A.

PRONUNCIATION

I. Fill in the blanks with gr, cl, pl, or pr to complete the words.

1. The air _____ ane disappeared behind the _____ oud.

2. It was _____ etty dangerous _____ imbing down the _____ iff.

3. The _____ ants _____ ow wild along the banks of rivers.

4. His _____ an is to get a de _____ ee in economics and then work abroad.

5. The _____ o _____ amme was ap _____ oved at a _____ enary session of the committee.

6. Oil can be _____ ocessed into many different _____ _oducts, in _____ uding _____ astics.

7. He _____ eatly de _____ ined to make _____ ojections about the next year’s _____ ofits.

8. Tourism has re _____ aced a _____ iculture as the nation’s main industry.

9. The mountains form a back _____ ound to this photo _____ aph of the family.

10. Sources of _____ eenhouse gases contribute much to _____ imate change.

II. Put the words having the consonant blends /gr/, /kl/, /pl/, or /pr/ from part I in the
correct columns.

/gr/ /kl/ /pl/ /pr/

I. Complete the sentences with the words in the box.

household appliances energy cut down on organic litter

carbon footprint lifestyle natural resources sustainable eco-friendly

1. Before our modern age, people had a more physical and active _________ .

2. All countries are being asked to _________ their use of non-renewable resources.

3. Is it true that people who drop _________ can be heavily fined in many cities?

4. Most _________ such as washing machines and dishwashers are driving up your electricity
bill.

5. To reduce your _________ , you’ll need to reduce the amount of energy you use.

6. _________ food is unadulterated food produced without artificial chemicals or pesticides.

7. Their new car model is designed to be _________ and economical by using a diesel-electric
hybrid engine.
 8. _________ development is a way of organizing society so that it can exist in the long term.

9. If we continue to deplete the Earth’s _________ , we will cause serious damage to the
environment.

10. Across the world, major companies and countries are turning to renewable sources of
_________ such as wind and solar.

II. Choose the correct option to complete the sentences.

1. The teacher asked us to (drop/ pick up) rubbish during the break time.

2. One of the reasons why I grow trees is that they can supply (fresh/ raw) air for me.

3. A (greener/ shorter) shower saves a lot of water and the energy needed to heat the water.

4. I refuse to buy goods that are overpackaged because I feel it is (harmful/ harmless) to the
environment.

5. Avoiding waste by cutting the number of items that are produced and thrown away can
(take/ make) a big difference for nature.

6. We use (natural/ manmade) materials such as organic cotton, linen, and bamboo to
produce handbags.

7. Helping to alleviate poverty in developing countries also helps to (reduce/ raise)

environmental destruction.

8. Manufacturers offer incentives for safe return of batteries so that they can (produce/
recycle) or dispose of them safely.

9. They arranged for (personal/ public) transportation to shuttle students to campus from the
city bus stations.

10. (Household/ Industrial) waste refers to waste material usually generated in the
residential environment.

III. Choose the best answer to complete the sentences.

1. The park is ______ because many people drop litter on the paths.

A. clean B. green C. dirty D. fresh

2. ______ the lights when you leave your room is necessary to help save electricity.

A. Turning off B. Cleaning up C. Cutting down D. Setting up

 3. A clean and carbon-free energy mix ensures that their city will remain a healthy and
______ place to live.

A. beautiful B. dangerous C. polluted D. harmful

4. In one year a mature tree can absorb more than 21 kilograms of ______ from the
atmosphere.

A. carbon footprint B. carbon dioxide C. gas D. air

5. Cars are useful, but their ______ on the environment is another matter altogether.

A. protection B. donation C. improvement D. impact

6. ______ energy is produced from sources like the sun and wind that never run out.

A. Sustainable B. Natural C. Eco-friendly D. Renewable

7. We can improve the environment in our school and at home in many ______.

A. roads B. ways C. streets D. paths

8. Today police launched a campaign to ______ road accidents in the province.

A. reduce B. reuse C. renew D. recycle

9. Since 1970 the global average ______ has been rising at a rate of 1.7°C per century.

A. climate B. warmth C. temperature D. heat

10. Petroleum pollution brings a great danger to ocean fishery resource, ______ the natural
structure of soil and affects the ecological balance.

