Narendra Modi

Narendra Damodardas Modi[a] (born 17 September 1950)[b] is an Indian politician who has served as Prime
Minister of India since 2014. Modi was the chief minister of Gujarat from 2001 to 2014 and is the member
of parliament (MP) for Varanasi. He is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and of the Rashtriya
Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), a right-wing Hindu nationalist paramilitary volunteer organisation. He is the
longest-serving prime minister outside the Indian National Congress.[4]

Modi was born and raised in Vadnagar in northeastern Gujarat, where he completed his secondary
education. He was introduced to the RSS at the age of eight. At the age of 18, he was married to
Jashodaben Modi, whom he abandoned soon after, only publicly acknowledging her four decades later
when legally required to do so. Modi became a full-time worker for the RSS in Gujarat in 1971. The RSS
assigned him to the BJP in 1985 and he rose through the party hierarchy, becoming general secretary in
1998.[c] In 2001, Modi was appointed Chief Minister of Gujarat and elected to the legislative assembly soon
after. His administration is considered complicit in the 2002 Gujarat riots,[d] and has been criticised for its
management of the crisis. According to official records, a little over 1,000 people were killed, three-quarters
of whom were Muslim; independent sources estimated 2,000 deaths, mostly Muslim.[13] A Special
Investigation Team appointed by the Supreme Court of India in 2012 found no evidence to initiate
prosecution proceedings against him.[e] While his policies as chief minister were credited for encouraging
economic growth, his administration was criticised for failing to significantly improve health, poverty and
education indices in the state.[f]

In the 2014 Indian general election, Modi led the BJP to a parliamentary majority, the first for a party since
1984. His administration increased direct foreign investment, and reduced spending on healthcare,
education, and social-welfare programmes. Modi began a high-profile sanitation campaign, controversially
initiated a demonetisation of banknotes and introduced the Goods and Services Tax, and weakened or
abolished environmental and labour laws. Modi's administration launched the 2019 Balakot airstrike against
an alleged terrorist training camp in Pakistan. The airstrike failed,[16][17] but the action had nationalist
appeal.[18] Modi's party won the 2019 general election which followed.[19] In its second term, his
administration revoked the special status of Jammu and Kashmir,[20][21] and introduced the Citizenship
Amendment Act, prompting widespread protests, and spurring the 2020 Delhi riots in which Muslims were
brutalised and killed by Hindu mobs.[22][23][24] Three controversial farm laws led to sit-ins by farmers across
the country, eventually causing their formal repeal. Modi oversaw India's response to the COVID-19
pandemic, during which, according to the World Health Organization's estimates, 4.7 million Indians
died.[25][26] In the 2024 general election, Modi's party lost its majority in the lower house of Parliament and
formed a government leading the National Democratic Alliance coalition.[27][28]

Under Modi's tenure, India has experienced democratic backsliding, or the weakening of democratic
institutions, individual rights, and freedom of expression.[29][30][g] As prime minister, he has received
consistently high approval ratings.[36][37][38] Modi has
been described as engineering a political realignment
Narendra Modi
towards right-wing politics. He remains a controversial
figure domestically and internationally, over his Hindu
nationalist beliefs and handling of the Gujarat riots, which
have been cited as evidence of a majoritarian and
exclusionary social agenda.[h]

Early life and education

Narendra Damodardas Modi was born on 17 September

1950 to a Gujarati Hindu family of Other Backward Class
(OBC) background[45][46] in Vadnagar, Mehsana district,
Bombay State (present-day Gujarat). He was the third of Official portrait, 2023

six children born to Damodardas Mulchand Modi

14th Prime Minister of India
(c. 1915–1989) and Hiraben Modi (1923–2022).[47][b][48]
Incumbent
Modi had infrequently worked as a child in his father's tea
Assumed office
business on the Vadnagar railway station platform,
26 May 2014
according to Modi and his neighbours.[49][50][51]
President Pranab Mukherjee
Modi completed his higher secondary education in Ram Nath Kovind
Vadnagar in 1967; his teachers described him as an Droupadi Murmu
average student and a keen, gifted debater with an
Vice-President Mohammad Hamid
interest in theatre.[52] He preferred playing larger-than-life
Ansari
characters in theatrical productions, which has influenced
Venkaiah Naidu
his political image.[53][54] Jagdeep Dhankhar

When Modi was eight years old, he was introduced to the Preceded by Manmohan Singh
Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and began
attending its local shakhas (training sessions). There, he Additional ministries [show]
met Lakshmanrao Inamdar, who inducted Modi as a
balswayamsevak (junior cadet) in the RSS and became his Leader of the House, Lok Sabha
political mentor.[55] While Modi was training with the RSS, Incumbent
he also met Vasant Gajendragadkar and Nathalal Jaghda,
Assumed office
Bharatiya Jana Sangh leaders who in 1980 helped found
26 May 2014
the BJP's Gujarat unit.[56] As a teenager, he was enrolled
in the National Cadet Corps.[57] Deputy Gopinath Munde
Sushma Swaraj
In a custom traditional to Narendra Modi's caste, his Rajnath Singh
family arranged a betrothal to Jashodaben Chimanlal Nitin Gadkari
Modi, leading to their marriage when she was 17 and he Speaker Sumitra Mahajan
was 18.[58][59] Soon afterwards, he abandoned his wife,[60] Om Birla
and left home. The couple never divorced but the
Preceded by Sushilkumar Shinde
marriage was not in his public pronouncements for many
decades.[59] In April 2014, shortly before the national Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha

election in which he gained power, Modi publicly affirmed Incumbent

he was married and that his spouse was Jashodaben.[61]
Assumed office
A Modi biographer wrote that Modi kept the marriage a 5 June 2014
secret because he would not have been able to become a
Preceded by Murli Manohar Joshi
pracharak in the RSS, for which celibacy had once been a
requirement.[62][63] Constituency Varanasi, Uttar
Pradesh
Modi spent the following two years travelling across
Chief Minister of Gujarat
northern and north-eastern India.[64] In interviews, he has
described visiting Hindu ashrams founded by Swami In office

Vivekananda: the Belur Math near Kolkata, the Advaita 7 October 2001 – 22 May 2014

Ashrama in Almora and the Ramakrishna Mission in Governor Sunder Singh

Rajkot. His stays at each ashram were brief because he Bhandari
lacked the required college education.[65] Vivekananda Kailashpati Mishra
has had a large influence in Modi's life.[66] Balram Jakhar
Nawal Kishore
In mid 1968, Modi reached Belur Math but was turned Sharma
away, after which he visited Calcutta, West Bengal and S. C. Jamir
Assam, stopping in Siliguri and Guwahati. He then went to Kamla Beniwal

the Ramakrishna Ashram in Almora, where he was again

Preceded by Keshubhai Patel
rejected, before returning to Gujarat via Delhi and
Rajasthan in 1968 to 1969. In either late 1969 or early Succeeded by Anandiben Patel

1970, he returned to Vadnagar for a brief visit before Member of Gujarat Legislative Assembly
leaving again for Ahmedabad,[67][68] where he lived with In office
his uncle and worked in his uncle's canteen at Gujarat 15 December 2002 – 16 May 2014
[69]
State Road Transport Corporation.
Preceded by Kamlesh Patel

In Ahmedabad, Modi renewed his acquaintance with

Succeeded by Suresh Patel
Inamdar, who was based at the Hedgewar Bhavan (RSS
headquarters) in the city.[70][71][72] Modi's first-known Constituency Maninagar

political activity as an adult was in 1971 when he joined a In office

Jana Sangh Satyagraha in Delhi led by Atal Bihari 24 February 2002 – 19 July 2002
Vajpayee to enlist to fight in the Bangladesh Liberation
Preceded by Vajubhai Vala
War.[73][74] The Indira Gandhi-led central government
prohibited open support for the Mukti Bahini; according to Succeeded by Vajubhai Vala
[75][76][77]
Modi, he was briefly held in Tihar Jail. After the
Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, Modi left his uncle's Constituency Rajkot II
employment and became a full-time pracharak
General Secretary (Organisation) of the
(campaigner) for the RSS,[78] working under Inamdar.[79] Bharatiya Janata Party
Shortly before the war, Modi took part in a non-violent In office
protest in New Delhi against the Indian government, for 5 January 1998[1] – 7 October 2001
which he was arrested; because of this arrest, Inamdar
Preceded by Kushabhau Thakre
decided to mentor Modi.[79] According to Modi, he was
part of a Satyagraha that led to a political war.[76][i] Succeeded by Sanjay Joshi

In 1978, Modi received a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in Personal details

political science from the School of Open Learning[82] at

Born Narendra
the Delhi University.[62][83] In 1983, he received a Master of Damodardas Modi
Arts (MA) degree in political science from Gujarat 17 September 1950
[84][85]
University, graduating with a first class as an Vadnagar, Bombay
[86] State, India
external distance learning student. There is a
controversy surrounding the authenticity of his BA and (present-day Gujarat)

MA degrees.[87][88][j]
Political party Bharatiya Janata
Party
Early political career
Spouse Jashodaben Modi
(m. 1968; sep. 1971)​
In June 1975, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi declared a [2]
state of emergency in India that lasted until 1977. During
this period, known as "the Emergency", many of her Residence 7, Lok Kalyan Marg,
political opponents were jailed and opposition groups New Delhi

were banned.[92][93] Modi was appointed general secretary

Alma mater Delhi University (BA)
of the "Gujarat Lok Sangharsh Samiti", an RSS committee Gujarat University
coordinating opposition to the Emergency in Gujarat. (MA)
[94]
Shortly afterwards, the RSS was banned. Modi was
Awards List of awards and
forced to go underground in Gujarat and frequently
honours
travelled in disguise to avoid arrest, once dressing as a
monk and once as a Sikh.[95] He became involved in the Signature
printing of pamphlets opposing the government, sending
them to Delhi and organising demonstrations.[96][97] He
Website Personal (http://na
was also involved with creating a network of safe houses
rendramodi.in)
for individuals who were wanted by the government, and
PM India official (ht
in raising funds for political refugees and activists.[98]
tp://pmindia.gov.i
During this period, Modi wrote a Gujarati-language book
n)
titled Sangharsh Ma Gujarat (In the Struggles of Gujarat),
which describes events during the Emergency.[99][100] Narendra Modi's voice

