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    Reading Material

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    ajay vala

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    CLASS -IX

    CHAPTER- SOUND

    • Sound : Sound is a form of energy which produces


    a sensation of hearing in our ears.

    • Source of sound and its propagation : A source of


    vibration motion of an object is normally a source
    of sound.

    • Characteristics of the medium required for the


    propagation of sound:

    (i) Medium must be elastic so that the medium


    particles have the tendency to return back to their
    original positions after the displacement.
    (ii) Medium must have the inertia so that its particles
    have the capacity to store the energy.

    The frictional resistance of the medium should be


    negligible to minimise the loss of energy in
    propagation.

    • Types of waves

    (i) Mechanical waves : A mechanical wave is a periodic


    disturbance which requires a material medium for its
    propagation. On the basis of motion of particles the
    mechanical waves are classified into two parts.

    (a) Transverse wave


    (b) Longitudinal wave

    (a) Transverse wave : When the particles of the


    medium vibrate in a direction perpendicular to the
    direction of propagation of the wave, the wave is
    known as the transverse wave. For example, waves
    produced in a stretched string.

    (b) Longitudinal wave : When the particles of the


    medium vibrate along the direction of propagation of
    the wave then the wave is known as the longitudinal
    wave. For example sound wave in air.
    (ii) Electromagnetic waves : The waves which do not
    require medium for propagation are called
    electromagnetic waves these waves can travel through
    vacuum also. For example, light waves, X-rays.

    5. Characteristics of a sound wave

    Frequency : The number of vibrations per second is


    called frequency.

    The unit of frequency is hertz

    (ii) Amplitude: The maximum displacement of each


    particle from its mean position is called amplitude.

    The S.I. unit of amplitude is metre (m).

    (iii) Time period: The time taken to complete one


    vibration is called time period.
    Frequency= 1/(Time period) or v = 1/T

    (iv) Wavelength: The distance between two nearest


    (adjacent) crests or troughs of a wave is called its
    wavelength.

    (v) Velocity of wave: The distance travelled by a wave


    in one second is called velocity of the wave (or speed
    of the wave). The S.I. unit for the velocity of a wave is
    metres per second (m/s or ms-1).

    (vi) Pitch : Pitch is the sensation (brain interpretation)


    of the frequency of an emitted sound and is the
    characteristic which distinguishes a shrill (or sharp)
    sound from a grave (or flat) sound.
    (vii) Loudness : It is a measure of the sound energy
    reaching the ear per second. It depends on the
    amplitude of sound.

    viii) Quality or timber: The property that enables us


    to distinguish one sound from another having the
    same pitch and loudness. It depends on the
    waveform produced by the vibration of the object.
    • Reflection of sound : When sound waves strike a
    surface, they return back into the same medium.
    This phenomenon is called reflection.

    • Laws of reflection : Angle of incidence is equal the


    angle of reflection.
    The incident wave, the reflected wave and the
    normal all lie in the same plane.

    • Echo : Phenomenon of hearing back our own


    sound is called an echo. It is due to successive
    reflection from the surfaces obstacles of large
    size.

    • Relation between speed of sound, time of hearing


    echo and distance of reflection body :If t is the
    time at which an echo is heard, d is the distance
    between the source of sound and the reflecting
    body and v is the speed of sound. The total
    distance travelled by the sound is 2d.

    speed of sound, v = 2d/t or d = vt/2

    • Conditions for the formation of Echoes


    (i) The minimum distance between the source of
    sound and the reflecting body should be 17.2m .

    (ii) The wavelength of sound should be less than


    the height of the reflecting body.

    (iii) The intensity of sound should be sufficient so


    that it can be heard after reflection.

    • Reverberation : Persistence of sound after its


    production is stopped, is called reverberation. A
    short reverberation is desirable in a concert hall
    (where music is being played) because it gives
    ‘life’ to sound. Too much reverberation confuses
    the programmers and must be reduced to reduce
    reverberation.
    • USES OF MULTIPLE REFLECTION
    OF SOUND
    • Megaphones ,horns, musical instruments such as
    trumpets and shehanais, are all designed to send
    sound in a particular direction without spreading
    it in all directions.
    • In stethoscopes the sound of the patient’s
    heartbeat reaches the doctor’s ears by multiple
    reflection of sound.
    • The curved ceilings of concert halls and
    conference halls make the sound after reflection
    reach all corners of the hall.
    • Sometimes a curved soundboard may be placed
    behind the stage so that the sound, after reflecting
    from the sound board, spreads evenly across the
    width of the hall.

    • Range of Hearing : The audible range of sound for


    human beings extends from about 20 Hz to
    20,000 Hz (one Hz = one cycle/s). Sounds of
    frequencies below 20 Hz are called infrasonic
    sound or infrasound. Frequencies higher than 20
    kHz are called ultrasonic sound or ultra sound.
    Ultrasound is produced by dolphins.

    • Applications of ultrasound : The ultrasound is


    commonly used for medical diagnosis and
    therapy, and also as a surgical tool. It is also used
    in a wide variety of industrial applications and
    processes. Some creatures use ultrasound for
    information exchange and for the detection and
    location of objects. Also some bats and
    porpoises are found to use ultrasound for
    navigation and to locate food in darkness or at a
    place where there is inadequate light for vision
    (method of search is called echolocation).

    • Sonar : SONAR means Sound Navigation Rang-ing.


    In this sound waves (ultrasonic) are used
    [microwaves are absorbed by water)]. Sound
    waves are emitted by a source. These waves
    travel in water with velocity v. The waves re-
    flected by targets (like submarine bottom sea) are
    detected.
    Uses
    (i) The SONAR system is used for detecting
    the presence of unseen underwater objects,
    such as a submerged submarine, a sunken
    ship, sea rock or a hidden iceberg, and
    locating them accurately.

    (ii) The principle of SONAR is also used in


    industry of detection of flaws in metal blocks
    or sheets without damaging them.

    • Human ear : It is a highly sensitive part of the


    human body which enables us to hear a sound. It
    converts the pressure variations in air with
    audiable frequencies into electric signals which
    travel to the brain via the auditory nerve.
    The human ear has three main parts. Their
    auditory functions are as follows:

    (i) Outer ear : The outer ear is called `pinna’. It


    collects the sound from the suri-ounding. The
    collected sound passes through the auditory canal.
    At the end of the auditory canal there is a thin
    membrane called the ear drum or tympanic
    membrane. When compression of the medium
    produced due to vibration of the object reaches
    the ear drum, the pressure on the outside of the
    membrane increases and forces the eardrum
    inward. Similarly, the eardrum moves outward
    when a rarefaction reaches. In this way the ear
    drum vibrates.

    (ii) Middle ear: The vibrations are amplified


    several times by three bones (the hammer, anvil
    and stirrup) in the middle ear which act as levers.
    The middle ear transmits the amplified pressure
    variations received from the sound wave to the
    inner ear.

    (iii) Inner ear: In the inner ear, the pressure


    variations are turned into electrical signals by the
    cochlea. These electrical signals are sent to the
    brain via the auditory nerve, and the brain
    interprets them as sound.

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