A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 9636977490, 8955577492

 ikB~;Øe
 nSfud thou esa foKku ds ewyHkwr rRo A

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 9636977490, 8955577492
 vuqØef.kdk

Øa la- fooj.k i`"B la[;k

1. egÙoiw.kZ vkS"kf/k;k¡ 1-3

2. ijekf.od lajpuk 4-7

3. inkFkZ dh voLFkk,¡ 8-14

4. vEy] {kkj ,oa yo.k 15-21

5. dkcZu ,oa blds ;kSfxd 22-25

6. jsfM;ks/kfeZrk 26

7. /kkrq] v/kkrq ,oa mi/kkrq 27-28

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 9636977490, 8955577492
 Springboard Academy 1
Chemistry Notes (RAS Pre.)

egÙoiw.kZ vkS"kf/k;k¡
 egÙoiw.kZ vkS’kf/k;k¡ &
1. ihM+kgkjh@,ukYtsfld
2. iz‛kkard
3. izfr lw{ethoh @ ,aVhekbØksfcvYl
4. ,aVhfgLVsafeu @ ,aVh,ythZMªXl
5. ,aVkflM @ izfr vEy
1. ihM+kgkjh@,ukYtsfld &
 ihM+k ;k nnZ dks de djus ds fy, iz;qDr jlk;u
 raf=dk lfØ; vkS’k/kh
1) ukWu ukdksZfVd@vLokid vkS’kf/k &
 lsou ls ,fMD‛ku ugha gksrk gSA
 nnZ fuokjd ds vykok Toj] lwtu] yky pdrs vkSj fdlh vax ds dk;Z u djus ij Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
 mnkgj.k &
 iSjkflVkeksy
 ,sfLifju
 vkbcqizksQsu
 fueslqykbM
 MkbDykssQsukd lksfM;e
uksV %&
 ,sfLifju dks dHkh Hkh [kkyh isV ugha ysuk pkfg,A
 ,sfLifju ty vi?kfVr gksdj lSfyflfyd vEy cukrk gSA ;g vEy vkek‛k; ds [kkyh gksus ij mldh nhokjksa ij
?kko dj nsrk gSA [vYlj]
2) ukdksZfVd @ Lokid &
 rhoz o vlg~; nnZ gksus ij iz;ksx
 funzk o vpsruk mRiUu
 blds lsou ls ,fMDlu gks tkrk gSA
 mnkgj.k &
 eksfQZu
 dksfMu
 VªkekMksy
 esFkkMkWu
 QsaVkfyu

2. iz‛kkard ¼Tranquilizer½ &

 ekufld jksxksa ds mipkj esa iz;ksx ¼O;xzrk] fpUrk] ruko ls eqfDr½
 mnkgj.k &

 ,Yizktksye  csatksMkbtsikbu  DyksjMkbtsikWDlkbM

 bDoSfuy  Mkbtsike  esizksoesV

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 9636977490, 8955577492
 Springboard Academy 2
Chemistry Notes (RAS Pre.)

3. izfrlw{ethoh@ ,aVhekbØksfcvYl &

I. ,aVhck;ksfVd &
 ikWy ,gjfyd }kjk la‛ysf’kr lYQk vkS’kf/k;¡k [kksth xbZA
1. 1908 & vklZQsusfeu @lSYojlsu/flQfyl
2. 1932 & izksUVksfly (lYQksukekbM Hkkx }kjk fØ;k‛khy)
3. 1929 & vysDtsaMj ¶ysfeax }kjk [kksth xbZ izkÑfrd ,aVhck;ksfVd isfuflyhu (Qaxy isfuflfy;e uksVsVe ls)
 ,aVhck;ksfVd ds nks izdkj &
a. cSDVsjhflMy@thok.kquk‛kh &
 lw{e thok.kqvksa dks ekjus dk dk;Z
 mnkgj.k & isfuflfyu] ,feuksXykbdkslkbM] vkW¶yksDlkflu] LVªsIVksekbflu
b. cSfDVfj;ksLVsfVd@thok.kqjks/kh &
 lw{e thok.kqvksa dh o`f) dks jksdus dk dk;Z
 mnkgj.k &
 VsVªklkbDyhu
 ,sfjFkzksekbflu
 DyksjasEQsfudkWy
 lYQk MªXl
II. ,aVhlsfIVd@iwfrZjks/kh &
 thfor mÙkdksa tSls & Ropk ds dVus ;k ?kko gksus ij iz;ksxA
 mnkgj.k & ,YdksgkWy] vk;ksMhu] MhVksy ¼DyksjkstkbfyukWy $ VfiZfu;kWy½] cksfjd ,flM] gkbMªkstu ijvkWDlkbM
(H2O2), vk;ksMhu dk fVaDpj & ,YdksgkWy $ ikuh $ vk;ksMhu
 cksfjd vEy dk ruq tyh; foy;u vka[kks ds fy, nqcZy ,aVhlsfIVd gksrk gSA
 lkcqu eas ,aVhlsfIVd xq.k Mkyus ds fy, ckbZFkk;ksuy feyk;k tkrk gSA

4. ,VhfgLVSfeu@,aVh,ythZ MªXl &

 mnkgj.k & ,fcy] flVªkthu] ysoksflVªkthu] czkes Qsusjkfeu] DyksjQsusjkfeu

5. ,aVkflM@izfr vEy &

 vkek‛k; dh vEyh;rk dks de djus ds fy, iz;qDr jlk;uA
 izfr vEy {kkjh; izÑfr ds yo.k gksrs gSA
 feYd vkWQ eSXuhf‛k;k ¼eSXuhf‛k;e gkbMªkWDlkbM½
 mnkgj.k &
 eSXuhf‛k;e dkcksZusV
 vksesizstkWy
 ySUlksizstkWy
 flesfVMhu
 jSfufVMhu
 lksfM;e ckbdkcksZusV
¼lksfM;e ckbdkcksZusV dk vf/kd iz;ksx djus ls vkek‛k; esa {kkjh;rk c<+ tkrh gSA tks vkSj vf/kd vEy mRiknu
dks izsfjr djrh gSA½

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 9636977490, 8955577492
 Springboard Academy 3
Chemistry Notes (RAS Pre.)

 Ñf=e e/kqjd
 [kk| inkFkksZ dks ehBk cukus vkSj Lokn o lqxa/k c<+kus ds fy, iz;qDr jklk;fud ;kSfxd d`f=e e/kqjd dgykrs gSA
1. lSdsjhu & ‚kdZjk ls 550 xquk vf/kd ehBh
2. lqØkykst & ‚kdZjk ls 600 xquk vf/kd ehBh
3. ,sLikVZe & ‚kdZjk ls 100 xquk vf/kd ehBh] vr% B.Ms [kk| inkFkksZa o is; inkFkksZa esa iz;ksxA
4. ,sfyVse & vf/kd izcy e/kqjd (2000 xquk)
5. fu;ksVse & 2000 - 7000↑

 izfrvkWDlhdkjd@,aVhvkWDlhMsaV &
 os jlk;u tks ‚kjhj esa mikip; fØ;kvksa ds nkSjku mRiUu eqDr ewydksa dks fuf’Ø; dj nsrs gS vFkkZr~ vkWDlhdj.k
dks vo:) dj nsrs gS ^,aVhvkWfDlMsaV* dgykrs gSA
 ,aVhvkWDlhMsaV dks ^eqDr ewYkdksa* dk lQkbZdrkZ Hkh dgrs gSA
 eqDr ewyd o`)Ro dh fØ;k dks rst djrs gSA
,aVhvkWDlhMsaV ds izdkj

[kfut yo.k foVkfeu

lsysfu;e foVkfeu A
eSaXuht foVkfeu C
ftad foVkfeu E
dkWij
 [kk| inkFkksZ eas ,aVhvkWDlhMsaV &
 ,aVhvkWDlhMsaV [kk| inkFkksZ esa vkWDlhdj.k dks vo:) djds muds ifjj{k.k esa lgk;rk djrs gSA
 mnkgj.k &
 lYQj MkbZ vkWDlkbM
 lYQkbV
 BHT ¼C;wVkbysVsM gkbMªkWDlh Vksyqbu½
 BHA (C;wVkbysVsM gkbMªkWDlh ,sfulksy) – eD[ku eas BHA feykus ls blds lqjf{kr HkaMkj.k dk le;
eghuksa ls c<+dj o’kksZ rd igq¡p tkrk gSA
 ifjj{kd &
 ifjj{kd [kk| inkFkksZa esa nqxZU/k dks jksdrs gS rFkk lw{ethokas dh o`f) dks jksdrs gS ;k mUgsa u’V djrs gSA
 mnkgj.k &
 lksfM;e csatks,V
 lkscsZV
 izksfivksusV
 isjkchUl
 iksVsf‛k;e esVk ckbZ lYQkbV
 ,flfVd ,flM
 flfVªd ,flM

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 9636977490, 8955577492
 Springboard Academy 4
Chemistry Notes (RAS Pre.)

