Q. What is Control system?

Differentiate between Open Loop Control system and

closed Loop control system?

Ans-

A control system is an arrangement of physical components connected or related in such a

manner as to command, direct, or regulate itself or another system, or is that means by
which any quantity of interest in a system is maintained or altered in accordance with a
desired manner. Any control system consists of three essential components namely input,
system and output.

Q. Name the major parts of a closed loop control system.

Ans-

1) Command Input
2) Error Signal
3) Manipulated Signal
4) Feedback signal
5) Feedback Element
6) Output
7) Controller
8) Plant

Q. What is the effect of positive feedback on stability?

Ans-

1) Causes chaotic behaviour

2) Causes exponential growth
3) Increases system gain
4) Increases output signal

Q. Explain the important properties of “Transfer Function.

Ans-

1) The T.F. is independent of the inputs to the system.

2) The system poles and zeros can be calculated from T.F.
3) T.F. is defined only for the linear time invariant systems.
4) The T.F. of a system is the Laplace Transform of its impulse response for zero initial
conditions.
5) The D.E. of the system is obtained from T.F. by replacing s-variable with Linear
Differential operator D i.e D = d/dt.
What do you understand by positive and negative feedback used in close loop control
system?

Ans- In a closed loop control system, positive feedback increases the difference between
the actual output and the set point, while negative feedback reduces it:

Positive feedback

Enhances the system’s behaviour by amplifying the output, which can lead to exponential
growth or destabilization. Positive feedback is useful in specific applications like
oscillators, where the gain should be at maximum to have sustained oscillations.

Negative feedback

Enhances stability and accuracy by reducing the difference between the actual output and
the set point. Negative feedback is usually used in amplifiers.

Q. Write the analogous electrical elements in force-voltage analogy for the elements
of mechanical translational system.

Ans- If the dynamic characteristics of an electrical system are identical to that of a

mechanical system, then the electrical system is said to be analogous to the mechanical
system.

This can be easily found by comparing the mathematical models of both the electrical and
mechanical systems.

If the mathematical models are identical, then they are said to be analogous systems.
Q. Give the various applications of DC motors in industrial control systems.

Ans-

1) Lathe machines: Used in shunt DC motors

2) Blowers and fans: Used in shunt DC motors
3) Drilling machines: Used in shunt DC motors
4) Milling machines: Used in shunt DC motors
5) Printing presses: Used in DC motors
6) Food processors: Used in DC
Q. Write Mason’s Gain Formula.

Ans-

Q. With the help of an example explain the meaning of proportional control action.

Ans- Proportional control action is a type of control system where the correction applied
to a variable is proportional to the difference between the desired and measured values. In
other words, the output signal is proportional to the deviation of the measured value from
the desired value.

Example:-

1. Adaptive cruise control: The throttle input is adjusted based on the proximity of
other vehicles and the slope of the road.
2. Fly-ball governor: Another classic mechanical example of proportional control.

Q. Explain open loop and closed loop system.

Ans-

• Open loop system:- Any physical system which does not automatically correct the
variation in its output is called as Open loop control system (or) Any physical system in
which output is independent of the control action (feedback) is called as Open loop control
system.

The accuracy of the system depends on the calibration of the system. In the presence of
noise or disturbances open loop Control system will not perform satisfactorily.
• Closed loop system:- A system in which the control action is dependent on the output
(partially or fully) is called as Closed Loop System (or) any physical system which
automatically correct the variation in its output is called as “Closed loop control system”.

A closed loop system is one in which the control action depends on the output.

Q. Enlist advantages of Block diagram.

Ans-

1. The functional operation of the system can be observed from block diagram.
2. Block diagram gives the information about performance of system.
3. Block diagram is used for analysis and design of control system.
4. It is very simple to construct the block diagram for big and complicated stem.

Q. Describe transfer function.

Ans-

Transfer function is defined as the ratio of Laplace transform of the output (response) to the
Laplace Transformation of input (excitation) with all initial conditions are zero.

The applicability of the concept of the transfer function is limited to linear, tune-invariant,
differential equation systems. The transfer function approach, however, is extensively used
in the analysis and design of systems.

If the transfer function of a system is unknown, it may be established experimentally by

introducing known inputs and studying the output of the system.

Q. What are the different types of control action.

Ans-

Basic types of control action like ON/OFF, Proportional, Integral, Derivative type and their
combinations, Pneumatic and Hydraulic (P, I, PI, PD and PID) controllers.

Q. Draw block diagram of a closed loop system.

Ans—
Q. Draw block diagram of a Open loop system.

