UNIT VI: VALUES OF BIODIVERSITY

Ecosystem services refer to the wide range of benefits that ecosystems provide to humanity. These
benefits encompass everything from the provision of food and clean water to the regulation of
climate, flood control, and the cultural and recreational experiences that nature offers. Ecosystem
services can be categorized into several types, including provisioning, regulating, cultural, and
supporting services. These services are essential for human well-being and are integral to economic
and ecological systems.

The concept of ecosystem services has ancient roots, with indigenous cultures and traditional
societies often recognizing the value of natural resources and ecosystems. However, the formalization
and widespread recognition of the concept are more recent. The groundwork for the modern
understanding of ecosystem services can be traced to the field of ecological economics. Pioneers like
Herman Daly and Robert Costanza contributed to the economic valuation of natural resources and
ecosystem functions. In 1997, Costanza and his colleagues published a groundbreaking paper in
"Nature" estimating the global value of ecosystem services at a staggering $33 trillion annually,
drawing significant attention to the subject. A pivotal moment in the history of ecosystem services
was the release of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Launched in 2001 by the United Nations,
this assessment was a comprehensive scientific evaluation of the state of the world's ecosystems and
the services they provide. It classified ecosystem services into four main categories: provisioning,
regulating, supporting, and cultural services. This report helped integrate the concept of ecosystem
services into policy discussions and raised awareness about the importance of biodiversity and
healthy ecosystems. The concept of ecosystem services gained increasing recognition in international
environmental and development policies. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) began to incorporate ecosystem
services into their discussions and agreements. The Aichi Biodiversity Targets, developed under the
CBD, explicitly referenced ecosystem services as a key element of biodiversity conservation. Over the
years, various methods for valuing ecosystem services have been developed. These include market-
based approaches, such as payments for ecosystem services (PES) programs, and non-market-based
approaches, like the use of environmental impact assessments and integrated planning.
Organizations, such as the Natural Capital Project, have emerged to provide tools and guidance for
decision-makers to incorporate ecosystem services into planning and policy. Ecosystem services
continue to be a vibrant field of research and policy development. The Intergovernmental Science-
Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) was established to provide an interface
between the scientific community and policymakers, focusing on the conservation and sustainable
use of biodiversity and the benefits it provides.

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 VALUES OF BIODIVERSITY

The economic value of biodiversity is substantial and encompasses a wide range of direct and indirect
contributions to human well-being and economic prosperity. Biodiversity provides numerous services
and resources that underpin various industries and economic activities. Biodiversity is the foundation
of several industries, including agriculture, fisheries, forestry, and pharmaceuticals. These sectors rely
on a diverse array of species for raw materials and economic activities. Fisheries and aquaculture, for
example, are essential for global food security. The World Bank estimates that they contribute to the
livelihoods of about 10-12% of the world's population, with the global export value of fish and fishery
products reaching $164 billion in 2018.

1. Agriculture and Food Security: Crop diversity is crucial for global food security. For example, the
banana industry faced a crisis when the Gros Michel banana variety was nearly wiped out by Panama
disease. The industry shifted to the Cavendish banana, highlighting the importance of crop diversity
in food security. The wild relatives of crops like wheat, rice, and potatoes are valuable genetic
resources. They contain genes for resistance to diseases and pests. Maintaining these relatives is
crucial for breeding disease-resistant varieties.

2. Pharmaceuticals and Biotechnology: Biodiversity is a treasure trove of biologically active

compounds, many of which have been used in the development of pharmaceuticals. The cancer drug
Taxol, derived from the Pacific yew tree, is one notable example. This drug, and the subsequent
development of Taxotere, has generated billions of dollars in revenue and saved countless lives.
Antibiotics like penicillin were initially produced from fungi. The economic value of these drugs and
related industries is substantial, contributing to both healthcare and economic growth. Biodiversity-
rich regions, such as the Amazon rainforest, have been sources of novel compounds with
pharmaceutical potential. Bioprospecting in these areas has led to the discovery of new drugs and
medical treatments.

3. Tourism and Recreation: Biodiversity-rich environments attract tourists and nature enthusiasts,
leading to substantial revenue and employment opportunities. Ecotourism, in particular, is a growing
industry that relies on the existence and preservation of unique and diverse ecosystems. Australia's
Great Barrier Reef, a biodiversity hotspot, draws millions of tourists each year. The reef's economic
value is estimated at around $4.9 billion annually, providing jobs and income to local communities.
Countries in Africa with diverse wildlife, such as Kenya and South Africa, benefit significantly from
safari tourism.

4. Ecosystem Services : Biodiversity plays a crucial role in providing ecosystem services, including
pollination, water purification, climate regulation, and carbon sequestration. For instance, pollinators,
such as bees and butterflies, contribute to the production of about 35% of global food crops. The
annual economic value of this service is estimated to be between $235 billion and $577 billion
globally. The economic value of the carbon sequestration provided by forests is challenging to
quantify precisely, but it is considered invaluable in the context of climate change mitigation.
Wetlands and forests, with their biodiversity, provide flood control and regulate water flows. Healthy

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ecosystems reduce the risk of flooding and waterborne diseases. This, in turn, protects infrastructure,
reduces disaster-related costs, and ensures water availability for various uses. Mangrove forests with
their rich biodiversity provide natural barriers against storm surges and coastal erosion. The economic
value of mangroves in protecting coastlines and reducing damage during storms is considerable.

