GROUP-2 AIR CONDITIONING PROJECT

AIR CONDITIONING PROJECT REPORT
GAMBELLA UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING
COURSE GROUP PROJECT
GROUP NAME ID NO
1. KUMA DABA ……………………………………………..RNSC/0445/13
2. GEMECHIS ABATA …………………………………………….RNSC/0354/13
3. BEREKET TAFESE …………………………………………….RNSC/0147/13
SUBMITTED TO:Mr.GETNET B.(MSC)

SUBMISION DATE NOV/ 1/2024
GAMBELLA.ETHIOPIA
GBU. M.E.
CHAPTER ONE --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1

AIR CONDITIONING -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1
1.0 Introduction ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1
1.1 Definition Air Conditioning ---------------------------------------------------------- 1
1.2 Equipment s Used in an Air Conditioning system ------------------------------3
1.4 OBJECTIVE -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8
1.4.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE ----------------------------------------------------------- 8
1.5 Terminology ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 8
1.6 Working principle -------------------------------------------------------------------- 12
1.7 Components of Air Conditioning Systems -------------------------------------13
CHAPTER TWO ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14
2.DESIGN INFORMATION -----------------------------------------------------------------------14
2.1 Outdoor and indoor air design conditions --------------------------------------14
2.2 Outdoor (outside) Design Conditions ------------------------------------------- 14
2.2.1 Summer Design Condition ------------------------------------------------------ 14
2.3 Indoor design conditions ------------------------------------------------------------15
CHAPTER THREE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 16
3. HEATING AND COOLING LOAD CALCULATIONS ---------------------------------------16
3.1 Definition of Heating Load --------------------------------------------------------- 16
3.2 Definition of Cooling Loads -------------------------------------------------------- 16
3.3 Cooling Load Calculations ---------------------------------------------------------- 17
3.4 Estimations objective of the cooling load --------------------------------------17
3.5 Principles of Cooling Load Calculations for Buildings ----------------------- 19
3.6 The assumptions behind design cooling load are as follows: -------------19
3.7 Heating load calculations: ---------------------------------------------------------- 26
CHAPTER FOUR ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 28
4. EXAMPLES ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------28
1, If the building is air conditioned -----------------------------------------------------------------28
i. cooling load --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------29
Required ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31
Assumptions -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31
Diagram -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 33
CHAPTER FIVE --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------39
CONCLUSION ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------39
Reference ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 40
I
CHAPTER ONE
AIR CONDITIONING
1.0 Introduction
In order to maintain required conditions inside the conditioned space, energy has to
be either supplied or extracted from the conditioned space. The energy in the form of
sensible as well as latent heat has to be supplied to the space in winter and extracted
from the conditioned space in case of summer. An air conditioning system consists
of an air conditioning plant and a thermal distribution system. the air conditioning
(A/C) plant acts either as a heat source (in case of winter systems) or as a heat sink
(in case of summer systems). Air, water or refrigerant are used as media for
transferring energy from the air conditioning plant to the conditioned space. A
thermal distribution system is required to circulate the media between the
conditioned space and the A/C plant. Another important function of the thermal
distribution system is to introduce the required amount of fresh air into the
conditioned space so that the required Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) can be maintained.
1.1 Definition Air Conditioning
Air conditioning system is the branch of engineering science which deals with the
study of conditioning air (supplying and maintaining desirable internal atmospheric
conditions for human comfort, irrespective of external conditions. And also deals
with conditioning of the air fro industrial purpose, food storage and processing, and
other materials. The system which effectively controls air conditions to produce the
desired effects upon the occupants of the space known as Air Conditioning System.
Factor affecting comfort air conditioning
Temperature of air
 Maintenance of any desired temperature within enclosed space. Human being

feels comfortable when the air is 21OC with 56% relative humidity.
Humidity of air
1
Control of humidity of air means the decreasing or increasing of moisture contents

of air. for a summer air conditioning, RH should not be less than 60% whereas for
winter air conditioning, RH should not be more than 40%.
Purity of air
 The proper filtration, cleaning and purification of air is essential to keep it from
dust and others Motions or circulations of air should be controlled.
 It is the process of changing the qualities of air present in the surroundings,

such as humidity and temperature, to create favorable conditions.[1]
Figure 0-1: Air conditioners[1]
In other words, AC is a technique that develops and maintains certain temperature

(mostly we use 16 degree Celsius), relative humidity, and air purity conditions in
indoor areas. This procedure is commonly used to maintain a degree of personal
comfort. It is also used in industrial applications to ensure the proper operation of
equipment or machinery that must operate in specific environmental conditions or
for carrying out certain industrial operations, such as welding, that generate large
amounts of heat that must be disposed of in some way. An air-conditioning system
must be successful and independent of outside climatic conditions and requires
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control over four essential variables: air temperature, humidity, movement, and
quality.
The boundary between industrial and personal comfort applications is not always
obvious. Industrial AC generally needs more accuracy in temperature and humidity
management. Some applications require a high level of filtration and
contamination elimination.
Comfort air-conditioning involves more than just meeting personal temperature-

humidity requirements; it also includes architectural design, weather forecasting,
energy consumption, and sound emissions in order to imitate the perfect
environment for human psycho physiological well-being.
1.2 Equipment s Used in an Air Conditioning system
1. Circulation fan: move air to and from the room.
2. Air conditioning unit: a unit that consists of cooling and dehumidification

processes for summer air conditioning or heating and humidification processes for
winter air conditioning.
3. Supply duct: directs the conditioned air from the circulating fan to the space to be
air conditioned at proper point.
4. Supply outlet: distributes the conditioned air in the room.
5. Return outlet: it openings in the room surface which allow the room air to enter
the return duct.
6. Filters: remove dust, dirt and other harmful bacteria from the air.
1.3 Types of Air Conditioning
There are many types of air conditioners for homes, ranging from massive central
systems powered by external compressors to small plug-in units that may be
installed in windows or on the floor.
Because each air conditioner has advantages and disadvantages, you may use this
guide to choose which air conditioner is ideal for you, depending on these factors.
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There are some list of Air Conditioning given below :
 Window Air Conditioners: These are compact units installed in a

window. They are ideal for cooling single rooms and are relatively easy to
install and remove.
Figure 2: Windo Air Conditioners [1]
Figure 3
 Central Air Conditioners: These systems cool the entire home through a
network of ducts. They are efficient for large spaces and provide consistent cooling
throughout the house.
Figure 4: Central Air Oonditioners[1]
 Portable Air Conditioners: These units can be moved from room to

