CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY

PROJECT ON
“STERILIZATION OF DIFFERENT
SAMPLES OF WATER USING
BLEACHING POWDER”
AISSCE 2024-25

CENTRAL BOARD OF
SECONDARY EDUCATION

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF SUBMITTED BY ROLL NO

Mrs. Madhabi Goswami ______________
 CERTIFICATE

This is to validate that the project titled

‘STERILIZATION OF DIFFERENT SAMPLES OF WATER
USING BLEACHING POWDER’
Was completed under the guidance and supervision
of the chemistry teacher Mrs. Madhabi Goswami by
roll no.____________ student of XII, Science,
Maria’s public school, for the session 2024-25 within
the time frame prescribed by CBSE

Signature of the Signature of the

Internal examiner external examiner
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my gratitude to my teacher
Mrs. Madhabi Goswami who provided me with such
a wonderful opportunity to do this project on the
topic “STERILIZATION OF DIFFERENT SAMPLES OF
WATER USING BLEACHING POWDER” which has
helped me to learn more about the topic I am also
indebted to my friends and family for their crucial
support and advice which has helped me to
complete this project

NAME:
CLASS: XII (SCIENCE)
MARIA’S PUBLIC SCHOOL
 INDEX
1. CERTIFICATE
2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
3. INTRODUCTION
 NEED OF WATER
 PURIFICATION OF WATER
 NEED FOR PURIFICATION TECHNIQUES
4. THEORY
 HISTORY OF WATER PURIFICATION
 BLEACHING POWDER AND ITS PREPARATION
 USE OF BLEACHING POWDER IN STERILIZATION
OF WATER
5. EXPERIMENT
 AIM
 PRE-REQUISITE KNOWLEDGE
 REQUIREMENTS
 PROCEDURE
6. RESULT
7. EVIDENCES
8. BIBLIOGRAPHY
 INTRODUCTION
NEED OF WATER
Water is an essential and important ingredient to our quest for survival
on this planet. It is very essential for carrying out various metabolic
processes in our body and also to carry out essential compounds like
Hemoglobin throughout the body. It is also essential for regulating body
temperature by sweating. It also lubricates and cushions the joints and
helps to aid various diseases

A daily average of 1 gallon per person is sufficient is sufficient for

drinking and cooking purposes a horse, bullock or mule drinks about 11
gallons at a time and an elephant about 25 gallons of water. These are
just minimum quantities. Plants also rely heavily on water to perform
various processes such as photosynthesis to sustain their lives.

One cubic foot of water = 6 gallons (a gallon =10 lbs, 3.78 litres)

Apart from living organisms Water is also consumed by industries in

following ways: For processing, chilling, and diluting products, many
businesses require huge amounts of water. The paper business, the
food industry, and the chemical industry.

In order to fulfill such a huge demand of water, it needs to be purified

and supplied in an orderly and systematic way.

But with the increasing world population, the demand of drinking water
has also increased dramatically and therefore it is very essential to
identify resources of water which we can use for drinking purposes
many available resources of water do not have it in drinkable form.
Either the water contains excess of calcium or magnesium salts or any
other organic impurity or it simply contains foreign which make it unfit
and unsafe for drinking.

PURIFICATION OF WATER
There are many methods for the purification of water. Some of them
are

1. Boiling
2. Filtration
3. Bleaching powder treatment
4. SODIS (Solar water Disinfection)

Boiling is perhaps the most commonly used water purification

technique in use today. While in normal household it is an efficient
technique. It cannot be used for industrial and large scale purposes. It is
because in normal households, the water to be purified is very small in
quantity and hence the water loss due to evaporation is almost
negligible. But in Industrial or large scale purification of water the water
loss due to evaporation will be quite high and the amount of purified
water obtained will be very less.

Filtration is also used for removing foreign particles from water. One
major drawback of this purification process is that it cannot be used for
removing foreign chemicals and impurities that are miscible with water

SODIS or solar water Disinfection is recommended by the United

Nations for disinfection of water using soft drink bottles, Sunlight and a
black surface at least in hot nations with regularly intense sunlight.
Water filled in transparent bottles placed in horizontal position atop a
flat surface in strong sunlight for five hours will kill microbes in water.
The process is made even more safe and effective if the bottom half of
the bottle or the surface it’s lying on is blackened and for the flat
surface is made of metal. UV rays from the sun kills the microbes.

The major drawback of this purification technique is that it cannot be

used in countries with cold weather. Also, the time consumed for
purification process is more and it also needs a blackened surface, much
like solar cookers.

NEED FOR A STABLE PURIFICATION TECHNIQUE

Therefore we need a purification technique which can be used anytime
and anywhere, does not require the use of any third party content and
which is also economically feasible on both normal scale and large
scale.

