Key Points Chemistry Electrochemistry (1)

ICA D.I.
KHAN
The Academy of Toppers
KEY POINTS FOR MDCAT CHEMISTRY

CHEMISTRY-I CH # 9 (Electrochemistry) BY : Prof. ATTAULLAH KHAN BURKI
1. Electrochemistry is the sub- branch of physical chemistry that deals with inter conversion of chemical energy &
Electrical Energy. Or the study of electrochemical cells is known as electrochemistry.
2. Metals are good conductor But generally they are non – electrolytes. Since electrolytes are species that can ionize in
water & hence can conduct electricity (due to free moving ions, not electrons).
All neutral salts, strong Acids & Bases are examples of strong electrolytes.
3. The aging of human, food spoilage, yellowish brown coloration of a cut apple part, burning of wood are various of
example of oxidn reactions.
While Vit – C & Vit – E are good anti – oxidants (reducing agents)
4. Hwen current is passed through a metal, No chemical change take place But when it is passed from an electrolyte –
solution , a chemical change take place.
5. Decomposition of NH3 is oxidn since it involves removal of “H2” while formation of HCI from H2& CI2is reduction i.e
addn of H2.
6. Oxidizing agent oxidizes other by increasing oxidn sate of other via gaining 𝑒𝑛 ̅̅̅ from it. The oxidn No.of oxidizing
agent is always decreased. Reducing agent reduces other to oxidize itself.
7. Valency is only a number, that show no. of unpaired 𝑒𝑛𝑠 ̅̅̅̅̅ in valence, shell or the no. of bonds that an atom can form up
to maximum. While oxidn number / state can be + ve / - ve. It shows the no. of 𝑒𝑛 ̅̅̅𝑠 exchanged.
8. Net oxidn state for neutral species (element , molecule, compound) is zero.
9. “H” is generally +1 But in Hydrides of IA & IIA . it’s –1 e.g in 𝑁𝑎+1 𝐻 −1 , 𝐶𝑎+2 𝐻2−1 , 𝐿𝑖 +1 𝐴𝐼 +3 𝐻4−1
10. The possible oxidn states of N= - 3 to +5 & for 0= +2 to – 2 .0= +1 in O2F2& +2 in OF2.
11. In oxidn No method of balancing , Via oxidn states , oxidized & reduced species are detected & then multiplied with
suitable numbers to equalize the no. of (𝑒𝑛𝑠̅̅̅̅̅) being exchanged. the remaining equation is balanced via trial method.
12. In half equation method / ion – electron method, first medium of the reaction is detected & then eq is divided in to oxidn
& reduction half reaction.
Charge balancing is necessary via adding / subtracting 𝑒𝑛 ̅̅̅𝑠& H,O are balanced at the end simultaneously as
 For acidic / neutral medium , add 𝐻 to balance H & add H2O to balance “O”
+
 For Basic medium, add H2O to balance “H” & add “OH–” to balance “O”.
13. In acidic medium K2Cr2O7, Cr changes from +6 to +3 (3 𝑒𝑛 ̅̅̅ gained). While KMnO4 , Mn
Changes from +7 to +2 ( 5 𝑒𝑛 ̅̅̅ gained).
14. H2S & SO2 are good reducing agents like NaH, LiAIH4 etc.
15. The plate / rod/ wire having +ve /-ve charge in a certain cell is known as electrode. At anode oxidn occur & at cathode ,
redn occur ALWAYS. Anode is +ve & cathode is – ve for electrolytic cell but its opposite is true for voltaic / galvanic
cell
16. An electrode may either loss or gain 𝑒𝑛 ̅̅̅ when connected to another electrode. It is termed as oxidn potential or Red
potential respectively. (𝐸𝑜𝑥𝑖 𝑜𝑟 𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑑 ) If it is measured at 298k in 1 molar solution then it is termed as standard electrode
potential (𝐸 0 ).
17. SHE ( standard hydrogen electrode) is a primary reference electrode. It have H2(g) adsorbed on pt – rod dipped in 1M
HCI solution ( H2⇌ 2H+ + 2𝑒̅n) & arbitrarily Eox = Ered = 0.00V for H2. Above 500C, this can’t work b/c H2 catches fire.
Hence Ag/AgCI or other 2ndry reference electrodes are used then.
18. Salt bridge is u – shaped tube consisting of KCI or NH4NO3 concentrated solution. Its function is (i) to complete the
circuit of a cell (ii) to keep both half-cell solution Neutral.
19. The Eoxid of Zn=+0.76V (& Ered = - 0.76V) while Eoxid of Cu = - 0.34V (Ered = +.34 V)
20. Descending order of red potential F2> Au+3> CI2> Ag+1> Fe+3> H2> Pb+2> Fe+2> Zn+2> Mn+2.
21. E0Cell = Eox +Ered e.g E0cell (zn/cu cell) = 0.76 +0.34 = 1.10V
s
22. Cell reaction is represented as oxidn// redn e.g Zn /Zn+2// Cu++ / Cu
(Oxidation) (Reduction)
23. Basically electrochemical cells are being divided into 2 types.
i. Voltaic or galvanic cell(chem energy →electrical energy cenvertor)
ii. Electrolytic cell (electrical → chem energy convertor .g Down’s cell, Nelson’s cell etc)
24. In voltaic cell, a spontaneous reaction take place while in electrolytic cell,s non – spontaneous change is brought by
using electrical power.
25. In electrolysis of molten NaCI, at cathode Na is obtained / deposited. But in electrolysis of aqueous NaCI , at cathode
“H2” gas is liberated since reduction potential of H+> Na+. that’s why Na+ is not reduced.
26. Electrolysis of Aq. NaCI is carried out in NELSON CELL to get NaOH ( caustic soda), H2& CI2 respectively on
commercial scale.
27. During recharging , lead storage battery , mobile battery act as electrolytic cell. Similarly galvanization
(Zn – plating) Ni,Cr etc plating are done in an electrolytic cell.
28. When a voltaic cell is recharge – able, it is termed as 2ndry cell. while primary cell is not rechargeable
29. In Dry cell , zn is Anode, MnO2 supported (adsorbed) on graphite rod act as cathode (oxid. Agent) While NH4CI
( Acidic salt) is electrolyte of the cell. This is an irreversible primary cell.
30. In lead storage battery, H2SO4⇒ Electrolyte& PbO2⇒Cathode (during discharging) and Pb= Anode With the passage of
time, Anode become thin H2SO4 become dilute.
31. The special cell, excessively used in space technology, that continuously convert chem energy to electrical energy via
continuous supply of reactants (fuels) is known as fuel cell. Its react can be gas, liqd or solids. Their life time is
unlimited. In H2/O2 fuel cell, H2: anode , O2: cathode & KOH : electrolyte (Basic cell).
Its Effeciency = 75% & drawback : very expensive
32. Corrosion or rusting of metal is due to environmental pollution.
Pure iron can’t corrode. During iron rusting , the depressed (trough) act as a cup, where H2CO3: electrolyte, O2: cathode
& bulged out ( Crust) part of iron (pure) act as Anode. Rusted iron is hydrated ferric oxide Fe(oH)3. Corrosion can be
prevented via oil, greasing, Cr – plating, conversion into steel, cathodic bath dipping, painting, etc.
END OF 1st year Chemistry
Wishing you all deep rooted, crystal cleared Concepts !!
Prof: Attaullah Khan Burki

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ICA D.I.

KEY POINTS FOR MDCAT CHEMISTRY

END OF 1st year Chemistry

Wishing you all deep rooted, crystal cleared Concepts !!

Prof: Attaullah Khan Burki

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