room. They are convenient for temporary cooling needs and typically require a
window for venting.
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Figure 5: portable Air Conditioners [1]
 Hybrid Air Conditioners: These systems combine traditional air conditioning

with renewable energy sources like solar power, offering energy efficiency and cost
savings.
Figure 6; Hybrid Air Conditioners[1]
 Geothermal Heat Pumps: These systems use the stable temperatures

underground to heat and cool your home. They are highly efficient and
environmentally friendly.
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Figure 7: Geothermal Heat Pumps[1]
 Package Terminal Air Conditioners (PTAC): Commonly found in hotels,

these self-contained units are installed through a wall and can provide both heating
and cooling.
Figure 8: Package Termial Air Conditioners[1]
 Ductless Mini-Split Systems: These systems consist of an outdoor unit and one
or more indoor units, providing zoned cooling without the need for ductwork.
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Figure 9 Ductles Mini-Split System[1]
 Floor-Mounted Air Conditioners: These are similar to mini-split systems but

are installed at floor level, making them ideal for rooms with limited wall space.
Figure 10: Floor -Mounted Air Conditioners [1]
Smart Air Conditioners: These units can be controlled via smartphone apps,
offering features like scheduling, remote control, and energy usage monitoring.
Figure 11: Smart Air Conditioners [1]
 Evaporator Coolers: Also known as swamp coolers, these use the evaporation
of water to cool the air. They are most effective in dry climates.
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Figure 12: Evaporator [1]
1.4 OBJECTIVE
1.4.1 GENERAL OBJECTIVE
The main objective of our project is to study inside and outside design conditions
and to calculate heating and cooling Loads.
1.4.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE
To design outdoor and indoor air conditioning system.
To calculate cooling and heating loads.
To study outside and inside design conditions.
1.5 Terminology
The most commonly terms we used in this project is:
Space – is either a volume or a site without a partition or a partitioned room or group

of rooms.
Room – is an enclosed or partitioned space that is usually treated as single load.
Zone – is a space or group of spaces within a building with heating and/or cooling
requirements sufficiently similar so that comfort conditions can be maintained
throughout by a single controlling device.
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Cooling Load Temperature Difference (CLTD) – an equivalent temperature

difference used for calculating the instantaneous external cooling load across a wall
or roof.
Sensible Heat Gain – is the energy added to the space by conduction, convection
and/or radiation.
Latent Heat Gain – is the energy added to the space when moisture is added to the
space by means of vapor emitted by the occupants, generated by a process or
through air infiltration from outside or adjacent areas.
Radiant Heat Gain – the rate at which heat absorbed is by the surfaces enclosing
the space and the objects within the space.
Space Heat Gain – is the rate at which heat enters into and/or is generated within
the
conditioned space during a given time interval.
Space Cooling Load – is the rate at which energy must be removed from a space to
maintain a constant space air temperature.
Space Heat Extraction Rate - the rate at which heat is removed from the
conditioned space and is equal to the space cooling load if the room temperature
remains constant.
Dry Bulb Temperature – is the temperature of air indicated by a regular

thermometer.
Wet Bulb Temperature– is the temperature measured by a thermometer that has a

bulb wrapped in wet cloth.
Dew point Temperature– is the temperature to which air must be cooled in order to
reach saturation or at which the condensation of water vapor in a space begins for a
given state of humidity and pressure.
Relative humidity - describes how far the air is from saturation. It is a useful term
for expressing the amount of water vapor when discussing the amount and rate of
evaporation.
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One way to approach saturation, a relative humidity of 100%, is to cool the air. It is
therefore useful to know how much the air needs to be cooled to reach saturation.
Thermal Transmittance or Heat Transfer Coefficient (U-factor) - (W/m2 .K )– is

the rate of heat flow through a unit area of building envelope material or assembly,
including its boundary films, per unit of temperature difference between the inside
and outside air.
Thermal Resistance (R) – is the reciprocal of a heat transfer coefficient . The value
of R is also used to represent Thermal Resistivity, the reciprocal of the thermal
conductivity.
British thermal unit (Btu) - is the approximate heat required to raise 1 lb. of water
1 deg Fahrenheit, from 590 F to 600 F. Air conditioners are rated by the number of
British Thermal Units (Btu) of heat they can remove per hour. Another common
rating term for air conditioning size is the "ton," which is 12,000 Btu per hour and
Watts. Some countries utilize one unit, more than the others and therefore it is good
if you can remember the relationship between BTU/hr, Ton, and Watts.
1 ton is equivalent to 12,000 BTU/hr. and 12,000 BTU/hr is equivalent to 3,516

Watts - or 3.516 kW (kilo-Watts).
Cooling Load Temperature Difference (CLTD) – an equivalent temperature

difference used for calculating the instantaneous external cooling load across a wall
or roof.
Air Conditioning (AC): A system that cools and dehumidifies indoor air for
comfort.
Refrigerant: A chemical compound used in the cooling cycle of an air conditioning

system to absorb and release heat.
Compressor: A component that compresses the refrigerant gas, raising its

temperature and pressure before it moves to the condenser.
Condenser: A heat exchanger where the refrigerant releases heat to the outside air
and changes from a gas to a liquid.
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Evaporator: A heat exchanger where the refrigerant absorbs heat from the indoor
air, causing it to evaporate and cool the air.
Expansion Valve: A device that regulates the flow of refrigerant into the evaporator,
reducing its pressure and temperature.
Duct work: The system of ducts that distribute conditioned air throughout a
building.
Thermostat: A device that senses the temperature of the air and regulates the
operation of the air conditioning system to maintain a set temperature.
SEER (Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio): A measure of an air conditioning

system's efficiency over a cooling season, calculated by dividing the cooling output
by the energy consumed.
Split System: An air conditioning system that has both an indoor and outdoor unit,
typically consisting of an evaporator coil inside and a compressor outside.
Central Air Conditioning: A system that cools air at a central location and
distributes it throughout the building via duct work.
Window Air Conditioner: A self-contained unit designed to fit in a window or