A. develops B. destroys C. grows D. increases

IV. Supply the correct form of the word in the brackets.

1. We need to stop adding plastic to landfills today by purchasing _________ water bottles.
(refill)

2. The whole food chain is affected by the overuse of _________ in agriculture. (chemical)

3. _________ such as nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons have been linked
to hay fever, chest infection and childhood cancer. (Pollute)

4. As levels of _________ carbon dioxide and methane increase, the greenhouse effect will
trap increasing amounts of heat. (atmosphere)

5. Was the public _________ of the danger of drought and crop failure? (awareness)
 6. They agreed to cut _________ of nitrogen oxide from power stations. (emit)

7. _________ say that diverting water from the river will lower the water table.
(Environment)

8. There has been an _________ response since the club advertised a few weeks ago.
(encourage)

9. They have grown awareness of commercial exploitation of forests _________ . (globe)

10. People are paying more for _________ water than they are for gasoline. (bottle)

C. GRAMMAR

I. Complete the sentences using the future with will or the correct forms of be going to.

1. In the future people _________ (have) bigger heads.

2. That trash bin is full. I think the trash _________ (fall).

3. Look at those clouds. It _________ (rain).

4. This team is playing so bad today. They _________ (lose)!

5. I _________ (help) you with your luggage. It looks heavy.

6. _________ (they, start) a new business together as they have planned?

7. We _________ (reuse) these plastic bags within this week.

8. Frank _________ (not take) a three-day holiday next month.

9. There isn’t any drinking water left. I _________ (order) a big bottle now.

10. They brought the paint here because they _________ (repaint) the wall.

11. Today’s generation _________ (live) longer.

12. My classmates and I _________ (join) a community service project this summer.

13. I can’t open this jar. – Give it to me. I _________ (do) it.

14. Susan feels sick. She knows that she _________ (not study) at school.

15. Mia keeps lots of empty bottles. She _________ (recycle) them.

16. _________ (young people, have) more job opportunities?

17. She passed her exams. She _________ (study) in a university.

18. I think she _________ (not participate) in the volunteer programme.

19. Addressing global warming today _________ (save) lives and money for years to come.

20. Air pollution is dangerous for the forests. It _________ (destroy) the trees.

II. Complete the second sentences using the passive voice.

1. She doesn’t throw away her used household items.

Her

2. More and more people are adopting a green lifestyle.

A green

3. Humans put tons of plastic into the ocean every year.

Tons of

4. They employ transport workers in all sectors of the economy.

Transport

5. People are cutting down protective forests at a high rate.

Protective

6. We don’t encourage the use of refillable water bottles in our place.

The use

7. They make the products from recycled materials rather than new ones.

The products

8. The local community is going to plant 20,000 new trees in July.

20,000

9. We will save natural resources by cutting back on unnecessary purchases.

Natural

10. The activities of conservation aren’t supporting this beautiful scenery.

This beautiful

11. Will they restore the habitat for the benefit of migratory birds?

Will the habitat

 12. The Americans consume about 60,000 plastic bags every 5 seconds.

Every 5 seconds,

13. They reduce environmental pollution in Beijing as the economy grows.

Environmental

14. The government maintained the island as a sanctuary for endangered species.

The island

15. A group of volunteers picked up over 12 kilos of rubbish in the central park.

Over 12 kilos

16. We discussed environmental consequences of wrong economic decisions at the

workshop.