 ihM+duk‛kh -
 os fo’kSys jlk;u ;k mudk feJ.k tks eq[; Qly dks uqdlku igq¡pkus okys ihM+dksa dks lekIr djus ;k fu;a=.k djus
ds fy, mi;ksx fd;s tkrs gSA
 ihM+d & dhV] dod] [kjirokj] pwgs
 dhVuk‛kh -
 os fo’kSys jlk;u ;k mudk feJ.k tks eq[; Qly dks uqdlku igq¡pkus okys dhVksa dks lekIr djus ;k fu;a=.k ds fy,
mi;ksx fd;s tkrs gSA
 egRoiw.kZ dhVuk‛kd &
vkWxsZuks Dyksjhu vkWxsZuks QkWLQsV
DDT iSjkfFk;ksu
BHC eSykfFk;ksu
,aMkslYQku MkbDyksj okW‛k
,YMªhu MkbfeFks,V
MkbZ,YMªhu
vtSo fuEuhdj.k tSo fuEuhdj.k
orZeku esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrkA orZeku esa iz;ksx ughaA
 doduk‛kh &
 dod ls Qlyksa eas gksus okys izeq[k jksx
 mnkgj.k &
 jkbl CYkkLV & pkoy
 OghV LeV @ ywt LeV & xsgw¡ esa vfLVysxks fVªVlh dod ds dkj.k
 CySd jLV jksx & vukt
 vyhZ CykbV & vkyw esa dod vYVjusfj;k lksykuh ds dkj.k
 ysg CykbV & vkyw esa dod QkbVks¶Fkksjk buQsLVu ds dkj.k
 egRoiw.kZ doduk‛kh &
 gsDlkDyksjkscasthu
 lYQj ikmMj
 dkWij lYQsV
 cksMsZDl feJ.k
 ‚kkduk‛kh &
 os fo’kSys jlk;u ;k mudk feJ.k tks eq[; Qly dks uqdlku igq¡pkus okys vokafNr [kjirokjksa dks lekIr djus ;k
fu;a=.k ds fy, mi;ksx fd;s tkrs gSA
 egROkiw.kZ ‚kkduk‛kh &
 2, 4 D & 2, 4 MkbDyksjks fQukWDlh ,flfVd ,flM
 2, 4, 5 –T & 2, 4, 5 VªkbDyksjks fQukWDlh ,flfVd ,flM

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 9636977490, 8955577492
 Springboard Academy 5
Chemistry Notes (RAS Pre.)

ijekf.od lajpuk
 mi&ijekf.kd d.k & vyx&vyx rRoksa ds ijek.kqvksa eas bysDVªkWu] izksVkWu rFkk U;wVªksuksa dh la[;k fHkUu&fHkUu gksrh
gSA
1. bysDVªkWu &
 [kkst & 1897 esa ts-ts- FkkWelu }kjk dh xbZ Fkh tc mUgksus fMLpktZ V~;wc dk iz;ksx djds ^dsFkksM&js* ijh{k.k
fd;k FkkA
 bysDVªku ,d _.k vkosf‛kr d.k gS ftls e- ls iznf‛kZr fd;k tkrk gSA
 vkos‛k ¾ –1.6 ×10–19 dwyke
 nzO;eku ¾ 9.1 × 10-31 kg
2. izksVksu &
 [kkst & 1886 xksYMLVhu }kjk
 uke & 1919 esa jnjQksMZ }kjk
 izksVkWu ,d /ku vkosf‛kr d.k gS ftls P+ ls iznf‛kZr fd;k tkrk gSA
 vkos‛k ¾ + 1.6 × 10–19 dwyke
 nzO;eku ¾ 1.6 × 10-27 kg
Mp = 1837 Me
3. U;wVªkWu &
 [kkst & 1932 tsEl psMfod }kjk
 U;wVªkWu ,d vkos‛k jfgr d.k gS ftls n ls iznf‛kZr fd;k tkrk gSA
 U;wVªkWu dk nzO;eku izksVksu ds nzO;eku ds yxHkx leku gSA ¼izkVs ksu ls FkksM+k vf/kd ¾ 1.6×10-27kg½
 ijek.kq dk nzO;eku izksVksu rFkk U;wVªkWu ds nzO;eku ds ;ksx ds yxHkx cjkcj gksrk gSA

 ijek.kq dh lajpuk ds ekWMy &

1. MkWYVu dk ijek.kq fl)kar & ijek.kq vfoHkkT; ,oa vfouk‛kh d.k gSA
2. ijek.kq dk FkkWelu ekWMy & ts-ts- FkkWelu izFke oSKkfud Fks ftlus ijek.kq dh lajpuk dk fl)kUr fn;kA
vU; uke & fØlfel iqfMax ekWMy@ rjcwt ekWMy

 fu’d’kZ &
 ijek.kq /kukosf‛kr xksyk gS ftlesa bysDVªkWu (e–) /kals gksrs gSA
 _.kkRed ,oa /kukRed vkos‛k ifjek.k esa leku gksrs gS blfy, ijek.kq oS|qr :Ik ls mnklhu gksrk gSA

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 9636977490, 8955577492
 Springboard Academy 6
Chemistry Notes (RAS Pre.)

3. jnjQksMZ dk ijek.kq ekWMy@ijek.kq dk ukfHkdh; ekWMy &

 jnjQksMZ us vYQk d.k izdh.kZu iz;ksx esa lksus dh iryh pknj ij vYQk d.kksa dh ckSNkj djokbZA

 ijek.kq ds ukfHkd ekWMy dh fo‛ks’krk,¡ &

 ijek.kq ds dsUnz eas vR;f/kd l?ku&/ku vkosf‛kr Hkkx gksrk gSA ftls ukfHkd dgrs gSA ijek.kq dk yxHkx lEiw.kZ
nzO;eku ukfHkd esa fLFkr gksrk gSA
 ukfHkd ds pkjksa vksj o`Ùkkdkj iFk esa bysDVªkWu pDdj yxkrs gSA
 ukfHkd dk vkdkj (10–15 m) ijek.kq ds vkdkj (10–10 m) dh rqyuk esa vR;f/kd NksVk gksrk gSA
4- ijek.kq dk cksj ekWMy &
 ijek.kq eas /kukosf‛kr ukfHkd gksrk gSA ftlds pkjksa vksj bysDVªkWu ,d fuf‛pr d{kk (o`Ùkkdkj d{kk) esa pDdj yxkrs gSA

 la;kstdrk &
 ijek.kq ds ckgjh d{kk esa mifLFkr bysDVªkWuksa dks la;ksth bysDVªkWu dgrs gS tks ijek.kq ds jklk;fud xq.kksa dks fu/kkZfjr
djrs gSA
 ijek.kq dh mlh rRo ;k fHkUu rRoksa ds ijek.kq ls fØ;k djds v.kq cukus dh izo`fÙk gksrh gSA ftlls og viuh ckgjh
d{kk dks iw.kZ :i ls Hkj ldsA
 fdlh rRo ds ijek.kq }kjk viuk v’Vd iw.kZ djus gsrq fy, x,] fn, x, ;k lk>k fd, x, bysDVªkWuksa dh la[;k ml
rRo dh la;kstdrk dgykrh gSA

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 9636977490, 8955577492
 Springboard Academy 7
Chemistry Notes (RAS Pre.)

 ijek.kq Øekad &

 fdlh ijek.kq ds ukfHkd esa mifLFkr izksVksuksa dh la[;k ijek.kq Øekad dgykrk gSA
 fdlh rRo ds lHkh ijek.kqvkas ds ukfHkd esa izksVksuksa dh la[;k leku gksrh gSA
 vr% mudk ijek.kq Øekad leku gksrk gSA
 bls Z }kjk iznf‛kZr fd;k tkrk gS rFkk rRo ds izrhd ds ck¡;h vksj fy[kk tkrk gSA
 nzO;eku la[;k &
 fdlh ijek.kq ds ukfHkd eas mifLFkr izksVksu rFkk U;wVªkuW dh dqy la[;k
 izksVksu rFkk U;wVªkWuksa dks la;qDr :Ik ls U;wfDyvksUl dgrs gSA
 nzO;eku la[;k dks A }kjk iznf‛kZr fd;k tkrk gSA

 leLFkkfud &
 fdlh rRo ds ijek.kq ftudk ijek.kq Øekad leku gks ysfdu nzO;eku la[;k fHkUu gks rks mUgsa ml rRo ds
leLFkkfud dgrs gSA
 leLFkkfudksa esa izksVksauksa dh la[;k leku gksrh gS ysfdu U;wVªkus ksa dh la[;k fHkUu&fHkUu gksrh gSA
 fdlh rRo ds leLFkkfudksa dk bysDVªkWfud foU;kl leku gksrk gS vr% muesa jklk;fud xq.k Hkh leku gksrs gSA
 leLFkkfudksa eas nzO;eku la[;k fHkUu gksrh gS rFkk HkkSfrd xq.k tSls& ?kuRo] izdk‛k dk izdh.kZu vkfn nzO;eku ij
fuHkZj gksrs gS vr% leLFkkfudksa ds HkkSfrd xq.k fHkUu gksrs gSA

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 9636977490, 8955577492
 Springboard Academy 8
Chemistry Notes (RAS Pre.)