While in this role, Modi met trade unionist and socialist 28:59
activist George Fernandes and several other national Narendra Modi on the COVID-19 pandemic
Recorded 19 March 2020
political figures.[101]

Modi became an RSS sambhag pracharak (regional

organiser) in 1978, overseeing activities in Surat and Vadodara, and in 1979, he went to work for the RSS in
Delhi, where he researched and wrote the RSS's history of the Emergency. Shortly after, he returned to
Gujarat and in 1985, the RSS assigned him to the BJP. In 1987, Modi helped organise the BJP's campaign in
the Ahmedabad municipal election, which the party won comfortably; according to biographers, Modi's
planning was responsible for the win.[102][103] After L. K. Advani became president of the BJP in 1986, the
RSS decided to place its members in important positions within the party; Modi's work during the
Ahmedabad election led to his selection for this role. Modi was elected organising secretary of the BJP's
Gujarat unit later in 1987.[104]

Modi with Atal Bihari Vajpayee in c. 2001

Modi rose within the party and was named a member of its National Election Committee in 1990, helping
organise Advani's Ram Rath Yatra in 1990 and Murli Manohar Joshi's 1991–1992 Ekta Yatra (Journey for
Unity).[52][105][106] Modi took a brief break from politics in 1992 to establish a school in Ahmedabad, and due
to friction with Shankersinh Vaghela, a BJP MP from Gujarat.[106] Modi returned to electoral politics in 1994,
partly at the insistence of Advani; as party secretary, Modi's electoral strategy was considered central to the
BJP victory in the 1995 state assembly election.[107][108] In November of that year, Modi was appointed BJP
national secretary and transferred to New Delhi, where he assumed responsibility for party activities in
Haryana and Himachal Pradesh.[109] The following year, Shankersinh Vaghela, a prominent BJP leader from
Gujarat, defected to the Indian National Congress after losing his parliamentary seat in the Lok Sabha
election.[52] Modi, who was on the selection committee for the 1998 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election,
favoured supporters of BJP leader Keshubhai Patel over those supporting Vaghela to end factional division
in the party. His strategy was credited as central to the BJP winning an overall majority in the 1998
election,[110] and Modi was promoted to BJP general secretary (organisation) in May of that year.[111]
Chief Minister of Gujarat (2001–2014)

Taking office

In 2001, Keshubhai Patel's health was failing, and the BJP lost a few state assembly seats in by-elections.
Allegations of abuse of power, corruption and poor administration were made, and Patel's standing had
been damaged by his administration's handling of the earthquake in Bhuj in 2001.[110][112][113] The BJP
national leadership sought a new candidate for the chief ministership, and Modi, who had expressed
misgivings about Patel's administration, was chosen as a replacement.[52] Advani did not want to ostracise
Patel and was concerned about Modi's lack of experience in government. Modi declined an offer to become
Patel's deputy chief minister, telling Advani and Atal Bihari Vajpayee he was "going to be fully responsible for
Gujarat or not at all". On 3 October 2001, Modi replaced Patel as Chief Minister of Gujarat with the
responsibility of preparing the BJP for the upcoming December 2002 election.[114] On 7 October, Modi was
sworn in[115] and he entered the Gujarat state legislature on 24 February 2002 after winning a by-election in
Rajkot II constituency, defeating Ashwin Mehta of the INC.[116]

2002 Gujarat riots

On 27 February 2002, a train with several hundred passengers burned near Godhra, killing approximately 60
people.[k][119] The train carried a large number of Hindu pilgrims who were returning from Ayodhya after a
religious ceremony at the site of the demolished Babri Masjid.[120][121] In a public statement, Modi said local
Muslims were responsible for the incident.[10][120][122] The next day, the Vishwa Hindu Parishad called for a
bandh (general strike) across the state.[123][124] Riots began during the bandh and anti-Muslim violence
spread through Gujarat.[120][123][124] The government's decision to move the bodies of the train victims from
Godhra to Ahmedabad further inflamed the violence.[120][125] The state government later stated 790 Muslims
and 254 Hindus were killed during the riots;[121] independent sources put the death toll at over
2,000,[120][119][126] the vast majority of them Muslims.[119] Approximately 150,000 people were driven to
refugee camps.[127] Numerous women and children were among the victims; the violence included mass
rapes and mutilation of women.[9][128]

Scholars consider the Government of Gujarat to have been complicit in the riots,[10][129] and it has received
much criticism for its handling of the situation;[130] some scholars explicitly blame Modi.[9][131][132] The Modi
government imposed a curfew in 26 major cities, issued shoot-at-sight orders and called for the army to
patrol the streets; these measures failed to prevent the violence from escalating.[123][124] The president of
the state unit of the BJP expressed support for the bandh despite such actions being illegal at the time.[10]
State officials later prevented riot victims from leaving the refugee camps, which were often unable to meet
the needs of those living there.[133] Muslim victims of the riots were subjected to further discrimination
when the state government announced their compensation would be half that offered to Hindu victims; this
decision was later reversed after the issue was taken to court.[134] During the riots, police officers often did
not intervene in situations where they were able.[9][122][135] Several scholars have described the violence as a
pogrom and others have called it an example of state terrorism.[136][137][138] According to Martha Nussbaum,
"There is by now a broad consensus that the Gujarat violence was a form of ethnic cleansing, that in many
ways it was premeditated, and that it was carried out with the complicity of the state government and
officers of the law".[9]

Modi's personal involvement in the 2002 events has continued to be debated. During the riots, he said,
"What is happening is a chain of action and reaction".[9] Later in 2002, Modi said the way in which he had
handled the media was his only regret regarding the episode.[139] In March 2008, the Supreme Court of India
reopened several cases related to the riots, including that of the Gulbarg Society massacre, and established
a Special Investigation Team (SIT) to look into the issue.[130][140][141] In response to a petition from Zakia
Jafri, the widow of Ehsan Jafri, who was killed in the Gulbarg Society massacre, in April 2009, the court also
asked the SIT to investigate Modi's complicity in the killings.[140] The SIT questioned Modi in March 2010; in
May, it presented to the court a report finding no evidence against him.[140][142] In July 2011, the court-
appointed amicus curiae Raju Ramachandran submitted his final report to the court. Contrary to the SIT's
position, Ramachandran said Modi could be prosecuted based on the available evidence.[143][144] The
Supreme Court sent the matter to the magistrate's court. The SIT examined Ramachandran's report, and in
March 2012 submitted its final report, asking for the case to be closed. Zakia Jafri filed a protest petition in
response. In December 2013, the magistrate's court rejected the protest petition, accepting the SIT's finding
there was no evidence against Modi.[145] In 2022, the Supreme Court dismissed a petition by Zakia Jafri in
which she challenged the clean chit given to Modi in the riots by the SIT, and upheld previous rulings that no
evidence against him was found.[146][147][148]

Later terms as Chief Minister

Following the violence, calls for Modi to resign as chief minister were made from politicians within and
outside the state, including leaders of Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and the Telugu Desam Party—partners
in the BJP-led National Democratic Alliance coalition—and opposition parties stalled Parliament over the
issue.[149] Modi submitted his resignation at the April 2002 BJP national executive meeting in Goa but it was
not accepted.[150] Despite opposition from the election commissioner, who said a number of voters were
still displaced, Modi succeeded in advancing the election to December 2002.[151] In the election, the BJP
won 127 seats in the 182-member assembly.[152] Modi made significant use of anti-Muslim rhetoric during
his campaign,[153][154][155][156] and the BJP profited from religious polarisation among voters.[151] Modi
framed the criticism of his government for human rights violations as an attack upon Gujarati pride,[8][153] a
strategy that led to the BJP winning 127 of the 182[152] seats—a two-thirds majority—in the state
assembly.[8][153] He won Maninagar constituency, defeating Congress candidate Yatin Oza.[157] On 22
December 2002, Modi was sworn in for a second term.[158]

During Modi's second term, the government's rhetoric shifted from Hindutva to Gujarat's economic
development.[112][8][153] He curtailed the influence of Sangh Parivar organisations such as Bharatiya Kisan
Sangh (BKS) and Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP).[159] When the BKS staged a farmers' demonstration, Modi
ordered the BKS's eviction from state-provided houses, and his decision to demolish 200 illegal temples in
Gandhinagar deepened the rift with the VHP.[159][160] Modi retained connections with some Hindu
nationalists. He wrote a foreword to a 2014 textbook by Dinanath Batra, which made the unscientific claim
that ancient India possessed technologies including test-tube babies.[161][162]

Modi's relationship with Muslims continued to attract criticism. Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee
distanced himself, reaching out to North Indian Muslims before the 2004 Indian general election, following
which, Vajpayee called the violence in Gujarat a reason for the BJP's electoral defeat and said it had been a
mistake to leave Modi in office after the riots.[163][164] Western nations also raised questions about Modi's
relationship with Muslims: the US State Department barred him from entering the United States in
accordance with the recommendations of that country's Commission on International Religious
Freedom,[165][166] the only person to be denied a US visa under this law.[165] The UK and the European Union
(EU) refused to admit Modi because of what they saw as his role in the riots. As Modi rose to prominence in
India, the UK[167] and the EU[168] lifted their bans in October 2012 and March 2013, respectively, and after his
election as prime minister in 2014, the US lifted its ban and invited him to Washington, D.C.[169][170]