Environmental

17. Global warming and climate change are going to affect animals more severely.

Animals

18. They are keeping this lake clean and healthy with the assistance of ten environmental
projects.

This lake

19. Will modern technologies protect lives and property from flooding, erosion and loss of
infrastructure?

Will lives

20. International organizations will provide the majority of countries with more
environmental regulations.

More environmental

III. Choose the best answer to complete the sentences.

1. That carton box ______ very heavy. I ______ you carry it.

A. is looked – will help B. looks – will be helped

C. looks – will help D. is looked – will be helped

2. He ______ a uniform to the picking up litter event. What ______?

 A. is going to wear – will you wear B. is going to be worn – will you wear

C. will be worn – are you going to wear D. is going to wear – are you going to wear

3. It’s very hot in this room. – I ______ the window for you.

A. am opening B. open C. will open D. am going to open

4. The majority of plastic can’t or ______ as it’s simply not economical.

A. won’t be recycled B. will be recycled C. will recycle D. won’t recycle

5. Carbon dioxide ______ by many microorganisms, plants, and animals.

A. both produces and absorbs B. both produce and absorb

C. is both produced and absorbed D. are both produced and absorbed

6. I left my face mask in the car. – Don’t worry. I ______ you one.

A. am going to give B. will give C. am giving D. give

7. They took money out of the bank because they ______ it for an environmental project.

A. won’t donate B. donate

C. are donated D. are going to donate

8. It is unlikely that all of the global warming scenarios ______ soon.

A. are going to be fully realized B. will be fully realized

C. are going to fully realize D. will fully realize

9. The scientists who first ______ carbon dioxide’s importance for climate in the 1850s
______ by its influence.

A. identified – were surprised B. were identified – was surprised

C. identify – are surprised D. were identified – surprised

10. Allan ______ a volunteer programme so that he ______ us a little more about his project
and services.

A. joined – will tell B. will be joined – could told

C. will join – will be told D. is going to join – can tell

11. Why do you choose to partner with Eco Way? – Because I ______ global carbon
emissions.
 A. combat B. will combat

C. combatted D. am going to combat

12. These farmers ______ fertilizer so that their products ______ to compete with the
organic ones.

A. aren’t going to be used – will be able B. aren’t going to use – will be able

C. aren’t going to be used – will be abled D. aren’t going to use – will be abled

13. They’ve got a clean-up in the central market this afternoon. ______ with them?

A. Will you come B. Are you coming C. Do you come D. Did you come

14. Because carbon ______ in the atmosphere, global warming ______ until the net flow of
fossil carbon out of the ground.

A. is accumulated – isn’t going to stop B. is accumulated – won’t stop

C. is accumulated – won’t be stopped D. accumulates – isn’t going to be stopped

15. What ______ certain is that biomass solutions ______ at the meeting this time.

A. is seemed – aren’t going to be addressed B. seems – aren’t going to be addressed

C. is seemed – aren’t going to address D. seems – aren’t going to address

16. If your aim ______ to cut down on carbon emissions, then planting trees probably
______ you there quickly enough.

A. isn’t – will get B. is going to be – won’t get

C. is – won’t get D. isn’t – won’t be got

17. Natural processes ______ and losing species because climate change ______ a serious
threat.

A. are going to be disturbed – is B. are going to disturb – is

C. are going to disturb – won’t be D. are going to disturb – isn’t

18. We ______ to plant trees, and their hope is that they ______ us from the worst effects of
climate change.

A. all told – will be saved B. are all being told – will save

C. are all told – will be saved D. are all going to tell – will save
 19. The weatherman says it ______ a beautiful day tomorrow, so I think I ______ to the
beach.

A. won’t be – am going B. isn’t – will go

C. is – am going D. is going to be – will go

20. Carbon dioxide ______ among the atmosphere, ocean, and land surface.

A. is constantly exchanging B. will constantly exchange

C. is constantly being exchanged D. constantly exchange

IV. Choose the underlined part that needs correcting.

1. Nowadays humans consume energy at a faster rate than it is producing.

A B C D

2. Aniston is in a hurry because she will meet her grandpa at the bus station at seven.

A B C D

3. Saving energy reduce air and water pollution and conserves natural resources.

A B C D

4. When fossil fuels are burned, they release large numbers of carbon dioxide into the air.

A B C D

5. I think I probably go on holiday when I finish my degree in economics in December.

A B C D

6. A large meeting is going to be hold to promote sustainable development in all countries.

A B C D

7. The pollution of the forest has serious affected plant life and, to a lesser extent, wildlife.

A B C D

8. He isn’t willing to predict which source of energy will mainly use in the coming years.

A B C D

9. Burn fossil fuels to produce electricity is responsible for half of global warming pollution.

A B C D
 10. It’s cheaper to make clean energy from other sources than capture all the pollutants

A B C D

from fossil fuel plants.