through a wall, providing cooling for a single room.
Portable Air Conditioner: A movable unit that can be used to cool individual
rooms without permanent installation.
Heat Pump: A device that can both heat and cool a space by reversing the flow of
refrigerant.
Dehumidifier: A device that removes moisture from the air, often integrated into air
conditioning systems to enhance comfort.
Air Handler: A component that circulates conditioned air through ductwork; it may
include filters, blowers, and coils.
Filtration: The process of removing particles from the air using filters in the HVAC
system.
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Zoning System: A system that uses multiple thermostats and dampers to control
temperatures in different areas or zones of a building independently.
Ventilation: The process of exchanging indoor air with outdoor air to improve
indoor air quality.
1.6 Working principle
Its works like a pump, an air conditioner draws heat from a space and releases it
outside. It consist Heat exchanger coil, compressor, and a mechanism that use
refrigerant gas in the operation. There is an absorption of heat during the transition
from a liquid to a gas is a basic concept of physics that underlies the operation of
air conditioning equipment. Practically, AC move heat from a room's inside to its
outdoor.[3]
Figure 13: Working Principe [1]
The refrigerant initiates as a low pressure, low temperature liquid in the evaporator
coil of the house. Here, the heat from the room air is absorbed. In the meantime,
heat absorption causes the refrigerant to change from a liquid to a low-pressure gas.
The unit outside the home receives this gas after that.
Here, a compressor is utilized to raise the temperature and pressure of this gas
refrigerant.
It is then moved to the condensation coil, which discharges the heat that was
previously trapped inside your house into the atmosphere. A fan pushes air across
the condenser for cooling and turning the refrigerant into a high-pressure liquid.
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The cycle is then continued by reintroducing the refrigerant through the expansion
valve into the house.
1.7 Components of Air Conditioning Systems
Evaporator-An evaporator consists of a heat ex changer coil that gathers heat

from a room's surface. Because it is the part where the fluid refrigerant receives
heat from the surrounding air and turns into a gas, this part is called an evaporator.
Copper and aluminum are commonly utilized in construction because of their
better heat conduction properties. Copper tubes in the evaporator transport the
refrigerant, and vents attached to the tubes improve heat transmission from the
refrigerant to the surrounding air.
Refrigerant- When a gas moves through the AC's heat ex changer coils, it absorbs
heat from the air around it and releases it outside. An AC's refrigerant evaporates
and condenses, reducing the temperature of the indoor air.
Condenser- In this part hot gas condenses into a liquid, thus the name. When the
high-temperature gas reach to the condenser and pushes air over the heat ex-
changer, a spinning fan cools the gas and transforms it into a fluid. Condensers,
like evaporator units, are commonly made of copper or aluminium. However, they
are housed in a facility outside the space.
Compressor- It compress the gas to extremely high pressure. It acts as pump

cooling gas from the evaporator to increase temperature. After that high pressure
gas is then sent to outside chamber.
Expansion Valve-The expansion valve, located between the condenser and

evaporator, is an essential component in AC systems. It keep the amount of
refrigerant in evaporator. Expansion valve converts the high-pressure refrigerant in
the condenser into a low-pressure. The evaporator then continues to operate using
this low-pressure, low-temperature liquid.[4]
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CHAPTER TWO
2.DESIGN INFORMATION
To calculate the space cooling load, detailed building information, location, site and
weather data, internal design information and operating schedules are required.
Information regarding the outdoor design conditions and desired indoor conditions
are the starting point for the load calculation and is discussed below. [5]
2.1 Outdoor and indoor air design conditions
The amount of heating and cooling loads that have to be accomplished to keep
buildings comfortable in cold winter and hot summer depend on the desired
condition indoors and on the outdoor conditions on a given day. These conditions are,
respectively, termed the “indoor design condition” and the “outdoor design
condition”. In principle, the heating and cooling loads are calculated to maintain the
indoor design conditions when the outdoor weather data do not exceed the design
values.
2.2 Outdoor (outside) Design Conditions
It is not economical to choose either the annual maximum or annual minimum

values of the outdoor weather data in determining the outdoor conditions.
The outdoor design data is usually determined as follows,
1-According to the statistical analysis of the weather data (meteorological data) so

that 1, 2.5 or 5% of the total possible operating hours is equaled or exceeded the
outdoor design values.
2- According to ASHRAE (The American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air

Conditioning Engineers) for some capitals in the world.
2.2.1 Summer Design Condition
The recommended summer design and coincident wet bulb temperature, when
chosen as being equaled to or exceeded by 2.5% of the total number of hours (i.e.
2928 hours) in June, July, August and September, are (i) 23 o C dry bulb
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temperature, and (ii) 28 o C wet bulb temperature Figure below shows the outdoor
dry bulb temperature and wet bulb temperature curves for a typically hot summer
day in Hong Kong. Usually the maximum temperature of 33 o C occurs at 2 p.m.
and the minimum temperature of 28 o C occurs just before sunrise. The daily range
of dry bulb temperature is about 5 to 6 o C, and the daily mean dry bulb temperature
is 30.5 o C. Outdoor (outside) Design Conditions depend on the following:
Geographical location, Latitude, Elevation, Season (summer or winter).
Figure 14: Temperature -Frequency of out side design[2]
2.2.2 Winter design condition
The recommended winter design and coincident relative humidity, when chosen as
being equaled to or exceeded by 1% or 2.5% of the total number of hours (i.e. 2160
hours) in December, January and February, are (i) 9 o C dry bulb temperature, and
(ii) 50% relative humidity Minimum temperature occurs at 6 a.m. or 7 a.m. before
sunrise and the daily range is about 6 to 8 o C during very cold winter days.[6]
2.3 Indoor design conditions
For most of the comfort air-conditioning systems used in the commercial and public
buildings, the recommended indoor temperature and relative humidity according to
ASHRAE (The American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Engineers) are as follows: (i) Summer: 23.5 - 25.5 o C dry bulb temperature, 50 -
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60 % relative humidity (ii) Winter: 21 - 23.5 o C dry bulb temperature, 30 - 40 %

relative humidity.
1-The indoor design conditions are determined according to ASHRAE (The