Modi meeting with then-Prime

Minister of India Manmohan Singh in
2004

During the run-up to the 2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election and the 2009 Indian general election,
the BJP intensified its rhetoric on terrorism.[171] Modi criticised Prime Minister Manmohan Singh "for his
reluctance to revive anti-terror legislation" such as the 2002 Prevention of Terrorism Act.[172] In 2007, Modi
wrote Karmayog, a 101-page booklet discussing manual scavenging. In it, he said scavenging is a "spiritual
experience" for Valmiks, a sub-caste of Dalits.[173][174] The book was not circulated at that time because of
the election code of conduct.[175] After the November 2008 Mumbai attacks, the Gujarat government
authorised the deployment of 30 high-speed boats for coastal surveillance.[176] In July 2007, Modi
completed 2,063 consecutive days as chief minister of Gujarat, making him the longest-serving holder of
that post.[177] The BJP won 122 of 182 state-assembly seats in that year's election.[178]

Despite the BJP's shift away from explicit Hindutva, Modi's campaigns in 2007 and 2012 Gujarat Legislative
Assembly elections contained elements of Hindu nationalism. He attended only Hindu religious ceremonies
and had prominent associations with Hindu religious leaders. During his 2012 campaign, Modi twice
refused to wear skullcap gifted by Muslim leaders.[153] He did, however, maintain relations with Dawoodi
Bohra.[153] Modi's 2012 campaign included references to issues known to cause religious polarisation,
including Afzal Guru and the death of Sohrabuddin Sheikh. The BJP did not nominate any Muslim
candidates for the 2012 assembly election.[153] During the 2012 campaign, Modi attempted to identify
himself with the state of Gujarat, a strategy similar to that used by Indira Gandhi during the Emergency, and
projected himself as protecting Gujarat against persecution by the rest of India.[153] While campaigning for
the 2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election, Modi made extensive use of holograms and other
technologies, allowing him to reach a large number of people,[151] something he repeated in the 2014
general election. Modi won the constituency of Maninagar, defeating Shweta Bhatt of the INC.[179] The BJP
won 115 of the 182 seats, continuing its majority during his tenure.[180] After his election as Prime Minister
of India, Modi resigned as the Gujarat chief minister and as MLA for Maninagar. Anandiben Patel succeeded
Modi as chief minister.[181]

Development projects

The Sardar Sarovar Dam during a

2006 height increase

As chief minister, Modi favoured privatisation and small government, which was at odds with the philosophy
of the RSS, which is usually described as anti-privatisation and anti-globalisation. Modi's policies during his
second term have been credited with reducing corruption in Gujarat. He established financial and
technology parks in the state and during the 2007 Vibrant Gujarat summit, real-estate investment deals
worth ₹6.6 trillion (equivalent to ₹20 trillion or US$230 billion in 2023) were signed.[112]

The governments led by Patel and Modi supported NGOs and communities in the creation of groundwater-
conservation projects. By December 2008, 500,000 structures had been built, of which 113,738 were check
dams, which helped recharge the aquifers beneath them.[182] Sixty of the 112 tehsils which had depleted the
water table in 2004 had regained their normal groundwater levels by 2010.[183] As a result, the state's
production of genetically modified cotton increased to become the largest in India.[182] The boom in cotton
production and its semi-arid land use[184] led to Gujarat's agricultural sector growing at an average rate of
9.6 per cent from 2001 to 2007.[185] Public irrigation measures in central and southern Gujarat, such as the
Sardar Sarovar Dam, were less successful. The Sardar Sarovar project irrigated only 4–6% of the area
intended.[182] In 2008, Modi offered land in Gujarat to Tata Motors to set up a plant manufacturing the Nano
car after popular agitation had forced the company to move out of West Bengal. Following Tata, several
other companies relocated to Gujarat.[186]
The Modi government finished the process of taking electricity to every village in Gujarat its predecessor
had almost completed.[187] Modi significantly changed the state's system of power distribution, greatly
impacting farmers. Gujarat expanded the Jyotigram Yojana scheme, in which agricultural electricity was
separated from other rural electricity; the agricultural electricity was rationed to fit scheduled irrigation
demands, reducing its cost. Early protests by farmers ended when those who benefitted found their
electricity supply had stabilised[182] but, according to an assessment study, corporations and large farmers
benefited from the policy at the expense of small farmers and labourers.[188]

Development debate

Modi addressing graduates of

the Gujarat National Law
University in 2012

A contentious debate surrounds the assessment of Gujarat's economic development during Modi's tenure
as chief minister.[189] The state's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate averaged 10% during his
tenure, a rate similar to those of other highly industrialised states, and above that of India as a whole.[186]
Gujarat also had a high rate of economic growth in the 1990s, before Modi took office; some scholars have
stated growth did not much accelerate during his tenure.[190] Under Modi, Gujarat topped the World Bank's
"ease of doing business" rankings among Indian states for two consecutive years.[191] In 2013, a report
measuring governance, growth, citizens' rights, and labour and business regulation among the country's 20
largest states, ranked Gujarat first among Indian states for "economic freedom".[186][192] In the later years of
Modi's government, Gujarat's economic growth was frequently used as an argument to counter allegations
of communalism.[8] Tax breaks and land for businesses were easier to obtain in Gujarat than in other states.
Modi's policies of making Gujarat attractive for investment included the creation of Special Economic Zones
in which labour laws were greatly weakened.[153]

Despite its growth rate, Gujarat had a relatively poor record on human development, poverty relief, nutrition
and education during Modi's tenure. In 2013, Gujarat ranked 13th in India with respect to rates of poverty,
and 21st in education. Nearly 45 per cent of children under five were underweight and 23 per cent were
undernourished, putting the state in the "alarming" category on the India State Hunger Index.[193][194] A study
by UNICEF and the Indian government found Gujarat under Modi had a poor record in immunisation of
children.[195]

From 2001 to 2011, Gujarat did not change its position relative to the rest of the country with respect to
poverty and female literacy, remaining near the median of the 29 Indian states.[134] It showed a marginal
improvement in rates of infant mortality and its position with respect to individual consumption
declined.[134] The quality of education in government schools in Gujarat ranked below that of many Indian
states.[134] The state government's social policies generally did not benefit Muslims, Dalits and Adivasis, and
generally increased social inequalities.[134] Development in Gujarat was generally limited to the urban middle
class, and citizens in rural areas and those from lower castes were increasingly marginalised. In 2013, the
state ranked 10th of 21 Indian states in the Human Development Index.[12] Under Modi, the state
government spent less than the national average on education and healthcare.[134]

Allegations of bribery

During its raids in 2013 and 2014, the CBI seized some diaries from two big Indian companies, Sahara
Group and Aditya Birla Group. These diaries contained references of alleged payments made to leaders
belonging to as many as 18 political parties including BJP, Congress, JDU, BJD etc.[196][197] Among these
were some entries mentioning "Gujarat CM" and "Ahmadabad Modiji".[198][199][197] Citing these entries, on 21
December 2016, the opposition leader Rahul Gandhi alleged that Modi received cash bribes worth ₹65 crore
(US$7.6 million) from Sahara Group and Aditya Birla Group when he was the Chief Minister of
Gujarat.[200][201] In November 2016, advocate Prashant Bhushan had filed a plea in the Supreme Court of
India asking for investigation of the alleged bribe payments made to some senior public servants including
Modi.[202][203] A Supreme Court bench headed by Justice Arun Kumar Mishra dismissed the plea in January
2017 stating that the evidence provided was insufficient.[204][205] Later on, Justice Mishra was criticised by a
section of advocates and activists for siding with the Modi government in multiple judgements during his
tenure at the Supreme Court.[206][207] The Wire questioned the manner in which the Supreme Court buried
the Sahara-Birla diaries' investigation.[208]
Premiership campaigns

2014 Indian general election

Narendra Modi hands over his

resignation as Maninagar MLA to the
Speaker of the Gujarat Vidhan Sabha.

In September 2013, Modi was named the BJP's candidate

External videos
for prime minister ahead of the 2014 Lok Sabha
election.[209][210] Several BJP leaders,[211] including BJP BJP announces Shri Narendra Modi as its
founding member L. K. Advani who cited concern with Prime Ministerial candidate for Loksabha
leaders who were "concerned with their personal Elections. (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v

agendas", expressed opposition to Modi's =wgeKLJuJMp8) Bharatiya Janata Party on

YouTube, 13 September 2013
candidature.[212] Modi played a dominant role in the BJP's
2009 general election campaign.[213][214] Several people
who voted for the BJP stated they would have voted for another party if Modi had not been the prime-
ministerial candidate.[209][215][216] The focus on Modi as an individual was unusual for a BJP election
campaign.[211][217] The election was described as a referendum on Narendra Modi.[189]

Modi meets his mother after winning

the 2014 Indian general election

During the campaign, Modi focused on corruption scandals under the previous Congress government, and
played on his image as a politician who had created a high rate of GDP growth in Gujarat.[211] He projected
himself as a person who could bring about "development" without focusing on specific policies.[211] His
message found support among young and middle-class people. The BJP under Modi was able to downplay
concerns about the protection of religious minorities and Modi's commitment to secularism, areas in which
he had previously received criticism.[214] Prior to the election, Modi's media image had centred around his
role in the 2002 Gujarat riots but during the campaign, the BJP focused on Modi's neoliberal ideology and
the Gujarat model of development.[214] The BJP sought to identify itself with political leaders who publicly
opposed Hindu nationalism, including B. R. Ambedkar, Subhas Chandra Bose and Ram Manohar Lohia.[162]
Hindutva remained a part of the campaign; BJP leaders used Hindutva-based rhetoric in several
states.[218][211][215][41] Communal tensions were played upon, especially in Uttar Pradesh and Northeast
India.[218] A proposal for the controversial Uniform Civil Code was a part of the BJP's election manifesto.[41]
The BJP's campaign was assisted by its wide influence in the media.[194] Modi's campaign blitz cost around
₹50 billion (US$590 million)[189] and the BJP received extensive financial support from corporate donors.[219]
In addition to more-conventional campaign methods, Modi made extensive use of social media[189][211] and
addressed more than 1,000 rallies via hologram appearances.[41]

