CONTENTS

 INTRODUCTION
 BASED ON TECHNOLOGY
 FUNCTIONS OF TELEPHONE
EXCHANGES
 BASIC TELEPHONY
 STORED PROGRAM CONTROL (S P C)
 WIRING SYSTEM
 ISDN CONCEPTS & ISDN EXCHANGE
 CORAL FLEXICOM 6000 EXCHANGE
INTRODUCTION
Telephone exchanges in Maligaon Railway serve as the
telecommunication hubs for the Northeast Frontier
Railway (NFR) headquarters located in Guwahati,
Assam. These exchanges facilitate communication
within the railway network and with external entities,
ensuring smooth operation and coordination across
the railway's vast system.

Key Features of Railway Telephone

Exchanges:

 Railway exchanges are integrated with India's national

telecommunication infrastructure, allowing seamless
communication
 These exchanges connect various railway departments
like operations, engineering, signals, and administration.
 Provide a communication link for emergencies,
maintenance activities, and coordination during train
operations.
 Many railway exchanges are transitioning from
traditional landlines to modern digital systems, such as
IP-based exchanges.
Based on Technology:
a. Analog Exchanges
Traditional exchanges using circuit-switching
technology. Being phased out in favour of digital
systems.
b. Digital Exchanges
Modern systems providing high-quality voice and
integrated services. Supports ISDN (Integrated Services
Digital Network) for simultaneous voice, data, and video
transmission.
c. IP-based Exchanges (VoIP)
Internet-based exchanges allowing voice and data
communication over the same network. More cost-
effective and scalable than traditional systems.
d. Wireless Communication Networks
Facilitates communication in remote areas where fixed-
line exchanges are unavailable. Includes GSM-R (Global
System for Mobile Communications – Railway) for train-
specific operations.
 FUNCTIONS OF TELEPHONE
EXCHANGES

 Switching
Subscribers are switched according to them
request.
 Signalling
Signalling information is processed for
switching the subscribers
 Controlling
Controls scanning of the subscriber status,
establishment of speech path, metering,
closure of call path and routing to other
exchanges etc.
 BASIC TELEPHONY
Basic Telephony: General

 Sound signals cannot travel much distance in open

space.
 Sound signals are converted to electrical signals.
 Telephony makes use of electrical/radio/light
signals to transmit.
 A simple Microphone converts sound signals to
electrical signals.
 A simple Receiver converts electrical signals to
sound signals.
 A simple telephone consists of a microphone and a
receiver.
 A conventional telephone connected to a
telephone exchange consists of microphone,
receiver, bell and dial pad.
TYPES OF TELEPHONE IN IR

➢Magneto Phone - used for group

communication.
➢Selective Calling Phone- used for group
Communication.
➢Control Phone - used for train
operations.
➢ Portable Control Phone - used for
emergency in
Mid sections.
➢ Auto phone - used for general purpose
with Exchange.
Telephone Exchange Tones

➢ RBT (Ring Back Tone): Indicates called

party is ringing.
➢ (DT) Dial Tone: Indicates the readiness
of the exchange to accept dialing.
➢ BT (Busy Tone): Indicates called party
is busy.
➢NUT (Number Unobtainable Tone):
Indicates an invalid number is dialed.
➢FT (Feature Tone): Indicates a special
feature is invoked.
➢AT (Assurance Tone): Indicates a given
command is accepted.
How 64 kbps evolved for one voice
channel?

➢ As per Nyquist Sampling Theorem f s =

2fh
i.e. Sampling frequency is equal to twice
the highest frequency of the input signal.
➢ Voice band = 0 kHz -- 4 kHz (highest
frequency=4 kHz)
➢ Sampling frequency = 8 kHz = 8000
samples/second
➢ One sample is denoted by 8 bits
Types of Exchange cables

➢ Underground cables: Laid in the

ground Standard sizes: 5 pair, 10 pair, 20
pair, 50 pair, 100 pair Protective layers
like hard PVC, Metal
tape is used.
➢ Indoor cables: Used inside the building.
PVC (Poly Vinyl Chloride) insulation is
used.
➢Standard sizes: 1 pair, 2 pair, 3 pair, 5
pair, 10 pair, 20 pair, 50 pair, 100 pair.
➢ Drop wire: single pair wire used to
extend subscriber line.