The ecological value of biodiversity is fundamental to the health and functioning of ecosystems.
Biodiversity contributes to ecosystem stability, resilience, and the regulation of ecological processes.
Here are some key aspects of the ecological value of biodiversity with examples:

1. Ecosystem Stability and Resilience: In a diverse forest ecosystem, various tree species with different
growth patterns and nutrient requirements can reduce competition for resources, making the
ecosystem more resilient to disturbances like disease outbreaks or climate change. If one tree species
is negatively affected, others may thrive and compensate for the loss.

2. Pest and Disease Control: Biodiverse agricultural systems can reduce the impact of pests and
diseases. In a polyculture (the practice of growing multiple crop species together), certain plants can
repel or attract pests, reducing the need for pesticides. For instance, marigolds are often planted
alongside vegetables to deter nematodes, a type of soil-dwelling pest.

3. Pollination: Biodiversity, especially in the form of various pollinators like bees, butterflies, and birds,
is essential for the reproduction of many plants, including crops. The diversity of pollinators helps
ensure that a wide range of plant species can reproduce, leading to better crop yields and a more
stable food supply.

4. Nutrient Cycling: In diverse ecosystems, a wide range of decomposers, such as fungi and bacteria,
break down organic matter and recycle nutrients. This nutrient cycling ensures that essential
elements like carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus are made available to plants, supporting their growth
and productivity.

5. Erosion Control: Mangrove forests, characterized by high biodiversity, help control coastal erosion.
The complex root systems of mangroves trap sediments and stabilize shorelines, reducing the impact
of waves and tides during storms.

6. Climate Regulation: Biodiverse ecosystems like forests and oceans act as carbon sinks, capturing
and storing carbon dioxide. This helps mitigate climate change by reducing the concentration of
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

7. Habitat for Wildlife: Biodiversity provides a variety of habitats that support different species.
Wetlands, for instance, are home to a wide range of plant and animal species, including waterfowl,
amphibians, and fish. The presence of diverse habitats allows for thriving wildlife communities.

8. Genetic Resources: The genetic diversity within species in diverse ecosystems provides a reservoir
of traits that can be valuable for agriculture. Wild relatives of crops often contain genes for traits like
pest resistance and drought tolerance, which can be used in breeding programs.

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9. Resilience to Environmental Changes: Biodiverse ecosystems are better able to adapt to changing
environmental conditions. Coral reefs, which are biodiversity hotspots, are more resilient to ocean
warming and acidification when they have a greater variety of species, allowing them to recover from
disturbances more effectively.

The social value of biodiversity encompasses the various ways in which biodiversity, or the richness
of life on Earth, contributes to human societies and their well-being. Biodiversity has both tangible
and intangible benefits that shape our culture, livelihoods, and overall quality of life. The social value
of biodiversity in India is significant, with diverse ecosystems and species playing a crucial role in the
cultural, economic, and daily lives of its people.

1. Cultural Significance: Indigenous communities often have deeply rooted cultural connections to
specific species, landscapes, and ecosystems. In India, the Bengal tiger is not just a symbol of
biodiversity but also holds cultural and religious significance. It is associated with deities like Durga
and is an integral part of Indian mythology and heritage. The native tribes of the Amazon rainforest,
for instance, have complex spiritual and cultural traditions tied to the biodiversity of the region,
viewing it as an integral part of their identity.

2. Traditional Knowledge and Practices: Many indigenous and local communities rely on traditional
knowledge of biodiversity for medicine, agriculture, and resource management. India's rich
biodiversity has contributed to traditional systems of medicine like Ayurveda, which rely on a wide
variety of plants, herbs, and animal products for healing. The Neem tree (Azadirachta indica) is used
in Ayurvedic medicine for its diverse medicinal properties. The San people of Southern Africa, for
instance, have a rich understanding of the plant species in their environment and their medicinal
uses.

3. Food and Livelihoods: Biodiversity provides a diverse range of food sources, from fish in the oceans
to diverse crop varieties. Agriculture is a cornerstone of India's economy and society, with a diverse
array of crop species grown across the country. For example, Basmati rice is a premium, aromatic rice
variety highly valued in Indian cuisine and an important crop for many farmers. In Madagascar, the
cultivation of rice varieties with different growing seasons helps ensure food security and adapt to
changing weather patterns.

4. Recreation and Ecotourism: India is home to a multitude of national parks and wildlife reserves.
Places like Ranthambhore National Park and Jim Corbett National Park attract tourists eager to
witness the biodiversity, such as the Bengal tiger and Asian elephant, and generate economic
opportunities for local communities. Biodiversity-rich areas like the Galápagos Islands or the
Serengeti National Park in Tanzania attract tourists and nature enthusiasts from around the world.