American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers).
2- Outdoor and indoor design conditions are used to calculate design space load.
CHAPTER THREE
3. HEATING AND COOLING LOAD CALCULATIONS
3.1 Definition of Heating Load
As the name implies, heating load calculations are carried out to estimate the heat
loss from the building in winter so as to arrive at required heating capacities. •
Normally during winter months the peak heating load occurs before sunrise and the
outdoor conditions do not vary significantly throughout the winter season.
In addition, internal heat sources such as occupants or appliances are beneficial as

they compensate some of the heat losses. As a result, normally, the heat load
calculations are carried out assuming steady state conditions (no solar radiation and
steady outdoor conditions) and neglecting internal heat sources. This is a simple but
conservative approach that leads to slight overestimation of the heating capacity. For
more accurate estimation of heating loads, one has to take into the thermal capacity
of the walls and internal heat sources, which makes the problem more complicated.
[7]
3.2 Definition of Cooling Loads
For estimating cooling loads, one has to consider the unsteady state processes, as the
peak cooling load occurs during the day time and the outside conditions also vary
significantly throughout the day due to solar radiation. In addition, all internal
sources add on to the cooling loads and neglecting them would lead to
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underestimation of the required cooling capacity and the possibility of not being able
to maintain the required indoor conditions. Thus cooling load calculations are
inherently more complicated as it involves solving unsteady equations with unsteady
boundary conditions and internal heat sources.
The heating and cooling load calculations are carried out to estimate the required
capacity of heating and cooling systems, which can maintain the required conditions
in the conditioned space. To estimate the required cooling or heating capacities, one
has to have information regarding the design indoor and outdoor conditions,
specifications of the building, specifications of the conditioned space (such as the
occupancy, activity level, various appliances and equipment used etc.) and any
special requirements of the particular application.[8]
3.3 Cooling Load Calculations
The total heat require to be removed from the space in order to bring it at the desired
temperature by the air conditioning and refrigeration equipment is called Cooling
load. The purpose of a load estimation is:
 To determine the size of the Air Conditioning that is required to maintain inside
design conditions during periods of maximum outside temperature.
The design load is based on;
 Inside and outside design conditions
 It is air conditioning capacity to produce and
 Maintain satisfactory inside conditions.[9]
3.4 Estimations objective of the cooling load
Cooling load calculations may be used to accomplish one or more of the following
objectives:
a. Provide information for equipment selection, system sizing and system design.
b. Provide data for evaluating the optimum possibilities for load reduction.
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c. Permit analysis of partial loads as required for system design, operation and
control.
3.4.1 Components of cooling load
There are two components of cooling load imposed on air conditioning plant
operating during hot weather are as follows:
1) Sensible heat gain (SHG)
2) Latent heat gain (LHG)
1. Sensible heat gain (SHG) A gain heat said to be SHG when there is a direct
addition of heat to the enclosed space. The SHG may occur due to any one or all the
following sources of heat transfer.
a) The heat flowing into the building by conduction through exterior walls, floors,
ceilings, doors and windows due to the temperature difference on their two sides.
b) The heat received from solar radiation. It consists of
i) The transmitted directly through glass of windows, ventilators, or doors
ii) The heat absorbed by walls and roofs exposed to solar radiation and later
transferred on to the room by conduction
c) The heat conducted through interior partition from rooms in the same building
which are not conditioned.
d) The heat given by off by lights, motors, machinery, cooking operations, industrial
processes and etc.
e) The heat liberated by the occupants.
f) The heat carried by the outside air which leaks in (infiltrating air) through the
cracks in doors, windows, and through their frequent openings.
g) The heat gain through the walls of ducts carrying conditions air through
unconditioned space in the building.
h) The heat gain from the fan work.
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2. Latent heat gain (LHG)
LHG is a gain heat, when there is an addition of water vapour to the air of enclosed
space. This LH is to be removed during the process of summer air conditioning. This
LHG may occur due to any one or all of the following sources. a) The HG due to
moisture in the outside air entering by infiltration. b) The HG due to condensation of
moisture from occupants. c) The HG due to condensation of moisture from any
processes (cooking foods that takes place within the conditioned space. d) The HG
due to moisture passing directly into the conditioned space through permeable walls
or partitions from the outside or from adjoining regions where the water vapor
pressure is higher. The total heat gain (THG) to be removed air conditioning is the
sum of SH and LH loads. THG = SHG + LHG
3.5 Principles of Cooling Load Calculations for Buildings
The control of thermal environment in a building; requires measures to counteract

the heat and moisture gain or loss by a building.
Heat transfer occurs if there is a temperature difference between the interior space
and the external environment.
Solar radiation affects the heat transfer through opaque as well as diathermy
materials, the transmission through the latter being very significant.
The intensity of solar radiation varies from a minimum at sunrise and sunset, to
maximum at solar noon.
The building material also has thermal capacity due to which it stores energy and
delays the transmission of energy. Heat transfer in buildings is always periodic.[9]
3.6 The assumptions behind design cooling load are as follows:
Design cooling load takes into account all the loads experienced by a building under
a specific set of assumed conditions.
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Design outside conditions are selected from a long-term statistical database. The
conditions will not necessarily represent any actual year, but are representative of the
location of the building.
Design data for outside conditions for various locations of the world have been
collected and are available in tabular form in various handbooks.
The load on the building due to solar radiation is estimated for clear sky conditions.
The building occupancy is assumed to be at full design capacity.
All building equipment and appliances are considered to be operating at a reasonably

representative capacity.
For cooling load estimations; the Buildings Loads may be classified as:
Externally loaded and Internally loaded. In externally loaded buildings; the

cooling load on the building is mainly due to heat transfer between the surroundings
and the internal conditioned space. Since the surrounding conditions are highly
variable in any given day, the cooling load of an externally loaded building varies
widely.
The total building cooling load consists of heat transferred through the building
envelope (walls, roof, floor, windows, doors etc.) In internally loaded buildings the
cooling load is mainly due to internal heat generating sources such as occupants or
appliances or processes (equipment, and lights).
The percentage of external versus internal load varies with building type, site climate,
and building design. The total cooling load on any building consists of both sensible
as well as latent load components. The sensible load affects dry bulb temperature,
while the latent load affects the moisture content of the conditioned space.
Generally, the total cooling load on a building consists of external as well as internal
loads. The external loads consist of heat transfer by conduction through the building
walls, roof, floor, doors etc., heat transfer by radiation through fenestration such as
windows and skylights. All these are sensible heat transfers. In addition to these the
external load also consists of heat transfer due to infiltration, which consists of both
sensible as well as latent components. The heat transfer due to ventilation is not a
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load on the building but a load on the system. The various internal loads consist of
sensible and latent heat transfer due to occupants, products, processes and appliances,
sensible heat transfer due to lighting and other equipment.
Figure 15: Design Cooling Load [3]
Estimation of external loads
a) Heat transfer through opaque surfaces
b) Heat transfer through fenestration
c) Heat transfer due to infiltration
d) Miscellaneous external loads
a) Heat transfer through opaque surfaces: This is a sensible heat transfer process.
The heat transfer rate through opaque surfaces such as walls, roof, floor, doors etc.
is given by:
Q opaque = U.A.CLTD
Where; U is the overall heat transfer coefficient and A is the heat transfer area of
the surface on the side of the conditioned space.
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CLTD is the cooling load temperature difference.
For sunlit surfaces, CLTD has to be obtained from the CLTD tables (ASHRAE) For
surfaces which are not sunlit or which have negligible thermal mass (such as doors),
the CLTD value is simply equal to the temperature difference across the wall or roof.
For example, for external doors the CLTD value is simply equal to the difference
between the design outdoor and indoor dry bulb temperatures, Tout-Tin.
For interior air conditioned rooms surrounded by non-air conditioned spaces, the
CLTD of the interior walls is equal to the temperature difference between the
surrounding non-air conditioned space and the conditioned space. Obviously, if an
air conditioned room is surrounded by other air conditioned rooms, with all of them
at the same temperature, the CLTD values of the walls of the interior room will be
zero.
Heat transfer through fenestration: Heat transfer through transparent surface such as
a window, includes heat transfer by conduction due to temperature difference across
the window and heat transfer due to solar radiation through the window. The heat
transfer through the window by convection is calculated :[10]
Q window = U*A*CLTD Where, CLTD being equal to the temperature