D. SPEAKING

II. Match the sentences.

1. Will they surely go to the picking up litter a. Why don’t you bring with you a map?
event?
b. In case of rain they can’t go.
2. I need to do research about giraffe.
c. I think you should go to the doctor’s.
3. Thank you for calling me back.
d. Hunting and habitat loss are the most
4. Please reuse your envelopes. likely reasons.

5. Why are many kinds of animals disappearing? e. Carrots are easy to raise and easy to
harvest.
6. I’m not feeling well these days.
f. Don’t mention it.
7. How long will it take us to acquire the
necessary skills? g. I will. These ones are still good.

8. Can you give me some advice about growing h. How about a trip to the zoo this
root vegetables? afternoon?

9. I haven’t got a very good sense of direction, so i. It is kept for historical purposes.
I easily get lost.
j. That depends on our plan. I think it’ll take
10. What is this material kept for? at least two years.

E. READING

I. Read the passage and choose the best answers to fill in the blanks.

Ocean pollution is far-reaching and prevailing across (1) _________ in all regions of the
globe. While recent years have seen human interest in environmental issues peak, the situation of
ocean (2)_________ is not improving it is deteriorating. For many decades, scientists have collected
evidence that demonstrates the serious impact ocean pollution has on human health. (3)
_________ , the full scope of this threat has not been widely grasped.

A recent project led by Philip Landrigan, the results of which were published in the journal
Annals of Global Health in 2020, emphasizes the (4) _________ between ocean pollution and human
health by providing the very first comprehensive assessment of the multiple (5) _________ of ocean
pollution on human health.

Many factors (6) _________ to ocean pollution. Humans produce many different kinds of
waste, such as agricultural runoff, industrial waste, fertilizers, manufactured chemicals. (7)
_________ chemicals, pesticides, petroleum, plastics, sewage, toxic metals, and urban waste, a large
portion of which end up in our oceans. Around 80% of these pollutants enter the ocean from land-
based (8)_________ via rivers, runoff, deposition from the atmosphere, and dumping.

1. A. watering B. waterproof C. waters D. waterfalls

2. A. pollutant B. pollution C. polluted D. polluter

3. A. Therefore B. Besides C. Moreover D. However

4. A. link B. difference C. similarity D. consequence

5. A. impacts B. solutions C. effects D. causes

6. A. result B. contribute C. regard D. support

7. A. pharmacist B. pharmacy C. pharmaceutics D. pharmaceutical

8. A. reserves B. means C. sources D. resources

II. Read the passage and choose the best answers to the questions.

Plastic takes hundreds of years to degrade, and even then, it is not fully decomposed, it
remains in the environment in the form of microplastics. These tiny particles that can measure just a
few nanometres are becoming more concentrated in our environment. Recent studies have shown
that there is now 60 times more microplastic in the ocean than there was just 15 years ago. This
presents a significant threat to human health as microplastics have been linked with cancer, reduced
fertility, psychological illnesses, and birth defects. Plastics often contain a myriad of toxic chemicals
that include neurotoxins, carcinogens, and endocrine disrupters.

A new technique was recently developed by researchers at Arizona State University that
allows scientists to detect the presence of microplastics in human tissue. The results were alarming.
The team showed that microplastics were detectable in 100% of the tissues sampled. This is
concerning as it shows that microplastics are entering the human body and likely accumulating there,
where, in greater quantities, they are more likely to cause harm.

Studies have shown that microplastics easily enter the food chain and accumulate in the food
we eat, such as fish and shellfish. When we ingest seafood we are also ingesting large amounts of
microplastics. Unless plastic pollution is addressed, this problem will likely worsen, with greater
amounts of plastic waste ending up in the ocean each year. This may lead to an increase in the
prevalence of diseases and illnesses linked with microplastic exposure.

