL POLLUTION
NOISE POLLUTION
Atmosphere as a Resource
 Atmospheric Composition
◦ Nitrogen 78.08%
◦ Oxygen 20.95%
◦ Argon 0.93%
◦ Carbon dioxide 0.04%
 Ecosystem services
◦ Blocks UV radiation
◦ Moderates the climate
◦ Redistributes water in the
hydrologic cycle
AIR POLLUTION
 Sources
 AQI
 Impacts
 Global warming, Acid rain, Ocean acidification etc.
 Control
SOURCES
 Domestic
 Industrial
 Automobiles
 Natural
Pollutants
 Gases- CO2, CO, SO2, NO2, HCs etc.
 PM- Dust, pollen grains, spores etc.
 Metals- Pb, Sn, Ni, Cd, As, Hg etc.
 PAN
 Smog
Types and Sources of Air Pollution
 Two categories
◦ Primary Air Pollutant
 Harmful substance that is emitted directly into the
atmosphere
◦ Secondary Air Pollutant

 Harmful substance formed in the atmosphere when a
primary air pollutant reacts with substances normally
found in the atmosphere or with other air pollutants
Nature of Major Air Pollutants
Urban Air Pollution
 Photochemical Smog (ex: Los Angeles below)
◦ Brownish-orange haze formed by chemical reactions involving
sunlight, nitrogen oxide, and hydrocarbons
Effects of Air Pollution
 Low level exposure

◦ Irritates eyes (PAN)
◦ Causes inflammation of respiratory tract
 Can develop into chronic respiratory diseases

Health Effects of Air Pollution
 Sulfur Dioxide and Particulate material
◦ Irritate respiratory tract and impair ability of lungs
to exchange gases
 Carbon monoxide
◦ Binds with iron in blood hemoglobin
◦ Causes headache, fatigue, drowsiness, death
 Ozone
◦ Causes burning eyes, coughing, and chest
discomfort
Children and Air Pollution
 Greater health threat to children than
adults
◦ Air pollution can restrict lung development
◦ Children breath more often than adults
 Children who live in high ozone areas are
more likely to develop asthma
AQI
Impacts- Some Facts & Figures
Acid Deposition and Forest Decline
Impacts of air pollution
 Global warming
 Acid rain
 Ocean acidification
 Ozone Depletion
Effects of Ozone Depletion
 Higher levels of UV-
radiation hitting the
earth
◦ Eye cataracts
◦ Skin cancer (right)
◦ Weakened immunity
 May disrupt ecosystems
 May damage crops and
forests
 Montreal Protocol
(1987)
Control of air pollution
 Source Correction
 Standard for Air
 Equipments
◦ – ambient air monitoring station
◦ - gas analyzer
◦ - electrostatic precipitators
◦ - cyclone separators
Vegetation
 Protecting Laws
Electrostatic precipitator
An electrostatic precipitator
(ESP) is a filtration device that
removes fine particles, like dust
and smoke, from a flowing gas
using the force of an
induced electrostatic charge
minimally impeding the flow of
gases through the unit.
Working
Plz follow this like for working
https://youtu.be/AcyFY3iAdlw
Electrostatic precipitator
With Electrostatic precipitator Without Electrostatic precipitator

Air (Prevention and control of Pollution) Act, 1981
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986

 Article 253 (Bhopal Gas Tragedy)
Article 48 A & Article 51 A

State shall protect as ell as improve the environment, besides
safeguarding the forest and wildlife of the country
Water Pollution
रहिमन पानी राखिये, बिन पानी सि सन ू ।
पानी गये न ऊिरे , मोती, मानष
ु , चून॥
WATER POLLUTION
MAJOR WATER POLLUTANTS
SOURCES OF WATER
POLLUTION
 Sewage
 Runoff of Pesticides & Fertilizers
 Solid Waste Disposal
 Untreated Effluents from Industrial and
other activities
 Chemicals and Oil Spills
Point Source Pollution
A point source is a single, identifiable source
of pollution, such as a pipe or a drain.
Sewage
• Causes disease outbreaks
• Contributes to eutrophication
Non-Point Source Pollution
 sediments from coastal urban and agricultural

developments
 nutrients from detergents, fertilizers, leaky septic
tanks, and domesticated animals
 pesticides (home use, agricultural, & golf courses)
 automobile wastes such as combusted motor oil, tire
rubber, brake pad dust, coolant, etc.
 waste water from swimming pools and aquaculture
ponds
Inorganic Chemicals
 Contaminants that contain elements
other than carbon
◦ Examples: acids, salts, and heavy metals
 Do not degrade easily
 Lead
◦ Found in old paint, industrial pollutants, leaded
gasoline
 Mercury
◦ Mercury bioaccumulates in the muscles of top
predators of the open ocean
(Biomagnification) Minamata disease
Groundwater Pollution
LABORATORY TEST TO DETERMINE WATER
QUALITY
 Conductivity
 TDS
 BOD
Eutrophication- due to sewage or
fertilizers
 Eutrophic-
◦ Slow-flowing stream, lake or estuary enriched
by inorganic plant and algal nutrients such as
phosphorus
◦ Often due to fertilizer or sewage runoff
 Oligotrophic
◦ Unenriched, clear water that supports
small populations of aquatic organisms
Disease-causing Agents
 Infectious organisms
that cause diseases
◦ Originate in the wastes of
infected individuals
 Common bacterial or
viral diseases:
◦ Typhoid, cholera, bacterial
dysentery, and infectious
hepatitis
Purification of Drinking Water
 Chlorine Dilemma
◦ Chlorine kills disease causing organisms
 Fluoridation
◦ Prevents tooth decay
Municipal Sewage Treatment
 Primary treatment
◦ Removing suspended and floating particles by mechanical
processes
 Secondary treatment
◦ Treating wastewater biologically to decompose suspended
organic material; reduces BOD
Municipal Sewage Treatment
 Sewage Sludge
◦ Solids remaining after primary and secondary
sewage treatment has been completed
 Tertiary treatment
◦ Advanced wastewater treatment methods
that are sometimes employed after primary
and secondary treatments
◦ Reduce phosphorus and nitrogen
Control
Water (Prevention and control of Pollution) Act, 1974
◦ Set uniform federal standards for drinking water
◦ Reduced contaminant level
◦ EPA sets up and monitors National Emissions