difference across the window and A equal to the total area of the window. The heat
transfer due to solar radiation through the window is given by:
Q trans = A un shaded * SHGF max * SC*CLF
Where; A un shaded is the area exposed to solar radiation, SHGF max and SC are
the maximum Solar Heat Gain Factor and Shading Coefficient, respectively, and
CLF is the Cooling Load Factor. The un shaded area has to be obtained from the
dimensions of the external shade and solar geometry. SHGF max and SC are
obtained from ASHRAE tables based on the orientation of the window, location,
month of the year and the type of glass and internal shading device.
Heat transfer due to infiltration: Heat transfer due to infiltration consists of both
sensible as well as latent components. The sensible heat transfer rate due to
infiltration is given by: Q�,�� = ��,� �� −�� =�� ,� �� −�� where
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�� is the infiltration rate ( in m3/s), �� and ��,� are the density and specific heat
of the moist, infiltrated air, respectively. �� are the outdoor and indoor dry
bulb temperatures. The latent heat transfer rate due to infiltration is given by:
Q�,�� = �� −�� =�� −�� where hfg is the latent heat of
vaporization of water, Wo and Wi are the outdoor and indoor humidity ratio,
respectively. The infiltration rate depends upon several factors such as the tightness
of the building that includes the walls, windows, doors etc. and the prevailing wind
speed and direction. The infiltration rate is obtained by using either the air change
method or the crack method. The infiltration rate by air change method is given by:
Vo= (ACH).V/3600 m Ꝫ /s
Miscellaneous external loads: In addition to the above loads, if the cooling coil
has a positive by-pass factor (BPF > 0), then some amount of ventilation air
directly enters the conditioned space, in which case it becomes a part of the
building cooling load. The sensible and latent heat transfer rates due to the by-
passed ventilation air can be calculated using equations above by replacing with Vo
with V vent*BPF. Q�, �� = ��, � �� −�� =�� ∗��∗��,� �� −��
Q�,�� = �� −�� =�� ∗��∗�� −�� Where V vent is the
ventilation rate and BPF is the by-pass factor of the cooling coil.
Estimation of internal loads The internal loads consist of load due to occupants,
lighting, equipment and appliances and products stored or processes being
performed in the conditioned space. a) Load due to occupants: The internal cooling
load due to occupants consists of both sensible and latent heat components. The
rate at which the sensible and latent heat transfer take place depends mainly on the
population and activity level of the occupants. Since a portion of the heat
transferred by the occupants is in the form of radiation, a Cooling Load Factor
(CLF) should be used similar to that used for radiation heat transfer through
fenestration. Thus the sensible heat transfer to the conditioned space due to the
occupants is given by the equation:
Q s, occupants = ( No of people) (Sensible Heat Gain/person )*CLF
| GBU. M.E. 23
Table:1 Shows typical values of total heat gain from the occupants and also the
sensible heat gain fraction as a function of activity in an air conditioned space. •
However, it should be noted that the fraction of the total heat gain that is sensible
depends on the conditions of the indoor environment.
Total heat Activity SHG fraction

gain, W
70 Sleeping 0.75
100 Seated, quite 0.60
150 Standing 0.50
305 Walking @3.5kmph 0.35
150 Office work 0.55
175 Teaching 0.50
300 to 600 Industrial work 0.35
Total heat gain, sensible heat gain fraction from occupants[11]
The value of Cooling Load Factor (CLF) for occupants depends on:
the hours after the entry of the occupants into the conditioned space,
the total hours spent in the conditioned space and type of the building. Values of
CLF have been obtained for different types of buildings and have been tabulated in
ASHRAE handbooks. Since the latent heat gain from the occupants is instantaneous
the CLF for LHG is 1.0, thus the LHG due to occupants is given by: Q l, occupants =
(No. of people ) (Latent heat gain/person ) b) Load due to lighting: Lighting adds
sensible heat to the conditioned space. Since the heat transferred from the lighting
| GBU. M.E. 24
system consists of both radiation and convection, a Cooling Load Factor is used to
account for the time lag. Thus the cooling load due to lighting system is given by:
Q s, lighting =(Installed wattage) (Usage Factor) (Ballast factor) (CLF).
The usage factor accounts for any lamps that are installed but are not switched on at
the time at which load calculations are performed.  The ballast factor takes into
account the load imposed by ballasts used in fluorescent lights. A typical ballast
factor value of 1.25 is taken for fluorescent lights, while it is equal to 1.0 for
incandescent lamps. The values of CLF as a function of the number of hours after
the lights are turned on, type of lighting fixtures and the hours of operation of the
lights are available in the form of tables in ASHRAE handbooks.
Internal loads due to equipment and appliances: The equipment and appliances
used in the conditioned space may add both sensible as well as latent loads to the
conditioned space. Again, the sensible load may be in the form of radiation and/or
convection. Thus the internal sensible load due to equipment and appliances is
given by: Q s, appliances = (Installed wattage ) (Usage Factor) * CLF The installed
wattage and usage factor depend on the type of the appliance or equipment. The
CLF values are available in the form of tables in ASHARE handbooks. The latent
load due to appliances is given by:
Q I, appliance = (Installed wattage) (Latent heat fraction)
| GBU. M.E. 25
Table .2 shows typical load of various types of appliances
Appliance Sensible Latent load ,W Total load ,W

load ,W
Coffee 265 65 330

brewer, 0.5
galloons
Coffee 71 27 98
warmer, 0.5
galloons
Toaster ,360 1500 382 1882

