Larry Shak Perf Summit1 2009 Final

1
Red Hat Summit 2009 | John Shakshober / Larry Woodman
Performance Analysis & Tuning of

Red Hat Enterprise Linux
Larry Woodman / John Shakshober
Kernel/ Consulting Engineer
Red Hat
September 2009
Agenda
Section1SystemOverview
Section2AnalyzingSystemPerformance
Section3TuningRedHatEnterpriseLinux
Section4PerformanceAnalysisandTuningExamples
References
Processors Supported/Tested
RHEL4 Limitations
x86 32
x86_64 8, 64(LargeSMP)
ia64 64, 512(SGI)
RHEL5 Limitations
x86 32
x86_64 255
ia64 64, 1024(SGI)
Processor types
Uni-Processor
Symmetric Multi Processor
Multi-Core
Symmetric Multi-Thread(Hyper threaded)
Combinations
Processor types & locations

[root@intels3e3601node1]#cat/proc/cpuinfo
processor:0 <logicalcpu#>
physicalid:0
<socket#>
siblings:16<logicalcpuspersocket>
coreid:0
<core#insocket>
cpucores:8<physicalcorespersocket>
#cat/sys/devices/system/node/node*/cpulist
node0:03
node1:47
NUMA & Multi Core Support

Cpusets (2.6.12)
Enable CPU & Memory assignment to sets of tasks
Allow dynamic job placement on large systems
Numa-aware slab allocator (2.6.14)
Optimized locality & management of slab creation
Swap migration. (2.6.16)
Swap migration relocates physical pages between nodes in a NUMA system while the process
is running improves performance
Huge page support for NUMA (2.6.16)
Netfilter ip_tables: NUMA-aware allocation (2.6.16)
Multi-core
Scheduler improvements for shared-cache multi-core systems (2.6.17)
Scheduler power saving policy
Power consumption improvements through optimized task spreading
7
Red Hat Performance NDA Required 2009
Typical NUMA System Layout

Process memory on N1C0
Node 0
C0
C1
Memory
Node 1
C0
C1
Memory
N N NS N N N N N N NN
0 1 23 0 1 2 3 0 1 23
Interleaved
C0
C1
C0
C1
Memory
Memory
Node 2
Node 3
(Non-NUMA)
Process memory on N1C0
N0
N1
N2 N3
Non-Interleaved (NUMA)
NUMA Support
RHEL4 NUMA Support
NUMA aware memory allocation policy
NUMA aware memory reclamation
Multi-core support
RHEL5 NUMA Support

RHEL4 NUMA support (taskset, numactl)
NUMA aware scheduling
NUMA-aware slab allocator
NUMA-aware hugepages
Memory Management
Physical Memory(RAM) Management

Virtual Address Space Maps
Kernel Wired Memory
Reclaimable User Memory
Page Reclaim Dynamics
10
Physical Memory(RAM) Management

Physical Memory Layout
NUMA versus Non-NUMA(UMA)
NUMA Nodes
Zones
mem_map array
Page lists
Free
Active
Inactive
11
Physical Memory Supported/Tested

RHEL4
x86 4GB, 16GB, 64GB
x86_64 512GB
ia64 1TB
RHEL5
x86 4GB, 16GB
x86_64 512GB/1TB
ia64 - 2TB
12
Memory Zones
32-bit
64-bit
Up to 64 GB(PAE)
Highmem Zone
End of RAM
Normal Zone
896 MB or 3968MB
4GB
Normal Zone
16MB
DMA Zone
0
13
DMA32 Zone
16MB
DMA Zone
0
Memory Zone Utilization(x86)
14
DMA
Normal
24bit I/O
Kernel Static
Kernel Dynamic
slabcache
bounce buffers
driver allocations
User Overflow
(Highmem x86)
User
Anonymous
Pagecache
Pagetables
Memory Zone Utilization(x86_64)

DMA
24bit I/O
DMA32
32bit I/O
Normal overflow
Normal
Kernel Static
Kernel Dynamic
slabcache
bounce buffers
driver allocations
User
Anonymous
Pagecache
Pagetables
15
Per-Zone Resources
RAM
mem_map
Page lists: free, active and inactive
Page allocation and reclamation
Page reclamation watermarks
16
mem_map
Kernel maintains a page struct for each 4KB(16KB on IA64 and

64KB for PPC64/RHEL5) page of RAM
mem_map is the global array of page structs
Page struct size(x86, x86_64):
32-bit = 32bytes
64-bit = 56bytes
17
Per-zone page lists

Active List - most recently referenced
Anonymous-stack, heap, bss
Pagecache-filesystem data/meta-data
Inactive List - least recently referenced
Dirty-modified
writeback in progress
Clean-ready to free
Free
Coalesced buddy allocator
18
Per zone Free list/buddy allocator lists

Kernel maintains per-zone free list
Buddy allocator coalesces free pages into larger physically contiguous pieces
DMA
1*4kB4*8kB6*16kB4*32kB3*64kB1*128kB1*256kB1*512kB0*1024kB1*2048kB2*4096kB=11588kB)
Normal
HighMem
Memoryallocationfailures
Freelist exhaustion.
Freelist fragmentation.
19
Per NUMA-Node Resources
Memory zones(DMA & Normal zones)

CPUs
IO/DMA capacity
Interrupt processing
Page reclamation kernel thread(kswapd#)
20
NUMA Nodes and Zones

64-bit
End of RAM
Node 1
Normal Zone
Normal Zone
4GB
Node 0
DMA32 Zone
16MB
DMA Zone
0
21
Virtual Address Space Maps
32-bit
3G/1G address space
4G/4G address space(RHEL4 only)
64-bit
X86_64
IA64
22
Linux 32-bit Address Spaces(SMP)

Virtual
0GB
3G/1G Kernel(SMP)
3GB
4GB
RAM
DMA Normal
23
HighMem
RHEL4 32-bit Address Space(Hugemem)
Virtual
4G/4G Kernel(Hugemem)
User(s)
Kernel
0 GB
3968MB
RAM
DMA
24
Normal
3968MB
HighMem
Linux 64-bit Address Space

x86_64
VIRT
User
0
Kernel
128TB(2^47)
RAM
IA64
VIRT
RAM
25
Memory Pressure
32- bit
DMA
Normal
Highmem
Kernel Allocations
User Allocations
64- bit
DMA
26
Normal
Kernel and User Allocations
Kernel Memory Pressure

Static Boot-time(DMA and Normal zones)
Kernel text, data, BSS
Bootmem allocator, tables and hashes(mem_map)
Dynamic
Slabcache(Normal zone)
Kernel data structs
Inode cache, dentry cache and buffer header dynamics
Pagetables(Highmem/Normal zone)
HughTLBfs(Highmem/Normal zone)
27
User Memory Pressure

Anonymous/pagecache split
Pagecache Allocations
Page Faults
pagecache
28
anonymous
PageCache/Anonymous memory split

Pagecache memory is global and grows when filesystem data is accessed until
memory is exhausted.
Pagecache is freed:
Underlying files are deleted.
Unmount of the filesystem.
Kswapd reclaims pagecache pages when memory is exhausted.
/proc/sys/vm/drop_caches
Anonymous memory is private and grows on user demmand
Allocation followed by pagefault.
Swapin.
Anonymous memory is freed:
Process unmaps anonymous region or exits.
Kswapd reclaims anonymous pages(swapout) when memory is exhausted
29
PageCache/Anonymous memory split

Balance between pagecache and anonymous memory.
Dynamic.
Controlled via:
/proc/sys/vm/pagecache.
/proc/sys/vm/swappiness.
Swap files/partitions.
30
32-bit Memory Reclamation

Kernel Allocations
DMA
Normal
Kernel Reclamation
(kswapd)
slapcache reaping
inode cache pruning
bufferhead freeing
dentry cache pruning
31
User Allocations
Highmem
User Reclamation
(kswapd/pdflush)
page aging
pagecache shrinking
swapping
64-bit Memory Reclamation
RAM
Kernel and User Allocations

Kernel and User Reclamation
32
Anonymous/pagecache reclaiming
Pagecache Allocations
Page Faults
pagecache
kswapd(bdflush/pdflush, kupdated)
page reclaim
deletion of a file
unmount filesystem
33
anonymous
kswapd
page reclaim (swapout)
unmap
exit
Per Node/Zone Paging Dynamics

User Allocations
Reactivate
INACTIVE
(Dirty -> Clean)
ACTIVE
Page aging
FREE
Reclaiming
swapout
pdflush(RHEL4/5)
User deletions
34
Memory reclaim Watermarks

Free List
All of RAM
Do nothing
Pages High kswapd sleeps above High

kswapd reclaims memory
Pages Low kswapd wakesup at Low

Pages Min all memory allocators reclaim at Min

user processes/kswapd reclaim memory
0
35
FileSystem&DiskIO
pagecache
Read()/Write()
memory copy
Pagecache
page
I/O
buffer
DMA
User space
Kernel
36
Buffered file system write

pagecache
Memory copy
buffer
Pagecache
page(dirty)
User
Kernel
100% of pagecache RAM

dirty
pdflushd and
write()'ng processes
write dirty buffers
40% dirty) processes start

synchronous writes
pdflushd writes dirty
buffers in
background
10% dirty wakeup pdflushd
do_nothing
0% dirty
37
Buffered file system read