The BJP won 31 per cent of the vote,[40] and more-than-doubled its number of seats in the Lok Sabha to 282,
becoming the first party to win a majority of seats on its own since 1984.[214][215] Voter dissatisfaction with
the Congress and with regional parties in North India, and support from the RSS were reasons for the BJP's
success.[215][211] In states such as Uttar Pradesh, where the BJP performed well, it drew exceptionally high
support from upper-caste Hindus, and its Muslim vote increased to 10 per cent. The BJP performed
particularly well in parts of the country that had recently experienced violence between Hindus and
Muslims.[215] The magnitude of the BJP's victory led many commentators to say the election constituted a
political realignment away from progressive parties towards the right-wing.[41][189][215][220][221] Modi's tweet
announcing his victory was described as being emblematic of the political realignment away from a secular,
socialist state towards capitalism and Hindu cultural nationalism.[222]

Modi was a candidate for the Lok Sabha constituencies Varanasi and Vadodara.[223] He won in both
constituencies, defeating Aam Aadmi Party leader Arvind Kejriwal in Varanasi by 371,784 votes and
Madhusudan Mistry of the Congress in Vadodara by 570,128 votes.[224] India's president appointed Modi,
who was unanimously elected leader of the BJP, Prime Minister of India.[225][226] To comply with the law
prohibiting MPs from representing more than one constituency, he vacated the Vadodara seat.[227]

2019 Indian general election

On 13 October 2018, Modi was named the BJP candidate External videos
for prime minister in the 2019 general election.[228] The
BJP's chief campaigner was its president Amit Shah. BJP announced manifesto and Shri
Narendra Modi as prime minister candidate. (h
Modi launched the party's Main Bhi Chowkidar ("I too am a
ttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QoORekBf6
watchman") campaign ahead of the general election,
pE) Bharatiya Janata Party on YouTube, 8
against the INC's campaign slogan Chowkidar Chor Hai
April 2019.
("The watchman is a thief").[229] In 2018, the Telugu
Desam Party split from the NDA over the campaign for
special status for Andhra Pradesh.[230]
Amit Shah launched the BJP's election campaign on 8 April 2019. In the campaign, the opposition targeted
Modi on allegations of corruption over the Rafale deal with the Government of France, highlighting the
controversy surrounding the deal.[231] Modi's campaign focused on defence and national security, especially
after the Pulwama attack and the retaliatory Balakot airstrike, which was counted as an achievement of his
administration.[19][232] Other topics in the campaign were development and good foreign relations in the first
premiership.[233]

Modi contested the Lok Sabha election as a candidate for Varanasi; he won the seat by a margin of 479,505
votes, defeating Shalini Yadav of the Samajwadi Party (SP), who stood as a candidate for the SP-BSP
alliance.[234][235] Modi was unanimously appointed prime minister for a second time by the National
Democratic Alliance[236] after the alliance won the election for the second time with 353 seats in the Lok
Sabha; the BJP alone won 303 seats.[237][238]

2024 Indian general election

Modi in an election campaign rally in

Madhya Pradesh for the 2024 general
election

In November 2023, Modi was named the BJP candidate for prime minister in the 2024 general election.[239]
The BJP's chief campaigner was its home minister Amit Shah and President J. P. Nadda.[240] Modi launched
the party's "Modi Ki Guarantee" ("Modi's assurance")[241] campaign ahead of the general election, against the
INC's guarantees campaigns, that led to the party's enormous victories in the assembly elections of
Karnataka and Telangana.[242]

Modi contested the Lok Sabha election as a candidate for Varanasi for the third consecutive time; he won
the seat by a margin of 152,513 votes, defeating Ajay Rai of the Indian National Congress (INC), who
contested as a candidate for the SP-INC alliance. His victory margin was the second lowest ever (in
percentage points) for a sitting Prime Minister in India.[243][244] The National Democratic Alliance secured a
total of 292 seats, 20 seats ahead of simple majority, and the BJP solely winning 240 seats.[245] Modi
thanked the voters for reposing faith in his government for the 3rd consecutive time.[246]
Prime Minister (2014–present)

Modi taking the oath of office as the

Prime Minister of India, with President
Pranab Mukherjee administering the
oath

Modi taking the oath of office as the

Prime Minister of India for the second
time, with President Ram Nath Kovind
administering the oath

Modi taking the oath of office as the

Prime Minister of India for the third
time, with President Droupadi Murmu
administering the oath

After the Bharatiya Janata Party-led National Democratic Alliance (NDA) won a landslide in the 2014 Lok
Sabha election, Modi was sworn in as Prime Minister of India on 26 May 2014, becoming the first Indian PM
to be born after the country's independence from the British Empire in 1947.[247] Modi's second term as PM
began in 2019 following the NDA's 2019 Lok Sabha election win. On 6 December 2020, he became the
fourth-longest-serving Prime Minister of India and the longest-serving non-Congress prime minister.[248]
Governance and other initiatives

Modi addressing the Nation on the

occasion of 74th Independence Day
from the ramparts of Red Fort, in
Delhi on 15 August 2020.

Modi's first year as PM saw significant centralisation of power.[162][249] Modi, who initially lacked a majority
in the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of Indian Parliament, passed a number of ordinances to enact his
policies, leading to further centralisation of power.[250] His administration enacted a bill to increase its
control over the appointment of judges and reducing that of the judiciary.[40] In December 2014, he
abolished the Planning Commission, replacing it with the National Institution for Transforming India (NITI
Aayog),[251][252] concentrating the power previously with the planning commission in the person of the
PM.[250][253][254] The Planning Commission had in previous years been criticised for creating inefficiency in
the government and of not fulfilling its role of improving social welfare but since the economic liberalisation
of the 1990s, it had been the major government body responsible for measures related to social
justice.[252][255] In its first year of administration, the Modi government launched investigations through the
Intelligence Bureau into numerous civil society organisations and foreign non-governmental organisations
(NGOs) on the grounds these organisations were slowing economic growth. The investigations were
criticised as a witch hunt. International humanitarian aid organisation Medecins Sans Frontieres, and
environmental nonprofit organisation Sierra Club and Avaaz were among the groups that were
investigated.[162][253] Cases of sedition and terrorism laws were filed against individuals who criticised the
government.[162][256] This led to discontent within the BJP about his style of functioning and drew
comparisons to the governing style of Indira Gandhi.[162][250]

Modi repealed 1,200 obsolete laws in first three years as prime minister; 1,301 such laws had been repealed
by previous governments in the previous 64 years.[257][258][259] Modi launched the Digital India programme
with the goal of ensuring government services are available electronically, build infrastructure to provide
high-speed Internet access to rural areas, boost manufacturing of electronic goods in the country, and
promote digital literacy.[260][261]

In 2019, a law to reserve 10 per cent of educational admission and government jobs for economically
disadvantaged individuals was passed.[262][263] In 2016, Modi's administration launched the Ujjwala scheme
to provide free liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) connections to rural households. The scheme led to an
additional 24% of Indian households having access to LPG in 2019 as compared to 2014.[264] In 2022, the
government eliminated LPG subsidies for all citizens except those covered by the Ujjwala program.[265]

In 2023, the Modi administration issued a notification constituting a high-level committee on One Nation,
One Election, a proposal aimed to synchronise all elections in the country either on a single day or within a
specific time frame.[266] In September 2024, the bill for One Nation, One Election was approved by the Modi
Cabinet.[267][268][269]

Since May 2023, ethnic tensions between some groups have resulted in violent clashes in Manipur. After 1
month of the violence, nearly 100 were killed and more than 36,000 people were displaced.[270] Modi has
been criticised for his lack of reaction towards the violence.[271]

Hindutva

Modi at Sri Venkateswara Swamy

Temple, Tirumala

The activities of a number of Hindu nationalist organisations increased in scope after Modi's appointment
as prime minister, sometimes with the government's support.[272][273] These activities included a Hindu
religious conversion programme, a campaign against the supposed Islamic practice of "Love Jihad" (an
Islamophobic[279] conspiracy theory)[274]: 226–227 [280]: 1–2 [281] and attempts to celebrate Nathuram Godse, the
assassin of Mahatma Gandhi, by members of the right-wing organisation Hindu Mahasabha.[282][283]
Government officials, including the Home Minister, defended the conversion programmes.[218]

Links between the BJP and the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) grew stronger under Modi. The RSS
provided organisational support to the BJP's electoral campaigns while the Modi administration appointed
RSS-affiliated individuals to prominent government positions.[284] In 2014, Yellapragada Sudershan Rao, who
had previously been associated with the RSS, became the chairperson of the Indian Council of Historical
Research (ICHR).[41] Historians and former members of the ICHR, including those sympathetic to the BJP,
questioned Rao's credentials as a historian and stated the appointment was part of an agenda of cultural
nationalism.[41][285][286] During its first term, the Modi administration appointed other RSS members to lead
universities and research institutions, and recruitment of faculty members favouring the RSS increased.
According to scholars Nandini Sundar and Kiran Bhatty, many of these appointees did not possess the
qualifications for their positions.[287] The Modi administration also made numerous changes in government-
approved history textbooks that de-emphasised the role of Jawaharlal Nehru and glorified that of Modi
while also portraying Indian society as harmonious, and without conflict and inequity.[287][288]

In 2019, the Modi administration passed a citizenship law that provides a route to Indian citizenship for
persecuted religious minorities from Afghanistan, Bangladesh and Pakistan who are Hindus, Sikhs,
Buddhists, Jains, Parsis or Christians,[289][290] but does not grant eligibility to Muslims.[291][292][293] This was
first time religion had been overtly used as a criterion for citizenship under Indian law; it attracted global
criticism and prompted widespread protests that were halted by the COVID-19 pandemic.[287][293][294]
Counter-demonstrations against the protests developed into the 2020 Delhi riots, caused chiefly by Hindu
mobs attacking Muslims.[295][296] Fifty-three people were killed in the protests, two-thirds of whom were
Muslim.[297][298][299][300][301] On 5 August 2020, Modi visited Ayodhya after the Supreme Court in 2019
ordered contested land in Ayodhya to be handed to a trust to build a Hindu temple and ordered the
government to give alternative 5 acres (2.0 ha) of land to the Sunni Waqf Board for the purpose of building a
mosque.[302] Modi became the first PM to visit temples at Ram Janmabhoomi and Hanuman Garhi.[303]