Hence we look at the method of purification of water using the

technique of treatment by bleaching powder commonly known as
“chlorination”.

THEORY
HISTORY OF WATER PURIFICATION IN DIFFERENT
PARTS OF THE WORLD
In 1854, it was discovered that a cholera epidemic spread through
water. The outbreak seemed less severe in areas where sand filters
were installed. British scientist John Snow found that the direct cause of
the outbreak was water pump contamination by sewage water. He
applied chlorine to purify the water, and this paved the way for water
disinfection. Since the water in the pump had tasted and smelled
normal, the conclusion was finally drawn that good taste and smell
alone do not guarantee safe drinking water. This discovery led to
governments starting to install municipal water filters (sand filters and
chlorination) and hence the first government regulation of public water

In the 1890s America started building large sand filters to protect public
health. These turned out to be a success. Instead of slow sand filtration,
rapid sand filtration was now applied. Filter capacity was improved by
cleaning it with powerful jet stream. Subsequently, Dr Fuller found that
rapid sand filtration worked much better when it was preceded by
coagulation and sedimentation techniques meanwhile, such
waterborne illness as cholera and typhoid became less common as
water chlorination became widespread throughout the world.

But the victory obtained by the invention of chlorination did not last
long. After some time the negative effects of this element were
discovered. Chlorine vaporizes much faster than water and it was linked
to the aggravation and cause of respiratory disease water experts
started looking for alternative water disinfectants In 1902 calcium
hypochlorite and ferric chloride were mixed in a drinking water supply
in Belgium, resulting in both coagulation and disinfection.

The treatment and distribution of water for safe use is one of the
greatest achievements of the twentieth century. Before cities began
routinely treating drinking water with chlorine (starting with Chicago
and Jersey City in US in 1908). Cholera, Typhoid fever, Dysentery and
Hepatitis A killed thousands of US residents annually. Drinking water
chlorination and filtration have helped to virtually eliminate these
diseases in the US and other developed countries. Meeting the goal of
clean, safe drinking water requires a multi-barrier approach that
includes protecting source water from contamination. Appropriately
treating raw water and ensuring safe distribution of treated water to
consumer’s taps. During the treatment process, chlorine is added to
drinking water as elemental chlorine (chlorine gas)

Sodium Hypochlorite solution or dry Calcium Hypochlorite when

applied to water, each of these forms ‘free chlorine’ which destroys
pathogenic (disease-causing) organisms. Almost all systems that
disinfect their water use some type of chlorine-based process, either
alone or in combination with other disinfectants In addition to
controlling disease-causing organisms, chlorination offers a number of
benefits including:

 Reduces many disagreeable tastes and odors

 Eliminates slime bacteria, molds and algae that commonly grow in
water supply reservoirs on the walls of water mains and in storage
tanks.
 Removes chemical compounds that have unpleasant tastes and
hinder disinfection.
  It helps to remove iron and manganese from raw water.

As importantly, only chlorine-based chemicals provide ‘residual

disinfectant’ levels that prevent microbial re-growth and help protect
treated water throughout the distribution system.

For more than a century, the safety of drinking water supplies has been
greatly improved by the addition of bleaching powder, disinfecting our
drinking water ensures. It is free of the microorganisms that can cause
serious and life-threatening diseases, such as Cholera and Typhoid fever.
To this day, bleaching powder remains the most commonly used
drinking water disinfectant, and the disinfectant for which we have the
most scientific information. Bleaching powder is added as part of the
drinking water treatment process. However, bleaching powder also
reacts with the organic matter naturally present in water. Such as
decaying leaves. This chemical reaction forms a group of chemicals
known as disinfection by products, current scientific data shows that
the benefits of bleaching our drinking water (less disease) are much
greater than any health risks from THMS and other by-products.
Although other disinfectants are available, bleaching powder remains
the choice of water treatment experts, when used with modern water
filtration methods; chlorine is effective against virtually all
microorganisms. Bleaching powder is easy to apply and small amounts
of the chemical remain in the water as it travels in the distribution
system from the treatment plant to the consumer’s tap, this level of
effectiveness ensures that microorganisms cannot re-contaminate the
water after it leaves the treatment.
WHAT IS BLEACHING POWDER AND HOW IS IT
PREPARED
Bleach powder or calcium hypochlorite is a chemical compound with
formula Ca(ClO)2 it is widely used for water treatment and as a
bleaching agent bleaching powder. This chemical is considered to be
relatively stable and has greater available chlorine than sodium
hypochlorite (liquid bleach)

It is prepared by either calcium process or sodium process.

