Monograph I Ya
Monograph I Ya
DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT
DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS
AND INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS
COASTAL REGIONS:
PROBLEMS AND PARADIGMS
OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Collective monograph
under the editorship of T. Derkach
Riga, Latvia
2018
UDC 339.924EU(477)
V 55
Reviewers:
Kuryliak V.Y. – Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor, Head at Department
of International Economics, Ternopil National Economic University.
Lutsyshyn Z.O. – Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor, Honoured Worker
of Education of Ukraine, Professor at Department of World Economy and
International Economic Relations, Institute of International Relations, Taras
Shevchenko National University of Kyiv.
Yakubovskyi S.O. – Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor, Head of
Department of World Economy and International Economic Relations, Odessa
I.I. Mechnikov National University.
Scientific Board: T.V. Derkach, N.P. Kovalenko, A.I. Rybak, V.I. Zaharchenko
Introduction 6
Section 1. Problems of the development
of coastal regions 10
1.1. Coastal regions: typology and actualization
of economic development
Derkach Т.V 10
1.2. About some features of social-economic development
of northern Black Sea coastal zone
Kovalenko N.P., Kovalenko I.N 29
1.3. Морський потенціал як фактор економічного
розвитку України
Степанова К.В 45
1.4. Problems and ways of formation of investment
and innovation model of Ukrainian development
Nemchenko H.V 68
1.5. The sustainability estimation of Odessa
agglomeration development
Rybak A., Azarova I 83
1.6. Дослідження локальної системи «місто-оточення»
у межах соціально-територіальної структури суспільства
(на прикладі українського Причорномор’я)
Ширяєва Л.В., Лаптєва В.В. 100
1.7. Розробка стратегії просторового розвитку регіону
(на прикладі Одеської області)
Захарченко В.І., Сорока Л.М. 113
1.8. Розвиток форм регіональної політики
в умовах зміни технологічних укладів
Меркулов М.М., Захарченко Н.В. 127
3
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
4
Table of contents
5
INTRODUCTION
shipping will further increase as well as the potential of coastal EGL; these
processes will result in the further shift of world production and population
towards the sea. The coastal contact regions will further acquire still greater
and more diversified importance.
The character of natural conditions and resources, functional versatility
define the characteristic features of coastal regions. This is the zone of a
state’s special interest, which plays an important role in the country’s struc-
ture and territorial organization. The high level of urbanization, conflict of
interests of different branch departments and financial operators in coastal
regions result in the competition of functions. The state, therefore, should
strictly control the use of such territories on the legal basis.
Special vulnerability of ecological system, increasing overpopulation,
decrease of quality of marine environment is inherent in coastal regions and
therefore, they urgently need the development of the regional restriction
system for economic activity.
The researches related to the special analysis of the world economy fail
to separate and consider coastal territories as a subject matter despite the
fact that it is they that largely determine the economic situation and mari-
time potential of coastal countries.
In the light of the growing role of coastal regions not only in the regional
but also in the national economy, it appears expedient to work out a scien-
tifically grounded strategy for development, which would take into account
both regional and national priorities.
About authors: T.V. Derkach, doctor of economic sciences, head
of department of management, International humanitarian university;
N.P. Kovalenko, doctor of physical and mathematical sciences, professor,
International humanitarian university; I.N. Kovalenko, senior lecturer,
International humanitarian university; K.V. Stepanova, candidate of eco-
nomic sciences, associate professor, International humanitarian univer-
sity; H.V. Nemchenko, assistant of the department business management
of Odessa national academy of food technologies; А. Rybak, doctor of
technical sciences, professor, academician of the academy of communi-
cation of Ukraine, Odessa state academy of civil engineering and archi-
tecture; І. Azarova, candidate of technical sciences, associate professor,
Odessa state academy of civil engineering and architecture; L.V. Shiryaeva,
7
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
8
Introduction
Tatyana Derkach
Doctor of Economic Sciences, Odessa
9
SECTION 1. PROBLEMS OF THE DEVELOPMENT
OF COASTAL REGIONS
10
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
and the world market are, therefore, based on the principles of relatively
distance-independent ocean exchange where world prices are formed
with respect to individual minimal (as compared to continental countries)
expenses on goods transportation [19, p. 92].
The domination of ocean located countries and coastal regions is the
natural result of the combined impact of the prerequisites, conditions and
factors, which are primarily based on fundamental differences in the effi-
ciency of transportation by sea and by land and correspondingly on the
differences of economic potentialities of coastal and continental regions
[19, p. 92].