Soon after Modi returned to power in 2019, he took three actions the RSS had long called for.[287] The
practice of Triple Talaq was made illegal and became a punishable act from 1 August 2019.[304][305][306] The
administration repealed Article 370 of the Indian constitution that granted autonomy to Jammu and
Kashmir, and also abrogated its statehood, reorganising it into the union territories Jammu and Kashmir,
and Ladakh.[287][307] The region was placed under a lockdown and internet services were suspended and
were not completely restored until February 2021.[308] Thousands of people, including hundreds of political
leaders, were detained.[309][310][311][312] The Supreme Court of India did not hear constitutional challenges to
the reorganisation or the Citizenship Amendment Act. According to Bhatty and Sundar, this is an example of
the subversion of the Supreme Court and other major institutions, which were filled with appointees
favouring the BJP.[287]

During his campaign for 2024 Indian general election, Modi referred to Muslims as infiltrators with many
children who would take India's wealth, if his political opponents gained power.[313][314] In a later interview,
Modi said that regardless of the social class, there are more children in neighbourhoods plagued by poverty.
He said he made no mention of Muslim or Hindu in his campaign speech.[315][316] However, factcheckers
have refuted this claim of Modi and found numerous instances across his election campaign where he
communally targeted the Muslims.[317][318]
Economy

BRICS leaders in 2019. Left to right: Xi

(China), Putin (Russia), Bolsonaro
(Brazil), Modi and Ramaphosa (South
Africa)

The Modi government's economic policies focused on privatisation and liberalisation of the economy, and
were based on a neoliberal framework.[253][319] Modi liberalised India's foreign direct investment policies,
allowing more foreign investment in several industries, including defence and railways.[253][320][321] Other
proposed reforms included making the forming of unions more difficult for workers, and making recruitment
and dismissal easier for employers;[319] some of these proposals were abandoned after protests.[322] The
reforms drew strong opposition from unions: on 2 September 2015, eleven of the country's largest unions—
including one affiliated with the BJP—struck.[319] The Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh (Indian Workers Union), a
constituent of the Sangh Parivar (Family of the RSS), stated the underlying motivation of labour reforms
favoured corporations over labourers.[253]

The funds dedicated to poverty-reduction programmes and social welfare measures were greatly reduced
by Modi's administration.[162] The money spent on social programmes declined from 14.6 per cent of GDP
during the previous Congress government to 12.6 per cent during Modi's first year in office, and spending on
health and family welfare declined by 15 per cent.[253] The government lowered corporate taxes, abolished
the wealth tax, increased sales taxes, and reduced customs duties on gold and jewellery.[253] In October
2014, the Modi government deregulated diesel prices.[323] During Modi's first term, his government reduced
spending on education as share of the budget: over five years, education spending dropped from 0.7 per
cent of GDP to 0.5 per cent.[324][325][326] The percentage of the budget spent on children's nutrition,
education, health, and associated programmes was almost halved between 2014 and 2022.[327] Capital
expenditure on transport infrastructure significantly rose, increasing from less than 0.4 per cent of GDP in
2014 to 1.7 per cent in 2023.[328]

In September 2014, Modi introduced the Make in India initiative to encourage foreign companies to
manufacture products in India with the goal of turning the country into a global manufacturing hub.[253][329]
Supporters of economic liberalisation supported the initiative but critics said it would allow foreign
corporations to capture a greater share of the Indian market.[253] Modi's administration passed a land-
reform bill that allowed it to acquire private agricultural land without conducting a social impact
assessment, and without the consent of the farmers who owned it.[330] The bill was passed via an executive
order after it faced opposition in Parliament but was eventually allowed to lapse.[250] Modi's government
passed the Goods and Services Tax, the biggest tax reform in the country since independence, subsuming
around 17 taxes and became effective on 1 July 2017.[331]

Modi at the launch of the Make in

India program

In his first cabinet decision, Modi set up a team to investigate black money.[332] On 9 November 2016, the
government demonetised ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes with the intention of curbing corruption, black money,
terrorism and the use of counterfeit currency.[333] The move led to severe cash shortages,[334][335][336] and a
steep decline in the Indian stock indices BSE SENSEX and NIFTY 50,[337] and sparked widespread protests
throughout the country.[338] It is estimated 1.5 million jobs were lost and that one per cent of the country's
GDP was wiped out.[339] Several deaths were linked to the rush to exchange cash.[340][341] In the subsequent
year, the number of income tax returns filed for individuals rose by 25 per cent and the number of digital
transactions steeply increased.[342][343]

Modi's administration has observed a decline in GDP growth and increasing joblessness compared to the
previous administration under Manmohan Singh.[344] During the first eight years of Modi's premiership,
India's GDP grew at an average rate of 5.5% per cent compared tho the rate of 7.03 per cent under the
previous government.[345] Income inequality increased.[346] An internal government report said in 2017,
unemployment increased to its highest level in 45 years. The loss of jobs was attributed to the 2016
banknote demonetisation, and the effects of the Goods and Services Tax.[347][348] GDP growth was 6.12 per
cent in the 2018–19 financial year, with an inflation rate of 3.4 per cent.[349] In the year 2019–20, the GDP
growth rate slowed to 4.18 per cent, while inflation increased to 4.7 per cent.[350] The Indian economy
shrunk by 6.6 per cent during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020–21, and was estimated to grow at 8.2 per
cent the following financial year.[351]

Health and sanitation

In his first year as prime minister, Modi reduced the central government's healthcare spending.[195] In
January 2015, the Modi government launched its New Health Policy (NHP), which did not increase the
government's spending on healthcare but emphasised the role of private healthcare organisations. This
represented a shift away from the policy of the previous Congress government, which had supported
programmes to assist public health goals, including a reduction in child and maternal mortality rates.[352]
The National Health Mission, which included public health programmes targeted at these indices, received
nearly 20 per cent less funding[353][354] in 2015 than in the previous year. The Modi administration reduced
the healthcare budget by a further 15% in its second year.[355] The healthcare budget for the following year
rose by 19%; private insurance providers positively viewed the budget but public health experts criticised its
emphasis on the role of private healthcare providers and said it represented a shift away from public health
facilities.[356] The healthcare budget rose by 11.5% in 2018; the change included an allocation of ₹20 billion
(US$230 million) for a government-funded health insurance program and a decrease in the budget of the
National Health Mission.[357]

Modi discussing the COVID-19

pandemic with Chief Ministers via
videoconferencing in June 2020

Modi emphasised his government's efforts at sanitation as a means of ensuring good health.[352] On 2
October 2014, Modi launched the Swachh Bharat Mission ("Clean India") campaign. The campaign's stated
goals included the elimination of open defecation and manual scavenging within five years.[358][359] As part
of the programme, the Indian government began constructing millions of toilets in rural areas and
encouraging people to use them.[360][361][362] The government also announced plans to build new sewage
treatment plants,[363] and planned to construct 60 million toilets by 2019. The construction projects faced
allegations of corruption and severe difficulty in getting people to use the newly constructed
toilets.[359][360][361] Sanitation cover in India increased from 38.7% in October 2014 to 84.1% in May 2018 but
use of the new sanitary facilities was lower than the government's targets.[364] In 2018, the World Health
Organization (WHO) stated at least 180,000 diarrhoeal deaths in rural India were averted after the launch of
the sanitation effort.[365]

In March 2020, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Modi administration invoked the Epidemic
Diseases Act, 1897 and Disaster Management Act, 2005.[366][367] The same month, all commercial domestic
and international flights were suspended.[368] Modi announced a 14-hour curfew on 22 March,[369] and
followed with a three-week "total lockdown" two days later.[370][371] Restrictions were gradually lifted
beginning in April, and were completely revoked in November 2020.[368][372][373] A second wave of the
pandemic that began in March 2021 was significantly more devastating than the first; some parts of India
experienced shortages of vaccines, hospital beds, oxygen cylinders and other medical supplies.[374] In late
April India reported over 400,000 cases in a 24-hour period, the first country to do so.[375] India began its
vaccination programme in January 2021;[376][377] in January 2022, India announced it had administered
about 1.7 billion doses of vaccines and that more than 720 million people were fully vaccinated.[378] In May
2022, the WHO estimated 4.7 million people had died of COVID-19 in India, mostly during the second wave
in mid 2021—almost 10 times the Indian government's estimate. The Modi administration rejected the
WHO's estimate.[25][26]
Foreign policy

Modi with U.S. President Donald

Trump at Namaste Trump rally in
Ahmedabad, India

Foreign policy played a small role in Modi's election campaign and did not feature prominently in the BJP's
election manifesto.[379] Modi's foreign policy, similarly to that of the preceding Congress government,
focused on improving economic ties, security and regional relations.[379] Modi continued Manmohan Singh's
policy of "multi-alignment".[379] The Modi administration tried to attract foreign investment in the Indian
economy from several sources, especially East Asia, with the use of slogans such as "Make in India" and
"Digital India". The government also tried to improve relations with Islamic nations in the Middle East, such
as Bahrain, Iran, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, as well as with Israel.[l]

Modi meeting Myanmar's leader Aung

San Suu Kyi in New Delhi in January
2018

India's relationship with the United States improved after Narendra Modi became PM.[381] During the run-up
to the general election, there was wide-ranging scepticism about future of the strategic bilateral relationship
under Modi's premiership; in 2005, while Chief Minister of Gujarat, Modi was denied a US visa during the
presidency of George W. Bush for his poor human-rights record.[165][166] Sensing Modi's victory well before
the election, US Ambassador to India Nancy Powell contacted Modi as part of greater rapprochement from
the West. Following Modi's 2014 appointment as India's PM, President Obama congratulated him over the
telephone and invited Modi to visit the US.[382] The Modi government enjoyed a positive relationship with the
US during the presidencies of Barack Obama and his successor Donald Trump.[383][384]
 Modi and Russian President Vladimir
Putin in Moscow, Russia, 9 July 2024