Ans-

Q. Define one pressure measuring device.

Ans-

Pressure measuring devices include:-

1) Barometer: A device that measures atmospheric pressure. Barometers are used by

weather forecasters, and some homeowners and business owners use them to
check air pressure changes.
2) Differential pressure gauge: A device that measures the difference in pressure
between two chambers.
3) Diaphragm pressure gauge: A device that uses a diaphragm to measure pressure.

Q. Write in detail mathematical representation of mechanical and electrical system.

Ans-

Mathematical Modeling of Electrical System:-

Basic elements of electrical sys systems are resistor, inductor and capacitor their
mathematical modeling is nothing but the modeling of electrical systems.

Resistance:-

Resistance is the property of a material to oppose the flow of electrons Through the
material. Thus, resistance restricts the flow of electric current. Its Unit is ohm.

Resistance Elements: The Resistance R of a linear resistor is calculated by using the

relationship between current and voltage given by ohm’s law.

R = V / I. i.e ohm= volt / ampere.

Capacitance:- Capacitance is defined as it is the capability of an element to store electric
charge within it. Capacitance is a measure of charge per unit voltage that can be stored in
an element. The unit of capacitance ( c ) is ‘farad’.

Capacitance Elements: Two conductors separated by a non conducting medium from a

capacitor. The capacitance C is a measure of the quantity of charge that can be stored for a
given voltage across the plates. The capacitance C of a capacitor can thus be given by,

C=q/v i.e farad = ampere x second / volt = coulomb / volt

Inductance:- Inductance is the property of a material by virtue of which it opposes any

change of magnitude or direction of current passing through the conductor. The unit of
inductance is ‘henry’.

Inductance Elements: If a circuit lies in a time varying magnetic field, an electromotive

force is induced in the circuit. The inductive effects can be classified as self inductance
and mutual inductance.

Self inductance or simply inductance L is the proportionality constant between the

induced voltage V volts and the rate of change of current i.e. ( di / dt ) its unit is ampere per
second,

L = v / ( di / dt ).

•• Mathematical Modeling of Mechanical System:-

Mechanical systems can be idealized as Spring-Mass Damper systems and the governing
differential equations can be obtained on the basis of Newton’s second law of motion,
which states that,

ΣF=ma = for rectilinear motion, where F= Force, m = mass and a acceleration

ΣΤ = I α : or Jα for rotary motion, where T= Torque, I or J= moment of inertia and o= angular

acceleration.

Mass or inertia and the springs are the energy storage elements, where in energy can be
stored and retrieved without loss and hence referred as conservative elements. Damper
represents the energy loss (energy absorption) in the system and hence is referred as
dissipative element. Depending upon the choice of variables and the coordinate system, a
given physical model may lead to different mathematical models.

1) Mass:- Mass is a Kinetic energy storing element.

Fm( t) = M a(t).
 2) Spring:- A spring stores the potential energy. The restoring force of a spring is
proportional to the displacement.
Fk(t) = K•integrate v(t) dt.
3) Damper:- Exists in all system and opposes the motion. The types which are
generally considered are: a) Static Friction B) Coulomb Friction c) Viscous Friction

Q. Compare the pneumatic and hydraulic control system.

Ans-
Q. Compare the open loop and closed loop system.

Ans-

Q. Explain P + I + D controller.

Ans-

The combination of proportional, integral and derivative control action is called as ‘PID
Controller’ For powerful and complex control action PID control action is used.

PID controller is also called as ‘Three Action Controller’ In PID control action, the output in
(t) is a linear combination of input e (t), the rate of change of input and the time integral of
input. The control is thus an additive combination of proportional, derivative and integral
control action.
Q. What do you understand by ‘ON/OFF’ control action? Enlist applications of ‘ON/OFF
control actions sketch any one system using ON/OFF control action..

Ans- ON-OFF controller is simplest type of controller and is also called as Two Position
Controller’ or Bang Bang Controller.

This type of controllers are simple and inexpensive and are generally employed on
domestic home heating systems, domestic water heaters, industrial control systems and
refrigerator etc. in this type of controller the output of the controller is quickly changed to
either a maximum or minimum value depending upon whether the controlled variable (b) is
greater or less than the set point or in other words depends upon the actuating error signal
(e). The minimum value is usually Zero.
Applications of ‘ON/OFF control :-

1) Room heaters
2) Air conditioner
3) Refrigerators

Q. Explain A.C. servomotor with neat sketch. State its application.

Ans-

A.C. Servomotors are having two parts namely stator and rotor. A.C. Servomotors are
basically a two phase induction motor. The stator has two distributed windings. These
windings are displaced from each other by 90° electrical. One winding is called as main
winding or reference winding. The reference winding is excited by constant a.c. voltage. The
other winding is called as control winding.