slices /h
Food 1150 1150 2300

warmer
/m2plate area
For other equipment such as computers, printers etc., the load is in the form of
sensible heat transfer and is estimated based on the rated power consumption.
The CLF value for these equipment may be taken as 1.0 as the radiative heat
transfer from these equipment is negligible due to smaller operating temperatures.
3.7 Heating load calculations:
As mentioned before, conventionally steady state conditions are assumed for

estimating the building heating loads and the internal heat sources are neglected.
Then the procedure for heating load calculations becomes fairly simple. One has to
estimate only the sensible and latent heat losses from the building walls, roof,
ground, windows, doors, due to infiltration and ventilation. Equations similar to
those used for cooling load calculations are used with the difference that the CLTD
| GBU. M.E. 26
values are simply replaced by the design temperature difference between the
conditioned space and outdoors. Since a steady state is assumed, the required heating
capacity of the system is equal to the total heat loss from the building. As already
mentioned, by this method, the calculated heating system capacity will always be
more than the actual required cooling capacity. However, the difference may not be
very high as long as the internal heat generation is not very large (i.e., when the
building is not internally loaded).However, when the internal heat generation rate is
large and/or when the building has large thermal capacity with a possibility of
storing solar energy during day time, then using more rigorous unsteady approach by
taking the internal heat sources into account yields significantly small heating small
capacities and hence low initial costs. Hence, once again depending on the specific
case one has to select a suitable and economically justifiable method for estimating
heating loads.[12]
| GBU. M.E. 27
CHAPTER FOUR
4. EXAMPLES
Example one
1, If the building is air conditioned
i. Calculate the cooling load in kW
ii. Supply fan ii. If 2 indoor units he to be installed, determine the capacity of
indoor and outdoor units
Assumptions
 inside temperature, Ti = 20 °C
 outside temperature, To=40°C
 effective temperature difference for wall=200C
 let’s take 90W/person sensible heat and 40W/person latent heat
 number of computers with printers = 20
 let’s take 200W/computer  lighting load: 33W/floor area
 Over all heat transfer coefficient of wall, U = 1.8W/m²K)
 East window (given single glazed window U = 3.12 W/m²K, SC = 0.86)
Required
Calculate the cooling load in kW.
Determine the capacity of indoor and outdoor units if 2 indoor units are to be
installed.
 Solar Heat Gain (SHG) of glass ; SHG=300w/m2
 West Partition has no cooling load because of adjacent corridor is air

conditioned
| GBU. M.E. 28
 South partition, roof and floor have no cooling load because of all have adjacent
rooms that are air conditioned
Analysis
i. cooling load
External loads:
 Heat transfer rate through the walls: Since only east wall measuring 10m x 4m
with glass windows of 5m x 1.5m is exposed; the heat transfer rate through this
wall is given by:
Q wall=Uwall*Awall*ETDwall= 1.8((10*4)-(5*1.5))*10= 0.58 kW
 Heat transfer rate through other three walls, roof and floor
has no cooling load because of conditioned rooms.
 Heat transfer rate through glass:
The total heat transfer rate through the glass window is given by:
Qglass =Aglass[Uglass(To-Ti)+SHGmaxSC]
=5 x 1.5[3.12 x (40-20) + 300 x 0.86] = 2.403kW
 Heat transfer due to ventilation:
The cooling load due to ventilation rate is calculated as
Qventilation=1/3*V(To-Ti)
Qventilation=1/3*1440*(40-20) = 9.6 kW
The total external cooling load is
Qexternal,,total = Qwall+Qglass+Qventilation
Qexternal,,total = 0.585+2.403+9.6
=12.588kW
Internal loads.
 Load due to occupants:

| GBU. M.E. 29
The sensible and latent load due to occupants is:
Qoccupant = no.occupants*(SHG+LHG)
=60*(90+40) = 7.8kW
 Load due to lighting:
The load due to lightening is
Qlight = 33*floor area = 33*10*6 = 1.980kW
 Load due to appliance:
Qappliance = 20*200 = 4kW
The total internal cooling load is
Qinternal,total =Qoccupant + Qlight +Qappliance
=13.78kW
The total cooling load is total internal cooling load + total external cooling load,
which is equivalent to 26.368kW.
Hence using a safety factor of 1.25, the required cooling capacity is: Required
cooling capacity = 26.368x 1.25 = 32.96Kw.
ii.
If 2 indoor units he to be installed, determine the capacity of indoor and outdoor

units The capacity of office indoor unit is total cooling load that have been
calculated before. If two indoor units has to be installed the capacity of the unit is a
half of the total one, which is 32.96/2 = 16.48Kw.
Schematic Diagram
| GBU. M.E. 30
Figure 16: Schematic diagram
Example two
2) A building has a U-value of 0.5 W/m2.K and a total exposed surface area of 384
m2. The building is subjected to an external load (only sensible) of 2 kW and an
internal load of 1.2 kW (sensible). If the required internal temperature is 25oC, state
whether a cooling system is required or a heating system is required when the
external temperature is 3oC. How the results will change, if the U-value of the
building is reduced to 0.36 W/m.K?
Required
Determine whether a cooling or heating system is required for both U-values.
Assumptions
1. The heat transfer is steady-state.

2. The only heat transfer mode is conduction through the building envelope.
3. The internal and external loads are purely sensible.
| GBU. M.E. 31
Solution : from energy balance,
(Qsolar  Q int) sensible ( 2  1.2) * 1000

Tout,bal = Tin – =25- =8.33 0 C
UA 0.5 * 384
Since the outdoor temperature at balance point is greater than the external
temperature
(Text < Tout,bal);
the building requires heating (Ans.)
When the U-value of the building is reduced to 0.36 W/m.K, the new balanced
outdoor temperature is given by:
(Qsolar  Q int) sensible ( 2  1.2) * 1000