During the first few months after his appointment as PM, Modi visited a number of countries in support of
his policy, and attended the BRICS, ASEAN and G20 summits.[379] One of Modi's first visits as PM was to
Nepal, during which he promised one billion US dollars in aid.[385] Modi also made several visits to the
US;[386] this was described as an unexpected development because of the US's earlier denial of a US travel
visa to Modi over his role in the 2002 Gujarat riots. The visits were expected to strengthen diplomatic and
trade relations between the two countries.[386]

In 2015, the Indian parliament ratified a land-exchange deal with Bangladesh in the India–Bangladesh
enclaves, which the government of Manmohan Singh had initiated.[250] Modi's administration brought
renewed attention to India's "Look East Policy", which was instituted in 1991. The policy, which was renamed
the "Act East Policy", involved directing Indian foreign policy towards East Asia and Southeast Asia.[387] The
government signed agreements to improve land connectivity with Myanmar through the Indian state of
Manipur; this represented a break with India's historic engagement with Myanmar, which prioritised border
security over trade.[387] China–India relations rapidly deteriorated following the 2020 China–India
skirmishes.[388] Modi pledged aid of $900 million to Afghanistan, which he visited twice and was honoured
with Afghanistan's highest civilian honour in 2016.[389][390] In September 2022, Modi appeared to have
developed a strong personal relationship with Russia's President Vladimir Putin.[391][392][393]

G20 Presidency

India hosted the 2023 G20 New Delhi summit, during which the African Union joined the G20 as a
permanent member.[394] In an interview on 26 August 2023, Prime Minister Modi expressed optimism about
the G20 countries' evolving agenda under India's presidency, shifting toward a human-centric development
approach that aligns with the concerns of the Global South, including addressing climate change, debt
restructuring through the G20's Common Framework for Debt, and a strategy for regulation of global
cryptocurrencies.[395][396][397] Modi's governement faced scrutiny in the lead-up to the G20 meeting as
multiple news sources reported that Indian authorities demolished slum neighbourhoods in New Delhi,
displacing marginalised residents.[398][399][400]
Defence

Benjamin Netanyahu, the Prime

Minister of Israel, and Modi visiting
the Technology Exhibition, at Tel Aviv,
Israel in 2017

India's nominal military spending steadily increased under Modi.[401] During Modi's tenure, the military
budget declined, both as a fraction of GDP and when adjusted for inflation.[402][403] A substantial portion of
the military budget was devoted to personnel costs commentators wrote the budget was constraining
Indian military modernisation.[402][404][403]

Under Modi, India launched military modernisation initiative aimed at strengthening defence preparedness
and streamlining defence acquisition.[405] Modi launched new policies under the "Aatmanirbhar Bharat"
campaign, promoting indigenous defence manufacturing with policies to procure key weapon systems
domestically. The government has implemented several of the recommendations from the Shekatkar
Committee to streamline defence procurement and rationalise spending. Efforts have been made to
establish Integrated Theatre Commands (ITCs) to enhance jointness among the services, although
challenges persist in their full operationalisation.[406]

Modi promised to be "tough on Pakistan" during his election campaign and repeatedly called Pakistan an
exporter of terrorism.[407][408][409] On 29 September 2016, the Modi administration said Indian Army had
conducted a surgical strike on terror launch pads in Azad Kashmir; the Indian media said up to 50 terrorists
and Pakistani soldiers had been killed in the strike.[410][411][412] Independent analysts said India's statement
about the scope of the strike and the number of casualties had been exaggerated.[413][414][415][416] Pakistan
denied any surgical strikes to have taken place.[417] In February 2019, India carried out airstrikes against a
supposed terrorist camp in Pakistan; open source satellite imagery suggested no targets of significance
were hit.[418][419] Further military skirmishes, including cross-border shelling and the loss of an Indian
aircraft, occurred.[420][421][422] Eight months after the incident, the Modi administration admitted that six
Indian military personnel had been killed by friendly fire.[423]
 PM Modi along with Quad leaders in
Washington

In May 2020, Chinese and Indian troops engaged in aggressive skirmishes along the Sino-Indian border,
including near the disputed Pangong Lake, Ladakh, and the Tibet Autonomous Region and near the border
between Sikkim and the Tibet Autonomous Region. Additional clashes took place in eastern Ladakh along
the Line of Actual Control (LAC).[424] In 2020, skirmishes between the nations led to many border clashes,
responses and reactions from both sides.[425] A series of talks between India and China were held, using
military and diplomatic means for peace.[426] The first border clash reported in 2021 was on 20 January; this
was referred to as a minor border clash in Sikkim.[427] Modi has been criticised for maintaining silence over
ceding about 2,000 sq km land to China since June 2020.[428][429][430]

In December 2021, Modi signed an agreement with Russian President Vladimir Putin to extend military
technical cooperation.[431] The Modi government bought the S-400 missile system, an anti-missile striking
system, strengthening the relationship between the two nations.[432] India refused to condemn the 2022
Russian invasion of Ukraine and stayed neutral.[431][433] The Indian government's Operation Ganga initiative
sought to return Indians stranded in Ukraine during the war. More than 19,000 Indian nationals were
evacuated,[434][435] including some from neighbouring countries.[436]

Environment

Modi (right) at CoP21 Climate Conference,

in Paris, announcing the founding of an
International Solar Alliance (ISA).
November 2015.

While naming his cabinet, Modi renamed the Ministry of Environment and Forests the "Ministry of
Environment, Forests, and Climate Change", and reduced its budget allocation by more than half in his
administration's first budget.[437] The new ministry removed or diluted a number of laws related to
environmental protection, and others related to industrial activity.[253] The government also tried to
reconstitute the National Board for Wildlife so it would no longer have representatives from NGOs but the
Supreme Court of India blocked this move.[438] Other changes included a reduction of ministry oversight on
small mining projects and ending the requirement for approval from tribal councils for projects inside
forested areas. Modi also lifted a moratorium on new industrial activity in India's most-polluted areas.[438]
The changes were welcomed by businesspeople but criticised by environmentalists.[439]

Modi visiting the Bandipur and

Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, in
Karnataka in 2023

Speaking with Assamese students in 2014, Modi downplayed climate change, saying, "Climate has not
changed. We have changed. Our habits have changed. Our habits have got spoiled. Due to that, we have
destroyed our entire environment."[440] Later in his administration, however, he has called for climate
action,[441][442] especially with the proliferation of clean energy.[443][444] In 2015, Modi proposed the
International Solar Alliance initiative to encourage investment in solar energy.[445] Holding developed
countries responsible,[446] Modi and his government have said India has had a negligible historical role in
climate change. At the COP26 conference, Modi announced India would target carbon neutrality by 2070
and expand its renewable energy capacity.[447] Indian environmentalists and economists applauded the
decision, describing it as bold climate action.[448] India has become the only major economy to be on track
to meet its Paris Agreement goals.[449] It has achieved 10 per cent of ethanol blending five months ahead of
schedule.[450]

Democratic backsliding

Under Modi's tenure, India has experienced democratic backsliding.[g] According to one study, "The BJP
government incrementally but systemically attacked nearly all existing mechanisms that are in place to hold
the political executive to account, either by ensuring that these mechanisms became subservient to the
political executive or were captured by party loyalists".[32][451] The Modi government has used state power to
intimidate and stifle critics in the media and academia, undermining freedom of expression and alternative
sources of information.[452][33] His administration has been criticised for using a democratic mandate to
undermine democratic processes, including focusing on Hindu-nationalist priorities rather than economic
development. Modi's second term as PM, in particular, saw the erosion of civil rights and press freedom.[453]
Public perception and image

Modi at Yoga Day celebrations in New

Delhi, 21 June 2015

Narendra Modi has received consistently high approval ratings during his premiership.[36]

Image

Modi is a vegetarian and teetotaller,[454][455] who has a frugal lifestyle, and is a workaholic and has been
described as an introvert.[456] On 31 August 2012, he posted on Google Hangouts, becoming the first Indian
politician to interact with citizens on a live chat.[457][458] Modi has been called a fashion icon for his
signature crisply ironed, half-sleeved kurta, and for a suit with his name repeatedly embroidered in the
pinstripes, which he wore during a state visit by US President Barack Obama, which drew public and media
attention, and criticism.[459][460][461] Scholars and biographers have described Modi's personality as
energetic, eccentric, arrogant and charismatic.[40][462]

The nomination of Modi for the prime-ministership drew attention to his reputation as "one of contemporary
India's most controversial and divisive politicians".[189][463][464] During the 2014 election campaign, the BJP
projected an image of Modi as a strong, masculine leader who would be able to take difficult
decisions.[189][209][211][215][216] Campaigns in which he has participated have focused on Modi as an
individual, an unusual tactic for the BJP and RSS.[211] Modi has relied upon his reputation as a politician able
to bring about economic growth and development.[465] Modi's role in the 2002 Gujarat riots continues to
attract criticism and controversy.[11] Modi's hardline Hindutva philosophy and the policies adopted by his
government also continue to draw criticism, and have been seen as evidence of a majoritarian and
exclusionary social agenda.[11][40][162][211]
Approval ratings

Modi interacting with the school

children after delivering his address
on Independence Day in New Delhi, 15
August 2017

