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03.06. DC Curcuit

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7 views37 pages

03.06. DC Curcuit

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beauty81020
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Bharat Institute of Aeronautics

M03SM06 Lesson 1

DC Circuit
Ohm’s Law
Ohm’s Law
• According to Ohm’s law current flow in an
electrical circuit is directly proportional to the
amount of voltage applied across the circuit at
constant temperature.

• Ohm’s law is applicable to all DC circuit and


may be applied on AC circuit in modified form.
• This law is held true only if the resistance of the
circuit is constant.
• So ohms law is not applicable on electrolyte,
vacuum tube, filament bulb, semiconductor
diode etc.
Series DC circuit
• In series circuit components
Voltage drops are
are connected end to end so
additive
that same current flows
Resistance are
through each component.
additive
• Equivalent resistance of Powers are additive
series circuit is sum of all
resistance.
Voltage drop in series circuit
• The amount of loss of emf or electrical pressure
caused by forcing electrons through a resistor is
called voltage drop.
• Different resistance in series circuit has different
voltage drop which can be found by ohm’s law.
Voltage divider
• Voltage divider is a
device that is used to
obtain more than one
voltage from a single
power source.
• It consists of resistors
connected in series with
fixed/movable contact.
• Total voltage across
resistance =
Voltage divider
• Voltage across voltage divider is positive or negative
depends upon the location of reference point.
– If current enters a resistance flowing away from the
reference point, voltage drop across that resistor is
positive.
– If current enters a resistance flowing towards the
reference point, voltage drop across that resistor is
negative .
Resistance in parallel
• If two or more resistances are connected across
same voltage source, they are called parallel circuit.
• Characteristics of parallel circuit are:
– Branch current are additive
– Powers are additive
– Conductance are additive
– Same voltage but different current across each resistors
Equivalent resistance in parallel circuit

• If n number of equal resistance R are connected in


series, the equivalent resistance =

• If two resistance of R1 and R2 are connected in


parallel, equivalent resistance =
• What is ohm’s law?
• Why is ohm’s law not
applicable for diode,
electrolytes or vacuum
tubes?
• Among voltage, current
and resistance which one
is additive in parallel DC
circuit?
• What is voltage divider
circuit?
• What is conductance?
Bharat Institute of Aeronautics

M03SM06 Lesson 2

DC Circuit
Calculations based on Ohm’s law
Series parallel circuit
• Most of the circuit is combination of series and
parallel network of resistors.
• Equivalent resistance of circuit =
Find the equivalent resistance of series parallel circuit.
Find the equivalent resistance of series parallel circuit.
Calculations of current
Calculation of voltage
Calculation of resistance
Voltage Drop
Bharat Institute of Aeronautics

M03SM06 Lesson 3

DC Circuit
Kirchhoff's Law
Kirchhoff's Junction law/Point
Law/current law
• It states that current flowing into
the junction is equal to total current
flowing out of the junction.
OR
• The algebraic sum of the currents
entering and leaving any point in a
circuit must equal zero. For this
consider all currents into a branch
point as positive and all currents
directed away from that point as
negative.
Apply Kirchhoff’s law to find the unknown current
Kirchhoff's Voltage law/Loop Law
• Sum of voltage rise across the loop is equal to total
voltage drop across the loop.
• Algebraic sum of the applied voltage and voltage
drop around a close loop is zero.

End of resistor into which


current is assumed to
flow is negative and the
end from which it leaves
is positive. (According to
electronic current)
Circuit with two sources in different branch

• Apply Kirchhoff’s law to find the


unknown currents and their
directions.
Writing loop equation
Calculation of current
Revision
• What is Kirchhoff’s current
law?
• State Kirchhoff’s voltage law.
• How is polarity of resistors
decided in closed loop for
Kirchhoff’s law?
• What do you mean by
algebraic sum?
Bharat Institute of Aeronautics

M03SM06 Lesson 4

DC Circuit
Series and parallel connection of battery
Internal resistance of battery
Voltage source connected in series
• A circuit may have more than one voltage source
(battery) of same or different value and in same or
opposite direction.
• Total equivalent emf is algebraic sum (polarity of source
must be considered) of all source connected in series.

E = 1.5 V + 1.5 V + 1.5 V = 4.5 V E = 1.5 V - 1.5 V + 1.5 V = 1.5 V


Voltage source connected in parallel
• In a parallel connection, batteries of like voltages and
capacities are connected to increase the capacity of the
overall assembly.
• The positive terminals of all batteries are connected
together, or to a common conductor, and all negative
terminals are connected in the same manner.
Internal Resistance of battery
• Open circuit voltage (OCV): When battery is
not connected with any load, its terminal
voltage is called OCV.
• Closed Circuit voltage (CCV): When battery is
connected with some load, current will flow in
circuit. So, there is some voltage drop due to
internal resistance of battery. Voltage
measured across terminal of that battery is
called CCV.
Internal resistance of battery
• The resistance present inside
of a battery while connected to
a load is called internal
resistance.
• IR restrict the flow of current
inside of any power source like
battery.
• In case of battery internal
resistance (IR) depends upon
load applied and battery’s
state of charge.
Internal resistance of battery
• Battery’s internal resistance can be determined by
formula:

• Battery’s internal resistance becomes greater as the


battery becomes discharged due to decrease of closed
circuit voltage (CCV). OCV remains nearly constant.
• For general application, battery’s internal resistance will
not adversely affect an aircraft electrical system until
battery becomes over 75 % discharged.
Find the equivalent resistance
Revision
• What do you mean by open
circuit voltage and closed circuit
voltage?
• Which voltage is more? (OCV or
CCV)
• How internal resistance of
battery affects aircraft electrical
system?
• What is the formula to find the
internal resistance of battery?
• When battery is getting
discharged, how OCV and CCV
of battery is affected?

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