This winding is excited by variable control voltage of the same frequency as the reference
winding, but having phase displacement of 90º electrical. The variable control voltage for
control winding obtained from a servo amplifier.
The direction of rotation depends upon phase relationship of voltage applied to the two
windings. The direction of rotation of the rotor can be reversed by reversing the phase
difference between control voltage and reference voltage.

• Application of A.C Servomotor:- For low power application A.C. motors are preferred.
A.C. motors are preferred in case of feedback control systems. Precision servo motors are
used in instrument servos, computers and inertial guidance systems etc.

Q. Describe construction and working of Vane Pump.

Ans-

A Vane Pump is a type of positive displacement pump. It uses the back and forth motion of
the rectangular shaped vanes inside slots to move fluids. They are sometimes also referred
to as sliding vane pumps.

A slotted rotor is eccentrically supported inside a cycloidal cam. The rotor is located close
to the wall of the cam such that a crescent-shaped cavity is formed. The rotor is sealed into
the cam by two side plates. Vanes or blades fit within the slots of the impeller.
As the rotor rotates and fluid enters the pump, centrifugal force, hydraulic pressure, and/or
pushrods pushes the vanes to the walls of the housing.

As the rotor rotates, the vanes sweep the fluid to the opposite side of the crescent. This
fluid is then squeezed through discharge holes of the cam as the vane approaches the
point of the crescent. This is followed by the exiting of the fluid from the discharge port i.e.
the outlet.

The working principles of a vane pump:-

First, the vane pump, which is connected to an electric motor or engine, is filled with power
that is delivered to its shaft. The rotor, which is connected to the shaft and is comprised of
multiple vanes, then moves based on the rotation of the shaft. The rotor movement
subsequently leads to the generation of a vacuum inside the vane pump. The vacuum then
intends to draw external fluid into the pump.

Upon the fluid entry inside the rotor area, the rotor blades push the fluid outward due to the
centrifugal force.

Vane pumps can handle fluids with low to medium viscosity. They will not be able to
operate well with highly viscous fluids. Some elements they can work with are alcohols,
solvents, ammonia, and LPG.

Q. Direct Analogy. Or ( Force-voltage Analogy )

Ans-
If the dynamic characteristics of an electrical systeru are identical to that of a mechanical
system, then the electrical system is said to be analogous to the mechanical system. This
can be easily found by comparing the mathematical models of both the electrical and
mechanical systems. If the mathematical models are identical, then they are said to be
analogous systems.

In force voltage analogy, the mathematical equations of translational mechanical system

are compared with mesh equations of the electrical system.

Q. Indirect Analogy. ( Force current Analogy )

Ans-

If the dynamic characteristics of an electrical system are identical to that of a mechanical

system, then the electrical system is said to be analogous to the mechanical system This
can be easily found by comparing the mathematical models of both the electrical and
mechanical systems. If the mathematical models are identical, then they are said to be
analogous systems.

This analogy is used to convert a circuit to a mechanical analogy. In this analogy, every
node in the electrical circuit becomes a point in the mechanical system.

Q. Write a note on LVDT.

Ans-

The LVDT stands for Linear Variable Differential Transformer. It converts the Linear motion
into an electrical signal using an inductive transducer. Due to its superior sensitivity and
accuracy over other inductive transducers, the LVDT is extensively used in many different
fields. For measuring linear distance, the linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) is a
precise and trustworthy tool. Today, LVDTs are used in computerized manufacturing,
robotics, avionics, and machine tools, combining research facilities, high-level analysis,
and analysis to detect damage caused by massive rock deformation or other movements in
the subgrade of old buildings or structures physical structure. One try. This method is used
to try to detect failure in concrete slopes and warn or correct the condition. One of the
special problems with historical buildings is that they can easily be damaged by small
deformations in the long run.

Q. Explain the terminologies related to control system.

Ans-

• System: A system is a combination of components that act together and perform a

certain objective. The system may be physical, biological, economical, etc.
 • Control System: It is an arrangement of physical components connected or related
in a manner to command, direct or regulate itself or another system.
• Plant: A plant is an equipment or body or process or machine whose purpose is to
perform a particular operation.
• Process: Process is a natural or artificial or voluntary operation that consists of a
series of controlled actions, directed towards a result.
• Input: The input is the excitation applied to a control system from an external energy
source.
• Output: The output is the response obtained from a control system or known as
controlled variable.
• Controlled Variable: The variable controlled by using Automatic Control System is
called as controlled variable, generally refer as system output.
• Actuator: A mechanical device that takes energy, usually created by air, electricity,
or liquid, and converts that into some kind of motion.
• Disturbance: It is an undesired input signal which affects the output. E.g. noise.
• Controlled Output: It is the output to be controlled.
• Summing Point: It represents an operation of addition and/or subtraction.
• Negative Feedback: Summing point is a substractor.
• Positive Feedback: Summing point is an adder.