1. Which of the following best serves the title of the passage?

A. Plastic Pollution B. Research on Plastic Waste

C. Forms of Microplastics D. Microplastics

2. The word ‘detect’ in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to ______.

A. examine B. find C. diagnose D. demonstrate

3. Microplastics is dangerous for human health because they can cause ______.

A. cancer and psychological illnesses B. reduced fertility

C. birth defects D. all of the above

4. What does the phrase ‘this problem’ in the third paragraph refers to?

A. Microplastics enter the food chain.

B. We eat seafood such as fish and shellfish.

C. Microplastics accumulate in the food we eat.

D. None of the above

5. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?

A. There are more and more microplastics in our environment.

B. Toxic chemicals such as neurotoxins, carcinogens, and endocrine disrupters can be found
in plastics.

C. The researchers at Arizona State University showed that microplastics were detectable in
most of the tissues sampled.

D. Greater amounts of plastic waste in the ocean may lead to an increase in diseases and
illnesses.

E. WRITING

I. Choose the sentence which has the closest meaning to the original one.

1. Most streets have daily timed collections for rubbish and recycling.

A. They timely collect and recycle rubbish in most streets every day.
 B. In most streets, rubbish is collected and recycled at any time of the day.

C. Most streets have timetables for collections for rubbish and recycling on a daily basis.

D. Most streets daily set a time duration for collections for rubbish and recycling.

2. Climate change is likely to have a wide-ranging impact on human health.

A. Climate change will surely have a wide-ranging impact on human health.

B. Climate change is impossible to have a wide-ranging impact on human health.

C. Climate change probably has a wide-ranging impact on human health.

D. Climate change won’t be able to have a wide-ranging impact on human health.

3. Forest management can cut down on billions of tons of carbon dioxide emissions.

A. Billions of tons of carbon dioxide emissions are cut down without the forest management.

B. Forest management can contribute billions of tons of carbon dioxide emissions.

C. Billions of tons of carbon dioxide emissions are increased by the forest management.

D. Forest management can reduce billions of tons of carbon dioxide emissions.

4. The air has become too dangerous for people with respiratory illnesses to go outside.

A. People with respiratory illnesses shouldn’t go outside in case the air isn’t too dangerous.

B. The air is not safe enough for people with respiratory illnesses to go outside.

C. The air has become so dangerous that people with respiratory illnesses must go outside.

D. People with respiratory illnesses will stay inside unless the air has become too dangerous.

5. His presentation educates about climate change, but it is focused on empowering people
to take action.

A. Although his presentation educates about climate change, it is focused on empowering

people to take action.

B. Because his presentation educates about climate change, it is focused on empowering

people to take action.

C. His presentation educates about climate change, so it is focused on empowering people to

take action.
 D. To focus on empowering people to take action, his presentation needs to educate about
climate change.

II. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first one.

1. I’ve never seen such a big landfill before.

It’s the

2. Our company applied a new method of waste disposal.

A new

3. In spite of the bad traffic, we arrived on time.

Although

4. It was such a polluted beach that I decided not to stay.

The beach

5. They won’t provide a manmade habitat for those bears.

A manmade

6. Thousands of tons of plastic waste are thrown into the forest.

People

7. Paddy can’t possibly grow in such poor soil.

It’s

8. How long is it since we last joined a community service programme?

When ?

9. A fire destroyed about 10,000 square kilometres of forest.

The destruction of

10. My father said I could participate in the Green Summer programme.

My father allowed

KEY

UNIT 2: HUMANS AND THE ENVIRONMENT

A. PRONUNCIATION
 I. 1. pl-cl 2. pr-cl-cl 3. pl-gr 4. pl-gr 5. pr-gr-pr-pl

6. pr-pr-cl-pl 7. gr-cl-pr-pr 8. pl-gr 9. gr-gr 10. gr-cl

II.