Memory copy
Buffer
(dirty)
User
38
Pagecache
page
Kernel
DirectIOfilesystemread()/write()
Read()/Write()
DMA
buffer
User space
Pagecache
39
Section2AnalyzingSystemPerformance
Performance Monitoring Tools
What to run under certain loads
Analyzing System Performance
What to look for
40
Performance Monitoring Tools
Standard Unix OS tools
Monitoring - cpu, memory, process, disk
oprofile
Kernel Tools
/proc, info (cpu, mem, slab), dmesg, AltSysrq
Networking
Profiling
nmi_watchdog=1, profile=2
Tracing strace, ltrace
dprobe, kprobe
3rd party profiling/ capacity monitoring
41
Perfmon, Caliper, vtune
SARcheck, KDE, BEA Patrol, HP Openview

Red Hat Top Tools

CPU Tools
42
Memory Tools
Process Tools
1 top
1 top
1 top
2 vmstat
2 vmstat -s
2 ps -o pmem
3 ps aux
3 ps aur
3 gprof
4 mpstat -P all
4 ipcs
4 strace,ltrace
5 sar -u
5 sar -r -B -W
5 sar
6 iostat
6 free
7 oprofile
7 oprofile
1 iostat -x
8 gnome-
8 gnome-
2 vmstat - D
system-monitor
system-monitor
3 sar -DEV #
9 KDE-monitor
9 KDE-monitor
4 nfsstat
10 /proc
10 /proc
5 NEED MORE!
Disk Tools
Monitoring Tools
mpstat reveals per cpu stats, Hard/Soft Interrupt usage
vmstat vm page info, context switch, total ints/s, cpu
netstat per nic status, errors, statistics at driver level
lspci
list the devices on pci, indepth driver flags
oprofile system level profiling, kernel/driver code

modinfo list information about drivers, version, options
sar
collect, report, save system activity information

Many others available- iptraf, wireshark, etc
Sample use for some of these embedded in talk
43
top - press h help,1-show cpus, m-memory, t-threads, > - column sort

top09:01:04up8days,15:22,2users,loadaverage:1.71,0.39,0.12
Tasks:114total,1running,113sleeping,0stopped,0zombie
Cpu0:5.3%us,2.3%sy,0.0%ni,0.0%id,92.0%wa,0.0%hi,0.3%si
Cpu1:0.3%us,0.3%sy,0.0%ni,89.7%id,9.7%wa,0.0%hi,0.0%si
Mem:2053860ktotal,2036840kused,17020kfree,99556kbuffers
Swap:2031608ktotal,160kused,2031448kfree,417720kcached
PIDUSERPRNIVIRTRESSHRS%CPU%MEMTIME+COMMAND
27830oracle1601315m1.2g1.2gD1.360.90:00.09oracle
27828oracle1502758466484620S0.30.30:00.17tpcc.exe
1root1604744580480S0.00.00:00.50init
2rootRT0000S0.00.00:00.11migration/0
3root3419000S0.00.00:00.00ksoftirqd/0
44
vmstat(paging vs swapping)
Vmstat10
procsmemoryswapiosystemcpu
rbswpdfreebuffcachesisobiboincsussywaid
200548352420052423457600546315251303096
020169784020052439314400057850482108539941221463
300784420052457841090059330589463243144307321842
Vmstat10
200548352420052423457600546315251303096
02016623402005242345760057850482108539941221463
3023567873842005242345761875423745193589463243144307321842
45
Vmstat - IOzone(8GB file with 6GB RAM)

#!depletememoryuntilpdflushturnson
200448352420052423457600546315251303096
020169784020052429314400057850482108539941221463
3001537884200524384109200193589463243144307321842
02052812020052462281720047888810177133921322246
01046140200524671373600179110719144718251303535
22050972200524670574400232119698131619710253144
#!nowtransitionfromwritetoreads
14051040200524670554400213351912658390265618
1103506420052467127240040118911136720210354223
01068264234372664702000767445420484032072073
01034468234372667801600773913416202834091872
01047320234372669035600810507717832916072073
10038756234372669834400761364420273705191972
01031472234372670653200767253316012807081973
46
iostat -x of same IOzone EXT3 file system

Iostatmetrics
ratesperfsecsizesandresponsetime
r|wrqm/srequestmerged/saverqszaveragerequestsz
r|wsec/s512bytesectors/savequszaveragequeuesz
r|wKB/sKilobyte/sawaitaveragewaittimems
r|w/soperations/ssvcmaveservicetimem
Linux2.4.2127.0.2.ELsmp(node1)
avgcpu:%user%nice%sys%iowait%idle
0.400.002.630.9196.06
Device:rrqm/swrqm/sr/sw/srsec/swsec/srkB/swkB/savgrqszavgquszawaitsvctm%util
sdi16164.600.00523.400.00133504.000.0066752.000.00255.071.001.911.8898.40
sdi17110.100.00553.900.00141312.000.0070656.000.00255.120.991.801.7898.40
sdi16153.500.00522.500.00133408.000.0066704.000.00255.330.981.881.8697.00
sdi17561.900.00568.100.00145040.000.0072520.000.00255.311.011.781.76100.00
47
SAR
[root@localhostredhat]#saru33
Linux2.4.2120.EL(localhost.localdomain)05/16/2005
10:32:28PMCPU%user%nice%system%idle
10:32:31PMall0.000.000.00100.00
10:32:34PMall1.330.000.3398.33
10:32:37PMall1.340.000.0098.66
Average:all0.890.000.1199.00
[root]sarnDEV
Linux2.4.2120.EL(localhost.localdomain)03/16/2005
01:10:01PMIFACErxpck/stxpck/srxbyt/stxbyt/srxcmp/s
txcmp/srxmcst/s
01:20:00PMlo3.493.49306.16306.160.00
0.000.00
01:20:00PMeth03.893.532395.34484.700.00
0.000.00
01:20:00PMeth10.000.000.000.000.00
0.000.00
48
Networking tools
Tuning tools
ethtool
View and change Ethernet card settings
sysctl
View and set /proc/sys settings
ifconfig View and set ethX variables

setpci
View and set pci bus params for device
netperf Can run a bunch of different network tests

/proc
49
OS info, place for changing device tunables
ethtool
Works mostly at the HW level
ethtool -S provides HW level stats
Counters since boot time, create scripts to calculate diffs
ethtool -c - Interrupt coalescing
ethtool -g - provides ring buffer information
ethtool -k - provides hw assist information
ethtool -i - provides the driver information
50
CPU Utilization Raw vs. Tuned IRQ, NAPI

NotTuned
CPU%user%nice%system%iowait%irq%soft%idleintr/s
all0.230.008.010.020.0010.7880.9621034.49
00.000.000.000.010.0052.1647.8320158.58
10.000.000.000.020.000.00100.00125.14
20.000.000.000.080.000.0099.93125.14
30.000.000.000.030.000.0099.99125.13
41.790.0064.110.000.0034.110.01125.14
50.010.000.000.020.000.0099.99125.14
60.000.000.000.000.000.00100.01125.14
70.000.000.000.020.000.0099.99125.14
WithTuning
CPU%user%nice%system%iowait%irq%soft%idleintr/s
all0.260.0010.440.000.0012.5076.791118.61
00.000.000.000.000.000.00100.001.12
10.010.000.000.000.000.0099.990.00
20.000.000.000.000.000.00100.000.00
30.000.000.000.000.000.00100.000.00
42.080.0083.540.000.000.0014.380.00
50.000.000.010.000.00100.000.001.95
60.000.000.000.000.000.0299.980.68
70.000.000.000.000.030.0099.981114.86
free/numastat memory allocation

[root@localhostredhat]#freel
totalusedfreesharedbuffers
cached
Mem:511368342336169032029712
167408
Low:51136834233616903200
0
High:00000
0
/+buffers/cache:145216366152
Swap:104324001043240
numastat(on2cpux86_64basedsystem)
node1node0
numa_hit980333210905630
numa_miss20490181609361
numa_foreign16093612049018
interleave_hit5868954749
local_node977092710880901
other_node20814231634090
52
ps
[root@localhostroot]#psaux
[root@localhostroot]#psaux|more
USERPID%CPU%MEMVSZRSSTTYSTATSTARTTIMECOMMAND
root10.10.11528516?S23:180:04init
root20.00.000?SW23:180:00[keventd]
root30.00.000?SW23:180:00[kapmd]
root40.00.000?SWN23:180:00[ksoftirqd/0]
root70.00.000?SW23:180:00[bdflush]
root50.00.000?SW23:180:00[kswapd]
root60.00.000?SW23:180:00[kscand]
53
pstree
init/usr/bin/sealer
acpid
atd
auditdpython
{auditd}
automount6*[{automount}]
avahi-daemonavahi-daemon
bonobo-activati{bonobo-activati}
bt-applet
clock-applet
crond
cupsdcups-polld
3*[dbus-daemon{dbus-daemon}]
2*[dbus-launch]
dhclient
54
The /proc filesystem