CALCIUM PROCESS

2Ca(OH)2 + 2Cl2 -> Ca(ClO)2 + CaCl2 + 2H2O

SODIUM PROCESS

2Ca(OH)2 + 3Cl2 +2NaOH -> Ca(ClO)2+CaCl2+2H2O+2NaCl

HOW CAN THIS CHEMICAL BE USED TO STERILIZE

WATER?
This chemical can be used for sterilizing water by using 5 drops of
bleach per each half gallon of water to be purified, and allowing it to sit
undisturbed for half an hour to make it safe for drinking. Letting it sit for
several hours more will help reduce the chlorine taste, as the chlorine
will slowly evaporate out. A different reference advices when using
household bleach for purification add a single drop of bleach per quart
of water which is visibly clear. Then allow the water to sit undisturbed
for half an hour
What are the actual processes involved in disinfecting and purifying
water?

The combination of following processes is used for municipal drinking

water worldwide:

1.Pre-chlorination-

For algae control and arresting any biological growth.

2.Aeration-

Along with pre-chlorination for removal of dissolved iron and

manganese

3.Coagulation-

For flocculation

4.Coagulant aids-

Also known as polyelectrolyte’s to improve coagulation and for thicker

floc formation

5.Sedimentation-

For solids separation, that is, removal of suspended solids trapped in

the floc.

6.Filtration-

For removal of carried over floc.

7.Disinfection-

For killing bacteria.

Out of all these processes; the role of Bleaching powder is only in the
last step i.e for Disinfection of water.
 EXPERIMENT

AIM- TO DETERMINE THE DOSAGE OF BLEACHING

POWDER REQUIRED FOR STERILIZATION OR
DISINFECTION OF DIFFERENT SAMPLES OF WATER.

REQUIREMENTS-
Burette, titration flask, 100ml graduated cylinder, 250ml measuring
flask, weight box, glazed tile, glass wool

Bleaching powder, 0.1N Na2S2O3 solution, 10% KI solution, different

samples of water, starch solution.

PRE- REQUISITE KNOWLEDGE-

1.A known mass of the given sample of bleaching powder is dissolved in
water to prepare a solution of known concentration. This solution
contains dissolved chlorine, liberated by the action of bleaching powder
with water.

Ca(ClO)2+H2O -> Ca(OH)2+Cl2

2.The amount of chorine present in the above solution is determined by

treating a known volume of the above solution with excess of 10%
potassium iodide solution. When equivalent amount of iodine is
liberated. The iodine, thus liberated is then estimated by titrating it
against a standard solution of sodium thiosulphate, using starch
solution as indicator.

Cl2 + 2KI -> 2KCl + I2

I2 + 2NaS2O3 -> Na2S4O6 + 2NaI

3.A known volume of one of the given samples of water is treated with
a known volume of bleaching powder solution. The amount of residual
chlorine is determined by adding excess potassium iodine solution and
then titrating against standard sodium thiosulphate solution.

4.From the readings in 2 and 3, the amount of chlorine and hence

bleaching powder required for the disinfection of a given volume of the
given sample of water can be calculated.

PROCEDURE-
1. Preparation of bleaching powder solution weight accurately 2.5g
of the given sample of bleaching powder and transfer it to a
250ml conical flask. Add 100ml of distilled water cover the flask
with a stopper and shake it vigorously. The suspension thus
obtained is filtered through glass wool and filtrate is diluted with
water (in a measuring flask to make the volume 250ml. The
solution obtained is 1% bleaching powder solution
2. Preparation of 0.1 NaS2O3 Take 0.79g of sodium thio-sulphate
hydrated and dilute it in about 100ml of water: equivalent mass of
sodium thio-sulphate solution =molecular mass/n factor = 158/2 =
79g/mol normality = no of gram equivalent of NaS2O3/vol of
solution in ltr hence 0.1N NaS2O3 = 7.9g in 1000ml water
3. Preparation of 10% KI solution take 10g of KI powder and then dil.
The mixture with water to make the vol. 100ml and take it in the
measuring flask
4. Preparation of starch solution take about 1g of soluble starch and
10ml of distilled water in a test table. Mix vigorously to obtain a
paste. Pour the paste in about 100ml of hot water contained in a
beaker with constant stirring. Boil the contents for 4-5 minutes
and then allow to cool.
5. Take 20ml of bleaching powder solution in a conical flask and add
it to 20ml of 10% KI solution. Stopper the flask and shake it
vigorously. Titrate this solution against 0.1N Na2S2O3 solution
taken in Burette when the solution in the conical flask becomes
light yellow in color; add about 2ml starch solution. The solution
now becomes blue in color, continue titrating till the blue color
just disappears. Repeat the titration to get a set of 3 concordant
readings.
 6. Take 100ml of the water sample in a 250ml conical flask and add it
to 10ml of bleaching powder solution Then add 20ml of KI
solution and stopper the flask, shake it vigorously and titrate
against 0.1N Na2S2O3 solution using Starch solution as indicator as
described is step 2
7. Repeat the step 3 with other samples of water and record the
observations

OBSERVATIONS-
Burette solution: sodium thiosulphate
Titrated against: 20ml (bleaching powder sol)+20ml KI+100ml(sample)

Indicator: starch

End point: blue color to colorless sol.