Tout,bal = Tin – =25- =1.85 0 C
UA 0.36 * 384
Since now the outdoor temperature at balance point is smaller than the external
temperature (Text > Tout,bal);
the building now requires cooling (Ans.)
The above example shows that adding more insulation to a building extends the
cooling season and reduces the heating season.
For U-value of 0.5 W/m².K:
Q1 =0.5W/m^2.K *384 m^2 *(25-3) =4224 W
Total cooling system =4224+2000+1200 =7424 W.
Since the total load is positive, a cooling system is required.
For U-value of 0.36 W/m².K:
[ Q_2 = 0.36 \times 384 \times (25 - 3) = 0.36 \times 384 \times 22 = 3041.28
\text{ W} ] [ \text{Total Load}_2 = 3041.28 + 2000 + 1200 = 6241.28 \text{ W} ]
Since the total load is positive, a cooling system is required.
| GBU. M.E. 32
Diagram
Diagram representation of the total load comparison for different U-values:
Figure 17: Diagram representation of total load comparison for different u-valves
Summary
With a U-value of 0.5 W/m².K, the building requires a cooling system.
 With a U-value of 0.36 W/m².K, the building still requires a cooling system,
but the total load is reduced.
Example three
3. An air conditioned room that stands on a well-ventilated basement measures 3 m

wide, 3 m high and 6 m deep. One of the two 3 m walls faces west and contains a
double glazed glass window of size 1.5 m by 1.5 m, mounted flush with the wall with
no external shading. There are no heat gains through the walls other than the one
| GBU. M.E. 33
facing west. Calculate the sensible, latent and total heat gains on the room, room
sensible heat factor from the following information. What is the required cooling
capacity?
3. Given data
Inside conditions : 25oC dry bulb, 50 percent RH
Outside conditions : 43oC dry bulb, 24oC wet bulb
U-value for wall : 1.78 W/m2.K
U-value for roof : 1.316 W/m2.K
U-value for floor : 1.2 W/m2.K
Effective Temp. Difference (ETD) for wall: 25oC
Effective Temp. Difference (ETD) for roof: 30oC
U-value for glass ; 3.12 W/m2.K
Solar Heat Gain (SHG) of glass ; 300 W/m2
Internal Shading Coefficient (SC) of glass: 0.86
Occupancy : 4 (90 W sensible heat/person)
(40 W latent heat/person)
Lighting load : 33 W/m2 of floor area
Appliance load : 600 W (Sensible) + 300 W(latent)
Infiltration : 0.5 Air Changes per Hour(ACH)
Barometric pressure : 101 kPa
Assumptions
The room is well-ventilated and there are no other heat gains through the walls
except the west wall.
Required
1) Calculate the sensible, latent, and total heat gains on the room.
| GBU. M.E. 34
2) Determine the room sensible heat factor (RSHF).
3) Calculate the required cooling capacity.
For external loads
a) Heat transfer rate through wall (Qwall)?

b) Heat transfer rate through roof (Qroof)?
c) Heat transfer rate through floor (Qfloor)?
d) Heat transfer rate through glass (Qglass)?
e) Heat transfer due to infiltration (Qinf)?
For internal loads
a) Load due to lighting?
b) Load due to occupants?
c) Load due to appliance?
Solutions
From psychrometric chart,
For the inside conditions of 250C dry bulb, 50 percent RH:
Wi = 9,9167 x 10-3 kgw/kgda
For the outside conditions of 430C dry bulb, 240C wet bulb:
Wo = 0.0107 kgw/kgda,
density of dry air = 1.095 kg/m3
External loads:
a .Heat transfer rate through the walls: Since only west wall measuring 3m x 3m
with a glass windows of 1.5m x 1.5m is exposed; the heat transfer rate through this
wall is given by:
Qwall = UwallAwallETDwall = 1.78 x (9-2.25) x 25 = 300.38 W (Sensible)
b. Heat transfer rate through roof:
Qroof = UroofAroofETDroof = 1.316 x 18 x 30 = 710.6 W (Sensible)

| GBU. M.E. 35
c. Heat transfer rate through floor: Since the room stands on a well-ventilated
basement, we can assume the conditions in the basement to be same as that
of the outside (i.e., 43oC dry bulb and 24oC wet bulb), since the floor is not
exposed to solar radiation, the driving temperature difference for the roof is
the temperature difference between the outdoor and indoor, hence:
Qfloor = UfloorAfloorETDfloor
= 1.2 x 18 x 18 = 388.8 W (Sensible)
d. Heat transfer rate through glass: This consists of the radiative as well as
conductive components. Since no information is available on the value of CLF, it is
taken as 1.0. Hence the total heat transfer rate through the glass window is given by:
Qglass = Aglass [Uglass(To−Ti)+SHGFmaxSC]
=2.25[3.12 x 18 + 300 x 0.86] = 706.9 W (Sensible)
e. Heat transfer due to infiltration: The infiltration rate is 0.5 ACH, converting
this into mass flow rate, the infiltration rate in kg/s is given by:
minf = density of air x (ACH x volume of the room)/3600
= 1.095 x (0.5 x 3x3x6)/3600 = 8.2125 x 10-3 kg/s
• Sensible heat transfer rate due to infiltration, Qs,inf;
Qs,inf = minfcpm(To−Ti)
= 8.2125 x 10-3 x 1021.6 x (43 – 25) = 151 W
(Sensible)
• Latent heat transfer rate due to infiltration, Ql,inf:
Ql,inf = minfhfg(Wo−Wi)
= 8.8125x10-3 x 2501x103(0.0107−0.0099)=16.4 W
(sensible)
Internal loads:
a. Load due to occupants: The sensible and latent load due to occupants are:
| GBU. M.E. 36
Qs,occ = no.of occupants x SHG = 4 x 90 = 360 W
Ql,occ = no.of occupants x LHG = 4 x 40 = 160 W
b. Load due to lighting: Assuming a CLF value of 1.0, the load due to lighting
is:
Qlights = 33 x floor area = 33 x 18 = 594 W (Sensible)
c. Load due to appliance:
Qs,app = 600 W (Sensible)
Ql,app = 300 W (Latent)
 Total sensible and latent loads are obtained by summing-up all the sensible and
latent load components (both external as well as internal) as:
Qs,total = 300.38+710.6+388.8+706.9+151+360+594+600
=3811.68 W (Ans.)
Ql,total = 16.4+160+300 = 476.4 W (Ans.)
• Total load on the building is:
Qtotal = Qs,total + Ql,total = 3811.68 + 476.4 = 4288.08 W (Ans.)
• Room Sensible Heat Factor (RSHF) is given by:
RSHF = Qs,total/Qtotal = 3811.68/4288.08 = 0.889 (Ans.)
• To calculate the required cooling capacity, one has to know the losses in
return air ducts.
• Ventilation may be neglected as the infiltration can take care of the small
ventilation requirement.
• Hence using a safety factor of 1.25, the required cooling capacity is:
• Required cooling capacity = 4288.08 x 1.25 = 5360.1 W ≈ 1.5 TR (Ans.)
Summary
Summary
| GBU. M.E. 37
Sensible heat gain: 1207.97 W