Q. How does one convert an open loop system to a closed loop system? Explain with
examples.

Ans-

An open-loop control system can be converted into a closed loop control system by
providing feedback. This feedback automatically makes suitable changes in the output due
to external disturbance.

In this way, a closed loop control system is called an automatic control system. The figure
below shows the block diagram of the closed loop control system in which feedback is
taken from the output and fed into the input.
•• Examples of Open Loop Control System:-

Hand Drier:- is a device which is used to dry the wet part of the body that part may be
human hands, hairs, legs. The input required to the device is the wet body parts and output
is the dried body part.

•• Example of Closed loop control system:-

Automobile Driving:- The input required to the system is the speed shown on dial and
output is the either to increase or decrease the speed of the automobile. An automobile
driving system is system where driver reads the speed dial visually and compares the
actual speed with the desired speed mentally. The actual speed of automobile is measured
by the speedometer and indicated on its dial.

Q. What is Block diagram? What are the elements of Block diagram.

Ans-

A control system may consist of a number of components. To show the functions

performed by each component, in control engineering, we commonly used a diagram is
called as block diagram.

•• Elements of block diagram:-

1) Block Diagram: Block diagram is a pictorial representation of the cause and effect
relationship between input (excitation) and output (response) of the system.
2) Output: It is equal to the product of gain and input of the system. Output = Gain ×
Input
3) Gain: It is the value which is written inside the block, if no value is given inside the
block that means the value of gain is 1.
4) Summing point:- It is a point where something is summed up i.e. it is point where
the incoming input signals are getting summed up 1.e. is simply added if all the
 incoming input signals are having positive ‘+’ sign otherwise the incoming input
signals are getting subtracted if the signals are having negative ‘-‘sign.
5) Take off point:- it is point from where something is taken off i.e. it is a point in block
diagram from where the (output) signal is taken for feedback purpose.
6) Forward Path: If the direction of flow of signal is from input to the output it scalled
as forward path of the control system.
7) Feedback Path: If the direction of flow of signal is from output to the input it called
as feedback path of the control system.

Q. Explain time varying and time invariant system with example

Ans-

A system whose input and output characteristics change with the time is known as time-
variant system.

If the input and output characteristics of a system do not change with time, the system is
called the time-invariant system.

The system in which the parameters are independent of any time and not varying with the
time is called time invariant system. But in such systems the input and output are the
function of time. In any R-L-C electric circuit the parameters R, L, C are the coefficient and
they constant, not varying with the time, the system in which the parameters are
independent of time and not varying with the time The system in which parameters (one or
more) are varying with time is called time varying system.
Q. Compare AC and DC servomotor.

Ans-

Q. Thermal System

Ans-

Thermal systems are those systems which involves the transfer of heat From one
substance to another substance. Any thermal system can be analyzed In terms of the
thermal resistance and thermal capacitance. The resistance is an Element that dissipates
energy and converts it into heat (damper in mechanical System and resistor in electrical
system). But in case of thermal system thermal Resistance is not an element that
dissipates energy it is a consequence of the fact That a temperature difference is required
to cause heat to flow. Thermal Capacitance is a parameter of an energy storage element
representing internal Thermal energy (determined by molecular activity) of the substance.
Hence this Energy storage ability of a substance is known as thermal capacitance.

For simplified analysis of thermal systems, the system is represented by a lumped

parameter model assuming that the temperature is uniform. Let us consider a simple
thermal system as shown in figure. The tank has been insulated to reduce the heat loss and
the water in the tank is kept at uniform temperature. Idealized assumptions for Thermal
Systems are,

1) Thermal system must have perfect insulation

2) No heat storage (accumulation) inside the thermal insulation of the tank.
3) The tank is kept at uniform temperatures.

Q. Servomechanism.

Ans-

A servomechanism is also called as servo, is an automatic device that uses error sensing
i.e. negative feedback signal to correct the performance of a system and it is defined by its
function. It usually consists of a built-in encoder.

The term servo correctly applies only to systems where the feedback or error correction
signals help the control system to correct (controlled) output which is either the
mechanical position, speed, velocity, acceleration or other parameters i.e. position or time
derivative of position.

Servomechanisım is simply defined “as a power amplifying feedback control system in

which the controlled variable is mechanical position or its time derivative, such as speed,
velocity, acceleration”.