/proc
meminfo
slabinfo
cpuinfo
pid<#>/maps
vmstat(RHEL4 & RHEL5)
zoneinfo(RHEL5)
sysrq-trigger
55
/proc/meminfo
RHEL4> cat /proc/meminfo
MemTotal: 32749568 kB
MemFree:
31313344 kB
Buffers:
29992 kB
Cached:
1250584 kB
SwapCached:
0 kB
Active:
235284 kB
Inactive:
1124168 kB
HighTotal:
0 kB
HighFree:
0 kB
LowTotal: 32749568 kB
LowFree:
31313344 kB
SwapTotal: 4095992 kB
SwapFree:
4095992 kB
Dirty:
0 kB
Writeback:
0 kB
Mapped:
1124080 kB
Slab:
38460 kB
CommitLimit: 20470776 kB
Committed_AS: 1158556 kB
PageTables:
5096 kB
VmallocTotal: 536870911 kB
VmallocUsed:
2984 kB
VmallocChunk: 536867627 kB
HugePages_Total: 0
HugePages_Free:
0
Hugepagesize: 2048 kB
56
RHEL5> cat /proc/meminfo

MemTotal:
1025220 kB
MemFree:
11048 kB
Buffers:
141944 kB
Cached:
342664 kB
SwapCached:
4 kB
Active:
715304 kB
Inactive:
164780 kB
HighTotal:
0 kB
HighFree:
0 kB
LowTotal:
1025220 kB
LowFree:
11048 kB
SwapTotal: 2031608 kB
SwapFree:
2031472 kB
Dirty:
84 kB
Writeback:
0 kB
AnonPages:
395572 kB
Mapped:
82860 kB
Slab:
92296 kB
PageTables:
23884 kB
NFS_Unstable:
0 kB
Bounce:
0 kB
CommitLimit: 2544216 kB
Committed_AS: 804656 kB
VmallocTotal: 34359738367 kB
VmallocUsed: 263472 kB
VmallocChunk: 34359474711 kB
HugePages_Total: 0
HugePages_Free:
0
HugePages_Rsvd:
0
Hugepagesize: 2048 kB
/proc/slabinfo
slabinfoversion:2.1
#name<active_objs><num_objs><objsize><objperslab><pagesperslab>:tunables<limit>
<batchcount><sharedfactor>:slabdata<active_slabs><num_slabs><sharedavail>
nfsd4_delegations0065661:tunables54278:slabdata000
nfsd4_stateids00128301:tunables120608:slabdata000
nfsd4_files0072531:tunables120608:slabdata000
nfsd4_stateowners0042491:tunables54278:slabdata000
nfs_direct_cache00128301:tunables120608:slabdata000
nfs_write_data363683292:tunables54278:slabdata440
nfs_read_data323576851:tunables54278:slabdata770
nfs_inode_cache13831389104031:tunables24128:slabdata4634630
nfs_page00128301:tunables120608:slabdata000
fscache_cookie_jar35372531:tunables120608:slabdata110
ip_conntrack_expect00136281:tunables120608:slabdata000
ip_conntrack75130304131:tunables54278:slabdata10100
bridge_fdb_cache0064591:tunables120608:slabdata000
rpc_buffers88204821:tunables24128:slabdata440
rpc_tasks3030384101:tunables54278:slabdata330
57
/proc/cpuinfo
[lwoodman]$cat/proc/cpuinfo
processor:0
vendor_id:GenuineIntel
cpufamily:6
model:15
modelname:Intel(R)Xeon(R)CPU3060@2.40GHz
stepping:6
cpuMHz:2394.070
cachesize:4096KB
physicalid:0
siblings:2
coreid:0
cpucores:2
fpu:yes
fpu_exception:yes
cpuidlevel:10
wp:yes
flags:fpuvmedepsetscmsrpaemcecx8apicsepmtrrpgemcacmovpatpse36clflush
dtsacpimmxfxsrssesse2sshttmsyscallnxlmconstant_tscpnimonitords_cplvmxesttm2cx16
xtprlahf_lm
bogomips:4791.41
clflushsize:64
cache_alignment:64
addresssizes:36bitsphysical,48bitsvirtual
powermanagement:
58
32-bit /proc/<pid>/maps
[root@dhcp8336proc]#cat5808/maps
0022e0000023b000rxp0000000003:034137068/lib/tls/libpthread0.60.so
0023b0000023c000rwp0000c00003:034137068/lib/tls/libpthread0.60.so
0023c0000023e000rwp0000000000:000
0037f00000391000rxp0000000003:03523285/lib/libnsl2.3.2.so
0039100000392000rwp0001100003:03523285/lib/libnsl2.3.2.so
0039200000394000rwp0000000000:000
00c4500000c5a000rxp0000000003:03523268/lib/ld2.3.2.so
00c5a00000c5b000rwp0001500003:03523268/lib/ld2.3.2.so
00e5c00000f8e000rxp0000000003:034137064/lib/tls/libc2.3.2.so
00f8e00000f91000rwp0013100003:034137064/lib/tls/libc2.3.2.so
00f9100000f94000rwp0000000000:000
080480000804f000rxp0000000003:031046791/sbin/ypbind
0804f00008050000rwp0000700003:031046791/sbin/ypbind
09794000097b5000rwp0000000000:000
b5fdd000b5fde000p0000000000:000
59
64-bit /proc/<pid>/maps
#cat/proc/2345/maps
004000000100b000rxp00000000fd:001933328/usr/sybase/ASE12_5/bin/dataserver.esd3
0110b00001433000rwp00c0b000fd:001933328/usr/sybase/ASE12_5/bin/dataserver.esd3
01433000014eb000rwxp0143300000:000
4000000040001000p4000000000:000
4000100040a01000rwxp4000100000:000
2a95f730002a96073000p0012b000fd:00819273/lib64/tls/libc2.3.4.so
2a960730002a96075000rp0012b000fd:00819273/lib64/tls/libc2.3.4.so
2a960750002a96078000rwp0012d000fd:00819273/lib64/tls/libc2.3.4.so
2a960780002a9607e000rwp2a9607800000:000
2a9607e0002a98c3e000rws0000000000:06360450/SYSV0100401e(deleted)
2a98c3e0002a98c47000rwp2a98c3e00000:000
2a98c470002a98c51000rxp00000000fd:00819227/lib64/libnss_files2.3.4.so
2a98c510002a98d51000p0000a000fd:00819227/lib64/libnss_files2.3.4.so
2a98d510002a98d53000rwp0000a000fd:00819227/lib64/libnss_files2.3.4.so
2a98d530002a98d57000rxp00000000fd:00819225/lib64/libnss_dns2.3.4.so
2a98d570002a98e56000p00004000fd:00819225/lib64/libnss_dns2.3.4.so
2a98e560002a98e58000rwp00003000fd:00819225/lib64/libnss_dns2.3.4.so
2a98e580002a98e69000rxp00000000fd:00819237/lib64/libresolv2.3.4.so
2a98e690002a98f69000p00011000fd:00819237/lib64/libresolv2.3.4.so
2a98f690002a98f6b000rwp00011000fd:00819237/lib64/libresolv2.3.4.so
2a98f6b0002a98f6d000rwp2a98f6b00000:000
35c7e0000035c7e08000rxp00000000fd:00819469/lib64/libpam.so.0.77
35c7e0800035c7f08000p00008000fd:00819469/lib64/libpam.so.0.77
35c7f0800035c7f09000rwp00008000fd:00819469/lib64/libpam.so.0.77
35c800000035c8011000rxp00000000fd:00819468/lib64/libaudit.so.0.0.0
35c801100035c8110000p00011000fd:00819468/lib64/libaudit.so.0.0.0
35c811000035c8118000rwp00010000fd:00819468/lib64/libaudit.so.0.0.0
35c900000035c900b000rxp00000000fd:00819457/lib64/libgcc_s3.4.420050721.so.1
35c900b00035c910a000p0000b000fd:00819457/lib64/libgcc_s3.4.420050721.so.1
35c910a00035c910b000rwp0000a000fd:00819457/lib64/libgcc_s3.4.420050721.so.1
7fbfff10007fc0000000rwxp7fbfff100000:000
ffffffffff600000ffffffffffe00000p0000000000:000
60
/proc/vmstat
cat /proc/vmstat
nr_anon_pages 98893
nr_mapped 20715
nr_file_pages 120855
nr_slab 23060
nr_page_table_pages
5971
nr_dirty 21
nr_writeback 0
nr_unstable 0
nr_bounce 0
numa_hit 996729666
numa_miss 0
numa_foreign 0
numa_interleave 87657
numa_local 996729666
numa_other 0
pgpgin 2577307
pgpgout 106131928
pswpin 0
pswpout 34
pgalloc_dma 198908
pgalloc_dma32
997707549
pgalloc_normal 0
pgalloc_high 0
pgfree 997909734
pgactivate 1313196
pgdeactivate 470908
pgfault 2971972147
pgmajfault 8047.
61
CONTINUED...
pgrefill_dma 18338
pgrefill_dma32 1353451
pgrefill_normal 0
pgrefill_high 0
pgsteal_dma 0
pgsteal_dma32 0
pgsteal_normal 0
pgsteal_high 0
pgscan_kswapd_dma 7235
pgscan_kswapd_dma32 417984
pgscan_kswapd_normal 0
pgscan_kswapd_high 0
pgscan_direct_dma 12
pgscan_direct_dma32 1984
pgscan_direct_normal 0
pgscan_direct_high 0
pginodesteal 166
slabs_scanned 1072512
kswapd_steal 410973
kswapd_inodesteal 61305
pageoutrun 7752
allocstall 29
pgrotated 73
Alt Sysrq M
Freepages:15809760kB(0kBHighMem)
Active:51550inactive:54515dirty:44writeback:0unstable:0free:3952440slab:8727mapped
file:5064mappedanon:20127pagetables:1627
Node0DMAfree:10864kBmin:8kBlow:8kBhigh:12kBactive:0kBinactive:0kBpresent:10460kB
pages_scanned:0all_unreclaimable?no
Node0DMA32free:2643124kBmin:2760kBlow:3448kBhigh:4140kBactive:0kBinactive:0kB
present:2808992kBpages_scanned:0all_unreclaimable?no
Node0Normalfree:13155772kBmin:13480kBlow:16848kBhigh:20220kBactive:206200kB
inactive:218060kBpresent:13703680kBpages_scanned:0all_unreclaimable?no
Node0HighMemfree:0kBmin:128kBlow:128kBhigh:128kBactive:0kBinactive:0kBpresent:0kB
Node0DMA:4*4kB2*8kB3*16kB1*32kB2*64kB1*128kB1*256kB0*512kB2*1024kB0*2048kB
2*4096kB=10864kB
Node0DMA32:1*4kB0*8kB1*16kB1*32kB0*64kB1*128kB0*256kB2*512kB2*1024kB3*2048kB
643*4096kB=2643124kB
Node0Normal:453*4kB161*8kB44*16kB15*32kB4*64kB4*128kB0*256kB1*512kB0*1024kB
1*2048kB3210*4096kB=13155772kB
Node0HighMem:empty
85955pagecachepages
Swapcache:add0,delete0,find0/0,race0+0
Freeswap=2031608kB
Totalswap=2031608kB
Freeswap:2031608kB
4521984pagesofRAM
446612reservedpages
21971pagesshared
0pagesswapcached
62
Alt Sysrq M - NUMA