Latent heat gain: 200 W
Total heat gain: 1407.97 W
Room sensible heat factor (RSHF): 0.86
Schematic Diagram
Here's a visual representation of the heat gain components:
Figure 18: Heat gain Components Schematic Diagram
| GBU. M.E. 38
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, effective air conditioning is fundamental for maintaining comfortable

indoor environments, irrespective of external weather conditions. The design of air
conditioning systems must consider both outdoor and indoor air design conditions to
ensure that the system can respond adequately to varying temperatures and humidity
levels. By understanding these conditions, engineers can tailor systems that
efficiently meet the specific needs of a space.
Moreover, accurately calculating heating and cooling loads is crucial for optimizing
system performance. These calculations determine the amount of energy required to
maintain desired indoor conditions, accounting for factors such as insulation,
occupancy, and equipment usage. Proper load assessments enable the selection of
appropriately sized equipment, which enhances energy efficiency and
comfort.Ultimately, a well-designed air conditioning system, informed by thorough
analysis of indoor and outdoor conditions and precise load calculations, plays a vital
role in achieving optimal comfort and air quality. This holistic approach not only
supports occupant well-being but also promotes energy conservation and
sustainability in modern building practices.
| GBU. M.E. 39
Reference
[1] www.http//air conditioning.wikipedia.com
[2] The page "2001 ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals • 1997 ASHRAE Handbook of
Fundamentals • ASHRAE Cooling and Heating Load Calculation Manual • ASHRAE
Standard 62, Indoor Air Quality".
[3] Laub, Julian M. (1963). Air Conditioning & Heating Practice. Holt, Rinehart and
Winston. p. 367. ISBN 978-0-03-011225-6.
[4] "Air-conditioning found at 'oldest city in the world'". The Independent. June 24, 2000.
Archived from the original on December 8, 2023. Retrieved December 9, 2023.
[5]"Air Con". Cambridge Dictionary. Archived from the original on May 3, 2022.
Retrieved January 6, 2023.
[6]^ Dissertation Abstracts International: The humanities and social sciences. A.

University Microfilms. 2005. p. 3600.
[7]^ 1993 ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals. ASHRAE. 1993. ISBN 978-0-910110-

97-6.
[8]^ Enteria, Napoleon; Sawachi, Takao; Saito, Kiyoshi (January 31, 2023). Variable
Refrigerant Flow Systems: Advances and Applications of VRF. Springer Nature.
p. 46. ISBN 978-981-19-6833-4.
[9] Green, Amanda (January 1, 2015). "The Cool History of the Air Conditioner". Popular
Mechanics. Archived from the original on April 10, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
[10] ^ "John Gorrie". Encyclopædia Britannica. September 29, 2020. Archived from the
original on March 13, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
[11]^ Gorrie, John "Improved process for the artificial production of ice" U.S. Patent no.
8080 (Issued: May 6, 1851).
[12]^ Wright, E. Lynne (2009). It Happened in Florida: Remarkable Events That Shaped
History. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 13–. ISBN 978-0762761692.
[13] Heating, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration (HVAC)
| GBU. M.E. 40

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AIR CONDITIONING PROJECT REPORT

SUBMITTED TO:Mr.GETNET B.(MSC)

CHAPTER ONE --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1

1.1 Definition Air Conditioning

Factor affecting comfort air conditioning

 Maintenance of any desired temperature within enclosed space. Human being

Control of humidity of air means the decreasing or increasing of moisture contents

 It is the process of changing the qualities of air present in the surroundings,

Figure 0-1: Air conditioners[1]

In other words, AC is a technique that develops and maintains certain temperature

Comfort air-conditioning involves more than just meeting personal temperature-

1.2 Equipment s Used in an Air Conditioning system

1. Circulation fan: move air to and from the room.

2. Air conditioning unit: a unit that consists of cooling and dehumidification

4. Supply outlet: distributes the conditioned air in the room.

1.3 Types of Air Conditioning

There are some list of Air Conditioning given below :

 Window Air Conditioners: These are compact units installed in a

Figure 2: Windo Air Conditioners [1]

Figure 4: Central Air Oonditioners[1]

 Portable Air Conditioners: These units can be moved from room to

Figure 5: portable Air Conditioners [1]

 Hybrid Air Conditioners: These systems combine traditional air conditioning

Figure 6; Hybrid Air Conditioners[1]

 Geothermal Heat Pumps: These systems use the stable temperatures

Figure 7: Geothermal Heat Pumps[1]

 Package Terminal Air Conditioners (PTAC): Commonly found in hotels,

Figure 8: Package Termial Air Conditioners[1]

Figure 9 Ductles Mini-Split System[1]

 Floor-Mounted Air Conditioners: These are similar to mini-split systems but

Figure 10: Floor -Mounted Air Conditioners [1]

Figure 11: Smart Air Conditioners [1]

Figure 12: Evaporator [1]

1.4.1 GENERAL OBJECTIVE

1.4.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE

To design outdoor and indoor air conditioning system.

To calculate cooling and heating loads.

To study outside and inside design conditions.

The most commonly terms we used in this project is:

Space – is either a volume or a site without a partition or a partitioned room or group

Room – is an enclosed or partitioned space that is usually treated as single load.

Cooling Load Temperature Difference (CLTD) – an equivalent temperature

conditioned space during a given time interval.

Dry Bulb Temperature – is the temperature of air indicated by a regular

Wet Bulb Temperature– is the temperature measured by a thermometer that has a

Thermal Transmittance or Heat Transfer Coefficient (U-factor) - (W/m2 .K )– is

1 ton is equivalent to 12,000 BTU/hr. and 12,000 BTU/hr is equivalent to 3,516

Cooling Load Temperature Difference (CLTD) – an equivalent temperature

Refrigerant: A chemical compound used in the cooling cycle of an air conditioning

Compressor: A component that compresses the refrigerant gas, raising its

SEER (Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio): A measure of an air conditioning

Window Air Conditioner: A self-contained unit designed to fit in a window or

1.6 Working principle

Figure 13: Working Principe [1]

1.7 Components of Air Conditioning Systems

Evaporator-An evaporator consists of a heat ex changer coil that gathers heat

Compressor- It compress the gas to extremely high pressure. It acts as pump

Expansion Valve-The expansion valve, located between the condenser and

2.1 Outdoor and indoor air design conditions

2.2 Outdoor (outside) Design Conditions

Q window = UACLTD Where, CLTD being equal to the temperature