During his premiership, Modi has received consistently high approval ratings; at the end of his first year in
office, he received an overall approval rating of 87% in a Pew Research poll, with 68% of respondents rating
him "very favourably" and 93% approving of his government.[466] Modi's approval rating remained largely
consistent at around 74% during his second year in office, according to a nationwide poll conducted by
instaVaani.[467] At the end of his second year in office, an updated Pew Research poll showed Modi
continued to receive high overall approval ratings of 81%, with 57% of those polled rating him "very
favourably".[468][469] At the end of his third year in office, a further Pew Research poll showed Modi with an
overall approval rating of 88%, his highest yet, with 69% of people polled rating him "very favourably".[470] A
poll conducted by The Times of India in May 2017 showed 77% of respondents rated Modi as "very good"
and "good".[471] In early 2017, a survey by Pew Research Center showed Modi to be the most popular figure
in Indian politics.[472] In a weekly analysis by Morning Consult called the Global Leader Approval Rating
Tracker, Modi had the highest net approval rating as of 22 December 2020 of all government leaders in the
13 countries being tracked.[473][474]

In popular culture

Modi Kaka Ka Gaon (Modi uncle's town), a 2017 Indian Hindi-language drama film by Tushar Amrish Goel, is
the first biopic about Modi. It stars Vikas Mahante in the titular role.[475] PM Narendra Modi, a 2019 Hindi-
language biographical drama film by Omung Kumar, stars Vivek Oberoi in the titular role and covers Modi's
rise to the premiership.[476] An Indian web series called Modi: Journey of a Common Man, which is based on
the same premise, was released in May 2019 on the video streaming platform Eros Now with Ashish
Sharma portraying Modi.[477]

7 RCR (7, Race Course Road), a 2014 Indian docudrama political television series which charts the political
careers of prominent Indian politicians, covered Modi's rise to the PM's office in the episodes "Story of
Narendra Modi from 1950 to 2001", "Story of Narendra Modi in Controversial Years from 2001 to 2013",
"Truth Behind Brand Modi", "Election Journey of Narendra Modi to 7 RCR", and "Masterplan of Narendra
Modi's NDA Govt", with Sangam Rai in the role of Modi.[478] India: The Modi Question, a 2023 BBC
documentary, examines Modi's role in the 2002 Gujarat riots and his record as Prime Minister of India. The
Indian government banned the documentary, drawing widespread criticism.[479][480][481][482]

Other portrayals of Modi include those by Rajit Kapur in the film Uri: The Surgical Strike (2019) and Vikram
Gokhale in the web-television series Avrodh: The Siege Within (2020), both of which are based on the 2016
Uri attack and the subsequent Indian surgical strikes.[483][484] Gokhale reprised the role in the sequel Avrodh:
The Siege Within 2 (2022), which is based on the 2016 Indian banknote demonetisation.[485] Pratap Singh
played a character based on Modi in Chand Bujh Gaya (2005) which is set against the backdrop of the
Gujarat riots.[486]

Modi appeared in an episode of Discovery Channel's show Man vs. Wild with the host Bear Grylls in July
2019,[487][488] becoming the second world leader after Barack Obama to appear in the reality show.[489] In the
show, Modi treks through jungles, and talks about nature and wildlife conservation with Grylls.[490] The
episode was recorded in Jim Corbett National Park, Uttarakhand, and was broadcast in India and 180 other
countries.[491] Modi hosts Mann Ki Baat, a monthly radio programme on All India Radio, and has conducted
the competition Pariksha Pe Charcha, and discussions for students and the issues they face in
examinations.[492][493]

Awards and recognition

In March 2012 and June 2014, Narendra Modi appeared on the cover of the Asian edition of Time Magazine,
becoming one of the few Indian politicians to have done so.[494][495] In 2014, CNN-News18 (formally CNN-
IBN) news network awarded Modi Indian of the Year.[496] In June 2015, Modi was featured on the cover of
Time Magazine.[497] In 2014, 2015, 2017, 2020 and 2021, he was named one of Time magazine's 100 Most
Influential People in the World.[498] Forbes Magazine ranked him the 15th Most Powerful Person in the World
in 2014 and the 9th Most Powerful Person in the World in 2015, 2016 and 2018.[499] In 2015, Modi was
ranked the 13th Most Influential Person in the World by Bloomberg Markets Magazine.[500] In 2021, Time
called Modi the third "pivotal leader" of independent India after Jawaharlal Nehru and Indira Gandhi, who
"dominated the country's politics like no one since them".[501][502] Modi was ranked fifth on Fortune
Magazine 's first annual list of the "World's Greatest Leaders" in 2015.[503][504] In 2017, Gallup International
Association (GIA) conducted a poll and ranked Modi third-top leader of the world.[505][506] In 2016, a wax
statue of Modi was unveiled at Madame Tussauds wax museum in London.[507][508]
 Narendra Modi's wax statue
at Madame Tussauds,
London

In 2015, Modi was named one of Time 's "30 Most Influential People on the Internet" because he was the
second-most-followed politician on Twitter and Facebook.[509] In 2018, he was the third-most-followed world
leader on Twitter and the most-followed world leader on Instagram and Facebook.[510][511][512] In October
2018, Modi received United Nations' highest environmental award, the Champions of the Earth, for policy
leadership by "pioneering work in championing" the International Solar Alliance and "new areas of levels of
cooperation on environmental action".[513][514] Modi was conferred the 2018 Seoul Peace Prize.[515][516]

Following his second oath of office ceremony as Prime Minister of India, a picture of Modi was displayed on
the facade of the Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC) building in Abu Dhabi, United Arab
Emirates.[517] The Texas India Forum hosted a community event, Howdy Modi, in honour of Modi on 22
September 2019 at NRG Stadium in Houston, Texas. The event was attended by over 50,000 people and
several American politicians, including President Donald Trump, making it the largest gathering for an
invited foreign leader visiting the United States other than the Pope.[518][519] At the event, Modi was
presented with the Key to the City of Houston by Mayor Sylvester Turner.[520] The Bill & Melinda Gates
Foundation awarded Modi the Global Goalkeeper Award on 24 September 2019 in New York City, in
recognition of the Swachh Bharat Mission and "the progress India has made in providing safe sanitation
under his leadership".[521][522][523]

In 2020, Modi was among eight world leaders who were awarded the parody Ig Nobel Prize in Medical
Education "for using the COVID-19 viral pandemic to teach the world that politicians can have a more
immediate effect on life and death than scientists and doctors can".[524] On 21 December 2020, US
President Donald Trump awarded Modi the Legion of Merit for improving India–United States
relations.[525][526][527][528] On 24 February 2021, Gujarat Cricket Association controversially renamed Motera
Stadium in Ahmedabad—the largest cricket stadium in the world—Narendra Modi Stadium.[529]

In July 2024, during a visit to Russia, Modi was awarded the Order of St. Andrew, Russia's highest civilian
award, for his effort in the development of the bilateral ties between India and Russia.[530] Later in
November 2024, during a diplomatic visit to Nigeria, Modi was conferred the Grand Commander of the
Order of the Niger (GCON) by the Nigerian President. This is one of the country's highest honours, making
him the second foreign dignitary to receive the award, after Queen Elizabeth II in 1969.[531][532] President
Bola Tinubu stated that the award was presented in recognition of Nigeria's appreciation for the growing
partnership between the two countries.[533] Upon his arrival, Modi was presented with the symbolic "Key to
the City" of Abuja by Minister Nyesom Wike, a gesture symbolizing trust and honour from the people of
Nigeria.[534][535]

Electoral history

Election results

Votes
Year Office Constituency Party for % Opponent Party Votes % Margin Result Ref
Modi

Ashwinbhai
[536]
2002^ Rajkot II 45,298 57.32 Narbheshankar 30,570 38.68 14,728 Won
Member of Mehta
the [537]
2002 113,589 73.29 Yatinbhai Oza 38,256 24.68 75,333 Won
Indian
Legislative
[538]
2007 139,568 69.53 Dinsha Patel National 52,407 26.11 87,161 Won
Assembly Maninagar
Shweta Sanjiv Congress
[179]
2012 120,470 75.38 34,097 21.34 86,373 Won
Bhat
Bharatiya Madhusudan [539]
2014 Vadodara 845,464 72.75 275,336 23.69 570,128 Won
Janata Mistry
Party
Aam
[223]
2014 581,022 56.37 Arvind Kejriwal Aadmi 209,238 20.30 371,784 Won
Member of
Party
Parliament,
Samajwadi
2019 Lok Sabha Varanasi 674,664 63.62 Shalini Yadav 195,159 18.40 479,505 Won [540]
Party

Indian
[541][542]
2024 612,970 54.24 Ajay Rai National 460,457 40.74 152,513 Won
Congress

^ = February 2002 by-poll

Writing career

In 2008, Modi published a Gujarati book titled Jyotipunj, which contains profiles of RSS leaders. The longest
was of M. S. Golwalkar, under whose leadership the RSS expanded and whom Modi refers to as Pujniya Shri
Guruji ("Guru worthy of worship").[543] According to The Economic Times, Modi's intention was to explain the
workings of the RSS to his readers, and to reassure RSS members he remained ideologically aligned with
them.
After becoming the Prime Minister he also authored a book called Exam Warriors, a guide for children to
commendably face exams. Modi has written eight other books, mostly containing short stories for
children.[544] Modi has penned the lyrics of two Gujarati garba songs; Garbo, sung by Dhvani Bhanushali and
composed by Tanishk Bagchi, and Maadi, sung by Divya Kumar and composed by Meet Bros. The songs
were released on the occasion of autumn Navratri in 2023.[545] [546]

Abundance in Millets, a song by Falu and Gaurav Shah that featured a speech given by Modi for the
promotion of millet, received a nomination in the Best Global Music Performance category for the 2024
Grammy Awards.[547][548]

Bibliography

Modi, Narendra (2004). Aapatkal Me Gujarat (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56367646) (in Hindi)

(Samskarana 1 ed.). New Delhi: Prabhat Prakashan. ISBN 81-7315-466-X. OCLC 56367646 (https://searc
h.worldcat.org/oclc/56367646) .