5. Cultural Exchange and Education: Biodiversity provides opportunities for cultural exchange and
understanding. India's botanical gardens, like the Lalbagh Botanical Garden in Bangalore, provide
spaces for education and cultural exchange, fostering an appreciation for biodiversity and ecological

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knowledge. Institutions like botanical gardens and zoos offer educational experiences and foster a
connection to the natural world.

6. Resilience and Traditional Farming Systems: Traditional agricultural systems often involve the
cultivation of multiple crop varieties, which enhances resilience to pests, diseases, and changing
environmental conditions. Traditional farming practices in India often involve the cultivation of
diverse crop varieties. The state of Kerala, for instance, is known for its multi-cropped agriculture,
which enhances resilience to changing weather patterns. In the Andes, for example, indigenous
farmers cultivate a diverse range of potatoes to adapt to various altitudes and climates.

7. Cultural Traditions and Practices: The sacred groves in India, such as the Mawphlang Sacred Grove
in Meghalaya, are preserved as cultural and ecological treasures. They are essential for religious and
cultural ceremonies and have a profound connection to local traditions. The Wixáritari (Huichol)
people in Mexico use the Peyote cactus in their religious ceremonies. These ceremonies are central
to their cultural and spiritual practices, underscoring the connection between biodiversity and
cultural heritage.

8. Mental Health and Well-being: Spending time in biodiverse natural environments has been shown
to reduce stress and promote mental well-being. Urban parks, for example, offer residents an escape
from the city's hustle and bustle, contributing to their overall mental health. India's diverse natural
landscapes, from the Himalayas to the Western Ghats, offer opportunities for spiritual retreats and
meditation. These serene environments promote mental well-being and attract people seeking
solace.

The ethical value of biodiversity underscores the moral and intrinsic worth of the variety of life on
Earth, irrespective of its utility to human beings. Biodiversity has intrinsic value, and its preservation
is considered a moral imperative. Here are some key aspects of the ethical value of biodiversity with
examples:

1. Intrinsic Value: The preservation of endangered species like the giant panda is often justified on
the grounds of their intrinsic value, their right to exist on this planet, and our moral responsibility to
protect their existence, even if their direct benefits to humans are limited. The concept of the rights
of nature, such as the recognition of rivers, mountains, or ecosystems as having intrinsic rights, is
being legally and ethically acknowledged in some places. For instance, in 2017, the Whanganui River
in New Zealand was granted legal personhood, recognizing its right to exist, flourish, and regenerate.

2. Ethical Responsibility: Indigenous communities often hold deep ethical and spiritual connections
to the land and its biodiversity. They see themselves as stewards of the environment and have a moral
responsibility to protect and preserve it for future generations. Many ethical and philosophical
frameworks, such as Jainism in India, emphasize non-violence (ahimsa) and the reverence for all life
forms, promoting an ethical commitment to protect biodiversity.

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3. Intergenerational Equity: The ethical principle of intergenerational equity emphasizes the
responsibility to ensure that future generations inherit a planet with diverse ecosystems and species.
It prompts us to preserve biodiversity for the well-being of our descendants.

4. Ecosystem Interconnectedness: Recognizing the ethical importance of ecosystems, the

conservation of keystone species like wolves in Yellowstone National Park has led to ecosystem
restoration, showing how the ethical value of one species can have cascading effects on entire
ecosystems.

The ethical value of biodiversity emphasizes the importance of respecting and preserving the intrinsic
worth of all species and ecosystems, and recognizing that our moral responsibility extends beyond
the utilitarian value of nature to encompass a commitment to safeguarding life's richness and
diversity.

Aesthetics, defined as the science of sensory cognition refers to the appreciation and cultural
significance of the beauty and visual appeal of natural landscapes, species, and ecosystems. It
encompasses the emotional and spiritual connections that people have with the natural world, which
enrich their lives and cultural heritage. Aesthetics, as a part of cultural ecosystem services, plays a
significant role in connecting human societies to the natural world. It enriches cultural heritage,
fosters a sense of belonging, and inspires artistic and spiritual expressions, highlighting the profound
cultural and emotional value of biodiversity and the environment The aesthetic value of biodiversity
highlights the beauty and artistic inspiration that diverse ecosystems and species offer, enhancing our
cultural and emotional connections to nature. The aesthetic value of biodiversity underscores the
significance of preserving diverse ecosystems and species not only for their ecological contributions
but also for the inspiration and beauty they bring to our lives. It serves as a reminder of the emotional
and cultural connection between humans and the natural world.

Biodiversity's aesthetic value can be observed in various ways:

1. Natural Landscapes: Biodiversity creates breathtaking landscapes, such as lush rainforests, coral
reefs, and alpine meadows. These natural wonders often serve as subjects for art, photography, and
creative expression.

2. Species Diversity: The rich array of species, from colorful birds to exotic flowers, adds vibrancy to
our surroundings. Their striking colors, patterns, and behaviors captivate and inspire artists, writers,
and nature enthusiasts.