Limitations
◦ Effectively improved water quality from point

sources
Thermal Pollution -
• Thermal Pollution is the harmful increase in water
temperature in streams, rivers, lakes, or occasionally,
coastal ocean waters.
• It is the degradation of water quality by any

process that changes ambient water temperature.
• A temperature increase as small as 1 or 2 degree

Celsius can kill native fish, shellfish, and plants, or
drive them out in favor of other species, often with
undesirable effects.
 Nuclear power plants use water as a
cooling agent.
 After the water is used, it is put back

into a water supply at 9-20oC warmer .
 Emission from nuclear reactors

increase the temperature of water
bodies.
 Coal is utilized as a fuel.
 Condenser coils are cooled with

water from nearby lake or river.
 The heated effluents decrease the DO

of water.
 Damages the marine organisms.

 Discharged water from steam-electric
power industry using turbo generators
will have a higher temperature ranging
from 6 to 9˚C than the receiving water.
 In modern stations, producing 100

MW, nearly one million gallons are
discharged in an hour with increase in
temperature of the cooling water passing
by 8 to 10 ˚C .
Marine Pollution
NOISE POLLUTION
Sources of Noise Pollution
 Transportation systems are the main source of noise
pollution in urban areas.
 Construction of buildings, highways, and streets cause

a lot of noise, due to the usage of air compressors,
bulldozers, loaders, dump trucks, and pavement
breakers.
 Industrial noise also adds to the already unfavorable

state of noise pollution.
 Loud speakers, plumbing, boilers, generators, air

conditioners, fans, and vacuum cleaners add to the
existing noise pollution.
HEALTH EFFECTS OF NOISE
POLLUTION
 Hearing Loss ( including occupational hearing loss)
 Stress
 High Blood pressure
 Sleep Loss
 Distraction
 Productivity Loss
 Cause Irritability,
 headache
 Annoying and interfere with communications.
Solutions for Noise Pollution
 Planting bushes and trees in and around sound
generating sources is an effective solution for noise
pollution.
 Regular servicing of automobiles can effectively

reduce the noise pollution.
 Buildings can be designed with suitable noise

absorbing material for the walls, windows, and
ceilings.
 Workers should be provided with equipments such

as ear plugs and earmuffs for hearing protection.
NOISE CONTROL MEASURES
An integrated approach is adopted

towards noise pollution control through:
 Mass sensitization;
 Enforcement of the existing Noise
Regulations;
 Use of Noise Abatement Technologies;
 Research in Novel Technologies;
NOISE ABATEMENT
TECHNOLOGIES
Installation of barriers between
the noise source and the receiver
Use of acoustics in the design of

building such as double glazing
Green belt development such as

the attenuation of sound levels by
plantation of trees and shrubs can
SOIL POLLUTION
SOURCES OF SOIL POLLUTION
 Domestic Solid Waste (Garbage, Rubbish, Trash)
 Mining
 Overgrazing
 Agricultural Waste
 Industrial Waste
IMPACTS OF SOIL POLLUTION
 Deforestation
 Desertification
 No/Low Agricultural yield
 Ecosystem damages
 Human Health
Control Measures
 Afforestation
 Use of Eco-friendly fertilizers/biofertilizers
 3R principle
 Public Awareness
Trees are your best antiques. -Alexander Smith

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Pollution

Dr. Gaurav Kumar

◦ Secondary Air Pollutant

 Low level exposure

 Can develop into chronic respiratory diseases

With Electrostatic precipitator Without Electrostatic precipitator

Environment (Protection) Act, 1986

Article 48 A & Article 51 A

 sediments from coastal urban and agricultural

◦ Set uniform federal standards for drinking water

◦ Reduced contaminant level

◦ EPA sets up and monitors National Emissions

◦ Effectively improved water quality from point

• It is the degradation of water quality by any

• A temperature increase as small as 1 or 2 degree

 After the water is used, it is put back

 Emission from nuclear reactors

 Condenser coils are cooled with

 The heated effluents decrease the DO

 Damages the marine organisms.

 In modern stations, producing 100

 Construction of buildings, highways, and streets cause

 Industrial noise also adds to the already unfavorable

 Loud speakers, plumbing, boilers, generators, air

 Regular servicing of automobiles can effectively

 Buildings can be designed with suitable noise

 Workers should be provided with equipments such

An integrated approach is adopted

Use of acoustics in the design of

Green belt development such as

 Domestic Solid Waste (Garbage, Rubbish, Trash)

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