/gr/ /kl/ /pl/ /pr/

grow, degree, cloud, pretty, programme

airplane, plants,
programme, greatly, climbing, cliff, approved, processed,
plan, plenary, plastics,
agriculture, background, including, declined, products, projections,
replaced
photograph, greenhouse climate profits

B. VOCABULARY

I. 1. lifestyle 2. cut down on 3. litter 4. household

appliances

5. carbon footprint 6. Organic 7. eco-friendly 8. Sustainable

9. natural resources 10. energy

II. 1. pick up 2. fresh 3. shorter 4. harmful 5. make

6. natural 7. reduce 8. recycle 9. public 10. Household

III. l. C 2. A 3. A 4. B 5. D 6. D 7. B 8. A 9. C 10. B

IV. 1. refillable 2. chemicals 3. Pollutants 4. atmospheric

5. aware 6. emissions 7. Environmentalists 8. encouraging

9. globally 10. bottled

C. GRAMMAR

I. 1. will have 2. is going to fall 3. is going to rain

4. are going to lose 5. will help 6. Are they going to start

7. are going to reuse 8. isn’t going to take 9. will order

10. are going to repaint 11. will live 12. are going to join

13. will do 14. isn’t going to study 15. is going to recycle

16. Will young people have 17. is going to study 18. won’t participate

19. will save 20. is going to destroy

 II. 1. Her used household items aren’t thrown away.

2. A green lifestyle is being adopted by more and more people.

3. Tons of plastic are put into the ocean every year (by humans).

4. Transport workers are employed in all sectors of the economy.

5. Protective forests are being cut down at a high rate.

6. The use of refillable water bottles is not encouraged in our place.

7. The products are made from recycled materials rather than new ones.

8. 20,000 new trees are going to be planted by the local community in July.

9. Natural resources will be saved by cutting back on unnecessary purchases.

10. This beautiful scenery isn’t being supported by the activities of conservation.

11. Will the habitat be restored for the benefit of migratory birds?

12. Every 5 seconds, about 60,000 plastic bags are consumed by the Americans.

13. Environmental pollution is reduced in Beijing as the economy grows.

14. The island was maintained as a sanctuary for endangered species (by the government).

15. Over 12 kilos of rubbish were picked up in the central park by a group of volunteers.

16. Environmental consequences of wrong economic decisions were discussed at the

workshop.

17. Animals are going to be affected more severely by global warming and climate change.

18. This lake is being kept clean and healthy with the assistance of ten environmental
projects.

19. Will lives and property be protected from flooding, erosion and loss of infrastructure by
modern technologies?

20. More environmental regulations will be provided for the majority of countries by
international organizations.

III. l. C 2. D 3. C 4. A 5. C 6. B 7. D 8. B 9. A 10. D

11. D 12. B 13. A 14. D 15. B 16. C 17. A 18. B 19. D 20. C

IV. 1. D (is produced) 2. B (is going to meet) 3. B (reduces)

4. C (amounts) 5. A (will probably go) 6. A (is going to be held)

7. B (has seriously affected) 8. C (will be mainly used) 9. A (Burning)

10. C (to capture)

D. SPEAKING

I. l. A 2. C 3. B 4. D 5. B

II. l. b 2. h 3. f 4. g 5. d 6. c 7. j 8. e 9. a 10. i

E. READING

I. l. C 2. B 3. D 4. A 5. A 6. B 7. D 8. C

II. l. A 2. B 3. D 4. C 5. C

F. WRITING

I. l. C 2. C 3. D 4. B 5. A

II. 1. It’s the biggest landfill I’ve ever seen.

2. A new method of waste disposal was applied by our company.

3. Although the traffic was bad, we arrived on time.

4. The beach was so polluted that I decided not to stay.

5. A manmade habitat for those bears won’t be provided.

6. People throw thousands of tons of plastic waste into the forest.

7. It’s impossible to grow paddy in such poor soil.

8. When did we last join a community service programme?

9. The destruction of about 10,000 square kilometres of forest was caused by a fire.

10. My father allowed me to participate in the Green Summer programme.