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    Lab 13

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    M. ZAIN

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    Lab 13

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    M. ZAIN
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    Lab 13

    Uploaded by

    M. ZAIN

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    VLSI Design Lab Lab13

    10
    Design of 2-Bit DAC Using CMOS Technology

    OBJECTIVE: Design of a Low Power Current Steering Digital to Analog Converter in


    CMOS.

    EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
     Tanner/ Mentor Graphics-Pyxis, AMS, Calibre
     Cadence Virtuoso (schematic editor, layout editor, simulator).
     PDK: Ensure access to NMOS and PMOS models.

    Basic Design Concept: Designing a 2-bit Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC) using CMOS
    technology involves creating a circuit that converts digital binary input signals into a corresponding analog
    output voltage. A 2-bit DAC will have four possible input combinations (00, 01, 10, and 11) and will
    generate corresponding output voltages. There are different architectures for implementing DACs, but one of
    the simplest and most common methods is using a resistor ladder network. Here, we will discuss the design
    using a Binary-Weighted Resistor DAC and CMOS switches.

    Components Required

    1. Resistors: For the resistor ladder network.


    2. CMOS Switches: For switching the digital signals.
    3. Reference Voltage (V_ref): Provides a stable voltage reference.
    4. Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp): For buffering and ensuring proper voltage levels at the output.

    Use NMOS and PMOS transistors as switches to control the connection of each resistor to V_ref or ground
    based on the digital input bits D1 and D0.

     The digital input bits (D1, D0) control the CMOS switches.
     Each bit corresponds to a specific resistor, and when the bit is high (1), the switch connects the
    corresponding resistor to V_ref. When the bit is low (0), the switch connects the resistor to ground.

     The output voltage Vout is the sum of the currents through each resistor, converted to a voltage
    through the resistor network.

    For a 2-bit DAC with input bits D1 and D0, the output voltage Vout can be expressed as:
    VLSI Design Lab Lab13
    10

    Figure 1: 2-bit DAC

    . 1. Set Up Cadence Environment

     Ensure you have access to the Cadence Virtuoso suite.


     Load the necessary PDK (Process Design Kit) for the CMOS technology you are using.

    2. Design the Schematic

     Open Virtuoso Schematic Editor.


     Create a new cell view for your DAC design.

    Components

     Resistors: Use appropriately sized resistors for the resistor network.


     CMOS Switches: Use NMOS and PMOS transistors to act as switches.
     Op-Amp: Use an operational amplifier to buffer the output.

    Binary-Weighted Resistor DAC Schematic

    1. Resistor Network:
    o Connect resistors in a binary-weighted manner. For a 2-bit DAC, you'll need
    resistors R, 2R, and 4R.
    2. Switches:
    o Use NMOS and PMOS transistors controlled by the digital inputs D1 and D0 to
    connect resistors to V_ref or ground.
    3. Output Buffer:
    o Add an operational amplifier to buffer the output voltage.
    VLSI Design Lab Lab13
    Task 1 Circuit Diagram: 10
    VLSI Design Lab Lab13
    Waveform: 10
    VLSI Design Lab Lab13
    Results and Discussion: 10

    Application and Analysis

    Digital-to-Analog Converters (DACs) are integral components in CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-


    Semiconductor) technology, used widely in various applications due to their ability to convert digital signals
    into analog signals. Here are some of the key applications:

    1. Audio Signal Processing:


    o Audio Playback Devices: DACs are used in devices like smartphones, tablets, and digital
    music players to convert digital audio signals into analog signals that can be played through
    speakers or headphones.
    o High-Fidelity Audio Systems: DACs are essential in high-quality audio equipment to ensure
    accurate reproduction of sound from digital sources.
    2. Communication Systems:
    o Wireless Transmitters: DACs convert digital data into analog signals for modulation and
    transmission over wireless networks.
    o Base Stations and Radio Transceivers: Used in both transmitting and receiving ends to handle
    the conversion between digital baseband signals and analog RF signals.
    3. Video and Imaging:
    o Television and Video Displays: DACs convert digital video data into analog signals to drive
    display screens.
    o Camera Systems: In digital cameras, DACs help in processing and displaying images.
    4. Instrumentation and Measurement:
    o Oscilloscopes and Signal Generators: DACs are used to generate precise analog waveforms
    from digital data for testing and measurement purposes.
    o Data Acquisition Systems: Convert digital data back to analog form for monitoring and
    analysis.
    5. Control Systems:
    o Industrial Automation: DACs are used in control systems to convert digital control signals
    into analog signals to drive actuators and other analog devices.
    o Robotics: In robotic systems, DACs help in converting digital commands into analog signals to
    control motors and sensors.
    6. Telecommunications:
    o Modems and Network Equipment: DACs convert digital data into analog signals for
    transmission over various communication channels, including telephone lines and cable
    systems.
    o Fiber Optic Communication: DACs are used in optical transmitters to convert digital data into
    modulated light signals.
    VLSI Design Lab Lab13
    7. Medical Devices: 10
    o Imaging Equipment: In devices like MRI and CT scanners, DACs convert digital imaging data
    into analog signals for display and further processing.
    o Patient Monitoring Systems: DACs are used to convert digital data from sensors into analog
    signals for display and monitoring.
    8. Consumer Electronics:
    o Gaming Consoles: DACs convert digital audio and video data into analog signals for output to
    TVs and audio systems.
    o Set-Top Boxes: Used to convert digital broadcast signals into analog form for display on
    conventional TV sets.
    9. Automotive Applications:
    o Infotainment Systems: DACs are used in car audio systems to convert digital audio signals to
    analog for playback.
    o Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems (ADAS): In ADAS, DACs help in processing sensor
    data and converting it for display and control functions.
    10. Signal Processing:
    o Digital Filters and Equalizers: DACs are used in systems where digital signal processing is
    followed by conversion to analog for output or further analog processing.

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