 leHkkfjd &
 fofHkUu rRoksa ds ijek.kq ftudk ijek.kq Øekad fHkUu gks ysfdu nzO;eku la[;k leku gks mls leHkkfjd dgrs gSA
 bueas U;wfDyvksuks (izksVksu $ U;wVªkWu) dh la[;k leku gksrh gS ysfdu izksVksuksa dh la[;k fHkUu&fHkUu gksrh gSA
tSls & vkWxZu rFkk dSfY‛k;e leHkkfjd gksrs gSa
 ;|fi leHkkfjd rRoksa dk ijek.kq Øekad fHkUu gksrk gS vFkkZr~ bysDVªkWfud foU;kl fHkUu gS vr% jklk;fud xq.k Hkh
fHkUu&fHkUu gksrs gSsA
 mnkgj.k &
14 14 40 40
6𝐶 ∶ 7𝑁 18𝐴𝑟 ∶ 20𝐶𝑎

Note :-
 rRoksa dks vkorZ lkj.kh esa muds ijek.kq Øekad] bysDVªkWfud foU;kl rFkk jklk;fud xq.kksa ds vk/kkj ij O;ofLFkr
fd;k x;k gSA
 vkorZ lkj.kh esa 7 vkorZ] 18 oxZ] 4 CykWd ¼s,p,d,f) gSA
 :lh oSKkfud nkfe=h es.Myho dks vkorZ lkj.kh rS;kj djus dk Js; fn;k tkrk gSA
 vkorZ lkj.kh esa dqy 118 rRo gS buesa ls igys 94 izkÑfrd rRo gS tcfd ‚ks’k iz;ksx‛kkyk esa fufeZr fd, x, gSA

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 9636977490, 8955577492
 Springboard Academy 9
Chemistry Notes (RAS Pre.)

inkFkZ dh voLFkk,¡
 inkFkZ@nzO; &
 inkFkZ og gksrk gS ftlesa nzO;eku o vk;ru gks] tks LFkku ?ksjrk gks] rFkk ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd bfUnz;ksa }kjk
eglwl fd;k tk ldrk gksA
 mnkgj.k & ok;q] ty] rRo] ;kSfxd
 inkFkZ ds d.kksa ds y{k.k &
1. d.kksa ds eè; LFkku mifLFkr
2. d.kksa ds e/; varj vkf.od vkd’kZ.k cy ds dkj.k ,d&nwljs dks vkdf’kZr djus dk xq.k fo|eku
3. xfrt ÅtkZ ds dkj.k fujUrj xfreku rkieku c<+us ds lkFk xfrt ÅtkZ esa o`f)
4. folj.k dh izÑfr
 inkFkZ dk oxhZdj.k &
HkkSfrd voLFkk ds vk/kkj ij jklk;fud xq.k/keZ ds vk/kkj ij
Bksl rRo
nzo ;kSfxd
xSl feJ.k

xq.k/keZ Bksl nzo xSl

varjvkf.od LFkku vR;f/kd de S<L<G lokZf/kd
varj vkf.od vkd’kZ.k cy izcy S>L>G U;wure
Xkfrt ÅtkZ vR;f/kd de S<L<G lokZf/kd
folj.k ux.; xSl ls de lokZf/kd
vk;ru fuf‛pr fuf'pr ifjofrZr
vkdkj fuf‛pr ifjofrZr ifjofrZr
?kuRo lokZf/kd S>L>G U;wure
laihM~;rk ux.; S<L<G lokZf/kd

 Bkslksa dk oxhZdj.k &

xq.k/keZ fØLVyh; Bksl vfØLVyh; Bksl
O;oLFkk nh?kZ ijklh O;oLFkk ¼vo;oh d.kksa dh Yk?kq ijklh O;oLFkk ¼vo;oh d.kks dh
yach nwjh rd fu;fer O;oLFkk½ de nwjh rd fu;fer O;oLFkk½
vkdkj fuf'pr T;kferh; O;oLFkk vfuf‛pr T;kferh; O;oLFkk
mnkgj.k ykSgk] rkack] ued] ghjk] xzsQkbV] dkap] jcj] IykfLVd
ikSVsf'k;e DyksjkbM

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 9636977490, 8955577492
 Springboard Academy 10
Chemistry Notes (RAS Pre.)

 nzo voLFkk &

1. ok’ihdj.k &
 izfØ;k ftlesa dejs ds rki ij nzo ok’Ik esa cnyrk gSA
 rkieku] {ks=Qy rFkk ok;qeaMy dh vknzZrk ij fuHkZj
 mnkgj.k &
 feV~Vh ds ?kM+s dk ikuh LVhy ds ?kM+s ds ikuh dh rqyuk esa B.Mk gksrk gSA
 xfeZ;ksa esa diM+s tYnh lw[krs gSA
 ia[ks ,oa dwyj dh gok B.Mh eglwl gksrh gSA
 llatd cy &
 ,d gh izdkj ds v.kqvksa ds e/; yxus okyk vkd’kZ.k cy
 tSls & ikuh ds v.kqvksa ds e/; yxus okyk vkd’kZ.k cy
 vklatd cy &
 nks fHkUu izdkj ds v.kqvkas ds chp yxus okyk vkd’kZ.k cy
 tSls & ikuh rFkk crZu ds v.kqvksa ds e/; yxus okyk vkd’kZ.k cy
2. i`’B ruko &
 nzo dh lrg ij ,dkad yackbZ ij yxus okyk yEcor cy i`’B ruko dgykrk gSA
 ek=d & Mkbu izfr lseh] U;wVu izfr ehVj
 i`’B ruko ds dkj.k nzoksa dh U;wure {ks=Qy j[kus dh izo`fr gksrh gSA
 i`’B ruko ds vuqiz;ksx &
1. nzo dh viuh lrg dks U;wure j[kus dh izo`fr

nzo dh lrg eas ladqpu

nzo dh cwans xksy

2. lkcqu ds cqycqys de i`’B ruko ds dkj.k cM+s gksrs gSA
3. lkcqu ,oa fMVjtsUV ty esa ?kksyus ij

ty dk i`’B ruko de

Oklk] xzhl tSlh xanxh oL=ksa ls lkQ gks tkrh gSA

4. fLFkj ty ij ePNjksa ds ykokZ rSjrs gS ijUrq feV~Vh dk rsy fNM+d nsus ij ty dk i`’B ruko de gks tkrk
gSA ftlls ykokZ ikuh esa Mwcdj ej tkrs gSA
5. xeZ lwi Lokfn’V gksrk gS D;ksafd xeZ lwi dk i`’B ruko de gksrk gSA blfy, og thHk ds Åij lHkh Hkkxksa esa
vPNh rjg QSy tkrh gSA
6. ty dk vf/kdre i`’B ruko 4°C ij gksrk gSA D;kasfd 4°C ij ty dk ?kuRo vf/kd gksrk gSA
3. dsf‛kdRo &
 ds‛kuyh cgqr gh de ,oa ,d leku f=T;k dh [kks[kyh uyh gSA
 ds‛kuyh eas nzo dk Lor% Åij p<+uk ;k uhps mrjuk dsf‛kdRo dgykrk gSA
 ds‛kuyh eas dksbZ nzo fdruh lhek rd Åij p<+sxk ;g ds‛kuyh dh f=T;k ij fuHkZj djrk gSA

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 9636977490, 8955577492
 Springboard Academy 11
Chemistry Notes (RAS Pre.)

 vuqiz;ksx &
1. dkWQh ikmMj ty esa ‚kh?kzrk ls ?kqy tkrk gS D;kasfd ty dkWQh dh eghu df.kdkvkas dks dsf‛kdRo dh fØ;k }kjk ‚kh?kz
?kksy nsrk gSA
2. CyksfVax isij L;kgh dks lks[k ysrk gS D;kasfd blesa cus NksVs&NksVs fNnz ds‛kuyh dh Hkkafr dk;Z djrs gSA
3. fdlku ckfj‛k gksus ij [ksr dks tksr nsrs gS rkfd feV~Vh esa cuh ds‛kufy;k¡ VwV tk, vFkkZr~ tehu esa x;k ikuh
vanj gh jgdj ueh cuk,a j[ks ,oa ty Qly ds dke vkrk gSA
4. ykyVsu esa feV~Vh dk rsy cÙkh ds /kkxksa ds chp cUkh ds‛kufydkvksa }kjk Åij p<+rk gSA

1. tc vlatd cy (nzo ik=) llatd cy (nzo&nzo) ls vf/kd gks rks nzo

 ik= dh nhokjksa dks xhyk djrk gSA
 ds'k uyh esa p<+us yxrk gSA
 lrg & vory
 tSls & ty
2. tc llatd cy vklatd cy dh rqyuk esa vf/kd gks rks nzo
 ik= dh nhokjksa dks xhyk ugha djrk gSA
 ds'k uyh ls uhps fxjrk gSA
 lrg & mÙky
 tSls & ikjk