3. Architectural Inspiration: The intricate structures of plants and animals often influence architectural
and design concepts. Biomimicry, which emulates nature's design solutions, draws inspiration from
the aesthetics of biodiversity.

4. Cultural and Spiritual Aesthetics: Many cultures and spiritual traditions incorporate the aesthetics
of biodiversity into their art, rituals, and symbolism. Nature's beauty is celebrated in festivals,
ceremonies, and artistic expressions.

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5. Nature Tourism: Ecotourism is driven by the aesthetic appeal of biodiversity. Natural settings like
national parks and wildlife reserves attract tourists eager to experience the beauty of diverse
ecosystems.

6. Environmental Art: Environmental artists use biodiversity as a central theme in their work, raising
awareness about the value of nature's aesthetics and the importance of conservation.

The informational value of biodiversity refers to the vast knowledge and insights that diverse
ecosystems and species provide, which can have far-reaching implications for science, medicine,
agriculture, and other fields. Biodiversity serves as a living library of information, offering valuable
data and resources for research and innovation.

1. Biomedical Discoveries: Biodiversity serves as a source of valuable compounds and genetic

resources for pharmaceutical and medical research, contributing to discoveries of life-saving
medications.

2. Genetic Diversity for Agriculture: Biodiversity provides a rich genetic pool, enabling the
development of pest-resistant crops and resilient agricultural systems, essential for food security.

3. Scientific Insights: Biodiversity fuels scientific research in ecology, taxonomy, genetics, and
environmental science, advancing our understanding of the natural world.

4. Climate Change Research: Biodiverse ecosystems influence climate and serve as indicators of
environmental change, informing climate policies and strategies.

5. Environmental Monitoring and Conservation: Biodiversity data aids in monitoring environmental

health and guiding conservation efforts, from protecting endangered species to developing effective
strategies for ecosystem management.

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 UNIT VI: VALUES OF BIODIVERSITY
SACRED GROVES AND THEIR IMPORTANCE WITH EXAMPLES

Sacred groves are areas of land, typically small forests or patches of woodland, that hold significant
religious, cultural, or spiritual importance for certain communities or indigenous groups. These groves
are often protected and preserved as sacred sites, and they are regarded with reverence and awe.
Sacred groves can be found in various parts of the world, but they are particularly prevalent in
countries like India, Nigeria, and Japan. Examples of sacred groves include the Mawphlang Sacred
Grove in Meghalaya, India, which is maintained by the Khasi community, and the Kaya forests in
Kenya, sacred to the Mijikenda people.

Key characteristics and aspects of sacred groves include:

1. Religious and Spiritual Significance: Sacred groves are considered sacred by specific religious or
cultural communities. They are often associated with deities, spirits, or ancestors, and various rituals
and ceremonies may be held within these groves.

2. Conservation of Biodiversity: Sacred groves frequently act as inadvertent conservation areas for
local flora and fauna. They tend to remain untouched, providing a refuge for a variety of plant and
animal species. These groves may serve as sources of water, medicinal plants, and other natural
resources for the local communities. The sanctity of the grove often ensures the sustainable use of
these resources.

3. Cultural Heritage: Sacred groves are an essential part of the cultural heritage of the communities
that protect and revere them. They are often integral to the community's identity and traditions.

4. Biodiversity Hotspots: Many sacred groves are biodiversity hotspots, harboring rare and
endangered species. The cultural and religious significance of these sites can contribute to the
preservation of threatened ecosystems.

5. Local Governance: Sacred groves are often managed and protected by the communities that
consider them sacred. Local governance systems ensure that these sites are conserved for future
generations.

6. Scientific and Conservation Interest: The ecological and conservation value of sacred groves has
drawn the attention of researchers and conservationists, who often collaborate with local
communities to study and protect these areas.

Sacred groves in India are ancient, protected woodlands or forests with deep cultural, religious, and
ecological significance. They are often dedicated to deities, spirits, or ancestors, and communities
consider them sacred, preserving them for generations. Sacred groves serve as important centers for
rituals, festivals, and cultural traditions. They are also unique ecological niches that contribute to
biodiversity conservation.

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Examples:

1. Mawphlang Sacred Grove, Meghalaya: Located in the Khasi Hills of Meghalaya, this sacred grove is
known for its dense vegetation and pristine environment.

2. Khecheopalri Lake Sacred Grove, Sikkim: Situated near the Khecheopalri Lake, this grove is
considered sacred by the local Buddhist community and is pilgrimage site and a conservation area,
emphasizing the link between culture and ecology.

3. Pachmarhi Sacred Grove, Madhya Pradesh: Located in the hill station of Pachmarhi, this grove is
dedicated to Lord Shiva.

4. Kanya Kumari Forest Groves, Tamil Nadu: The southern tip of India, in Kanyakumari, is home to
numerous sacred groves that hold cultural and religious significance. These groves often serve as
venues for religious ceremonies and rituals and contribute to the conservation of local biodiversity.

5. Tungabhadra River Sacred Grove, Karnataka: Along the Tungabhadra River in Karnataka, several
sacred groves are dedicated to village deities. These groves contribute to the protection of riparian
ecosystems, including diverse plant and animal species.