A common type of servo provides position control. Servos are commonly electrical or
partially electronic in nature, using an electric motor as the primary means of creating
mechanical force.

Q. Pneumatic PID Controller.

Ans-

The controller which uses the compressed air ie pneumatic supply is called as ‘Pneumatic
controller’. There are two basic components of Pneumatic controller namely,

1) Pneumatic Nozzle Flapper.

2) Pneumatic Relay.
 1) Pneumatic Nozzle Flapper:-
Pneumatic Nozzle Flapper is displacement type pneumatic detector, which
converts displacement into pressure signal. It consists of fixed orifice restriction
and variable nozzle restriction in series.
A flapper is pivoted near the nozzle. Input motion is applied to flapper to change
clearance ‘X’ between flat surfaces of flapper and nozzle.
If nozzle is completely closed by flapper, nozzle back pressure is equal to air supply
pressure. When flapper is moved away, back pressure decreases.
The nozzle flapper acts as first stage amplifier which converts small change in
flapper position into large change in pressure.

2) Pneumatic Relay:-
Pneumatic relay act as second stage amplifier. It handles large quantity of air flow
and can be used with nozzle flapper. The different types of relay are,
a) Bleed type relay :- 1) Direct acting 2) Reverse acting
b) Non-bleed type relay

Q. Mechanical modeling of control system.

Ans-

Mathematical Modeling is a very powerful tool to analyze the physical system. This method
is used for all types of systems. A mathematical modeling may consist of algebraic
equations, differential equations and integral differential equation.

Mathematical Modeling is the conversion of a physical system it to mathematical

expression which helps to design, analyze, build and predict the performance of the
physical system (or) the process of obtaining desired mathematical description of the
system is known as “Modeling”.

The models of physical system are containing the differential equations obtained by the
application of various laws of nature. These equations obtained are may be linear or
nonlinear in nature.

The mathematical model of a system is linear, if it obeys the principle of superposition and
homogeneity. A mathematical model is linear, if the differential equation describing it has
coefficients, which are either functions of the independent variable or are constants.
Q. ON OFF Controller

Ans- ON-OFF controller is simplest type of controller and is also called as Two Position
Controller’ or Bang Bang Controller.

This type of controllers are simple and inexpensive and are generally employed on
domestic home heating systems, domestic water heaters, industrial control systems and
refrigerator etc. in this type of controller the output of the controller is quickly changed to
either a maximum or minimum value depending upon whether the controlled variable (b) is
greater or less than the set point or in other words depends upon the actuating error signal
(e). The minimum value is usually Zero.

In ON-OFF controller there is an overlap as the error increases through zero or decreases
through zero. This overlap creates a span of error. During this span of error there is no
change in the controller output. This span of error is known as ‘dead zone’ or ‘dead band’.

Two position control modes are used in room air conditioners, heaters, liquid level control
in large volume tank.

• Advantages of ON-OFF Controller:-

1) Simple in construction.
2) Economical.

• Disadvantages of ON-OFF Controller:-

1) Not suitable for complex systems.

• Applications of ON-OFF Controller:-

1) Room heaters.
2) Air conditioners.
3) Refrigerators.

Q. P.I.D Controller.

Ans-

The combination of proportional, integral and derivative control action is called as ‘PID
Controller’. For powerful and complex control action PID control action is used.

PID controller is also called as ‘Three Action Controller. In PID control action, the output in
(t) is a linear combination of input e (t), the rate of change of input and the time integral of
input. The control is thus an additive combination of proportional, derivative and integral
control action.
Q. Hydraulic Controller.

Ans-

Hydraulic controller uses liquid medium to provide output signal. The general liquids used
are petroleum oil or fire resistant liquid. The operating pressure in hydraulic systems lies
between 1 and 35 MPa, in special applications the operating pressure may go upto 70 MPa.
Very large force can be obtained with hydraulic systems. With hydraulic systems, rapid
acting accurate positioning of heavy loads is possible. Hydraulic controller consists of
following,
 • Hydraulic relay or amplifier
• An error detector
• Signal sensing transducer

• A hydraulic relay allows a small mechanical displacement to control the output. Three
types of relay used in hydraulic controller are,

1) Jet pipe valve

2) Double throttle or flapper valve
3) Four way or spool valve

• Depending on the different control modes, three hydraulic controllers are.

1) Hydraulic floating type (integral) controller

2) Hydraulic proportional controller
3) Hydraulic proportional-plus- reset (integral) controller.