 ‚;kurk &
 nzo@xSl dh Øekxr ijrksa ds chp mudh lkisf{kd xfr dk fojks/k djus okys ?k’kZ.k cy dks ‚;ku cy dgrs gSA
 rjy dk ;g xq.k ‚;kurk dgykrk gSA
 ‚;kurk vf/kd  vf/kd vkarfjd ?k’kZ.k cy  xfr dk vf/kd izfrjks/k
 ‚;kurk de  de vkarfjd ?k’kZ.k cy  vklkuh ls xfr
 Ekk=d & ikW;t
 Ekkiu & vksLVokYM foLdksehVj }kjk
 nzo ftrus xk<s+ & ‚;kurk mruh gh vf/kd
 rki ↑& ‚;kurk↓ (xfrt ÅtkZ ↑ & osx ↑)
 ‚;kurk Øe ¾ ‚kgn > fXyljhu > ty > isVªksy > Mhty > dsjkslhu
 xSl voLFkk &
 xSlksa dk xfrt fl)kar & xSl esa v.kqvksa ds chp dk vUrj vkf.od vkd’kZ.k cy ux.; gksrk gS blfy, xSl ds
v.kq LoPNUn xfr djrs gSA
 xfrt ÅtkZ & vf/kdre
 xSlkas ds v.kq xksykdkj gksrs gSA
 xSlksa ds v.kq lh/kh js[kk esa xfr djrs gSA
 xSlh; voLFkk esa v.kq mPp xfr ls jS.Me ¼;kn`fPNd½ xfr djrs gSA ftlls ik= dh nhokjksa ij nkc yxrk gS ftl
ik= esa mUgsa j[kk tkrk gSA
 vkn‛kZ xSl lehdj.k PV = nRT
 P = xSl dk nkc
 V = xSl dk vk;ru
 n = eksyks dh la[;k
 R = lkoZf=d xSl fu;rkad
 T = xSl dk rki

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 9636977490, 8955577492
 Springboard Academy 12
Chemistry Notes (RAS Pre.)

 inkFkZ dh voLFkkvksa dk varj ifjorZu &

 inkFkZ dh voLFkkvksa dk varj ifjorZu nks dkjdksa }kjk laHko gksrk gSA
1. rkieku esa ifjorZUk
2. nkc esa ifjorZu
 uksV & xSlks dk nzohdj.k & xSlks dk nzohdj.k mPp nkc o fuEu rki ij laHko gSA

 twy&FkWkelu izHkko @ twy&dsfYou izHkko &

 tc fdlh xSl dks mPp nkc ls fuEu nkc dh vksj ljU/kz MkV }kjk izlkfjr fd;k tkrk gSA rc mlds rki esa deh
vkrh gS vkSj ‚khryu izHkko mRiUu gksrk gSA ;g twy&FkkWelu izHkko dgykrk gSA
 mnkgj.k & ,;j daMh‛kuj blh fl)kar ij dk;Z djrk gSA

LPG (nzfor iSVªksfy;e xSl) CNG (laihfM+r izkd`frd xSl)

 eq[; ?kVd ¾ C;wVsu $ izksisu $ vkblksC;wVsu $ ,Fksu  eq[; ?kVd ¾ feFksu ¼dqN ek=k eas izksisu Hkh½
 rsy ds dqvksa ls izkÑfrd :Ik ls izkIr ftlds
 mRifÙk & dPps rsy ds izHkkth vklou fof/k }kjk
ckn ncko Mkydj nzo eas ifjofrZr
 mi;ksx & dqfdax xSl  okguksa esa bZ/ku ds :Ik esa
 i;kZoj.k fgrS’kh xSl D;kasfd bldk iw.kZ ngu gks
 dSyksjhfQd oSY;w CNG ls vf/kd
tkrk gSA
 fjlko dh igpku ds fy, ,fFky ejdsIVu ¼Fkk;ks
,Fksu@lYQj½ feyk;k tkrk gSA

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 9636977490, 8955577492
 Springboard Academy 13
Chemistry Notes (RAS Pre.)

 MIC ¼feFkkby vkblks lkbusV½ &

 esa Hkksiky xSl =klnh ds nkSjku fjlko
1984
 daiuh&;wfu;u dkckZbZM ¼dhVuk‛kd cukus dk dk;Z½
 LVkbjhu &
 2020 esa fo‛kk[kkiV~Vue esa ,y ikWyhelZ dsfedy IykaV esa fjlko
 ok;q vaxkj xSl @mRiknd xSl &
 dksd $ ok;q ¾ Co + N2
 Å’ek L=ksr ds :Ik esa mi;ksx
 Hkki vaxkj xSl &
 dksd $ tyok’Ik ¾ Co + H2
 Å’ek lzksr ds :Ik esa mi;ksx
 dksy xSl &
 CO + H2 + CH4 = dkcZueksuksvkWDlkbM $ gkbMªkstu $ feFksu dk feJ.k
 Å’ek ds lzksr ds :Ik esa
 ,fFkyhu &
 Qyksa dks idkus esa
 ikWfyFkhu cukus esa
 ,flfVyhu &
 Qyksa dks idkus esa
 vkWDlhtu ds lkFk xSl osfYMax esa
 vJq xSl &
 Dyksjks ,flVksfQukWu
 Dyksjks & csatkbyesysuksukbVªkby
 iqfyl }kjk HkhM+ dks fu;af=r djus gsrq mi;ksxhA
 gkL; xSl ¼ukbVªl vkWDlkbM½ &
 mi;ksx & nnZ fuokjd rFkk ‚kked vkS’kf/k ds :Ik esa tks ‚kkafr ,oa vkuan dh vuwHkqfr nsrh gSA
 ck;ks xSl ¼xkscj xSl½ &
 izkfIr & fd.ou dh izfØ;k }kjk e`r dkcZfud inkFkksZ dk thok.kqvksa }kjk vi?kVu ls
 eq[; ?kVd & eSFksu (65%) + dkcZuMkbvkWDlkbM $ gkbMªkstu $ veksfu;k
 mi;ksx & dqfdax xSl ds :Ik esa
 ÅtkZ dk uohdj.kh; L=ksr
 Ekk‛kZ xSl ¼LokEi xSl] cksx xSl½ &
 feFksu] gkbMªkstu LkyQkbM rFkk dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM dk feJ.k gS ftldk fuekZ.k ?kkl ds eSnku nyny esa izkÑfrd
:Ik ls gksrk gSA
 gkbMªks eSFksu @ eSFksu DysFkjsV @ eSFksu gkbMªsV
 leqnzksa eas iM+h gqbZ cQZ ds chp Qalh gqbZ eSFksu xSl uohdj.kh; ,oa xSj ijEijkxr ÅtkZ dk lzksr
 vkWDlhtu xSl &
 thoksa esa ok;oh; ‚olu ds nkSjku ÅtkZ mRiknu esa
 vkx tykus gsrq vkWDlhtu vko‛;d gSA
 nzfor vkWDlhtu dk iz;ksx Øk;kstsfud bZatu esa vkWDlhdkjd ds :Ik esa
 nzfor vkWDlhtu laxzg.k ¾ -1830C ij A
A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,
Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 9636977490, 8955577492
 Springboard Academy 14
Chemistry Notes (RAS Pre.)

 gkbMªkstu xSl &

 lcls gYdh xSl
 czãk.M eas lokZf/kd ek=k esa ik;k tkus okyk rRo gkbMªkstu gSA
 lcls ljy rRo
 gkbMªkstu ds ukfHkd esa dsoy ,d izksVkWu gksrk gS vFkkZRk~ U;wVªkWu ugha gksrk] ukfHkd ds ckgj ,d e– gksrk gSA
 ,dek= rRo ftlds leLFkkfudksa dks vU; uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA ¼M;wVsfj;e] VªkbfV;e½
 Toyu‛khy
 Hkfo’; dk bZ/ku
 nzzfor gkbMªkstu dk laxzg.k ¾ &253°C ij A
 nzfor gkbMªkstu dk iz;ksx Øk;kstsfud bZtu eas bZ/ku ds :Ik esaA

 ukbVªsktu xSl &

 ok;qeaMy eas lokZf/kd ek=k esa ikbZ tkus okyh xSl (78 %)
 izÑfr fuf’Ø; xSlksa ds leku vFkkZr~ vU; xSlksa ds lkFk lkekU;r% vfHkfØ;k ugha djrh gS ftlls [kk| inkFkksZ ds
ifjj{k.k esa iz;ksx
 nzfor ukbVªkstu dk laxzg.k ¾ &196°C ij A
 nzfor ukbVªkstu dk iz;ksx Mkal ¶yksj ij /kqavk mRiUu djus gsrq fd;k tkrk gSA
 nzfor ukbVªkstu dk iz;ksx cSyks ds oh;Z dks laxzfgr djus rFkk vU; thfor dksf‛kdk ;k mÙkdksa dks laxzfgr djus gsrq
fd;k tkrk gS ftls Øk;ksfiztjos‛ku dgk tkrk gSA

 fuf’Ø; xSls @ ukscy xSls &

 bUgsa vkorZ lkj.kh ds 18osa oxZ esa j[kk x;k gSA
 ghfy;e ds ijek.kq dh ckgjh d{kk esa dsoy nks bysDVªkWUk gksrs gS tcfd vU; fuf’Ø; xSlksa ds ijek.kq dh ckgjh
d{kk esa vkB bysDVªkWu gksrs gS ftlls mudk v’Vd iw.kZ dks tkrk gS rFkk muds fdlh vU; inkFkZ ds lkFk vfHkfØ;k
djus dh izo`fr ugha gksrh gSA
 iz;ksx & ,sfrgkfld nLrkostksa dks yacs le; rd laxzfgr djus esaA tSls & Hkkjrh; lafo/kku] le>kSrk i=
 [kk| inkFkksZ ds ifj{k.k ds fy, Hkh iz;ksx
 fuf’Ø; xSls & ghfy;e] fu;ksu] vkxZu] fØIVksu] thuksu] jsMksu
 ghfy;e & lcls gYdh fuf’Ø; xSl
 vkWDlhtu ds lkFk fefJr dj Ñf=e ‚olu gsrq nek jksxh] vUrfj{k ;k=h] xksrk[kksjksa }kjk iz;ksx
 ok;q;ku ds Vk;jksa esa rFkk xqCckjksa dks Hkjus esa iz;ksx