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 UNIT VI: VALUES OF BIODIVERSITY
Case Studies: Contemporary Biodiversity and Wildlife issues, movements and projects

PROJECT TIGER 1973

1. Introduction: Project Tiger was launched in 1973 as a conservation initiative to protect the Bengal
tiger, India's national animal.
• IUCN Status: Endangered
• Reasons:

I. Tiger Population Decline: Tigers faced a significant decline due to habitat loss, poaching,
and human-wildlife conflict.

II. Ecosystem Balance: Tigers play a crucial role in maintaining the ecological balance of their
habitats.

2. Key Components:

• Tiger Reserves: Designated areas with stringent protection measures.

• Corridor Conservation: Preserving wildlife corridors for genetic exchange.

• Eco-development: Balancing conservation with the socio-economic development of local

communities.

• Smart Patrolling: Utilizing technology for effective patrolling and surveillance.

3. Key Achievements:

• Population Increase: According to the 2018 All India Tiger Estimation, there were 2,967 tigers,
up from 2,226 in 2014. The population stood at 3,167 in 2022.

• Habitat Protection: Expansion of tiger reserves and protection of critical habitats. There are
more than 53 tiger reserves in India.

• Anti-Poaching Success: Reduction in tiger poaching incidents.

• Community Engagement: Improved livelihoods of local communities through sustainable

practices.

• Notable Examples:
I. Success in Sariska Tiger Reserve: Sariska Tiger Reserve in Rajasthan faced the loss of
all its tigers due to poaching. The Sariska Tiger Reserve relocation project aimed to
create a buffer zone for tigers by relocating villages from core areas to minimize

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 human-wildlife conflictThrough intensive conservation efforts, tigers were
reintroduced, marking a successful recovery.
II. Nagarhole National Park, Karnataka: Nagarhole faced challenges due to human-
wildlife conflict. The park implemented community-based conservation initiatives,
reducing conflicts and enhancing tiger protection.
III. Ranthambhore Success Story: Ranthambhore National Park in Rajasthan is known for
its successful tiger conservation. Famous tigers like Machali and her descendants have
become iconic symbols of the park's conservation efforts, drawing global attention.
4. Recent Developments:

• Corridor Connectivity: Strengthening wildlife corridors for genetic diversity.

• Technology Integration: Continued use of technology for monitoring and protection.

• Community Involvement: Enhancing community participation in conservation.

5. Challenges:

• Human-Wildlife Conflict: Expansion of human settlements leading to increased conflicts.

• Habitat Fragmentation: Disruption of wildlife corridors affecting genetic diversity.

• Climate Change: Impact on tiger habitats and prey availability.

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 PROJECT ELEPHANT 1992
1. Introduction: Project Elephant was launched by the Government of India in 1992 to address the
conservation and management of elephants in the country. The project aimed to ensure the long-
term survival of elephants in their natural habitats and to mitigate human-elephant conflicts.
• IUCN Status: Endangered
• Reasons:

I. Habitat Loss: Elephants faced habitat fragmentation and loss due to human activities.

II. Human-Elephant Conflict: Increasing conflicts between elephants and human

populations.

III. Poaching: Illegal killing of elephants for ivory and other body parts.

2. Key Components:

• Elephant Reserves: Designated areas with a focus on elephant conservation.

• Human-Elephant Conflict Mitigation: Implement strategies to reduce conflicts.

• Healthcare and Population Management: Ensure the well-being of elephants and manage
their populations.

• Corridor Management: Preserve and restore traditional elephant migratory routes.

• Community Participation: Involve local communities in elephant conservation efforts.

• Research and Capacity Building: Conduct scientific research and build the capacity of forest
department personnel.

• Anti-Poaching Measures: Strengthen efforts to prevent elephant poaching.

3. Key Achievements:

• Population Stabilization: The project has contributed to stabilizing and increasing the wild
elephant population. According to the 2017 census, India had an estimated 27,312 elephants
in the wild.

• Conservation Centers: Various conservation centers, including Pinjore and Rajabhatkhawa,

contribute to elephant conservation efforts.

• Habitat Conservation: Focus on preserving and restoring critical elephant habitats.

• Human-Elephant Conflict Mitigation: Implementation of measures to reduce conflicts and

protect both elephants and human communities.

• Research and Monitoring: Ongoing scientific studies to understand elephant behavior and
ecology.

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 • Notable Examples:

Elephant Conservation in Periyar Tiger Reserve, Kerala: Periyar Tiger Reserve

I.
implemented successful habitat management practices for both tigers and elephants,
showcasing the integrated conservation approach.
II. Human-Elephant Conflict Mitigation in Jharkhand: Jharkhand faced severe human-
elephant conflicts. Project Elephant initiatives, including the creation of elephant-proof
trenches and early warning systems, reduced conflict instances. In Jharkhand, innovative
methods like setting up beehive fences to deter elephants have been implemented to
reduce human-elephant conflicts, providing a win-win solution for both elephants and
local communities.
III. Elephant Rehabilitation Centers: Centers like the Wildlife SOS Elephant Conservation and
Care Center in Mathura showcase successful rehabilitation stories. Elephants that were
rescued from captivity and abusive conditions are provided with proper care and
rehabilitation.
4. Challenges:

• Habitat Loss: Fragmentation and degradation of elephant habitats.