——————— (2011). Convenient Action: Gujarat's Response to Challenges of Climate Change (https://www.
worldcat.org/oclc/696558495) . New Delhi: Macmillan Publishers India. ISBN 978-0-230-33192-1.
OCLC 696558495 (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/696558495) .

——————— (22 April 2014). A Journey: Poems by Narendra Modi (https://books.google.com/books?id=W

sGeAwAAQBAJ) [Bhaav Yatra]. Translated by Mantha, Ravi. Rupa Publications. ISBN 978-81-291-3386-1.

——————— (2015). Jyotipunj (https://books.google.com/books?id=_2dtCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA19) (in

Hindi). Prabhat Prakashan. ISBN 978-93-5186-231-4.

——————— (2015). Social Harmony (https://books.google.com/books?id=hGNtCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA12)

[Samajik Samarasta]. Prabhat Prakashan. ISBN 978-93-5048-980-2.

——————— (21 December 2015). India's Singapore Story (https://books.google.com/books?id=WDt1CwA

AQBAJ&pg=PA19) . ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute. ISBN 978-981-4695-73-2.

——————— (2017). Mann Ki Baat: A Social Revolution on Radio. BlueKraft Digital Foundation. ISBN 978-
9350359907.

——————— (3 February 2018). Exam Warriors. Penguin India. ISBN 978-0-14-344150-2.

——————— (2018) [2017]. President Pranab Mukherjee: A Statesman. Translated by Joshi, Varun. The
Statesman. ISBN 978-8192925554.

——————— (2018). Abode of Love (https://books.google.com/books?id=u1_RoAEACAAJ) [Premtirth].

Rajpal Publishers. ISBN 978-9350642382.

——————— (2020). Letters to Mother (https://books.google.com/books?id=rbXlDwAAQBAJ) [Sakshi

Bhaav]. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-9353576325.
See also

List of prime ministers of India

Opinion polling on the Narendra Modi premiership

References

Notes

a. (Gujarati: નરેન્દ્ર દામોદરદાસ મોદી; pronounced [ˈnəɾendɾə dɑmodəɾˈdɑs ˈmodiː] listen ⓘ

b. Narendra Modi was born Narendrabhai Damodardas Modi on 17 September 1950. He uses Damodardas
as his middle name—Gujaratis have a tradition of using the names of their fathers as their middle
names—but he is widely known as Narendra Modi.[3]

c. Sources stating that RSS had a deep impact on the political hierarchy of the BJP, specially in the case
of Narendra Modi.[5][6][7]

d. Sources describing Modi's administration as complicit in the 2002 violence.[8][9][10][11][12]

e. In 2012, a court stated that investigations had found no evidence against Modi.[14][15]

f. Sources stating that Modi has failed to improve human development indices in Gujarat:[11][12]

g. Sources describing that India has experienced a backslide in democracy:[31][32][33][34][35]

h. Sources discussing the controversy surrounding Modi:[11][39][40][41][42][43][44]

i. Applications were filed with the Prime Minister's Office (PMO) under the RTI Act seeking details of his
arrest. In reply, the PMO said it maintains official records on Modi only since he became the prime
minister in 2014. Despite this claim, the official website of the PMO contains information about Modi
from the 1950s.[80][81]

j. Replying to an RTI query, the School of Open Learning said it did not have any data of students who
received a BA degree in 1978.[82] Jayantibhai Patel, a former political science professor of Gujarat
University, said the subjects listed in Modi's MA degree were not offered by the university when Modi
was studying there.[89][90] In 2016, Delhi University deemed the BA degree to be authentic.[91]

k. The exact number of people killed in the train burning is variously reported. For example, the BBC says
it was 59,[117] while The Guardian put the figure at 60.[118]
 l. "The Narendra Modi led government completed two years in power in May 2016 and the prime minister
has made his mark on both the domestic and foreign policy fronts. It is important to assess how
successful his initiatives have been in the arena of foreign affairs in comparison to his predecessors.
In this regard, this paper identifies and examines the key trends and issues in foreign policy under the
Modi led administration and the measures needed to translate speeches and policies into action. Modi
government has also taken a serious node of relations with middle-east nations, as well as Iran and
Israel."[380]

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Further reading

Chatterjee, Ankita (1 September 2020). "Humour in Narendra Modi memes on new media" (https://doi.or
g/10.1080/14746689.2020.1815450) . South Asian Popular Culture. 18 (3): 227–245.
doi:10.1080/14746689.2020.1815450 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14746689.2020.1815450) .
ISSN 1474-6689 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1474-6689) . S2CID 222214793 (https://api.semantic
scholar.org/CorpusID:222214793) .

Gokhale, Nitin A. (2017). Securing India The Modi Way: Pathankot, Surgical Strikes and More (https://books.
google.com/books?id=3pZADwAAQBAJ&q=narendra+modi) . Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-93-
86643-88-9.

Hall, Ian. Modi and the reinvention of Indian foreign policy (Bristol University Press, 2019) 221pp.
Jaffrelot, Christophe. "Narendra Modi between Hindutva and subnationalism: the Gujarati asmita of a
Hindu Hriday Samrat." India Review 15.2 (2016): 196–217.

Jaffrelot, Christophe. Modi's India: Hindu nationalism and the rise of ethnic democracy (Princeton
University Press, 2019)

Jain, Varsha; B. E., Ganesh (2018). "Understanding the Magic of Credibility for Political Leaders: A Case of
India and Narendra Modi" (https://doi.org/10.1080/15377857.2019.1652222) . Journal of Political
Marketing. 19 (1–2): 15–33. doi:10.1080/15377857.2019.1652222 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1537785
7.2019.1652222) . ISSN 1537-7857 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1537-7857) . S2CID 202247610
(https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:202247610) .

Kamath, M. V.; Randeri, Kalindi (2013). The Man of the Moment: Narendra Modi (https://books.google.co
m/books?id=fkHjngEACAAJ) . Wide Canvas. ISBN 978-93-259-6838-7. OCLC 1000812046 (https://searc
h.worldcat.org/oclc/1000812046) .

Kanrad, Bharat (2018). Staggering Forward: Narendra Modi and India's Global Ambition (https://books.goog
le.com/books?id=QoxmDwAAQBAJ) . Viking Publishers. pp. 2–541. ISBN 9789353051952.

Kaul, Nitasha. "Rise of the political right in India: Hindutva-development mix, Modi myth, and dualities."
Journal of Labor and Society 20.4 (2017): 523-548. online (https://westminsterresearch.westminster.ac.u
k/download/74aa973779543b6c3eaa7fa9c2efe2110048da63058d4e66fd4efd992b603d0c/176191/NK%
20JLS%20Final.pdf)

Komireddi, K. S. (31 July 2019). Malevolent Republic: A Short History of the New India (https://books.googl
e.com/books?id=pAulDwAAQBAJ&q=Books+on+premiership+of+Narendra+Modi) . Oxford University
Press. ISBN 978-1-78738-294-7.

Mahurkar, Uday. Centrestage: inside the Narendra Modi model of governance (Random House India, 2014).

Maiorano, Diego (3 April 2015). "Early Trends and Prospects for Modi's Prime Ministership" (https://doi.or
g/10.1080/03932729.2015.1024511) . The International Spectator. 50 (2): 75–92.
doi:10.1080/03932729.2015.1024511 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03932729.2015.1024511) .
ISSN 0393-2729 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0393-2729) . S2CID 155228179 (https://api.semantic
scholar.org/CorpusID:155228179) .

Mohan, C. Raja (1 June 2015). Modi's World: Expanding India's Sphere of Influence (https://books.google.c
om/books?id=oRXmCQAAQBAJ) . HarperCollins Publishers India. ISBN 978-93-5177-206-4.

Price, Lance. The Modi Effect – Inside Narendra Modi's Campaign To Transform India (2015)

Sardesai, Rajdeep, et al. 2019: How Modi Won India (2019)

 Schakel, Arjan H.; Sharma, Chanchal Kumar; Swenden, Wilfried (27 May 2019). "India after the 2014
general elections: BJP dominance and the crisis of the third party system" (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13
597566.2019.1614921) . Regional & Federal Studies. 29 (3): 329–354.
doi:10.1080/13597566.2019.1614921 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13597566.2019.1614921) .
hdl:20.500.11820/9018a8ee-2771-4e06-9b96-f0461c410e2f (https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11820%2F90
18a8ee-2771-4e06-9b96-f0461c410e2f) . ISSN 1359-7566 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1359-756
6) . S2CID 182486831 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:182486831) .

Sen, Ronojoy (3 May 2016). "Narendra Modi's makeover and the politics of symbolism" (https://doi.org/1
0.1080/17516234.2016.1165248) . Journal of Asian Public Policy. 9 (2): 98–111.
doi:10.1080/17516234.2016.1165248 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17516234.2016.1165248) .
ISSN 1751-6234 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1751-6234) . S2CID 155130008 (https://api.semantic
scholar.org/CorpusID:155130008) .

Waikar, Prashant. "Reading Islamophobia in Hindutva: an analysis of Narendra Modi's political discourse."
Islamophobia Studies Journal (2018).

External links

Official website (https://www.narendramodi.in) Scholia has a profile for

Narendra Modi (Q1058).
Profile on Lok Sabha website (http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/Me
mberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4589) Library resources about
Narendra Modi
Narendra Modi (https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no2002016
Resources in your library (https://
337/) in libraries (WorldCat catalog) ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=via
f&su=95532763)
Narendra Modi (https://www.dnaindia.com/topic/prime-minister-nare Resources in other libraries (http
ndra-modi) at DNA India s://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st
=viaf&su=95532763&library=0CH
Narendra Modi (https://www.theguardian.com/world/narendra-mod OOSE0)

i) collected news and commentary at The Guardian

Narendra Modi (http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/person/narendra-modi/index.htm

l) collected news and commentary at The New York Times

Narendra Modi (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm5177533/) at IMDb

Appearances (https://www.c-span.org/person/?99032) on C-SPAN

Portals: Biography India Politics