 fu;ksu & ¶yksjkslsaV V~;wc rFkk fuokZr uyh esa mi;ksx foKkiu gksfMZax ds cYc esa yky jax ds fy, Hkh
iz;ksx
 vkxZu & cYc rFkk V;wcykbZV esa Hkh Hkjh tkrh gSA V;wcykbZV esa bls edZjh dh ok’Ik ds lkFk esa Hkjk tkrk gSA
 IykTek voLFkk &
 inkFkZ dh pkSFkh voLFkk
 blesa mPp ÅtkZ ;qDr ,oa vR;f/kd mÙksftr d.k gksrs gSA
 ;g d.k vk;u ;k vk;fud xSl ds :Ik esa mifLFkr gksrs gSA
 rkjksa esa IykTek voLFkk dk fuekZ.k mPp rki ds dkj.k gksrk gSA
 ¶yksjkslsaV ySEi rFkk V~;wc esa fuf’Ø; xSls fo|qr izokg ds dkj.k vk;fur gksdj IykTek voLFkk dk fuekZ.k djrs
gSA
A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,
Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 9636977490, 8955577492
 Springboard Academy 15
Chemistry Notes (RAS Pre.)

 cksl vkbUlVhu d.MsulsV &

 inkFkZ dh iakpoh voLFkk
 bldk fopkj 1924 esa vkbUlVhu }kjk lR;sUnzukFk cksl }kjk fn, x, A
 DokaVe fuekZ.k ds fl)kar ds vk/kkj ij fn;k x;k FkkA
 vr% bl voLFkk dks cksl&vkbaLVhu d.MsulsV dgrs gSA
 ;g inkFkZ dh og voLFkk gS tgk¡ izR;sd ijek.kq ;k d.k dk rkieku ije ‚kwU; rd gksrk gSA
 ije ‚kwU; rki ¾ –273°C/00 K

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 9636977490, 8955577492
 Springboard Academy 16
Chemistry Notes (RAS Pre.)

vEy&{kkj ,oa yo.k

 vEy &
 ySfVu ‚kCn ^,flMl* dk vFkZ gS & [kV~Vk
 vEy Lokn esa [kV~Vs gksrs gSA
 ;g tyh; foy;u esa uhys fyVel dks yky dj nsrk gSA
 vEy fQukW¶Fkyhu ds jax dks ifjofrZr ugha djrs gSA
 feFkkby vkWjast dks yky@xqykch dj nsrs gSA
 lHkh vEy tyh; foy;u esa gkbMªkstu vk;u (H+) nsrs gSA
 ty esa ?kqyu‛khy
 fo|qr ds pkyd
 izcy vEy Ropk ij ?kko mRiUu djrs gSA
 izcy vEy la{kkjd gksrs gSA
 mnkgj.k &
 HCL & gkbMªksDyksfjd vEy
 HNO3 & ukbfVªd vEy
 H2SO4 & ly¶;wfjd vEy
 CH3COOH & ,flfVd vEy

 L=ksr ds vk/kkj ij vEy ds nks izdkj

1. dkcZfud vEy &
ikniksa ,oa tUrqvksa esa izkÑfrd :Ik ls mifLFkr vEy
 mnkgj.k &
 phaVh & QkWfeZd vEy@eSFksuksbd vEyA
 pk; & Vsfud vEy
 VekVj & vkWDlsfyd vEy] flfVªd vEy
 beyh & VkVZfjd vEy
 nw/k] ngh & ysfDVd vEy
 lso & eSfyd vEy
 fljdk & ,flfVd vEy
 uhacw@larjk & flfVªd vEy
2. vdkcZfud vEy &
 Ñf=e :Ik ls i`Foh ij feyus okys [kfutksa dh lgk;rk ls fuekZ.k
 mnkgj.k –
 HCL
 H2SO4
 HNO3

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 9636977490, 8955577492
 Springboard Academy 17
Chemistry Notes (RAS Pre.)

 izcyrk ds vk/kkj ij vEy ds izdkj &

1. izcy vEy &
 tyh; foy;u esa iw.kZr% vk;fur o vf/kd ek=k eas gkbMªkstu vk;u
 mnkgj.k &
 HCL
 H2SO
 HNO3
2. nqcZy vEy &
 tyh; foy;u esa vkaf‛kd :Ik ls vk;fur o de ek=k esa gkbMªkstu vk;u
 mnkgj.k &
 flfVªd vEy
 ,flfVd vEy
 ysfDVd vEy
 ty esa vEy dh ek=k ds vk/kkj ij &
1. ruq vEy & tyh; foy;u esa vEy dh lUnzrk de gks vFkkZr~ ty vf/kd gks ,oa vEy de gks
2. lkUnz vEy & tyh; foy;u esa vEy dh lkUnzrk vf/kd gksA

 dqN egRoiw.kZ vEy &

1. ,flfVd ,flM &
 mi;ksx &
 fljdk fuekZ.k esa
 [kk| ifjj{k.k esa
 ,lhVksu cukus esa & foyk;d uSy ikWfy‛k gVkus] isaV fFkuj ds :Ik esa fd;k tkrk gSA
2. csatksbd ,flM & [kk| inkFkksZ ,oa nokbZ;ksa ds ifjj{k.k esa
3. flfVªd vEy &
 ØsCl pØ dk e/;orhZ tks lHkh ok;oh; thoksa dh mikip;h fØ;k gSA
 mi;ksx & nok cukus esa] [kk| inkFkksZ esa] oL= m|ksx esa
4. gkbMªksDyksfjd vEy &
 mi;ksx &
 ,Dokjsft;k cukus esa
 lkSUn;Z izlk/ku lkexzh esa
 diM+k&peM+k m|ksx esa
 iz;ksx‛kkyk vfHkdeZd ds :Ik esa
5. ukbfVªd vEy &
 mi;ksx &
 ,Dokjsft;k cukus esa
 moZjd cukus esa
 foLQksVd cukus esa
 IykfLVd m|ksx eas
 jkWdsV ds rjy iz.kksnd esa

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 9636977490, 8955577492
 Springboard Academy 18
Chemistry Notes (RAS Pre.)

6. lY¶;wfjd vEy (H2 SO4)-

 jlk;uksa dk jktk&vEyksa dk jktk
 mi;ksx &
 isVªksfy;e fjQkbujh esa
 /kkrqdeZ esa
 viektZd m|ksx esa
 lqij QkWLQsV moZjd
 iz;ksx‛kkyk vfHkdeZd ds :Ik esa
 lapkyd cSfVª;ksa esa
7. ,Dokjsft;k@vEyjkt&
 ySfVu ‚kCn & jkW;y okVj] ‚kkgh ty
 rhu Hkkx lkUnz HCL vkSj ,d Hkkx HNO3 dk rktk feJ.k vEyjkt ,Dokjsft;k dgykrk gSA
3HCL + 1HNO3
 rqjUr cuk vEyjkt jaxghu gksrk gS ysfdu FkksM+s le; i‛pkr~ ;g ukjaxh jax dk gks tkrk gSA
 ;g vR;ar la{kkjd gksrk gS tks lksus ,oa IysfVue tSlh ukscy /kkrqvksa dks Hkh xyk nsrk gSA
uksV & ysfdu ;g pk¡nh dks ugha xyk ldrk gSA
 mi;ksx &
 Dyksjks vkSfjd vEy cukus esa ¼fo|qr vi?kV~; ds :Ik esa½
 lksus o pkanh dks i`Fkd djus esa
 /kkrqvksa ij uDdk‛kh esa
 lksus] IysfVue tSlh /kkrqvksa dks pedkus esa

 veyxe &
 veyxe yksgk] dksckYV o fudy dks NksM+dj fdlh vU; /kkrq ds lkFk ikjs dk feJ /kkrq gSA
 ikjk /kkrqvkas ds lkFk veyxe cukrk gSA
 ijUrq ikjk yksgs ds lkFk veyxe ugha cukrk gSA
 mi;ksx & nUr xqgk dks Hkjus esa
 {kkj@{kkjd &
 {kkj Lokn esa rh[ks@dM+os gksrs gSA
 {kkj yky fyVel i= dks uhyk dj nsrs gSA
 {kkj fQukW¶Fkfyu dks xqykch jax esa ifjofrZr dj nsrk gSA
 {kkj feFkkby vkWjsUt dks ihyk cukrs gSA
 lHkh {kkj tyh; foy;u esa gkbMªksDlkbM ¼OH–½vk;u nsrs gSA
 {kkj] vEyksa ls fØ;k djds yo.k cukrs gSA
 {kkj lkcqu ds leku fQlyunkj gksrs gSA
 fo|qr pkyd gksrs gSA
 lHkh {kkj ty esa ?kqyu‛khy ugha gSA ty esa ?kqyu‛khy {kkj ^,Ydsyh* dgykrs gSA
 lHkh ,Ydsyh {kkj gS ysfdu lHkh {kkj ,Ydsyh ugha gSA
 izcy {kkj la{kkjd gksrs gSA ¼?kko mRiUu djrs gSA½
mnkgj.k & NaOH & lksfM;e gkbMªksDlkbM
KOH – iksVsf‛k;e gkbMªksDlkbM
NH4OH & veksfu;e gkbMªksDlkbM

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 9636977490, 8955577492
 Springboard Academy 19
Chemistry Notes (RAS Pre.)