• Human-Elephant Conflict: Increasing instances of conflicts due to habitat encroachment.

• Poaching: Despite legal protection, elephants are still targeted for their ivory.

5. Recent Developments and Future directions:

• Corridor Connectivity: Strengthening and expanding elephant corridors for migration.

• Community Engagement: Continued efforts to involve local communities in conservation and

reduce human-elephant conflicts.

• Capacity Building: Enhancing the skills of forest department personnel and local communities
for better management.

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 PROJECT GREAT INDIAN BUSTARD

1. Introduction: The Great Indian Bustard is one of the heaviest flying birds and is critically
endangered, with a declining population.

• IUCN Status: Critically Endangered

• Reasons:

I. Critical Endangerment: The Great Indian Bustard is critically endangered, with a

declining population and faces risks of hunting.

II. Habitat Loss: Loss of grassland habitats due to agriculture and infrastructure
development.

III. Human-Wildlife Conflict: Increasing instances of conflicts with human activities.

2. Key Components:

• Habitat Protection: Efforts to protect and restore natural habitats of the Great Indian
Bustard i.e., grassland conservation. Protecting and restoring grasslands, which are crucial
habitats for the Great Indian Bustard.

• Community Involvement and Education: Engaging local communities in conservation

activities. Raising awareness among local communities about the importance of bird
conservation. In the Desert National Park of Rajasthan, initiatives involve local
communities in the conservation of the Great Indian Bustard. This includes awareness
programs, habitat restoration, and engaging locals as custodians of the bird's habitat.

• Research and Monitoring: Conducting scientific research to understand the ecology and
behavior of the species. Wildlife Institute of India (WII) and Bombay Natural History
Society (BNHS): Conducting research on the Great Indian Bustard and implementing
conservation measures.

• Legal Protection: Implementing and enforcing wildlife protection laws.

3. Challenges:

• Habitat Loss: Conversion of grasslands into agricultural fields.

• Human-Wildlife Conflict: Encroachment into bird habitats leading to conflicts.

• Poaching: Illegal hunting and collection of eggs contribute to population decline.

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4. Recent Developments :

• Research and Satellite Tracking: To better understand the migration patterns and behavior of
the Great Indian Bustard, researchers have used satellite tracking technology, providing
valuable insights for conservation strategies.

• Translocation Programs: Initiatives exploring the possibility of translocating individuals to

suitable habitats to establish new populations.

• International Collaborations: Collaboration with international organizations for expertise and

funding.

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 VULTURE BREEDING PROGRAMME
1. Introduction: Vulture populations in India declined drastically due to the widespread use of the
veterinary drug diclofenac, which led to renal failure in vultures that consumed the carcasses of
treated cattle. Three critically endangered vulture species in India: Indian Vulture (Gyps indicus),
White-rumped Vulture (Gyps bengalensis), and Slender-billed Vulture (Gyps tenuirostris).

• IUCN Status: Critically Endangered

• Reasons:

I. Diclofenac Poisoning: Widespread use of diclofenac in veterinary practices led to a drastic

decline in vulture populations.

II. Critical Endangerment: Vultures became critically endangered due to diclofenac-related

kidney failure.

2. Key Components:

• Vulture Safe Zones: Identifying and promoting areas free from diclofenac to provide safe
feeding grounds for vultures.

• Breeding Centers: Establishing captive breeding centers to rear vultures in controlled

environments.

• Research and Monitoring: Conducting studies to understand vulture ecology, behavior, and
the impact of diclofenac. Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS) is involved in vulture
conservation research and awareness programs. Raptor Research and Conservation
Foundation (RRCF) is dedicated to the study and conservation of raptors, including vultures.
Rajabhatkhawa Vulture Conservation Breeding Center (West Bengal) is another center
focused on vulture breeding and research.

• Community Engagement: Raising awareness among communities about the importance of

vulture conservation and promoting alternative drugs to diclofenac.

3. Key Achievements:

• Diclofenac Ban Advocacy: Conservationists and organizations engaged in advocacy campaigns

to highlight the detrimental effects of diclofenac on vultures. This led to the ban on veterinary
diclofenac to protect vulture populations.

• Captive Breeding Success: Some success has been achieved in captive breeding programs with
the hatching and rearing of vulture chicks in controlled environments. The Vulture
Conservation and Breeding Centre in Pinjore, Haryana, Involved in the captive breeding of
vultures, particularly the critically endangered species and has witnessed success in breeding

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 and releasing vultures into the wild, contributing to the recovery of critically endangered
species.

4. Challenges:

• Continued Use of Diclofenac: Despite regulatory measures, the illegal use of diclofenac poses
a persistent threat.

• Habitat Loss: Degradation of vulture habitats due to urbanization and other human activities.

• Slow Reproduction: Vultures have slow reproductive rates, making recovery a gradual
process.