1. TITRATION (DISTILLED WATER)

Volume of distilled water = 100ml
Volume of bleaching powder solution = 20ml
Volume of KI solution added = 20ml

Burette reading:

Sl.n Initial(in ml) Final(in ml) Final vol of 0.1 Na2S2O3 sol used(in ml)
o
1. 0.0 6.5 6.5
2. 6.50 13 6.5
Concordant reading 6.5 ml

2. TITRATION (MINERAL WATER)

Volume of sample 1 = 100ml
Volume of bleaching powder solution = 20ml
Volume of KI solution added = 20ml

Burette reading:

Sl.n Initial(in ml) Final(in ml) Final vol of 0.1 Na2S2O3 sol used(in ml)
o
1. 0.0 5.8 5.8
2. 5.8 11.6 5.8
Concordant reading 5.8 ml

3. TITRATION (RAIN WATER)

 Volume of sample 2 = 100ml
Volume of bleaching powder solution = 20ml
Volume of KI solution added = 20ml

Burette reading:

Sl.n Initial(in ml) Final(in ml) Final vol of 0.1 Na2S2O3 sol used(in ml)
o
1. 0.0 3 3
2. 3 6 3
Concordant reading 3 ml

4. TITRATION (TAP WATER)

Volume of sample 3 = 100ml
Volume of bleaching powder solution = 20ml
Volume of KI solution added = 20ml

Burette reading:

Sl.n Initial(in ml) Final(in ml) Final vol of 0.1 Na2S2O3 sol used(in ml)
o
1. 0.0 2.5 2.5
2. 2.5 5 2.5
Concordant reading 2.5 ml
CALCULATIONS-
SAMPLE 1 (MINERAL WATER)

Amount of bleaching powder used 100ml = 6.5-5.8 = 0.7ml of 0.1N

Na2S2O3 sol

1ml of bleaching powder sol contains bleaching powder = 2.5/250

=0.01g

20ml of bleaching powder sol = 2.5ml of 0.1 Na2S2O3

So 1ml of 0.1 Na2S2O3 sol = 20/2.5 ml of bleaching powder solution

Vol of bleaching powder solution required to disinfect 100ml of water

sample 1 = 0.7x20/6.5ml

0.7x20/6.5 ml of bleaching powder sol =((0.7x20)/6.5)x0.01g of

bleaching powder

Amount of bleaching powder solution required to disinfect 1 ltr of

water sample 1

=0.7x(20/6.5)x((0.01x1000)/(100))g

=0.215 g
SAMPLE 2 (RAIN WATER)

Amount of bleaching powder used 100ml = 6.5-3.0 = 3.5ml of 0.1N

Na2S2O3 sol

1ml of bleaching powder sol contains bleaching powder = 2.5/250

=0.01g

20ml of bleaching powder sol = 2.5ml of 0.1 Na2S2O3

So 1ml of 0.1 Na2S2O3 sol = 20/2.5 ml of bleaching powder solution

Vol of bleaching powder solution required to disinfect 100ml of water

sample 2 = 3.5x20/6.5ml

3.5x20/6.5 ml of bleaching powder sol =((3.5x20)/6.5)x0.01g of

bleaching powder

Amount of bleaching powder solution required to disinfect 1 ltr of

water sample 2

=3.5x(20/6.5)x((0.01x1000)/(100))g

=1.077g
SAMPLE 3 (TAP WATER)

Amount of bleaching powder used 100ml = 6.5-2.5 = 4.0ml of 0.1N

Na2S2O3 sol

1ml of bleaching powder sol contains bleaching powder = 2.5/250

=0.01g

20ml of bleaching powder sol = 2.5ml of 0.1 Na2S2O3

So 1ml of 0.1 Na2S2O3 sol = 20/2.5 ml of bleaching powder solution

Vol of bleaching powder solution required to disinfect 100ml of water

sample 3 = 4.0x20/6.5ml

4.0x20/6.5 ml of bleaching powder sol =((4.0x20)/6.5)x0.01g of

bleaching powder

Amount of bleaching powder solution required to disinfect 1 ltr of

water sample 3

=4.0x(20/6.5)x((0.01x1000)/(100))g

= 1.231g
RESULT-
Amount of the given sample of bleaching powder required to disinfect
one litre of water

SAMPLE 1 = 0.215g

SAMPLE 2 = 1.077g

SAMPLE 3 = 1.231g
EVIDENCES
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
https//www.vlib:us/medical/sancamp/water.htm

www.icbse.com

www.wikipedia.org

https://www.water-research.net/water treatment/chlorination.htm