Q. Proportion Controller

Ans-

in a Proportional Controller the control action is of proportional type Le, there is a

continuous linear relation between the output of the controller 'm' (manipulated variable)
and actuating error signal 'e' (deviation).
Whenever a high PB is set on controller, the controller becomes less sensitive or its gain
decreases. This results in good control action. On the contrary, if we set the low PB the
sensitivity or gain of controller increases and we get the output of controller which is
changing in large steps.

Proportional control action is not satisfactory for following conditions.

1) If load changes are rapid, that exists long period.

2) Process reaction rate is fast.
3) There is considerable dead time.

Q. Electronic Controller.

Ans-

Ordinary electrical equipment enters the electronic class whenever its circuit includes
electronic devices such as electron tubes or solid state devices which are formed by
junctions of semiconducting materials. Electronic controller use electric power for its
operation.

Electronic controllers are classified according to type of signal received from the primary
elements as

1) Self operated controller

2) Relay operated controller

• Self Operated Controller::

In self operated instruments, the energy output (generally mechanical or hydraulic) of

primary element directly actuated a measuring element Operation of final control element
is then provided by electric energy. Thus type of instrument is generally used in bimetallic
or expansion type temperature measurement, bourdon tube, diaphragm, bellow for
pressure measurement. Self operated controllers are simpler and less expensive.

• Relay Operated Controller:-

Relay operated controller receive an electrical signal from primary element and position
and indicating and recording movement as well as the controlling means according to
electrical signal received.
Q. Stepper Motor.

Ans-

A stepper motor is an electromechanical device it converts electrical power into

mechanical power. Also, it is a brushless, synchronous electric motor that can divide a full
rotation into an expansive number of steps. The motor’s position can be controlled
accurately without any feedback mechanism, as long as the motor is carefully sized to the
application. Stepper motors are similar to switched reluctance motors. The stepper motor
uses the theory of operation for magnets to make the motor shaft turn a precise distance
when a pulse of electricity is provided. The stator has eight poles, and the rotor has six
poles. The rotor will require 24 pulses of electricity to move the 24 steps to make one
complete revolution. Another way to say this is that the rotor will move precisely 15° for
each pulse of electricity that the motor receives.

In Stepper motors, the movement of the rotor is in discrete steps. A stepper motor is
electromechanical device. Stepper motor works on the principle of electromagnetism
hence it is an electromagnetic device. These are three types of stepper motors. It actuates
movements in linear and angular direction. Hence a stepper motor is a special type of D.C.
motor which is an incremental motion machine.

• Variable Reluctance Motors

• Permanent Magnet Motors
• Hybrid type
• Variable Reluctance motors:- Variable reluctance stepper motors are of two types
namely single stack variable reluctance motor and multi stack variable reluctance motor,

• permanent magnet motor:-

• PM stepper motors have rotor teeth made of permanent magnets.

• Reaction of the rotor teeth to stator fields provides torque for the motor.
• Signals are applied to the stator to determine direction and step rate of the rotor

Q. Tachometers.

Ans-

A tachometer is an instrument which measures the rotation speed of a shaft or disk. It is

designed to measure the revolutions per minute (RPM) of a moving object.

Tachometers are typically used in motors and other machines and are widely found in the
automotive and aviation industries. They are also known as revolution counters, rev
counters, RPM gauges, or simply as a ‘tach’.

The purpose of the tachometer is to measure the rotational speed of a machine. For
example, within the automotive industry, a tachometer is typically displayed on the
dashboard of the car. This informs the driver when to shift gears taking the rotational speed
of the shaft into account.

Tachometers can be used to measure a wide variety of objects and performance metrics,
including:

Rotational speed (e.g. wheels or rollers, motors, shafts, fans or turbines)

Travelling speed (e.g. conveyors)

Length (e.g. wire, sheet products)

Tachometer is an electromechanical unit which generates an electrical output proportional

to the speed of the shaft. Thus it produces voltage proportional to speed. Tachometer is a
device whose cut put is directly proportional to time rate of change of input. In automatic
control system tachometer performs two main functions,

➤ Stabilization of system.

➤Computation of closed loops in a control system.

Q. AC Tachometer.
Ans-

The AC tachometer is a device, which is similar to a two phase induction motor, in which
two stator windings are placed in quadrature with each other and rotor is short circuited.
Hence it works on the principle of induction generator. In AC Tachometer, a sinusoidal
voltage of rated value is applied to the primary winding, which is known as reference
winding, the secondary winding is placed 90 degrees apart from primary winding.

Advantage of AC tachometer:-

1) It is used for the ineasure of speed, as it provides feedback for the speed.
2) Brushless machines hence no problems of brush wear and tear due to friction.
3) Reduced electromagnetic noise.
4) 4) Reduced ripples.