5. Recent Developments:

• Diclofenac Ban Enforcement: Efforts to enforce the ban on veterinary diclofenac to protect
vultures.

• Advocacy for Vulture Conservation: Ongoing efforts to raise awareness among policymakers
and the public about the importance of vulture conservation.

• Collaboration with International Organizations: Collaborations with international

organizations for expertise, funding, and research support.

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 CROCODILE CONSERVATION PROGRAMME
1. Introduction: India is home to three species of crocodiles: Saltwater Crocodile, Mugger Crocodile,
and the critically endangered Gharial. Each species has faced habitat loss, hunting, and other
threats leading to population decline. Indian Crocodile Conservation Project (ICCP) is
collaborative effort involving multiple organizations and government agencies for the
conservation of crocodiles. It consists of,

I. Mugger Conservation Program: Focused on the conservation of the Mugger

Crocodile, which is found in freshwater habitats across India.

II. Gharial Conservation Alliance: Efforts to conserve the critically endangered

Gharial, with a focus on the Ganges and its tributaries.

• IUCN Status: Critically endangered (Gharial); Vulnerable (Mugger)

• Reasons:

I. Habitat Loss: Crocodile habitats faced degradation due to human activities.

II. Hunting: Crocodiles were hunted for their skins, leading to population decline.

III. Biodiversity Conservation: Crocodiles are keystone species, crucial for maintaining
ecosystem health.

2. Key Components:

• Habitat Protection: Identification and protection of critical habitats for crocodiles.

• Captive Breeding and Reintroduction: Establishing crocodile breeding and hatchery programs
to supplement wild populations and controlled reintroduction of captive-bred crocodiles into
their natural habitats.

• Nesting and Hatchling Protection: Efforts to protect crocodile nests and ensure the survival
of hatchlings. Rearing crocodile hatchlings in controlled environments before releasing them
into the wild

• Research and Monitoring: Conducting scientific studies on crocodile behavior, ecology, and
health.

• Community Involvement: Engaging local communities in crocodile conservation efforts and

promoting coexistence.

• Collaboration with Global Organizations: Engaging with international organizations for

expertise, research, and funding.

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3. Key Achievements:

• Increase in Numbers: Successful conservation efforts have contributed to an increase in the

population of various crocodile species.

• Species-Specific Success: For instance, the Saltwater Crocodile population in the Bhitarkanika
National Park has shown significant growth.

• Notable examples:

I. Gharial Conservation in Chambal: The Chambal River in northern India has been a
stronghold for Gharials. Conservation efforts in this region, including river patrols and
community involvement, have contributed to the recovery of Gharial populations.

II. Saltwater Crocodile Resurgence: The Bhitarkanika National Park in Odisha has
witnessed a remarkable increase in the population of saltwater crocodiles. Successful
conservation measures and habitat protection have played a crucial role in this
resurgence.

4. Challenges:

• Habitat Fragmentation: Disruption of natural habitats due to infrastructure development.

• Human-Wildlife Conflict: Occasional conflicts between crocodiles and human activities.

5. Recent Developments:

• Technological Integration: Use of technology such as satellite tracking for monitoring

crocodile movements and behavior.

• Policy Advocacy: Advocacy for policies that support crocodile conservation and habitat
protection.

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 SAVE WESTERN GHATS MOVEMENT
The Save Western Ghats movement in India is a collective effort by environmentalists,
conservationists, local communities, and various organizations to protect the Western Ghats, a
mountain range along the western edge of the Indian subcontinent. This movement has gained
momentum in response to the increasing threats to the biodiversity and ecological integrity of the
Western Ghats due to human activities, including deforestation, mining, and infrastructure
development. The awareness of the ecological significance of the Western Ghats gained traction in
the 1980s and 1990s. The region's designation as a biodiversity hotspot prompted increased scientific
research and conservation initiatives.

1. Importance of the Western Ghats:

I. Biodiversity Hotspot: The Western Ghats is one of the world's biodiversity hotspots, home to
a vast array of flora and fauna, many of which are endemic to the region. The ghats are crucial
for the conservation of species diversity and the maintenance of ecological balance.

N.B.: Biodiversity hotspots are regions characterized by high levels of species diversity and a significant number of endemic
species, meaning species that are found nowhere else in the world. The concept of biodiversity hotspots was first introduced
by British biologist Norman Myers in the late 1980s. These hotspots are crucial for the conservation of global biodiversity. To
be considered a biodiversity hotspot, an area must meet two main criteria:

a) Species Richness: The hotspot must have at least 1,500 vascular plants as endemics, which is equivalent to about 0.5% of the
world's total plant species. This criterion is used as a proxy for overall biodiversity.

b) Habitat Loss: The hotspot must have lost at least 70% of its original habitat. This criterion emphasizes the urgency of
conservation efforts, as these areas are often under threat from human activities such as deforestation, agriculture, and
urbanization.

