Minerals-and-Rocks about Science

Chapter 2:
EARTH MATERIALS
AND PROCESS
Lesson 1:
MINERALS AND ROCKS
MINERALS
▪Minerals are the building blocks of rocks.
▪Defined as a naturally formed, generally
inorganic, crystalline solid composed of an
ordered array of atoms
▪Has a specific chemical composition.
MINERALOGY- is the
study of minerals
Minerals can be described as:
a. Inorganic- formed by natural geologic processes
b. Formed in nature
c. Solids- crystalline substance that are solid at
temperature at Earth surface
d. Has same crystalline pattern and specific chemical
composition
e. Crystalline atoms are arranged in an orderly
repetitive manner
f. Can be represented by a chemical formula
Properties of Minerals
A. Physical Properties
▪Minerals are identify by their color and
appearance
1. Luster- the way light is reflected from a
mineral surface
▪Some are metallic surface like gold, silver
and copper, vitreous or glassy, pearly,
silky, resinous and earthy or dull.
2. Hardeness- resistance for being scratched
Moh`s Scale of Hardiness
1. Talc 2. gypsum 3. calcite

4. Flourite 5. apatite 6. orthoclase
7. Quartz 8. topaz 9. corundum
10. diamond
3. Streak and color- Refers to the color of
the powdered mineral
4. Cleavage- the tendency of the mineral to

break along planes of weak bonding
5. Fracture- Breaks like glass, splinters or

fiber
6. Color- same color like azurite-deep blue,
malachite-green, cinnabar-red and sulfur-yellow
7. Specific gravity- represents the ratio of the

weight of an volume of water.
8. Crystal form- external features of minerals

reflect its orderly internal arrangement of atoms.
B. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
▪ show the presence and arrangements of
atoms in minerals
▪ Identified by how they react to certain
substances.
Classification of Chemical Properties of
Minerals
1. Silicates Class- largest
group of minerals
▪ Contain silicon, oxygen,
aluminum, magnesium, iron
and calcium.
▪ Examples: olivine, pyroxene,
amphibole
▪ Uses: microchips, glass and
ceramics
2. Carbonate Class
▪ Deposited in marine
environments
▪ Like shells of dead
planktons, places with
high evaporation rates,
karts and caves and
stalactites and
stalagmites
Uses:
Carbon paper, glass
ceramics, soap and
detergents, livestock
mineral supplement, soda
ash
3. Sulphate Class
▪ Where salty waters slowly
evaporate
▪ Found in places with high
evaporation rates, water-
sediments
▪ Ex: barite, gypsum, celestite
▪ Uses: plaster, mineral
supplement, lead-acid battery
4. Halide Class
▪ Contains natural salts
▪ Found in lakes, ponds and
landlocked seas
Ex: Halite, fluorite
Uses:
Metal-halide lamps, steel and aluminum,
fertizer, and rock salt
5. Oxide Class
▪ Most important class to human
civilization
▪ Carry histories of changes in
Earth`s magnetic field
▪ Precipitates close to Earth`s
surface
Ex: hematite, corundum
Uses: inorganic sunscreen, flame
retardant, alkali batteries
6. Sulphide Class
▪ Contains most of the
economically significant
minerals to man
▪ Includes copper, lead, and
zinc
▪ Ex: Acanthite, chalcocite
▪ Uses: photocells, fungicide,
infrared sensors,
photoluminescent strips in
emergency lights
7. Phosphate Class
▪ Important in biological
minerals
▪ Found in bones and teeth
of animals (phosphorous)
Ex: turquoise, wavellite,
apatite
Uses: phosphate fertilizers,
health nutrients, phosphate
salts
8. Element Class
▪ Contains pure native
elements
▪ Usually metals
▪ Pure form
Ex: Gold, copper, bismuth
Uses: Jewelries, wires,
cosmetics, pipes, guns, fish
sinkers, alloy
Natural Resources
1. Renewable Resources- can be replenished
▪ Like plants, animals for food, natural fiber for
clothing and forest products for lumber
2. Nonrenewable Resources- like iron, copper,

aluminum, fuels, oil, natural gas, and coal
Nonmetallic Minerals in the
Philippines
a. Elomite limestone
b. Feldspar
c. Silica
d. clay
Rocks
What is rock?
▪ Is naturally occurring
solid mixture of one or
more minerals, or organic
matter
▪ Change overtime through
rock cycle
Rocks- are classified by how they
are formed, their composition and
texture
Igneous Rocks
▪ Form by the cooling

and crystallization of
hot, molten rock
material called
magma
▪ Igneous means
“formed by fire”
Igneous Rocks
Intrusive/Plutonic Igneous
Rocks: magma pushes
into surrounding rocks
below the Earth`s surface
Texture: small to medium
grains
Igneous Rocks
Extrusive Igneous Rocks:
▪ forms when magma
erupts unto the Earth`s
surface (lava)
▪ Cools quickly with very
small or no crystals
formed. pushes into
Texture: invisible of
microscopic grains
Igneous Rocks
Extrusive Igneous Rocks:
▪ forms when magma
erupts unto the Earth`s
surface (lava)
▪ Cools quickly with very
small or no crystals
formed. pushes into
Texture: invisible of
microscopic grains
Sedimentary Rocks
▪ Most common in the

uppermost portion of
the crust
▪ Derived from the word
sedimentation which
means “settling”
▪ Born in cool in Earth`s
surface
Two Types of Sedimentary Rocks
Clastic
▪ Made of fragments
of rocks cemented
together with calcite
or quartz
Two Types of Sedimentary Rocks
Nonclastic
▪ formed from organic
material such as coal
▪ Rocks that have
precipitated chemically
from water
Thank you

Minerals-and-Rocks about Science

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Minerals-and-Rocks about Science

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Minerals-and-Rocks about Science

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 2:

Moh`s Scale of Hardiness

1. Talc 2. gypsum 3. calcite

4. Cleavage- the tendency of the mineral to

5. Fracture- Breaks like glass, splinters or

7. Specific gravity- represents the ratio of the

8. Crystal form- external features of minerals

2. Nonrenewable Resources- like iron, copper,

▪ Form by the cooling

▪ Most common in the

You might also like