Q. DC Tachometer.

Ans-

In control systems most common type of tachometers are de tachometers. D.C.

Tachometer is a small DC. Generator. DC Tachometer contains an iron core rotor and
permanent magnet. The magnetic field is provided by the permanent magnet and no
external supply voltage is necessary The input to the tachometer is the speed of the shaft
and the output is voltage which is proportional to the angular speed of the shaft. In DC
tachometer the winding on rotor are connected to the commutator and the output voltage
is taken across the brushes. The permanent magnet tachometer are compact, efficient,
and reliable but having high inertia.

For avoiding inertia problem ironless rotors are used. For reducing the voltage drop across
the brushes, metal brushes with silver tips are used for shunts.

Advantages of D.C. Tachometer

1) Temperature compensation is easily achieved.

2) There is no zero speed voltage error.
3) Linear Characteristics.
4) There is no undesirable phase shifts or wave shapes in voltage generated.
5) Servo velocity lags are reduced because of use of high pass output filters.
6) High voltage gradients are generated within sınall size.

Disadvantages of D.C. Tachometer

 1) High wear and tear of brushes because of high speed
2) Voltage generated has noise problem because of commutation sparking
3) Output voltage contains small ripple.
4) Because of hysteresis effects and brush friction torque required is more.

Q. Optical Encoder.

Ans-

An optical encoder is a digital (or pulse-generating) motion transducer. Here, a light beam
is intercepted by a moving disk that has a pattern of transparent windows.

The light that passes through, as detected by a photo sensor, provides the transducer
output. The light detected by the photo sensor may be conditioned, say by level detection
or edge detection, to provide a clean sequence of pulses.

Both displacement and velocity of the moving disk may be sensed in this manner. Either
pulse counting or pulse timing may be involved. These sensors may also be considered in
the extrinsic category.

Q. Blocks in cascade.

Ans-

In Cascade CMS, a block is a piece of content that can be inserted into any page region.
Blocks can contain static or dynamic content, and can be reused on multiple pages.

A block is a piece of content that can be inserted (with or without styling) into any page
region. Therefore, whenever there is content that is common to many pages or regions, e.g.
an “About the Company” section that appears after every press release and newsletter,
that content should be put into a block.

• Here are some types of blocks in Cascade CMS:

Index block: Used to dynamically generate system assets as XML

Text block: Static text content

XML block: Static XML content

Content block: Used for non-multimedia text-and-link blocks

Banner block: Used to create banners that showcase hero-type images

Q. Thermocouple.

Ans-

A thermocouple is a device for measuring temperature. It comprises two dissimilar

metallic wires joined together to form a junction. When the junction is heated or cooled, a
small voltage is generated in the electrical circuit of the thermocouple which can be
measured, and this corresponds to temperature.

In theory, any two metals can be used to make a thermocouple but in practice, there are a
fixed number of types that are commonly used. They have been developed to give improved
linearity and accuracy and comprise specially developed alloys.

Thermocouples can be made to suit almost any application. They can be made to be
robust, fast responding and to measure a very wide temperature range.

Q. Difference between Block Diagram and SFG.

Ans-
Q. What are the advantages of an Automatic Control System.

Ans-

1. ACS enhances the quality of the system or product.

2. ACS gives quantitative increase in production.
3. ACS gives improvement in uniformity of products.
4. ACS gives economy in processing materials.
5. ACS helps in saving of energy or power requirements.
6. ACS leads to decreased in plant & equipment wear & tear.
7. By the use of ACS less mental pressure on an operator.
8. By the use of ACS cost of energy (or) Power is reduced.
9. Cost of processing materials in industries is reduced due to ACS.

Q. Properties of Transfer Function.

Ans-

1) The T.F. is independent of the inputs to the system.

2) The system poles and zeros can be calculated from T.F.
3) Stability of the system is determined from the characteristic equation, which is
obtained by equating the denominator of the T.F. to zero.
4) T.F. is defined only for the linear time invariant systems.
5) The T.F. of a system is the Laplace Transform of its impulse response for zero initial
conditions.
6) The T.F. can be determined from system input output pair by taking ratio of Laplace
Transformation of output to input.

Q. Advantage of Transfer Function.

Ans –

1) It is the mathematical modeling method which indicates the value of gain of the
given system.
2) T.F. approach converts the integral D.E. to simple algebraic equation.
3) System D.E. can be obtained by replacement of variable’s’ by ‘d/dt
4) T.F. is the characteristic and property of the system.
5) From TF the stability of the system can be determined.
6) TF. Value is dependent on the parameters of the system and independent of the
input applied.
7) Once, the T.F. of the system is known then output for any given input, can be
calculated.
8) From the T.F. poles and zeros can be calculated, which helps to determine the
response of the system.