Types of Telephone Exchanges

▪ Manual Exchange Operation- is done by
human operators
▪ Automatic Exchange Operations- are
performed by
electric/electronic circuits
▪ Electromechanical Exchange - uses
electrical circuits and
relays.
▪ Electronic Exchange - uses advanced
electronic digital circuits
24
Telephone Exchanges on Indian Railways

1.C-DoT
2. OKI
3. ARIA (ISDN)
4. IRIS (ISDN)
5. Coral Flexicom (ISDN)
6. Siemens (ISDN)
7. NEC (ISDN)
8. Avaya (ISDN)
 STORED PROGRAM CONTROL
(S P C)

➢For every received signal from subscriber

there is an instruction available in the
exchange.
➢And the instructions are given by the
control head to the associated processing
devices.
➢Every process in exchange.
➢When exchange is started first ROM is read
by the processor.
➢SPC takes over the system.
➢After initialization user database is read into
the memory.
➢Scanning of the ports starts and continues.
ge is executed as per the SPC.
SPC Exchange Architecture
Processor
 Is the heart of the SPC exchange.
 All devices function under control of processor.
 Processor gives instructions as per SPC.
 Processor communicates with control section of
the exchange.
Stored Program Control
 Instructions are stored in ROM.
 Instructions contain every detail pertaining to the
working of exchange.
ROM
 Read Only Memory Contains starting information
for the exchange.
 When exchange is started instructions for reading
the SPC/user database is available in ROM.
RAM
 Random Access Memory SPC core program along
with user database is loaded in RAM.
Control Section
 This section receives instructions from processor
and executes accordingly. Receives signalling data
from peripheral section.
 Input data after processing is fed to processor.
Peripheral Section
 Directly connected to users and other exchanges.
 Contains codecs & hybrids.
 Interface between user environment and the
control section.
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION IN EXCHANGES:

➢ Analog communication
From exchange to subscriber, it is analog and
2 wire.
➢ Digital communication
Within the exchange it is digital and 4 wire.
AGC (Auto Gain Control) is employed in
exchange for uniform levels of subscriber
voice.
C-DoT 128P Exchange- Outline:
➢ C-DoT - Center for Development of
Telemetric Constituted in 1984 by
Government of India.
Main Objective: Developing communication
equipment suitable for Indian environment.
Types of Cards in an Exchange
 Control Cards
Which controls the exchange functions
 Peripheral Cards
Which controls user functions. Receive
physical wiring from outside.
 Service Cards
Supports the exchange for extra features.

LCC - Line Circuit Card

Connects subscriber telephone.
TRK - Trunk Card
Connects with other exchanges
TGD - Tone Generation & Diagnostics Card
Generates tones and performs diagnostic
feature.
CNF - Conference Card
Supports conference among subscribers.
RMF - Receive Multi Frequency
Supports tone dialling from subscribers.
WIRING SYSTEM
WIRING IN TELEPHONE
EXCHANGES:
 From Telephone Exchange physical connections
are made with copper cables to the IDF
(intermediate distribution frame).
 This is done by the agency who supplied the
telephone exchange.
 The back panel of the telephone exchange should
not be opened as per the norms.
 High Ah capacity DC potentials exist through the
battery.
 From IDF the connections are extended to MDF
(main distribution frame)
 From MDF connections are extended to the
telephones.
 The standard size of the copper conductor is
0.5mm dia.
 The agency does the wiring up to the incoming
point to the MDF.
 Standard wiring practice rules are followed in
general.

What is standard color code ?