1. dkfLVd lksMk ¼NaOH ½ &

mi;ksx &
lkcqu cukus esa
 viektZd fuekZ.k esa
 oL= m|ksx esa
 dkxt m|ksx esa
2. dkfLVd iksVk‛k ¼KOH½ &
mi;ksx &
 e`nq lkcqu cukus esa
 ‚kSEiw ‚kSfoax Øhe fuekZ.k esa
 iz;ksx‛kkyk vfHkdeZd ds :Ik esa
3. feYd vkWQ eSXuhf‛k;k ¼Mg(OH)2½ &
mi;ksx &
 izfr vEy ds :Ik esa isV dh vEyh;rk nwj djus esa
 phuh m|ksx esa
4. cq>k gqvk pquk ¼Ca (OH)2½ &
mi;ksx &
 ty ds e`nqdj.k esa
 tehu dh vEyh;rk nwj djus esa
 fojatd ikmMj cukus esa
 yo.k (Salt) -
 vEy rFkk {kkj ijLij fØ;k djds yo.k rFkk ty dk fuekZ.k djrs gS rFkk ,d nwljs ds izHkko dks de dj nsrs gSA
blfy, bls ^mnklhuhdj.k* vfHkfØ;k dgrs gSA
 vEy $ {kkj  yo.k $ ty (Å’ek{ksih vfHkfØ;k½
 yo.k] mnklhu] vEyh; ,oa {kkjh; izÑfr ds gks ldrs gSA
 izcy vEy $ izcy {kkj  mnklhu yo.k
HCL + NaOH  Nacl + H2O
 izcy vEy $ nqcZy {kkj  vEyh; yo.k
HCL + NH4OH  NH4Cl + H2O
 nqcZy vEy $ izcy {kkj  {kkjh; yo.k
CH3COOH + NaOH  CH3COONa+ H2O
 yo.kksa ds xyukad ,oa DoFkukad mPp gksrs gSA
 ;s lk/kkj.kr;k% fØLVy ds :Ik esa ik;s tkrs gSA
 fØLVy eas buds lkFk fØLVyu dk ty Hkh mifLFkr gksrk gSA

 fØLVyu dk ty &
 yo.k ds ,d lw= bdkbZ esa ty ds fuf‛pr v.kqvksa dh la[;k
 mnkgj.k &
 Na2 Co3 . 10H2O (/kkou lksMk)
1
 CaSo4 . H2O (IykLVj vkWQ isfjl)
2

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 9636977490, 8955577492
 Springboard Academy 20
Chemistry Notes (RAS Pre.)

 nSfud thou esa dqN mi;ksxh ;ksSfxd &

1. cSfdax lksMk (NaHCo3) -
 [kkus dk lksMk@ehBk lksMk
 jklk;fud uke & lksfM;e gkbMªkstu dkcksZuVs @lksfM;e ckbZ dkcksaZusV
 bls [kk| inkFkksZ esa feykdj xeZ djus ij Co2 xSl cqycqyksa ds :Ik esa ckgj fudyrh gSA blh dkj.k dSd tSls
[kk| inkFkZ Qwydj gYds gks tkrs gS vkSj muesa fNnz iM+ tkrs gSA
 mi;ksx &
 [kk| inkFkksZ esa cSfdax ikmMj ds :Ik esa
 ‚khr is; inkFkZ cukus esa
 izfrvEy ds :Ik esa
 vfXu‛kked ;a=ksa esa
2. /kkou lksMk ¼Na2Co3 - 10H2O) -
 jklk;fud uke & lksfM;e dkcksZusV
 fuekZ.k & cSafdax lksMk dks xeZ djus esa
 mi;ksx &
 /kqykbZ o lQkbZ esa
 dkxt] dkWp
 lkcqu o oL= m|ksx esa
1
3. IykLVj vkWQ isfjl ¼CaSo4 . 2H2O) -
 jklk;fud uke & dSfYl;e lYQsV v}ZgkbVªsV @ gsfegkbMªV
 fuekZ.k & ftIle (Caso4 . 2H2O) dks xeZ djus ls
 xq.k &
 ‚osr ,oa fpduk inkFkZ @ pw.kZ
 ty feykus ij iqu% ftIle cudj dBksj o Bksl gks tkrk gSA
 mi;ksx &
 VwVh gqbZ gfM~M;ksa ij IykLVj p<+kus esa
 fuekZ.k dk;ksZ esa
 ltkoVh lkeku eas
4. fojatd pw.kZ ¼Caocl2) -
 jklk;fud uke & dSfYl;e vkWDlhDyksjkbM
 fuekZ.k & cq>s gq, pwus dh Dyksjhu fØ;k ls
 mi;ksx &
 fojatd pw.kZ ds :Ik esa
 oL= m|ksx esa
 dkxt m|ksx esa
 is;ty ‚kq) djus esa
uksV &
 flYoj ukbVªsV (AgNo3) dk mi;ksx QksVksxzkQh esa fd;k tkrk gSA
 veksfu;e ukbVªsV (NH4NO3) dk mi;ksx moZjd o foLQksVd cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
 fQVdjh & ¼K2So4 . Al2 (So4)3 . 24H2O) dk mi;ksx ty ‚kks/ku esaA

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 9636977490, 8955577492
 Springboard Academy 21
Chemistry Notes (RAS Pre.)

 pH Ldsy &
 pH fdlh inkFkZ dh vEyh;rk ,oa {kkjh;rk dk eki gSA
 fdlh foy;u esa gkbMªkstu vk;u [H+] dh lkUnzrk ds _.kkRed y?kqx.kd dks ml foy;u dk pH dgrs gSA
1
 pH  pH = -log10[H+]
[H+]
 PH Ldsy vo/kkj.kk dh [kkst 1909 esa lksjsUlu }kjk dh xbZA

 nSfud thou esa pH dk egRo &

 thfor izk.kh dsoy ladh.kZ pH ijkl esa gh thfor jg ldrs gSA
 gekjk ‚kjhj 7.0 – 7.8 pH ijkl ds e/; dk;Z djrk gSA
 gekjs ‚kjhj esa gksus okyh tSo jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k,¡ ,atkbeksa }kjk lEiUu gksrh gSA
 izR;sd ,atkbe ,d fuf‛pr pH ij dk;Z djrk gSA
 gekjk isV Hkkstu ds ikpu ds fy, HCL L=kfor djrk gSA vip dh fLFkfr esa tyu o nnZ mRiUu gksrk gSA
 bls mnklhu djus ds fy, Mg(OH)2 ¼feYd vkWQ eSXuhf‛k;k½ dk iz;ksx ,UVkflM ds :Ik esa fd;k tkrk gSA
 eq¡g dk pH 6.3 gksrk gSA ‚kdZjk ,oa [kk| inkFkksZ dh otg ls pH 5.5 ls de gksus ij busey dk {k; izkjaHk gks
tkrk gSA bl gsrq {kkjh; izÑfr ds nar eatu iz;qDr fd, tkrs gSA
 nw/k esa mifLFkr lw{etho o ;hLV ySfDVd vEy dk fuekZ.k djrs gS ftlls nw/k esa [kV~Vk Lokn vkrk gS] ehBk lksMk
ysfDVd vEy ds fuekZ.k dks jksdrk gSA bl dkj.k nw/k cspus okys blesa ehBk lksMk feykrs gSA
 dsys ds iÙks {kkjh; izÑfr ds gksrs gS ,oa ;hLV dh o`f) dks jksdrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd nw/k ds fMCcsa esa dsys ds iÙks
j[ks tkrs gSa
 e/kqeD[kh dk Mad@phVh ds dkVus ij QkWfeZd vEy ls nnZ o tyu gksrh gS izHkkfor vax dks csfdax lksMk ls jxM+us ij
FkksM+k vkjke feyrk gSA
 moZjdksa ds vf/kd iz;ksx ls e`nk vEyh; gks tkrh gSA vr% feÍh esas {kkjd tSls pwuk] cw>k gqvk pwuk vkfn feyk, tkrs
gSA tks feÍh dks mnklhu dj nsrs gSA
 dkj[kkuksa ls fudyus okys vEyh; ty esa {kkj feykus ij vEy mnklhu gks tkrs gSA
 fdlh unh ds ty esa vEyh; o’kkZ ds dkj.k pH esa deh gks tkrh gS rks tho /kkfj;ksa ij udkjkRed izHkko iM+rk gSA
 pH eku
 HCL = 1.2  VekVj = 2 - 4.4  veksfu;k foy;u
 uhacw = 2.2 -2.6  ch;j = 4-5 = 10.5 – 11.5
 fljdk = 2.4-3.4  CySd dkWQh =5  Cyhp = 13.5
 vaxwj dk jl  ykj@nw/k = 6.5  NaOH = 14
= 2.5 – 3.5  ‚kq) ty =7  can ikbZi@ukyh dks [kksyus
 lksMk = 2.5 – 3.5  jDr = 7.4 okyk jlk;u = 14
 VekVj twl = 2.5-3.5  leqnzh ty =8
 ‚kjkc = 2.8-3.8  csfdax lksMk = 9.5