Q. Disadvantages of Transfer Function.

Ans-

1) TFs valid only for linear time invariant systems

2) 2) It does not take into account the initial conditions i.e initial condition is assumed
zero, so initial condition looses it significance.
3) From T.F. the (progress) behaviour of the system is not predicted.
4) From T.F. value the structure of the system cannot be predicted immediately.

Q. Signal Flow Graph. ( SFG ).

Ans-
Signal Flow Graph (SFG) is a graphical representation of flow of signal inan automatic
control system. SFG is a pictorial representation of system with transmission of signals in a
control system. The simple meaning of word Signal Flow Graph’ is a graph of flow of signal
from input to the output It consists of a network graph in which nodes represent system
variables. In other words, a signal flow graph is one in which variables are represented by
nodes of the graph. A signal flow graph is a diagram which represents a set of simultaneous
equations The relationship between variables are represented b the branches connecting
nodes.

Q. Properties of Signal Flow Graph.

Ans-

1) Signal flow graph applied and drawn only to linear time invariant systems.
2) Signals travel along the branches only in the direction described by the Arrows of
the branches (or) in SFG diagram the arrow indicates the direction of Flow of
signal.
3) In SFG, at each node the value of variable is equal to the algebraic sum of all
signals entering at that node.
4) SFG is not unique for a particular control system.
5) Mason’s gain equation is used for calculating the gain in SFG.
6) Each block diagram is represented by SFG but the converse is not true.
7) The signal gets multiplied by the branch gain when it travels along it.

Q. Classification of Controllers

Ans-

a) Depending upon the types of controlling action used (or) performed:-

1) Proportional Controller
2) Integral Controller
3) Derivative Controller
4) Proportional plus Integral Controller
5) Proportional plus Derivative Controller
6) Proportional plus Integral plus Derivative Controller (PID)
7) Two Position (or) ON-OFF Controller

b) Depending upon the actuating medium:-

A) Pneumatic Controller
B) Hydraulic Controller
 C) Electronic Controller

Q. Proportional-Plus-Integral (PI) Controller. Answer

Q. Advantage of P+I Controller.

Ans-
 1) The addition of integral controller eliminates the offset of P controller.
2) It improves the steady state accuracy of the system.
3) Due to integral action, response is more oscillatory.
4) It is used in system with large load changes.
5) The effect of integral action is similar to manual adjustment of set point after each
load change.

Q. Proportional-Plus-Derivative (PD) Controller.

Ans-

When derivative control action is added in series to the proportional control action, then
this combination is termed as ‘Proportional-Derivative Control Action’.

It is also known as rate control. The derivative control never used alone, because in this
mode the output m(1) of controller is proportional to the derivative of error signal. If by
chance the error signal, which may be significant.

Q. Advantage of P+D controller

Ans-

1) It improves damping ratio.

2) Reduces maximum overshoot.
Q. Obtain the transfer function of the given block diagram.
Q. Write the rules of block diagram reduction for obtaining transfer function.

Ans-

Step1: Try to reduce the blocks in series.

Step2: If stepl is not possible to use then try to reduce the blocks in parallel.

Step 3: If stepl and step2 is not possible to use in the given condition then reduce the
feedback loop i.e. use rule no. 3 of elimination of feedback loop.

Step 4: If step1, step2 and step3 is not possible to use in the given numerical then reduce
the block diagram by using rule no. 4 i.e. splitting of summing point.

Step5: If step1, step2, step3 and step4 is not possible to use in the given numerical then
reduce the block diagram by using rule no.8 i.e. shifting the take off point after a block.

Step6: If step1, step2, step3, step4 and step5 is not possible to use in the given numerical
then reduce the block diagram by using rule no.5 i.e. shifting the sunming point before a
block.

Step7: If step1, step2, step3, step4, step5 and step6 is not possible to use in the given
numerical then reduce the block diagram by using rule no.7 i.e. shifting the take off point
before a block.

Step8: If step1, step2, step3, step4, step5, step6 and step7 is not possible to use in the
given numerical then reduce the block diagram by using rule no.6 i.e. shifting the summing
point after a block.

Step9: If above steps! to 8 are not possible then use either rule no. 9 or 10 for reducing the
block diagram.

Step10: Repeat above step 1 to 9 till reducing the complex block diagram into the simple
form or canonical form.

Step11: Calculate the overall transfer function of the bock diagram.

T.F = C(s)/R(s).