➢ Primary colors
BL – Blue
OG – Orange
GN - Green
BN - Brown
GY - Grey (locally called as
SLATE)
➢ Secondary colors
WT - White
RD – Red
BK - Black
YL - Yellow
VT - Voilet (locally called as
PINK)
 ISDN CONCEPTS & ISDN
EXCHANGE

ISDN- Integrated Services Digital Network

 Is a network with end-to-end digital
connectivity.
 Offers various voice and non-voice
services on a single pair of wires.
CCS#7 - Common Channel Signalling No. 7
 All the data of multiple channels
regarding switching, connections and
management are transmitted on a
single common channel.

ADVANTAGES:
 High Speed Data Transmission
 Quality Communication
 Reliability & Security
 Better use of existing Physical Network
(cables)
 International Standardization
 Simplified Wiring
  BRI - PRI (contd)
 B - Bearer Channel (Basic Channel)
 D - Data Channel (Signaling Channel)
 OH - Overhead Data (Supervisory Data)
OH, information is required to transport user
data in digital communication.
 BRI - Basic Rate Interface
 Consists Two Bearer Channels and one
Data Channel It is denoted as
 2B+D+OH = 2x64 kbps+16 kbps+48 kbps =
192 kbps.
 Line Coding: By using 2B1Q (Two binary &
one quaternary) coding full duplex
communication is achieved.
 PRI - Primary Rate Interface
 Consists Thirty Bearer Channels and one
Data channel It is denoted as
 30B+D+OH=30x64 kbps+64 kbps+64 kbps
= 2.048 Mbps
 PRI supports point to point
communication only.
 CORAL FLEXICOM 6000
EXCHANGE

GENERAL:
 A Telephone Exchange contains three types of
cards.
 Control Cards - Switching Circuitry is built onto
these cards.
 Peripheral Cards - Receive external wiring from
outside.
 Service Cards -Facilitates special services to the
users like CNF.
SUBSCRIBER LINE CARD:
There are two types
 Analog Subscriber Line Card – Supports parallel
connection. Line lengths are generally more.
 Digital Subscriber Line Card - Doesn't support
parallel connection. Text messages can be sent.
Line length is limited 1 km.
 TRUNK CARDS

Analog Trunk Cards are of three

types-
• E&M Trunk - Uses Earth, No Earth signaling.
• TWT (Two Wire Trunk) - Uses loop signaling.
Polarity is to be maintained while connecting trunk
lines.
• CO (Central Office Trunk) - Uses loop signaling. A
defined subscriber port is connected to the CO
line. It is one way trunk circuit.
Coral Flexicom 6000 Exchange:

• Consists of one control shelf located at bottom of

the cabinet.
• Control card is MCP - Main Control Processor
• Switching card is 32GC - Group Controller
Three types of power supply cards
1. CPS - Control power supply for control shelf
2. PPS - Peripheral power supply for peripheral
shelves.
3.RPS - Ringer power supply for ringing voltage
• Peripheral shelves are numbered odd & even.
 CONCLUSION

The telephone exchange system in railways

plays a pivotal role in ensuring seamless
communication and coordination among
various departments, including station
management, control offices, signaling, and
operations teams. Its implementation
enhances operational efficiency, reduces
response times during emergencies, and
ensures the safety of passengers and railway
assets. By integrating modern technologies
like automated call routing, digital exchanges,
and VoIP, railway telephone systems further
streamline communication and facilitate
reliable connectivity across vast networks.
Overall, the system contributes significantly
to the effective functioning of railways,
supporting their mission of delivering safe,
efficient, and timely services.

INTERSHIP REPORT
ON
TELEPHONE EXCHANGES
CONNECTIVITY
UNDER
NORTHEAST FRONTIER
RAILWAY, MALIGAON
GUWAHATI-781012

Course Director-
Kishor Talukdar
(SEEE/TELECOMMUNICATION)
NF RAILWAY CONSTRUCTION
Submitted by-
 Bohni Sikha Dey
Pratyansha Kashyap Baishya
3rd Semester,
Electronic and Communication Department
CENTRAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KOKRAJHAR