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 9636977490, 8955577492
 Springboard Academy 21
Chemistry Notes (RAS Pre.)

 cQj foy;u &

 og foy;u tks mlesa dqN ek=k esa vEy@{kkj feykus ij mlds PH esa cnyko dk fojks/k djrk gSA bls cQj
foy;u dgrs gSA
 cQj foy;u nks izdkj ds gksrs gS&
1. vEyh; cQj
2. {kkjh; cQj
vEyh; cQj {kkjh; cQj
nqcZy vEy $ yo.k nqcZy {kkj $ yo.k
nqcZy vEy $ izcy {kkj nqcZy {kkj $ izcy vEy
CH3COOH + NaOH HCl + NH4OH+
CH3CooNa NH4Cl
vEyh; cQj ¾ {kkjh; cQj ¾
CH3CooH + CH3CooNa NH4OH + NH4Cl

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 9636977490, 8955577492
 Springboard Academy 22
Chemistry Notes (RAS Pre.)

dkcZu ,oa blds ;kSfxd

 dkcZu &
 izrhd ¾ C
 ijek.kq Øekad ¾ 6
 bysDVªkWfudfoU;kl ¾ 1s2, 2s2, 2p2
 la;ksth bysDVªkWu ¾ 4
 izkfIr & dkcZu eqDr :Ik ls ghjk] xzsQkbV] dks;yk vkfn esa ik;k tkrk gSA
 tcfd la;qDr :Ik ls & dkcksZusV] gkbMªksdkcZu] ckbdkcksZusV] dkcZuMkbvkWDlkbM] izksVhu] dkcksZgkbMªsV vkfn esa ik;k tkrk
gSA
 dkcZu lHkh thoksa ,oa mi;ksx esa vkus okyh oLrqvksa dk vk/kkj gSA
 dkcZu Lo;a ls ;k vU; rRoksa tSls & gkbMªkstu] vkWDlhtu] lYQj] ukbVªkstu ,oa Dyksjhu ds lkFk lgla;ksth ca/k
cukrk gSA
 dkcZu ijek.kqvksa ds e/; cU/k vR;f/kd izcy gksrk gSA
 lgla;ksth ca/k okys v.kqvksa ds Hkhrj rks izcy ca/k gksrk gSa ysfdu budk varjkv.kqd cy nqcyZ gks tkrk gSA blfy,
bu ;kSfxdksa ds DoFkukad ,oa xyukad de gksrs gSA
 gkbMªksdkcZu &
 gkbMªkstu rFkk dkcZu ls cus ;kSfxd dks gkbMªksdkcZu dgk tkrk gSA
 gkbMªkstu esa dkcZUk ijek.kqvksa ds e/; ,dy ca/k ds lkFk f} ;k f= vkcU/k Hkh gksrs gSA
 dkcZu ijek.kqvksa dh Üka`[kyk lh/kh ‚kk[kk;qDr ;k oy; ds :Ik esa Hkh gksrh gSA
 izdkj &
1. lar`Ir ;kSfxd & dkcZUk ijek.kqvksa ds chp dsoy ,d vkca/k ls tqM+s dkcZu ds ;kSfxd
2. vlar`Ir ;kSfxd & dkcZu ijek.kqvkas ds e/; f} ,oa f= vkca/k ;qDr ;kSfxdA

,Ydsu ,Ydhu ,Ydkbu

C-C C=C C≡C
lw= = CnH2n + 2 Cn H2n Cn H2n -2
mnkgj.k &
CH4 esFksu C2H4 ,sFkhu C2H2 ,Fkkbu
C2H6 ,sFksu C3H6 izksihu C3H4 izksikbu
C3H8 izksisu C4H8 C;wVhu C4H6 C;wVkbu
C4H10 C;wVsu C5H10 isUVhu C5H8 isUVkbu
C5H12 isUVsu

 lkoZf=d rRo & dkcZUk ds Ük`a[kyu rFkk prq%la;kstdrk xq.kksa ds dkj.k gh dkcZu ;kSfxdksa dh la[;k vR;f/kd gksrh gSA
1. Ük`a[kyu &
 dkcZu esa dkcZu ds gh vU; ijek.kqvkas ds lkFk cU/k cukus dh {kerk gksrh gS bl xq.k dks Ük`a[kyu dgrs gSA
 dkcZu ds ijek.kq ,d] f} ;k f= ca/k ds }kjk vkil esa tqM+ ldrs gSA
2. prq% la;kstdrk &
 dkcZu dh la;kstdrk pkj gksrh gSA vr% blesa dkcZu ds pkj vU; ijek.kqvksa vFkok dqN vU; ,d la;kstd rRoksa
ds ijek.kqvksa ds lkFk vkca/ku dh {kerk gksrh gSA
 gkbMªkstu] vkWDlhtu] ukbVªkstu] Dyksjhu rFkk vusd rRoksa ds lkFk dkcZu ds vusd ;kSfxd curs gSA

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 9636977490, 8955577492
 Springboard Academy 23
Chemistry Notes (RAS Pre.)

 dkcZu ,oa mlds ;kSfxdksa dk bZa/ku ds :Ik esa mi;ksx djus ds dkj.k &
1. tc dkcZu ,oa mlds ;kSfxdksa dks vf/kd ok;q ;k vkWDlhtu dh mifLFkfr esa tyk;k tkrk gS rks cgqr vf/kd ek=k
esa Å’ek ÅtkZ o izdk‛k dh mRifÙk gksrh gSA
2. bUgsa ,d ckj vkx fn, tkus ds ckn ls fujUrj tyrs jgrs gS bUgsa vf/kd Å’ek iznku djus dh vko‛;drk ugha
gksrhA
3. budk dSyksjh eku mPp gksrk gSA
uksV & lar`Ir gkbMªksdkcZu ¼Bksl½ LoPN Tokyk ds lkFk tyrs gS] tcfd vlar`Ir gkbMªksdkcZu ;kSfxd dkyh /kq,¡ okyh
ihyh Tokyk mRiUu djrs gSA
 gkbMªkstuhdj.k &

 dkcZu ds vij:Ik &

 vij:Ik &
 HkkSfrd xq.k fHkUu&fHkUu ysfdu jklk;fud xq.k leku A
 HkkSfrd xq.kksa esa fHkUurk inkFkZ esa ijek.kqvksa dh fHkUUk&fHkUu O;oLFkk ds dkj.k gksrh gSa A
tSls &
 ghjk & dBksj ,oa ikjn‛khZ
 xzsQkbV & eqyk;e ,oa vikjn‛khZ
 jklk;fud laxBu leku gksus ds dkj.k jklk;fud xq.k leku A
 tSls ghjk rFkk xzsQkbV nkssuks dks tykus ij dkcZuMkb vkWDlkbM xSl mRlftZr gksrh gSA
 nks izdkj ds vij:i &
fØLVyh; vfØLVyh;
ghjk dks;yk
xzsQkbV pkjdksy
Qqyjhu dkty
1. ghjk &
 ghjs dh lajpuk eas dkcZu dk izR;sd ijek.kq pkj vU; dkcZu ijek.kqvksa ls feydj n`<+ f=fofe; prq"Qydh;
lajpuk cukrk gSA
 fØLVyh; vij:Ik
 ikjn‛khZ o jaxghu ¼‛kq) ghjk½ blesa v‛kqf);ksa ds dkj.k jax fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA
 ghjs dh ped dk dkj.k iw.kZ vkarfjd ijkorZu gSA
 viorZukad  2.41

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 9636977490, 8955577492
 Springboard Academy 24
Chemistry Notes (RAS Pre.)

 fo|qr dk dqpkyd D;kasfd blesa eqDr bysDVªkWu ugha gSA

 Å’ek dk lqpkyd
 vEy ;k {kkj dk dksbZ izHkko ugha
 xyukad mPp
 ok;q dh mifLFkfr esa yxHkx 800°C ij tykus ls dkcZuMkb vkWDlkbM xSl fudyrh gSA
 ok;q dh vuqifLFkfr esa yxHkx 2000°C ij tykus ls xzsQkbV esa ifjofrZr
 izkÑfrd L=ksr & fdEcjykbV pV~Vkus
 izÑfr esa mifLFkr lcls dBksj Kkr inkFkZ
 mi;ksx &
 vkHkw’k.k cukus esa
 d¡kp dks dkVus esa
 pV~Vkuksa esa fNnz djus esa
2. xzsQkbV &
 Lakjpuk & ,d dkcZu ijek.kq ,d gh ry esa dkcZu ds 3 vU; ijek.kqvksa ls tqM+rk gS rFkk ‘kV~dks.kh; ijrnkj
lajpuk cukrk gSA
 ;g dkcZu dk fØLVyh; vij:Ik gSA
 ;g /kwlj@Hkwjs jax dk gksrk gSA
 ;g vikjn‛khZ] fpduk] fQlyunkj ,oa eqyk;e inkFkZ gSA
 fo|qr dk lqpkyd & ¼eqDr bysDVªkWuksa ds dkj.k½
 mi;ksx &
 bysDVªksM cSVjh o lksyj iSuy esa
 isfUly fuekZ.k esa
 ‚kq’d Lusgd ds :Ik eas
 mPp rki lgu‛khy Øqflcy cukus esa