Active:77517inactive:67928dirty:1000writeback:0unstable:0free:3907649slab:10391mappedfile:8975
mappedanon:38003pagetables:4731
Node0DMAfree:10864kBmin:8kBlow:8kBhigh:12kBactive:0kBinactive:0kBpresent:10460kBpages_scanned:0
all_unreclaimable?no
lowmem_reserve[]:0274380458045
Node0DMA32free:2643480kBmin:2760kBlow:3448kBhigh:4140kBactive:0kBinactive:0kBpresent:2808992kB
Node0Normalfree:4917364kBmin:5340kBlow:6672kBhigh:8008kBactive:204836kBinactive:197340kB
Node1DMAfree:0kBmin:0kBlow:0kBhigh:0kBactive:0kBinactive:0kBpresent:0kBpages_scanned:0
Node1DMA32free:0kBmin:0kBlow:0kBhigh:0kBactive:0kBinactive:0kBpresent:0kBpages_scanned:0
Node1Normalfree:8058888kBmin:8140kBlow:10172kBhigh:12208kBactive:105232kBinactive:74372kB
Node0DMA:6*4kB5*8kB3*16kB2*32kB3*64kB2*128kB0*256kB0*512kB2*1024kB0*2048kB2*4096kB=10864kB
Node0DMA32:2*4kB2*8kB0*16kB2*32kB1*64kB1*128kB1*256kB2*512kB2*1024kB3*2048kB643*4096kB=
2643480kB
Node0Normal:91*4kB47*8kB27*16kB5*32kB5*64kB0*128kB0*256kB1*512kB2*1024kB1*2048kB1199*4096kB
=4917364kB
Node1Normal:78*4kB48*8kB477*16kB326*32kB261*64kB105*128kB55*256kB33*512kB20*1024kB0*2048kB
1943*4096kB=8058888kB
107476pagecachepages
4521984pagesofRAM
63
Alt Sysrq T
gdmgreeterSffff8100090368000751174837489(NOTLB)
ffff81044ae05b38000000000000008200000000000000800000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000000affff810432ed97a0ffff81010f387080
0000002a3a0d43980000000000003b57ffff810432ed99880000000600000000
CallTrace:
[<ffffffff8006380f>]schedule_timeout+0x1e/0xad
[<ffffffff80049b33>]add_wait_queue+0x24/0x34
[<ffffffff8002db7e>]pipe_poll+0x2d/0x90
[<ffffffff8002f764>]do_sys_poll+0x277/0x360
[<ffffffff8001e99c>]__pollwait+0x0/0xe2
[<ffffffff8008be44>]default_wake_function+0x0/0xe
[<ffffffff80012f1a>]sock_def_readable+0x34/0x5f
[<ffffffff8004a81a>]unix_stream_sendmsg+0x281/0x346
[<ffffffff80037c3a>]do_sock_write+0xc6/0x102
[<ffffffff801277da>]avc_has_perm+0x43/0x55
[<ffffffff80276a6e>]unix_ioctl+0xc7/0xd0
[<ffffffff8021f48f>]sock_ioctl+0x1c1/0x1e5
[<ffffffff800420a7>]do_ioctl+0x21/0x6b
[<ffffffff800302a0>]vfs_ioctl+0x457/0x4b9
[<ffffffff800b6193>]audit_syscall_entry+0x180/0x1b3
[<ffffffff8004c4f6>]sys_poll+0x2d/0x34
[<ffffffff8005d28d>]tracesys+0xd5/0xe0
64
Alt Sysrq W and P

SysRq:ShowCPUs
CPU2:
ffff81010f30bf480000000000000000ffff81010f305e20ffffffff801ae69e
00000000000000000000000000000200ffffffff803ea2a0ffffffff801ae6cd
ffffffff801ae69effffffff80022d85ffffffff8019739300000000000000ff
CallTrace:
<IRQ>[<ffffffff801ae69e>]showacpu+0x0/0x3b
[<ffffffff801ae6cd>]showacpu+0x2f/0x3b
[<ffffffff801ae69e>]showacpu+0x0/0x3b
[<ffffffff80022d85>]smp_call_function_interrupt+0x57/0x75
[<ffffffff80197393>]acpi_processor_idle+0x0/0x463
[<ffffffff8005dc22>]call_function_interrupt+0x66/0x6c
<EOI>[<ffffffff80197324>]acpi_safe_halt+0x25/0x36
[<ffffffff8019751a>]acpi_processor_idle+0x187/0x463
[<ffffffff80049399>]cpu_idle+0x95/0xb8
[<ffffffff80076e12>]start_secondary+0x45a/0x469
65
Profiling Tools: OProfile

Open source project
http://oprofile.sourceforge.net
Events to measure with Oprofile:
Upstream; Red Hat contributes

Originally modeled after DEC Continuous
Profiling Infrastructure (DCPI)
Initially time-based samples most useful:

PPro/PII/PIII/AMD: CPU_CLK_UNHALTED
System-wide profiler (both kernel and user

code)
P4: GLOBAL_POWER_EVENTS
Sample-based profiler with SMP machine

support
TIMER_INT (fall-back profiling mechanism) default
Performance monitoring hardware support

Relatively low overhead, typically <10%
Processor specific performance monitoring

hardware can provide additional kinds of sampling
Many events to choose from
Branch mispredictions
Designed to run for long times
Cache misses - TLB misses
Included in base Red Hat Enterprise Linux

product
66
IA64: CPU_CYCLES
Pipeline stalls/serializing instructions

Red Hat Confidential
oprofile builtin to RHEL4 & 5 (smp)

opcontrol on/off data
opreport analyze profile
--start start collection
-r reverse order sort
--stop stop collection

--dump output to disk
-t [percentage] theshold to
view
--event=:name:count
-f /path/filename
Example:
-d details
# opcontrol start
opannotate
# /bin/time test1 &
-s /path/source
# sleep 60
-a /path/assembly
# opcontrol stop
# opcontrol dump
67
oprofile opcontrol and opreport cpu_cycles

#CPU:Core2,speed2666.72MHz(estimated)
CountedCPU_CLK_UNHALTEDevents(Clockcycleswhennothalted)withaunitmaskof0x00(Unhaltedcore
c
ycles)count100000
CPU_CLK_UNHALT...|
samples|%|
39743597184.6702vmlinux
197030644.1976zeus.web
169143173.6034e1000
122085142.6009ld2.5.so
117117462.4951libc2.5.so
51646641.1003sim.cgi
23334270.4971oprofiled
12951610.2759oprofile
10997310.2343zeus.cgi
9686230.2064ext3
2701630.0576jbd
68
Profiling Tools: SystemTap

Technology: Kprobes:
In current 2.6 kernels
Upstream 2.6.12, backported to RHEL4 kernel
Kernel instrumentation without recompile/reboot
Uses software int and trap handler for instrumentation
Debug information:
Provides map between executable and source code
Generated as part of RPM builds
Available at: ftp://ftp.redhat.com
Safety: Instrumentation scripting language:
No dynamic memory allocation or assembly/C code
Types and type conversions limited
Restrict access through pointers
Script compiler checks:
Infinite loops and recursion Invalid variable access
69
Profiling Tools: SystemTap

parse
probe script
Red Hat, Intel, IBM & Hitachi collaboration

Linux answer to Solaris Dtrace
elaborate
Dynamic instrumentation
Tool to take a deep look into a running system:
Assists in identifying causes of performance problems
probe-set library
translate to C, compile *
Simplifies building instrumentation

