Answers to Questions on Electoral Politics

1. What are reserve constituencies?

Reserve constituencies are electoral divisions where only candidates belonging to Scheduled

Castes (SC) or Scheduled Tribes (ST) are allowed to contest elections. This system was

implemented by the Constitution of India to ensure adequate representation of historically

disadvantaged groups in Parliament and State Assemblies. The reservation is proportional to the

share of SCs and STs in the population, ensuring their voices are heard in legislative bodies. For

example, out of 543 Lok Sabha constituencies, 84 are reserved for SCs, and 47 for STs. Similar

provisions exist for local bodies. The goal is to make democracy inclusive by reducing the

dominance of influential and resourceful groups, thus giving weaker sections a chance to participate

in governance.

2. What is the importance or need for elections in a democracy?

Elections are the backbone of a democracy as they provide a structured method for citizens to

choose their representatives. In a large country like India, direct governance by all citizens is

impractical, so elections enable representative democracy. Through voting, citizens can express

their preferences for policies, parties, and leaders. Elections also serve as a mechanism for

accountability, allowing people to remove non-performing governments and reward effective ones.

Regular elections ensure power transitions are peaceful and based on the people's mandate,

maintaining political stability. Furthermore, elections encourage political competition, which fosters

innovation in governance and policymaking, benefiting society at large.

3. Mention two provisions that ensure the independence of the Election Commission.

The Election Commission of India (ECI) enjoys significant autonomy to ensure free and fair

elections. First, the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and Election Commissioners are appointed

by the President of India and cannot be removed arbitrarily. Their tenure and conditions of service

are protected by the Constitution, similar to that of the judiciary. Second, during elections, the ECI
has authority over government officials on election duty. It can transfer officials, ensure impartiality,

and prevent misuse of government machinery by ruling parties. These provisions empower the ECI

to act independently and ensure elections are conducted without bias or undue influence.

4. What makes elections in India democratic?

Elections in India are democratic due to several features that ensure inclusivity, fairness, and

transparency. Every citizen above 18 years has the right to vote, irrespective of caste, gender,

religion, or wealth, under universal adult franchise. Regular elections are held for various legislative

bodies, ensuring public participation. The Election Commission of India supervises the entire

process, enforcing a model code of conduct to maintain a level playing field. Electronic Voting

Machines (EVMs) and voter lists ensure transparency, and political parties are free to contest and

campaign. Importantly, election results reflect the people's choice, as evidenced by frequent defeats

of incumbent governments, showcasing India's robust democracy.

5. What is the importance of an election campaign?

Election campaigns are crucial for a functioning democracy, as they allow candidates and parties to

present their policies and promises to the public. Campaigns serve as platforms for open debates on

critical issues, helping voters make informed choices. They also provide opportunities for parties to

explain their vision and track record. In India, campaigns involve rallies, speeches, and media

advertisements, enabling widespread outreach. Strict regulations ensure that campaigns remain fair,

preventing misuse of religion, caste, or government resources. For voters, campaigns are essential

to evaluate leaders and select representatives who align with their aspirations.

6. Distinguish between general election and by-election.

General elections are scheduled periodically (every five years in India) to elect representatives for

the entire legislature, such as Lok Sabha or State Assemblies. They involve all constituencies

across the country or a state voting simultaneously. In contrast, by-elections are held to fill a

vacancy in a specific constituency caused by the death, resignation, or disqualification of a member.

For example, if a Lok Sabha MP resigns, a by-election is conducted in that constituency alone.

While general elections are large-scale events reflecting national or state-wide preferences,

by-elections are localized, often focused on individual candidates or specific issues.

7. Why is there a need for elections?

Elections are essential for democracy as they empower citizens to choose their leaders and hold

them accountable. They ensure the peaceful transfer of power, preventing political instability.

Elections allow people to express their preferences for policies, fostering a connection between the

government and citizens. They also promote competition among political parties, encouraging

innovation and responsiveness in governance. Without elections, democratic ideals of

representation and public participation would falter, leading to centralized or autocratic rule. In India,

elections have been pivotal in maintaining unity and diversity, enabling citizens from all walks of life

to influence decision-making.

8. Mention any three provisions for a model code of conduct during election campaigns.

The model code of conduct ensures fairness and equality in election campaigns. It prohibits

candidates and parties from:

1. Using places of worship for election propaganda.

2. Employing government vehicles, aircraft, or officials for campaign purposes.

3. Announcing new policies, projects, or public facilities after elections are declared.

These provisions ensure that campaigns remain focused on issues and policies rather than

exploiting state resources or divisive factors. Violations can lead to disqualification, making the

system more transparent and accountable.

9. What are the major challenges to free and fair elections? Explain.

Several challenges hinder free and fair elections in India:

- Use of Money: Wealthy candidates often spend exorbitantly to buy votes or influence voters,

sidelining ethical campaigning.

- Criminalization of Politics: Many candidates with criminal backgrounds use intimidation and

violence to secure votes.

- Nepotism: Political parties frequently allocate tickets to family members, limiting opportunities for

others.

- Corrupt Politicians: Some candidates engage in bribery or misuse government resources for

electoral gains.

Addressing these issues requires stricter regulations, transparent financing, and greater voter

awareness to uphold the integrity of democracy.

10. What are the demerits of electoral competition?

Electoral competition, while essential, has certain drawbacks. It often creates division and

factionalism within communities as parties and candidates engage in aggressive tactics to secure

votes. Unethical practices like bribery, defamation, and spreading false narratives can undermine

public trust. The pressure to win can lead to short-term populist policies rather than sustainable

governance. Furthermore, deserving individuals may avoid politics due to its contentious and

competitive nature. Despite these issues, competition ensures accountability and responsiveness,

making it a necessary aspect of democracy.

11. Explain how the Election Commission in India is very powerful.

The Election Commission of India (ECI) is among the most powerful electoral bodies globally. It

manages all aspects of elections, from scheduling to result declaration, ensuring fairness. It

enforces the model code of conduct, monitors expenses, and penalizes violations. During elections,

government officials work under the ECI's direction, ensuring impartiality. The ECI can order repolls

or reprimand political parties, even against the wishes of the ruling government. This autonomy

ensures elections reflect the will of the people, reinforcing India's democratic foundation.