Some of the well-known hotspots include the Tropical Andes in South America, the Sundaland in Southeast Asia, the
Mediterranean Basin, and the Atlantic Forest in Brazil. Four of the world’s 36 biodiversity hotspots are located in India: The
Himalayas, Western Ghats, Indo-Burma area, and Sundaland.

II. Water Source: The Western Ghats act as a crucial water source for many rivers and contribute
significantly to the water supply of the surrounding regions. Several major rivers, including the
Godavari, Krishna, and Kaveri, originate in the Western Ghats.

III. Cultural and Indigenous Importance: The Western Ghats have immense cultural and
indigenous significance, with numerous communities relying on the natural resources for their
livelihoods and cultural practices.

2. Threats to the Western Ghats:

I. Deforestation: Large-scale deforestation, often for agricultural expansion and logging, has led
to habitat loss and fragmentation, impacting numerous plant and animal species.

II. Mining: Unregulated and unsustainable mining activities in the Western Ghats have resulted
in soil erosion, water pollution, and habitat destruction.

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 III. Infrastructure Development: Rapid urbanization and infrastructure development, including
the construction of dams and roads, have further contributed to habitat destruction and
fragmentation.

IV. Climate Change: Climate change poses a long-term threat to the Western Ghats, affecting the
distribution and behavior of plant and animal species.

3. Key Components of the Movement:

I. Local Activism and Protests: Local communities and environmental activists have played a
crucial role in raising awareness about the threats to the Western Ghats and mobilizing
support for its conservation. Environmental activists and organizations, including individuals
like Vandana Shiva and organizations (NGOs) like Greenpeace and the Western Ghats Hornbill
Foundation, played crucial roles in mobilizing public support. Local communities actively
participated in creating People's Biodiversity Registers, documenting traditional knowledge
about biodiversity, showcasing the importance of involving indigenous communities in
conservation. The historical Silent Valley movement in the Western Ghats during the 1970s
and 1980s, which successfully prevented the construction of a hydroelectric dam, is often
cited as an early example of grassroots environmental activism.
II. Legal Interventions: Legal interventions have been sought to protect the Western Ghats.
a. Gadgil Committee (WGEEP): In 2010, the Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel
(WGEEP), chaired by ecologist Madhav Gadgil, submitted a comprehensive report.
The Gadgil Committee recommended the division of the Western Ghats into three
zones with varying levels of regulatory measures to address environmental concerns.
The Gadgil Committee's recommendations faced opposition from various quarters,
including state governments and industries, who argued that the strict regulations
could impede economic development.
b. Kasturirangan Committee: In response to the controversies, the Kasturirangan
Committee was formed in 2012 to reassess the recommendations. The Kasturirangan
Committee proposed a more lenient approach, dividing the Western Ghats into
Ecologically Sensitive Areas (ESAs) with restrictions on certain activities.
III. Policy Advocacy: Advocacy for stronger environmental policies and regulations to safeguard
the Western Ghats has been a key component of the movement.

4. Key Achievements:

I. Designation of Protected Areas: Various regions within the Western Ghats have been
designated as national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and biodiversity reserves, contributing to
the protection of critical habitats and species.

II. Community-Based Conservation: Initiatives involving local communities in conservation

efforts, such as the creation of People's Biodiversity Registers, have empowered communities
to actively participate in preserving their natural heritage.

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 III. Legal Interventions and Awareness: Activists have initiated legal battles to challenge projects
that could potentially harm the Western Ghats. Legal interventions have resulted in increased
scrutiny and accountability for projects in ecologically sensitive areas. The movement has
successfully raised awareness about the ecological importance of the Western Ghats, both
nationally and internationally, garnering support for its conservation.

IV. Scientific Research and Documentation: Ongoing scientific research and documentation have
contributed to a deeper understanding of the unique biodiversity within the Western Ghats,
aiding in more informed conservation strategies. Efforts to document and preserve traditional
knowledge about biodiversity through initiatives like People's Biodiversity Registers have
helped integrate indigenous wisdom into conservation practices.

V. Local Empowerment and Sustainable Development: The movement has emphasized the
importance of involving local communities in decision-making processes, acknowledging their
role as stewards of the land and promoting sustainable development practices. Some areas
within the Western Ghats have embraced eco-tourism initiatives, providing alternative
sources of income for local communities while promoting the conservation of natural
resources.

5. Challenges and Controversies:

I. Balancing Development and Conservation: A major challenge is finding a balance between

the need for development and economic growth and the imperative to conserve the Western
Ghats.

II. Land-use Conflicts: Conflicts arise between conservation goals and local communities' need
for land and resources, requiring sensitive and inclusive approaches to address these issues.

III. Political Will: The success of the Save Western Ghats movement is closely tied to the political
will to implement and enforce conservation measures.

The Save Western Ghats movement continues to evolve as stakeholders work towards finding
sustainable solutions that protect the ecological integrity of the region while addressing the
developmental needs of the local communities. The movement underscores the importance of
involving local communities in decision-making processes, adopting science-based conservation
strategies, and fostering a balance between development and environmental preservation. Ongoing
research, advocacy, and collaborative efforts are essential to ensuring the long-term survival of the
Western Ghats and its unique biodiversity.

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