Current snapshots available from:
http://sources.redhat.com/systemtap
Source for presentations/papers
Kernel space tracing today, user space tracing under
development
Technology preview status until 5.1
70
load module, start probe
probe kernel
object
extract output, unload

probe output
* Solaris Dtrace is interpretive
SystemTap: Kernel debugging

Several tracepoints were added to RHEL5 kernel
trace_mm_filemap_fault(area->vm_mm, address, page);
trace_mm_anon_userfree(mm, addr, page);
trace_mm_filemap_userunmap(mm, addr, page);
trace_mm_filemap_cow(mm, address, new_page);
trace_mm_anon_cow(mm, address, new_page);
trace_mm_anon_pgin(mm, address, page);
trace_mm_anon_fault(mm, address, page);
trace_mm_page_free(page);
trace_mm_page_allocation(page, zone->free_pages);
trace_mm_pdflush_bgwriteout(_min_pages);
trace_mm_pdflush_kupdate(nr_to_write);
trace_mm_anon_unmap(page, ret == SWAP_SUCCESS);
trace_mm_filemap_unmap(page, ret == SWAP_SUCCESS);
trace_mm_pagereclaim_pgout(page, PageAnon(page));
trace_mm_pagereclaim_free(page, PageAnon(page));
trace_mm_pagereclaim_shrinkinactive_i2a(page);
trace_mm_pagereclaim_shrinkinactive_i2i(page);
trace_mm_pagereclaim_shrinkinactive(nr_reclaimed);
trace_mm_pagereclaim_shrinkactive_a2a(page);
trace_mm_pagereclaim_shrinkactive_a2i(page);
trace_mm_pagereclaim_shrinkactive(pgscanned);
trace_mm_pagereclaim_shrinkzone(nr_reclaimed);
trace_mm_directreclaim_reclaimall(priority);
trace_mm_kswapd_runs(sc.nr_reclaimed);
71

Several custom scripts enable/use tracepoints
(/usr/local/share/doc/systemtap/examples)
#! /usr/local/bin/stap
global traced_pid
function log_event:long ()
{
return (!traced_pid ||traced_pid == (task_pid(task_current())))
}
probe kernel.trace("mm_pagereclaim_shrinkinactive") {
if (!log_event()) next
reclaims[pid()]++
command[pid()]=execname()
}
//MM kernel tracepoints prolog and epilog routines
probe begin {
printf("Starting mm tracepoints\n");
traced_pid = target();
if (traced_pid) {
printf("mode Specific Pid, traced pid: %d\n", traced_pid);
} else {
printf("mode - All Pids\n");
}
printf("\n");
}
probe end {
printf("Terminating mm tracepoints\n");
printf("Command
Pid
Direct Activate Deactivate Reclaims Freed\n");
printf("-------------- -------- ---------- -------- -----\n");
foreach (pid in reclaims-)
72

CommandPidDirectActivateDeactivateReclaimsFreed
kswapd05440150376791943715157430730
kswapd15450180678882434712117341408
memory254359975697573083604621115837
mixer_applet2768764180101333981
Xorg749151906283920382
gnometerminal71612103869512320
gnometerminal77015261422457172
cupsd7100192704128
73

CommandPidAllocFreeA_faultA_ufreeA_pginA_cowA_unmap
memory25685284278440644082834840398981614048185
kswapd1545300753257000049884
kswapd054462025241000017568
mixer_applet27687302282700101241
sshd25051227000600
kjournald86320728300002149
Xorg74911698980000310
gnomepowerman76531520001800
avahidaemon7252150128000480160
irqbalance67251263641313180190
bash250531220001300
hald7264890008300
gconfd271638252600680116
74
Red Hat MRG Tuna
75
Red Hat MRG Tuna con't
76
Red Hat MRG Tuna
77
Red Hat MRG Tuna

TUNA command line
Usage: tuna [OPTIONS]
-h, --help
Give this help list
-g, --gui
Start the GUI
-c, --cpus=CPU-LIST
CPU-LIST affected by commands
-C, --affect_children
Operation will affect children threads
-f, --filter
Display filter the selected entities
-i, --isolate
Move all threads away from CPU-LIST
-I, --include
Allow all threads to run on CPU-LIST
-K, --no_kthreads
Operations will not affect kernel threads
-m, --move
move selected entities to CPU-LIST
-p, --priority=[POLICY]:RTPRIO
set thread scheduler POLICY and RTPRIO
-P, --show_threads
show thread list
-s, --save=FILENAME
save kthreads sched tunables to FILENAME
-S, --sockets=CPU-SOCKET-LIST CPU-SOCKET-LIST affected by commands
-t, --threads=THREAD-LIST THREAD-LIST affected by commands
-U, --no_uthreads
Operations will not affect user threads
-W, --what_is
Provides help about selected entities
Examples
tuna -c 0-3 -i (isolate cpu 0-3), tune -S 1 i (isolate socket 1 = cpu 0-3 intelq)
tuna -t PID -C -p fifo:50 -S 1 -m -P (move PID# to socket 1, sched:fifo +50 prior
78
Section 3: Tuning RHEL

How to tune Linux
Capacity tuning
Fix problems by adding resources
Performance Tuning
Methodology
1) Document config
2) Baseline results
3) While results non-optimal
a) Monitor/Instrument system/workload
b) Apply tuning 1 change at a time
c) Analyze results, exit or loop
4) Document final config
79
Tuning - setting kernel parameters

/proc
[root@foobar fs]# cat /proc/sys/kernel/sysrq (see 0)
[root@foobar fs]# echo 1 > /proc/sys/kernel/sysrq
[root@foobar fs]# cat /proc/sys/kernel/sysrq (see 1)
Sysctl command
[root@foobar fs]# sysctl kernel.sysrq
kernel.sysrq = 0
[root@foobar fs]# sysctl -w kernel.sysrq=1
kernel.sysrq = 1
[root@foobar fs]# sysctl kernel.sysrq
kernel.sysrq = 1
Edit the /etc/sysctl.conf file
# Kernel sysctl configuration file for Red Hat Linux
# Controls the System Request debugging functionality of the kernel
kernel.sysrq = 1
80
Capacity Tuning
Memory
/proc/sys/vm/overcommit_memory
/proc/sys/vm/overcommit_ratio
/proc/sys/vm/max_map_count
/proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages
/proc/sys/kernel/msgmax
/proc/sys/kernel/msgmnb
/proc/sys/kernel/msgmni
/proc/sys/kernel/shmall
/proc/sys/kernel/shmmax
/proc/sys/kernel/shmmni
/proc/sys/kernel/threads-max
Kernel
Filesystems
/proc/sys/fs/aio_max_nr
/proc/sys/fs/file_max
OOM kills
81
OOM kills lowmem consumption

Active:323264inactive:346882dirty:327575writeback:3686unstable:0free:2250924slab:177094
mapped:15855pagetables:987
DMAfree:12640kBmin:16kBlow:32kBhigh:48kBactive:0kBinactive:0kBpresent:16384kB
pages_scanned:149all_unreclaimable?yes
protections[]:000
Normalfree:656kBmin:928kBlow:1856kBhigh:2784kBactive:6976kBinactive:9976kBpresent:901120kB
protections[]:000
HighMemfree:8990400kBmin:512kBlow:1024kBhigh:1536kBactive:1286080kBinactive:1377552kB
protections[]:000
DMA:4*4kB4*8kB3*16kB4*32kB4*64kB1*128kB1*256kB1*512kB1*1024kB1*2048kB2*4096kB=
12640kB
Normal:0*4kB2*8kB0*16kB0*32kB0*64kB1*128kB0*256kB1*512kB0*1024kB0*2048kB0*4096kB=
656kB
HighMem:15994*4kB17663*8kB11584*16kB8561*32kB8193*64kB1543*128kB69*256kB2101*512kB
1328*1024kB765*2048kB875*4096kB=8990400kB
Freeswap:8385912kB
3342336pagesofRAM
2916288pagesofHIGHMEM
224303reservedpages
666061pagesshared
0pagesswapcached
OutofMemory:Killedprocess22248(httpd).
oomkiller:gfp_mask=0xd0
82
OOM kills IO system stall

Freepages:15096kB(1664kBHighMem)Active:34146inactive:1995536dirty:255
writeback:314829unstable:0free:3774slab:39266mapped:31803pagetables:820
DMAfree:12552kBmin:16kBlow:32kBhigh:48kBactive:0kBinactive:0kBpresent:16384kB
protections[]:000
Normalfree:880kBmin:928kBlow:1856kBhigh:2784kBactive:744kBinactive:660296kB
present:901120kBpages_scanned:726099all_unreclaimable?yes
protections[]:000
HighMemfree:1664kBmin:512kBlow:1024kBhigh:1536kBactive:135840kBinactive:7321848kB
protections[]:000
DMA:2*4kB4*8kB2*16kB4*32kB3*64kB1*128kB1*256kB1*512kB1*1024kB1*2048kB2*4096kB=
12552kB
Normal:0*4kB18*8kB14*16kB0*32kB0*64kB0*128kB0*256kB1*512kB0*1024kB0*2048kB
0*4096kB=880kB
HighMem:6*4kB9*8kB66*16kB0*32kB0*64kB0*128kB0*256kB1*512kB0*1024kB0*2048kB
0*4096kB=1664kB
0bouncebufferpages
Freeswap:4193264kB
2228223pagesofRAM
1867481pagesofHIGHMEM
150341reservedpages
343042pagesshared
257pagesswapcached
kernel:OutofMemory:Killedprocess3450(hpsmhd).
83
Eliminating OOMkills
RHEL4
/proc/sys/vm/oom-kill oom kill enable/disable flag(default 1).
/proc/<pid>/oom_adj per-process OOM adjustment(-17 to +15)
Set to -17 to disable that process from being OOM killed
Decrease to decrease OOM kill likelyhood.
Increase to increase OOM kill likelyhood.
/proc/<pid>/oom_score current OOM kill priority.
RHEL5
84
General Performance Tuning Considerations
Over Committing RAM