3. Qqyjhu &
 ukedj.k & cdfeUlVj Qwyj us vius uke ij j[kkA ¼vesfjdh okLrqdkj½
 Qwyjhu ds v.kq eas 60, 70 ;k vf/kd dkcZu ijek.kq Hkh ik, tkrs gSA
 C60 lokZf/kd LFkk;h Qwyjhu gSA ftls cdfeUlVj Qwyjhu Hkh dgrs gSA
 C60 dh lajpuk esa 32 Qyd gksrs gSA ftlesa 20 Qyd ‘kV~dks.kh; rFkk 12 Qyd iapdks.kh; gksrs gSA
 bldh lajpuk QqVckWy ds leku gksrh gSA vr% bls ^cdhckWy* Hkh dgrs gSA
 C60 fo|qr dk dqpkyd gksrk gS ,oa blesa C-C ca/k dh yackbZ 1.40A° gksrhA
 mi;ksx &
 mPprki ij vfrpkyd gksus ds dkj.k rduhdh :Ik ls mi;ksxhA
 izkÑfrd xSl ‚kqf)dj.k
 vkf.od cS;fjax esa

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 9636977490, 8955577492
 Springboard Academy 25
Chemistry Notes (RAS Pre.)

 dks;yk &
 ;g dkcZu dk vfØLVyh; vij:Ik gSA
 ;g eq[;r% dkcZu rRo gS ysfdu blesa gkbMªkstu] lYQj] vkWDlhtu ,oa ukbVªkstu Hkh gksrk gSA
 bls dkyk lksuk Hkh dgrs gSA
 dks;ys dh mRifÙk okuLifrd inkFkksZ ls gksrh gSA
 ;g ÅtkZ dk vuohdj.kh; ,oa ijEijkxr L=ksr gSA
 Hkkjr esa yxHkx 60% fo|qr dk mRiknu dks;ys dk iz;ksx djds fd;k tkrk gSA

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 9636977490, 8955577492
 Springboard Academy 26
Chemistry Notes (RAS Pre.)

jsfM;ks/kfeZrk
 jsfM;kslfØ;rk@jsfM;ks/kfeZrk &
 os rRo ftuesa vfLFkj ukfHkd Lor% fo?kfVr gksdj fofdj.k mRlftZr djrs gS jsfM;kslfØ; rRo dgykrs gSA
 bu fofdj.kksa dks jsfM;kslfØ; fofdj.k dgk tkrk gS vkSj bl xq.k dks jsfM;kslfØ;rk dgk tkrk gSA
 [kkstdrkZ & gsujh cSdqjy
 jsfM;ks lfØ;rk dh bdkbZ & csdqjy (1 fo?kVu@lsd.M)
 mRlftZr jsfM;ks lfØ; fofdj.k & vYQk (), chVk (), xkek ()
 jsfM;ks lfØ;rk ekius dk midj.k & xhxj ewyj dkmaVj (GMC)

xq.k/keZ vYQk() chVk() xkek()

igpku ghfy;e ukfHkd bysDVªkWu@ikWftVªku mPp ÅtkZ fofdj.k
4 4
2𝐻𝑒 2

vkos‛k +2 –1 / +1 0

nzO;eku 4 bdkbZ ux.; nzO;eku jfgr

vk;uu {kerk lokZf/kd xkek ls T;knk vYdk ls de U;wure

Hksnu {kerk U;wure vYQk ls T;knk xkek ls de lokZf/kd

ijkl U;wure vYQk ls T;knk xkek ls de lokZf/kd

xfr 107 m/sec 2.5×108 m/sec 3 ×108 m/sec

fo|qr {ks= esa fopyu dsFkksM dh vksj (–) ,uksM dh vksj (+) dksbZ fopyu ugha

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 9636977490, 8955577492
 Springboard Academy 27
Chemistry Notes (RAS Pre.)

/kkrq&v/kkrq vkSj mi/kkrq

 rÙo &
 ,d gh izdkj ds ijek.kqvksa (leku ijek.kq Øekadkas) ls feydj cuus okys inkFkZ rRo dgykrs gSA
 rhu Jsf.k;k¡ &
 /kkrq & 94
 v/kkrq & 18
 mi/kkrq &6

xq.k/keZ /kkrq v/kkrq

1 voLFkk lkekU;r % Bksl Bksl nzo o xSl & (O,H,N)
(viokn & edZjh)
2 vk?kkro/kZuh;rk vk?kkro/kZuh; vFkkZr~ vk?kkro/kZuh; ugha tcfd Hkaxqj gksrs gSA
ihV&ihVdj pknj dk :Ik
fn;k tk ldrk gSA
3 rU;rk rU; vFkkZr~ buls rkj cuk;s rU; ugha gksrs
tk ldrs gSA
4 dBksjrk lkekU;r% dBksj lkekU;r% eqyk;e
5 ped pedhyh dksbZ fo‛ks’k ped ugha
6 /ofu oLrq ls Vdjkus ij /ofu ugha
mRiUu
7 xyukad ,oa DoFkukad lkekU; mPp fuEu
8 pkydrk Å’ek o fo|qr dh lqpkyd lkekU;r% dqpkyd
9 vkorZ lkj.kh esa fLFkfr Ck¡k;h vksj nk¡;h vksj
10 mnkgj.k Lkksuk] pkanh] IysfVue gkbMªkstu] dkcZUk] ukbVªkstu] vkWDlhtu] QkWLQksjl]
lYQj] lsysfu;e] gsykstu oxZ vkSj ukscy xSls
Note -
 lcls gYdh /kkrq yhfFk;e gSA
 lcls Hkkjh /kkrq vkslfu;e gSA
 ikjk ,dek= /kkrq tks dejs ds rkieku ij nzo voLFkk esa ik;k tkrk gSA
 vU; lHkh Bksl voLFkk esa ik;s tkrs gSA
 /kkrq ftldk xyukad lcls de gS og ikjk gSA &39°C xyukad fcanw
 /kkrq ftldk xyukad lcls vf/kd gS & VaxLVu (3500°C)
 czksehu ,dek= v/kkrq gS tks dejs ds rki ij nzo voLFkk esa ikbZ tkrh gSA

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 9636977490, 8955577492
 Springboard Academy 28
Chemistry Notes (RAS Pre.)

 mi/kkrq &
 os jklk;fud rRo ftuesa /kkrq o v/kkrq nksuksa ds y{k.k feyrs gS mUgsa mi/kkrq dgrs gSA
 ;s lkekU;r% /kkrqvksa tSls fn[krs gSA
 ;s /kkrqvksa dh rqyuk eas vf/kd Hkaxqj gksrs gSA
 mi/kkrqvksa esa lkekU;r% v/kkfRod jklk;fud xq.k gksrs gSA
 mnkgj.k &
 cksjksu
 flfydu
 tesZfu;e
 vklZsfud
 ,aVheuh
 Vsyqfj;e

;kSfxd feJ.k
nks ;k nks ls vf/kd rÙo nks ;k nks ls vf/kd rÙo ,oa ;kSfxd
fuf'pr vuqikr vfuf'pr vuqikr
mnkgj.k & CH4, SO2, H2O etc. mnkgj.k & feJ /kkrq] jsr + ued
jklk;fud fof/k }kjk vyx HkkSfrd fof/k }kjk vyx

 feJ /kkrq &

 nks ;k nks ls vf/kd /kkrqvksa vFkok ,d /kkrq vkSj v/kkrq ds lekaxh feJ.k dks feJ/kkrq dgrs gSA
 mnkgj.k &
1. dkalk ¾ rkack $ fVu ¼10% ls de½
2. ?kaVh cukus dk /kkrq ¾ rkack $ fVu ¼22-24% ½
3. Ikhry ¾ rkack $ ftad ¼34%½
4. xuesaVy ¾ rkack $ ftad ¼2-4%½ $ fVu ¼8-10%½
5. teZu flYoj ¾ ftad ¼20%½ $ fudy ¼20%½ $ rkack
6. eqnzk /kkrq ¾ ftad $ fudy $ rkack
7. LVhy ¾ yksgk $ dkcZu (2-2.5%)
8. LVsu ysl LVhy ¾ LVhy $ fudy $ Øksfe;e $ ekWfyCMsue
9. ¶;wt rkj ¾ lhlk $ fVu¼38%½
10. lksYMj /kkrq ¾ lhlk $ fVu
11. ,fYudks ¾ yksgk $ ,Y;qfefu;e $ fudy $ dksckYV
12. ukbØkse ¾ yksgk $ fudy $ Øksfe;e
13. eSXusfy;e ¾ ,Y;qehfu;e $ eSXusf‛k;e ¼5%½
14. Ñf=e lksuk ¾ dkWij $ ,Y;qfefu;e

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 9636977490, 8955577492