DLD_1.i.b_Number System Overview

INTRODUCTION ABOUT DIGITAL SYSTEM
A Digital system is an interconnection of digital modules and it is a system that manipulates discrete
elements of information that is represented internally in the binary form.
Now a day’s digital systems are used in wide variety of industrial and consumer products such as
automated industrial machinery, pocket calculators, microprocessors, digital computers, digital
watches, TV games and signal processing and so on.
Characteristics of Digital systems
• Digital systems manipulate discrete elements of information.

• Discrete elements are nothing but the digits such as 10 decimal digits or 26 letters of alphabets and so
on.
• Digital systems use physical quantities called signals to represent discrete elements.
• In digital systems, the signals have two discrete values and are therefore said to be binary.
• A signal in digital system represents one binary digit called a bit. The bit has a value either 0 or 1.
Analog systems vs Digital systems
Analog system process information that varies continuously i.e; they process time varying signals
that can take on any values across a continuous range of voltage, current or any physical parameter.
Digital systems use digital circuits that can process digital signals which can take either 0 or 1 for
binary system.
Advantages of Digital system over Analog system
1. Ease of programmability
The digital systems can be used for different applications by simply changing the program without
additional changes in hardware.
2. Reduction in cost of hardware
The cost of hardware gets reduced by use of digital components and this has been possible due to
advances in IC technology. With ICs the number of components that can be placed in a given area of
Silicon are increased which helps in cost reduction.
3. High speed
Digital processing of data ensures high speed of operation which is possible due to advances in
Digital Signal Processing.
4. High Reliability
Digital systems are highly reliable one of the reasons for that is use of error correction codes.
5. Design is easy
The design of digital systems which require use of Boolean algebra and other digital techniques is
easier compared to analog designing.
6. Result can be reproduced easily
Since the output of digital systems unlike analog systems is independent of temperature, noise,
humidity and other characteristics of components the reproducibility of results is higher in digital
systems than in analog systems.
Disadvantages of Digital Systems
• Use more energy than analog circuits to accomplish the same tasks, thus producing more
heat as well.
• Digital circuits are often fragile, in that if a single piece of digital data is lost or
misinterpreted the meaning of large blocks of related data can completely change.
• Digital computer manipulates discrete elements of information by means of a binary code.
• Quantization error during analog signal sampling.
Number System
A digital system can understand positional number system only where there are a few symbols called
digits and these symbols represent different values depending on the position they occupy in the
number.
A value of each digit in a number can be determined using
The digit
The position of the digit in the number
The base of the number system (where base is defined as the total number of digits available in
the number system).
Decimal Number System
The number system that we use in our day-to-day life is the decimal number system. Decimal number
system has base 10 as it uses 10 digits from 0 to 9. In decimal number system, the successive
positions to the left of the decimal point represents units, tens, hundreds, thousands and so on.
Each position represents a specific power of the base (10). For example, the decimal number 1234
consists of the digit 4 in the units position, 3 in the tens position, 2 in the hundreds position, and 1 in
the thousands position, and its value can be written as
(1×1000) + (2×100) + (3×10) + (4×l)
(1×103) + (2×102) + (3×101) + (4×l00)
1000 + 200 + 30 + 1
1234
As a computer programmer or an IT professional, you should understand the following number
systems which are frequently used in computers.
S.N. Number System & Description

1 Binary Number System
Base 2. Digits used: 0, 1
2 Octal Number System

Base 8. Digits used: 0 to 7
3 Hexa Decimal Number System

Base 16. Digits used: 0 to 9, Letters used: A- F
Binary Number System
Characteristics
Uses two digits, 0 and 1.
Also called base 2 number system
Each position in a binary number represents a 0 power of the base (2). Example: 2 0
Last position in a binary number represents an x power of the base (2). Example: 2x where x
represents the last position - 1.
Example
Binary Number: 101012
Calculating Decimal Equivalent −
Step Binary Number Decimal Number
Step 1 101012 ((1 × 24) + (0 × 23) + (1 × 22) + (0 × 21) + (1 × 20))10
Step 2 101012 (16 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 1)10
Step 3 101012 2110

Note: 101012 is normally written as 10101.
Octal Number System
Characteristics
Uses eight digits, 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7.
Also called base 8 number system
Each position in an octal number represents a 0 power of the base (8). Example: 80
Last position in an octal number represents an x power of the base (8). Example: 8 x where x
represents the last position - 1.
Example
Octal Number − 125708

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INTRODUCTION ABOUT DIGITAL SYSTEM

Characteristics of Digital systems

• Digital systems manipulate discrete elements of information.

Analog systems vs Digital systems

Advantages of Digital system over Analog system

2. Reduction in cost of hardware

6. Result can be reproduced easily

Disadvantages of Digital Systems

Decimal Number System

S.N. Number System & Description

2 Octal Number System

3 Hexa Decimal Number System

Step 1 101012 ((1 × 24) + (0 × 23) + (1 × 22) + (0 × 21) + (1 × 20))10

Step 2 101012 (16 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 1)10

Step 3 101012 2110

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