Swap device location
Storage device and limits limits
Kernel selection
85
Performance Tuning
Kernel Selection
VM tuning
Processor related tuning
NUMA related tuning
Disk & IO tuning
Hugepages
KVM host and guests
86
RHEL4 kernel selection

x86
Standard kernel(no PAE, 3G/1G)

UP systems with <= 4GB RAM
SMP kernel(PAE, 3G/1G)
SMP systems with < ~16GB RAM

Highmem/Lowmem ratio <= 16:1
Hugemem kernel(PAE, 4G/4G)

SMP systems > ~16GB RAM
X86_64
87
Standard kernel for UP systems
SMP kernel for systems with up to 8 CPUs
LargeSMP kernel for systems up to 512 CPUs
RHEL5 kernel selection

x86
Standard kernel(no PAE, 3G/1G)
UP and SMP systems with <= 4GB RAM
PAE kernel(PAE, 3G/1G)
UP and SMP systems with >4GB RAM
X86_64
Standard kernel for all systems
Standard kernel for all systems
IA64
88
VM: swappiness
Controls how aggressively the system reclaims
mapped memory:
Anonymous memory - swapping
Mapped file pages writing if dirty and freeing
System V shared memory - swapping
Decreasing: more aggressive reclaiming of unmapped

pagecache memory
Increasing: more aggressive swapping of mapped
memory
89
/proc/sys/vm/swappiness
Sybaseserverwith/proc/sys/vm/swappinesssetto60(default)
rbswpdfreebuffcachesisobiboincsussyidwa
51643644267883544323417888801204044749613022084625342516
Sybaseserverwith/proc/sys/vm/swappinesssetto10
8302422867243228069600238886377612862002024381326
90
/proc/sys/vm/min_free_kbytes
Directly controls the page reclaim watermarks in KB
# echo 1024 > /proc/sys/vm/min_free_kbytes
----------------------------------------------------------Node 0 DMA free:4420kB min:8kB low:8kB high:12kB
Node 0 DMA32 free:14456kB min:1012kB low:1264kB high:1516kB
----------------------------------------------------------echo 2048 > /proc/sys/vm/min_free_kbytes
----------------------------------------------------------Node 0 DMA free:4420kB min:20kB low:24kB high:28kB
Node 0 DMA32 free:14456kB min:2024kB low:2528kB high:3036kB
-----------------------------------------------------------
91
Memory reclaim Watermarks - min_free_kbytes

Free List
All of RAM
Do nothing
Pages High kswapd sleeps above High

Pages Low kswapd wakesup at Low
Pages Min all memory allocators reclaim at Min
0
92
user processes/kswapd reclaim memory
/proc/sys/vm/dirty_ratio
Absolute limit to percentage of dirty pagecache
memory
Default is 40%
Lower means less dirty pagecache and smaller IO
streams
Higher means more dirty pagecache and larger IO
streams
93
/proc/sys/vm/dirty_background_ratio
Controls when dirty pagecache memory starts getting
written.
Default is 10%
Lower
pdflush starts earlier

less dirty pagecache and smaller IO streams
Higher
94
pdflush starts later

more dirty pagecache and larger IO streams
dirty_ratio and dirty_background_ratio

pagecache
100% of pagecache RAM dirty
pdflushd and write()'ng processes write dirty buffers
dirty_ratio(40% of RAM dirty) processes start synchronous writes

pdflushd writes dirty buffers in background
dirty_background_ratio(10% of RAM dirty) wakeup pdflushd
do_nothing
0% of pagecache RAM dirty
95
/proc/sys/vm/pagecache
Controls when pagecache memory is deactivated.
Default is 100%
Lower
Prevents swapping out anonymous memory
Higher
96
Favors pagecache pages

Disabled at 100%
Pagecache Tuning
Filesystem/pagecache Allocation
Accessed(pagecache under limit)
ACTIVE
Aging
INACTIVE
(new -> old)
Accessed(pagecache over limit)
97
FREE
reclaim
(Hint)flushing the pagecache

echo 1 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches
00224571841078083350196000561136212008317
0022457184107808335019600001039198001000
0022457184107808335019600001021188001000
0022457184107808335019600001035204001000
0022457248107808335019600001008164001000
302242128160176143863600001030197015850
002243610656204344080028361027177032672
0022436106562043440800001026180001000
002243610720212344000080101018300991
98
(Hint)flushing the slabcache

echo 2 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches
[tmp]# cat /proc/meminfo
MemTotal:
3907444 kB
MemFree:
3104576 kB
tmp]# cat /proc/meminfo

MemTotal:
3907444 kB
MemFree:
3301788 kB
Slab:
Slab:
415420 kB
Hugepagesize:
99
2048 kB
Hugepagesize:
218208 kB
2048 kB
RHEL5 CPUspeed and performance:

Enabled = governor set to ondemand
Looks at cpu usage to regulate power
Within 3-5% of performance for cpu loads
IO loads can keep cpu stepped down -15-30%
Supported in RHEL5 virtualization
To turn off else may leave cpus in reduced step
If its not using performance, then:
# echo performance > /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu0/cpufreq/scaling_governor
Then check to see if it stuck:
# cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu0/cpufreq/scaling_governor
Check /proc/cpuinfo to make sure your seeing the expected CPU freq.
Proceed to normal service disable

Service cpuspeed stop
Chkconfig cpuspeed off
100
CPU Scheduler
Recognizes differences between
logical and physical processors
I.E. Multi-core, hyperthreaded &
chips/sockets
Optimizes process scheduling
to take advantage of shared
on-chip cache, and NUMA memory
nodes
Socket 0
Core 0
Thread 0 Thread 1
Core 1
Socket 1
Thread 0 Thread 1
Thread 0 Thread 1
Implements multilevel run queues

for sockets and cores (as
opposed to one run queue
per processor or per system)
Strong CPU affinity avoids
task bouncing
Process
Process
Process
Process
Process
Process
Process
Process
Process
Process
Requires system BIOS to report

CPU topology correctly
Socket 2
Process
Process
Scheduler Compute Queues

101

NUMA related Tuning
Numastat
Numactl
Hugetlbfs
/sys/devices/system/node
102
RHEL4&5 NUMAstat and NUMActl

EXAMPLES
numactlinterleave=allbigdatabaseargumentsRunbigdatabasewith
itsmemoryinterleavedonallCPUs.
numactlcpubind=0membind=0,1processRunprocessonnode0with
memoryallocatedonnode0and1.
numactlpreferred=1numactlshowSetpreferrednode1andshowthe
resultingstate.
numactlinterleave=allshmkeyfile/tmp/shmkeyInterleaveallofthe
sysvsharedmemoryregiionspecifiedby/tmp/shmkeyoverallnodes.
numactloffset=1Glength=1Gmembind=1file/dev/shm/Atouch
Bindthesecondgigabyteinthetmpfsfile/dev/shm/Atonode1.
numactllocalalloc/dev/shm/fileResetthepolicyforthesharedmem
oryfilefiletothedefaultlocalallocpolicy.
103
RHEL4&5 NUMAstat and NUMActl

NUMAstat to display system NUMA characteristics on a numasystem
[root@perf5~]#numastat
node3node2node1node0
numa_hit7268482215157244325444
numa_miss0000
numa_foreign0000
interleave_hit2668243127632699
local_node6730677456152115324733
other_node537847595129711
NUMActl to control process and memory
TIP
numactl [ --interleave nodes ] [ --preferred node ] [ --membind nodes ]

[ --cpubind nodes ] [ --localalloc ] command {arguments ...}
App < memory single NUMA zone

Numactl use cpubind cpus within same socket
App > memory of a single NUMA zone
Numactl interleave XY and cpubind XY
104
LinuxNUMAEvolution(NEWer)
RHEL3,4and5LinpackMultistream
AMD64,8cpudualcore(1/2cpusloaded)
3000000
45
40
PerformanceinKflops
2500000
35
DefaultScheduler
2000000
30
25
1500000
20
1000000
15
10
500000
5
0
0
RHEL3U8
RHEL4U5
RHEL5GOLD
Limitations :
Numa spill to different numa boundaries
Process migrations no way back
Lack of page replication text, read mostly
105
TasksetAffinity
ColumnE
HugeTLBFS
The Translation Lookaside Buffer (TLB) is a
small CPU cache of recently used virtual to
physical address mappings
TLB misses are extremely expensive on today's
very fast, pipelined CPUs
Large memory applications
can incur high TLB miss rates
TLB
HugeTLBs permit memory to be

managed in very large segments
Example: x86_64
128 data
128 instruction
Standard page: 4KB
Physical Memory
Huge page: 2MB

512:1 difference
Virtual Address
Space
File system mapping interface

Ideal for databases
Example: 128 entry TLB can fully map 256MB
* RHEL6 1GB hugepage support
106

Hugepagesbefore
$vmstat
rbswpdfreebuffcachesisobiboincsussyidwast
0001562365631044401120001871416375109720
$cat/proc/meminfo
MemTotal:16301368kB
MemFree:15623604kB
...
HugePages_Total:0
HugePages_Free:0
HugePages_Rsvd:0
Hugepagesize:2048kB
107
Hugepagesreserving
$echo2000>/proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages
$vmstat
000115266323116840178000129101566310981
0
$cat/proc/meminfo
MemTotal:16301368kB
MemFree:11526520kB
...
HugePages_Total:2000
HugePages_Free:2000
HugePages_Rsvd:0
Hugepagesize:2048kB
108
Hugepagesusing
$mountthugetlbfshugetlbfs/huge
$cp1GBfile/huge/junk
$vmstat
0001052663231168140178000129101566310981
0
$cat/proc/meminfo
LowTotal:16301368kB
LowFree:11524756kB
...
HugePages_Free:1488
HugePages_Rsvd:0
Hugepagesize:2048kB
109
Hugepagesreleasing
$rm/huge/junk
$cat/proc/meminfo
MemTotal:16301368kB
MemFree:11524776kB
...
HugePages_Free:2000
HugePages_Rsvd:0
Hugepagesize:2048kB
$echo0>/proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages
$vmstat
00015620488315124019440071614959109810
$cat/proc/meminfo
MemTotal:16301368kB
MemFree:15620500kB
...
HugePages_Total:0
HugePages_Free:0
HugePages_Rsvd:0
Hugepagesize:2048kB
110
NUMAHugepagesreserving
[root@dhcp-100-19-50 ~]# cat /sys/devices/system/node/*/meminfo | grep Huge
Node 0 HugePages_Total:
Node 0 HugePages_Free:
[root@dhcp-100-19-50 ~]# echo 6000 > /proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages

Node 0 HugePages_Total: 2980
Node 0 HugePages_Free: 2980
111
NUMAHugepagesusing
[root@dhcp-100-19-50 ~]# mount -t hugetlbfs hugetlbfs /huge
[root@dhcp-100-19-50 ~]# /usr/tmp/mmapwrite /huge/junk 32 &
[1] 18804
[root@dhcp-100-19-50 ~]# Writing 1048576 pages of random junk to file /huge/junk
wrote 4294967296 bytes to file /huge/junk
112
NUMAHugepagesusing(overcommit)
[root@dhcp-100-19-50 ~]# /usr/tmp/mmapwrite /huge/junk 33 &
[1] 18815
[root@dhcp-100-19-50 ~]# Writing 2097152 pages of random junk to file /huge/junk
wrote 8589934592 bytes to file /huge/junk
113
NUMAHugepagesreducing

114
NUMAHugepagesfreeing/reserving
115
JVMTuning
Eliminate swapping
Lower swappiness to 10%(or lower if
necessary).
Promote pagecache reclaiming
Lower dirty_background_ratio to 10%
Lower dirty_ratio if necessary
Promote inode cache reclaiming
Lower vfs_cache_pressure
116
Section 4: Tuning Examples

JVM Tuning
SPECjbb
File systems
EXT3, GFS, NFS, EXT4, XFS
Database Performance
Scaling, Hugepages, AIO/DIO, Elevators, SELinux
Network Tuning
117
RHEL5.4 KVM Java OpenJDK Performance

Intel Nahalem 2.4 Ghz, 24 Gb mem
250 0 0 0
0 .17
0 .17
20 0 0 0 0
0 .17
0 .17
150 0 0 0
0 .16
Base
Base HugePages
% Virt Huge KVM
0 .16
10 0 0 0 0
0 .16
0 .16
50 0 0 0
0 .16
0 .15
0 .15
4
#cpus
118
Java Performance SPECjbb2005

Benchmark on RHEL (contd.)
119
In February 2009 RHEL

running on a 96-core Xeon
based server from NEC
achieved the best score
achieved on a x86_64 server
(= 2,150,260 BOPS).
Use of NUMActl and
HugePages critical to result
See Reference Architecture
talk on Benchmark Papers/
Results
GeneralPerformanceTuningGuidelines
Use hugepages whenever possible.
Minimize swapping.
Maximize pagecache reclaiming
Place swap partition(s) on quite device(s).
Direct IO if possible.
Beware of turning NUMA off.
120
Understanding IOzone Results

GeoMean per category are
statistically meaningful.
Understand HW setup
Disk, RAID, HBA, PCI
Layout file systems

LVM or MD devices
Partions w/ fdisk
fdisk /dev/sdX
raw /dev/raw/rawX /dev/sdX1
dd if=/dev/raw/rawX bs=64k
Mount file system
Baseline raw IO DD/DT

EXT3 perf w/ IOzone
In-cache file sizes which fit goal ->
90% memory BW.
Out-of-cache file sizes more tan 2x
memory size
O_DIRECT 95% of raw
Global File System GFS goal -->

90-95% of local EXT3
121
Use raw command
mkfs t ext3 /dev/sdX1

Mount t ext3 /dev/sdX1 /perf1
IOzone commands
Iozone a f /perf1/t1
(incache)
Iozone a -I f /perf1/t1 (w/ dio)

Iozone s 2xmem f /perf1/t1 (big)
EXT3, GFS, NFS Iozone in cache

RHEL5InCacheIOzoneEXT3,GFS1,GFS2
(Geom1M4GB,1k1m)
1400
PerformanceMB/sec
1200
1000
EXT_inCache
GFS1InCache
800
NFSInCache
600
400
200
0
122
ALLI/ Initial Re
Read Re
Ran
Ran Back RecR Stride Fwrite Fre Fread Fre
O's
Write Write
Read dom dom ward e
Read
Write
Read
Read Write Read Write

Using IOzone w/ o_direct mimic database

Problem :
Filesystems use memory for file cache
Databases use memory for database cache
Users want filesystem for management outside database
access (copy, backup etc)
You DON'T want BOTH to cache.
Solution :
Filesystems that support Direct IO
Open files with o_direct option
Databases which support Direct IO (ORACLE)
NO DOUBLE CACHING!
123
EXT3, GFS, NFS Iozone w/ DirectIO

RHEL5Direct_IOIOzoneEXT3,GFS,NFS
(Geom1M4GB,1k1m)
PerformanceinMB/sec
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
124
EXT_DIO
GFS1_DIO
NFS_DIO
ALL
I/O's
Initial
Write
ReWrite
Read
ReRead Random Random

Read
Write
Back
ward
Read
RecRe
Write

Stride
Read
RHEL5.3 IOzone EXT3, EXT4, XFS eval

RHEL53(120),IOzonePerformance
GeoMean1kpoints,Intel8cpu,16GB,FC
40
PercentRelativetoEXT3
35
30
InCache
DirectI/O
>Cache
25
20
15
10
0
EXT4DEV
125
EXT4BARRIER=0
XFS
XFSBarrier=0
RHEL5 Oracle 10.2 Performance Filesystems

Intel 8-cpu, 16GB, 2 FC MPIO, AIO/DIO
120000.00
100000.00
80000.00
RHEL53Base8cpus
ext3
60000.00
RHEL53Base8cpus
xfs
RHEL53Base8cpus
ext4
40000.00
20000.00
0.00
10U
126
20U
40U
60U
80U
100U
Large App and Database Performance

Scaling 1-24 core single servers
Huge Pages
2MB huge pages
Set value in /etc/sysctl.conf (vm.nr_hugepages)
NUMA
Localized memory access for certain workloads improves performance
127
Oracle OLTP Performance Scaling at 16-cpu
250000
RHEL5.4OracleOLTPPerformance
OLTP(tpm)
200000
Tigerton2.93Ghz
32Gbmem
Nehalem2.687Ghz,
36GBmem
150000
100000
50000
0
RHEL52Base4CPU
RHEL52Base8CPU
RHEL52Base16CPU
#CPUs
128
Oracle OLTP Performance Scaling at 24-cpu

OracleScalingonIntelDunnington
350000.00
300000.00
250000.00
200000.00
RHEL53Base6CPU
RHEL53Base12CPU
RHEL53Base24CPU
150000.00
100000.00
50000.00
0.00
100U
129
RHEL5.2Oracle10.2Hugepages
Relativeperformance
160
140
2.6.1890.el5
120
100
4
80
3
60
2
40
20
0
40U
130
60U
80U
100U
2.6.1890.el5Huge
Pages
%Difference
AsynchronousI/OtoFileSystems
Allows application to continue processing while
I/O is in progress
Synchronous I/O
Eliminates Synchronous I/O stall

Stall for
completi
on
Critical for I/O intensive server applications

Red Hat Enterprise Linux since 2002
App I/O
Request
I/O
Support for RAW devices only

Application
With Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4, significant

improvement:
No stall for
completion
App I/O
Request
Makes benchmark results more appropriate for

real-world comparisons
Application

Device
Driver
I/O Request
Issue
I/O
I/O
Completion
131
I/O Request
Completion
Asynchronous I/O
Support for Ext3, NFS, GFS file system access

Supports Direct I/O (e.g. Database
applications)
Device
Driver
I/O Request
Issue
I/O Request
Completion
RHEL5.1 Oracle 10.2 - I/O options

RHEL5.1withOracle10.2I/OOptions
120
100
80
100U
60
40
20
0
AIO+DIO
132
DIOonly
AIOonly
NoAIOorDIO
Disk IO tuning - RHEL4/5

RHEL4/54tunableI/OSchedulers
CFQelevator=cfq.CompletelyFairQueuingdefault,balanced,fair
formultipleluns,adaptors,smpservers
NOOPelevator=noop.Nooperationinkernel,simple,lowcpu
overhead,leaveopttoramdisk,raidcntrletc.
Deadlineelevator=deadline.Optimizeforruntimelikebehavior,low
latencyperIO,balanceissueswithlargeIOluns/controllers(NOTE:
currentbestforFC5)
Anticipatoryelevator=as.InsertsdelaystohelpstackaggregateIO,
bestonsystemw/limitedphysicalIOSATA
RHEL4Setatboottimeoncommandline
RHEL5Changeonthefly
echodeadline>/sys/block/<sdx>/queue/scheduler
133
RHEL5IOschedulesvsRHEL3forDatabase
Oracle10Goltp/dss(relativeperformance)
100.0%
100.0%
CFQ
87.2%
Deadline
108.9%
84.1%
84.8%
Rhel3
77.7%
75.9%
Noop
%tran/min
%queries/hour
As
0.0%
134
28.4%
23.2%
20.0%
40.0%
60.0%
80.0%
100.0%

120.0%
Oracle 10g Performance Scaling on RHEL5
135
Oracle OLTP performance

on RHEL scales well to 24
cores.
See Reference Architecture
talk on Benchmark
Papers/Results
Testing on larger servers

with the most recent
x86_64 technology is
anticipated in the coming
year.
Oracle 10g: RHEL5.4 KVM Virtualization Efficiency

Virtualization Efficiency: Consolidation
Oracle OLTP Load - 160 Tot al Users
250,000
T ransactions / Minute
200,000
150,000
100,000
50,000
0
Bare Metal
2 Guests
8 vCPUs
4 Guests
4 vCPUs
Configuration (Guests x vCPUs)
136
8 Guests
2 vCPUs
SELinux w/ Oracle OLTP Performance

(steady state performance <5%)
RHEL5.2Oracle10GR4w/SElinux
Intel8cpu,16GB,2FC,OLTPPerf
120000.00
100000.00
OLTPTrans/Min
80000.00
RHEL53Base8cpus
RHEL53Base8cpus
SelinuxEnabled
60000.00
RHEL53Base8cpus
SelinuxPermissive
40000.00
20000.00
0.00
10U
20U
40U
60U
80U
100U
SimulatedUsers(x100)
137
BenchmarkTuning
Use Hugepages.
Dont overcommit memory
If memory must be over committed
Eliminate all swapping.
Maximize pagecache reclaiming
Place swap partition(s) on separate
device(s).
Use Direct IO
Dont turn NUMA off.
138
Network Performance Tuning Outline

IRQ Affinity / Processor Affinity - No magic formula
experiment to get the best results
Interrupt coalescing
Chip architectures play a big role
Try to match TX and RX on same socket / data caches
sysctl.conf
Increase/decrease memory parameter for network
Driver Setting
NAPI if driver supports
HW ring buffers
TSO, UFO, GSO
139
sysctl
sysctl is a mechanism to view and control the entries under the

/proc/sys tree
sysctl -a
- lists all variables
sysctl -q
- queries a variable
sysctl -w
- writes a variable
When setting values, spaces are not allowed

sysctlwnet.ipv4.conf.lo.arp_filter=0
Look at documentation in /usr/src

/usr/src/redhat/BUILD/kernel-2.6.18/linux-2.6.18.x86_64/Documentation/networking
By default, Linux networking not tuned for max performance, more

for reliability
Buffers are especially not tuned for local 10GbE traffic
Remember that Linux autotunes buffers for connections
140
Some Important settings for sysctl

net.ipv4.tcp_window_scaling - toggles window scaling
Misc TCP protocol
net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps - toggles TCP timestamp support
net.ipv4.tcp_sack - toggles SACK (Selective ACK) support
TCP Memory Allocations - min/pressure/max
net.ipv4.tcp_rmem - TCP read buffer - in bytes
overriden by core.rmem_max
net.ipv4.tcp_wmem - TCP write buffer - in bytes
overridden by core/wmem_max
net.ipv4.tcp_mem - TCP buffer space
measured in pages, not bytes !
141
Some Important settings for sysctl

CORE memory settings
net.core.rmem_max - max size of rx socket buffer
net.core.wmem_max -max size of tx socket buffer
net.core.rmem_default - default rx size of socket buffer
net.core.wmem_default - default tx size of socket buffer
net.core.optmem_max - maximum amount of option memory buffers
net.core.netdev_max_backlog how many unprocessed rx packets
before kernel starts to drop them
These settings also impact UDP
142
Control your network route :

Check arp_filter settings with sysctl
sysctl -a | grep arp_filter
A setting of 0 says uses any path
If more than one path between machines, set arp_filter=1
Look for increasing interrupt counts in /proc/interrupt or
increasing counters via ifconfig or netstat
Lab Switch
1G
bE
10GbE
143
netperf
http://netperf.org
Feature Rich
Read documentation
Default test is TCP_STREAM uses send() call

TCP_SENDFILE uses sendfile() call much less copying
TCP_RR Request / Response tests
UDP_STREAM
Many others
144
General Network/Disk I/O Tuning Guidelines

To maximize network throughput;
Disable irqbalance
service irqbalance stop
chkconfig irqbalance off
Disable cpuspeed
default gov=ondemand, set governer to performance
Use affinity to maximize multi-core shared cache environments
Process affinity
Use taskset
Interrupt affinity
or MRGs Tuna
grep eth2 /proc/interrupts

echo 80 > /proc/irq/177/smp_affinity
145
Linux Performance Tuning References

Alikins, System Tuning Info for Linux Servers,
http://people.redhat.com/alikins/system_tuning.html
Axboe, J., Deadline IO Scheduler Tunables, SuSE, EDF R&D, 2003.
Braswell, B, Ciliendo, E, Tuning Red Hat Enterprise Linux on IBMeServer xSeries
Servers, http://www.ibm.com/redbooks
Corbet, J., The Continuing Development of IO Scheduling,
http://lwn.net/Articles/21274.
Ezolt, P, Optimizing Linux Performance, www.hp.com/hpbooks, Mar 2005.
Heger, D, Pratt, S, Workload Dependent Performance Evaluation of the Linux 2.6
IO Schedulers, Linux Symposium, Ottawa, Canada, July 2004.
Red Hat Enterprise Linux Performance Tuning Guide
http://people.redhat.com/dshaks/rhel3_perf_tuning.pdf
Network,NFSPerformancecoveredinseparatetalks
http://nfs.sourceforge.net/nfshowto/performance.html
146
Questions?
147

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1

Red Hat Summit 2009 | John Shakshober / Larry Woodman

Performance Analysis & Tuning of

Red Hat Summit 2009 | John Shakshober / Larry Woodman

Red Hat Summit 2009 | John Shakshober / Larry Woodman

Red Hat Summit 2009 | John Shakshober / Larry Woodman

Red Hat Summit 2009 | John Shakshober / Larry Woodman

Processor types & locations

Red Hat Summit 2009 | John Shakshober / Larry Woodman

NUMA & Multi Core Support

Red Hat Performance NDA Required 2009

Red Hat Summit 2009 | John Shakshober / Larry Woodman

Typical NUMA System Layout

Process memory on N1C0

Red Hat Summit 2009 | John Shakshober / Larry Woodman

RHEL5 NUMA Support

Red Hat Summit 2009 | John Shakshober / Larry Woodman

Physical Memory(RAM) Management

Red Hat Summit 2009 | John Shakshober / Larry Woodman

Physical Memory(RAM) Management

Red Hat Summit 2009 | John Shakshober / Larry Woodman

Physical Memory Supported/Tested

Red Hat Summit 2009 | John Shakshober / Larry Woodman

Red Hat Summit 2009 | John Shakshober / Larry Woodman

Memory Zone Utilization(x86)

Red Hat Summit 2009 | John Shakshober / Larry Woodman

Memory Zone Utilization(x86_64)

Red Hat Summit 2009 | John Shakshober / Larry Woodman

Red Hat Summit 2009 | John Shakshober / Larry Woodman

Kernel maintains a page struct for each 4KB(16KB on IA64 and

Red Hat Summit 2009 | John Shakshober / Larry Woodman

Per-zone page lists

Red Hat Summit 2009 | John Shakshober / Larry Woodman

Per zone Free list/buddy allocator lists

Red Hat Summit 2009 | John Shakshober / Larry Woodman

Per NUMA-Node Resources

Memory zones(DMA & Normal zones)

Red Hat Summit 2009 | John Shakshober / Larry Woodman

NUMA Nodes and Zones

Red Hat Summit 2009 | John Shakshober / Larry Woodman

Virtual Address Space Maps

Red Hat Summit 2009 | John Shakshober / Larry Woodman

Linux 32-bit Address Spaces(SMP)

Red Hat Summit 2009 | John Shakshober / Larry Woodman

RHEL4 32-bit Address Space(Hugemem)

Red Hat Summit 2009 | John Shakshober / Larry Woodman

Linux 64-bit Address Space

Red Hat Summit 2009 | John Shakshober / Larry Woodman

Kernel and User Allocations

Red Hat Summit 2009 | John Shakshober / Larry Woodman

Kernel Memory Pressure

Red Hat Summit 2009 | John Shakshober / Larry Woodman

User Memory Pressure

Red Hat Summit 2009 | John Shakshober / Larry Woodman

PageCache/Anonymous memory split

Red Hat Summit 2009 | John Shakshober / Larry Woodman

PageCache/Anonymous memory split

Red Hat Summit 2009 | John Shakshober / Larry Woodman

32-bit Memory Reclamation

Red Hat Summit 2009 | John Shakshober / Larry Woodman