The world ocean as a transport system has a sizable and unquestiona-
ble merit, which is the spatial unity. Furthermore, sea transport possesses
a practically unlimited carrying capacity (throughput) thus covering nearly
80 per cent of all international cargo shipping. However, it should be kept in
mind that it is automobile transport that actually carries over 80 per cent of
all cargoes, whereas sea transport ships only 3.5 per cent. Nevertheless, the
cargo turnover of the latter appears far bigger due to the average distance
of shipping comprising approximately 7,000 km for sea transport, which is
incomparable with automobile transport. In addition, sea transport performs
the function of international commercial turnover and increasingly partici-
pates in the development of the ocean, which is primarily related to the oil
and gas industry; the development of sea recreation facilities and tourism
with its cruise routs has also fostered the intensification of transport activity
at seas and oceans [1, p. 7].
Huge energy resources are still concealed in the depths of the seabed;
hence, the world ocean is becoming an important source of mineral raw
materials although the share of offshore oil and gas production does not
exceed 30 per cent of that in the world [1, p. 7].
The world ocean possesses inexhaustible reserves of huge energy
resources determined by the dynamism of sea waters; it has not been until
recently that the energy of wind, waves and rising tide is beginning to be
utilized [1, p. 8].
In fact, the coasts, islands, seas and oceans have been associated with
increased use of recreational resources in the recent decades the most active
being rest and recreation on the coasts [1, p. 9].
11
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
12
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
Modern researchers under the coastal area understand the land adjacent
to the sea with its inherent properties and resources, characterized by the
extent and area, geographical location, socio-economic, political, envi-
ronmental, and other qualities that are the object of a specific activity or
research [2, p. 291].
The economy of the maritime territory is fully characterized by the
degree of development and differentiation of its sea-economic complex,
which is a combination of economic sectors, enterprises, and organizations
located on the sea coast of the country and directly related to maritime activ-
ities, which ensures the implementation of national maritime policy and
sustainable socio-economic development of seaside territories [2, p. 291].
Such a system for assessing the marine potential of coastal areas should
be considered at four spatial levels [2]:
– global spatial level;
– regional spatial level;
– district spatial level;
– local spatial level.
At the local spatial level, under the seaside territory, it is necessary to
understand the coastal territorial nodes, which are a coastal local municipal
formation of a lower spatial managerial level.
Hierarchy of spatial formations of maritime territories: regional field →
region → district → territorial node. Note that the economic basis of the
sea-economic complex of coastal territorial units is the sea port-industrial
complexes (of course, if they exist), and it is such coastal territorial nodes
that are the foundation of the maritime activities of higher coastal spatial
formations [2, p. 292].
In modern studies [2, p. 292], the methodology for assessing the marine
potential of coastal territories and analysing its components is used to solve
the following main tasks:
‒ identification and study of factors of the territorial organization of
nature and society within the coastal territories;
‒ a study of the structure and functional relationships between
the components (factors, signs, indicators) of the maritime potential of
coastal areas that explain the nature of intra-system linkages that form an
assessment of the marine potential of the seaside area under consideration
13
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
and its variability both within the system and between the system and the
environment;
‒ obtaining a generalized integrated assessment of the marine potential
of the coastal area as an assessment of the sustainability of the functioning
and socio-economic development of the latter under the influence of vari-
ous factors;
‒ regionalization, zoning, and typology of coastal territorial systems of
different spatial levels;
‒ development of principles of strategic development of maritime ter-
ritories for a certain period of time;
‒ scientific substantiation of the management of coastal territorial sys-
tems.
Maritime socio-economic systems belong to complex systems. An
important property of such systems, including territorial ones, is the emer-
gence – the presence of such qualities that are not inherent in any of the
elements entering the system [2, p. 292].
To understand the functioning of such systems, it is not enough to con-
sider only certain elements, but an integrated approach is necessary, taking
into account the entire set of factors.
Maritime territories have all the features of a complex system, they unite
many elements, differ in the variety of internal relations and links with other
systems, the interaction of economic, social, political, natural, technologi-
cal, military, etc. components, objective and subjective factors, which at the
local level form the sea port-industrial complexes [2, p. 292-293].
From the point of view of the system approach, the maritime region of
the World Ocean is a complex integrated system possessing certain proper-
ties [1, p. 15].
Firstly, the coastal region of the World Ocean is a relatively holistic for-
mation, distinguished by certain groups of attributes – factors: geographic,
socio-economic, political, and political-administrative.
Secondly, as a part of this holistic formation, it is possible to distinguish
elements (constituent parts, subsystems): the geographical environment, the
economy of the region (economy), various communities, into which the
population is united, etc. Moreover, each of the elements, in turn, can be
considered as a subsystem.
14
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
15
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
16
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
opinion, significant results are obtained by the use of the three-link spa-
tial formation “hinterland-inland-foreland”. This will allow identifying real
dynamic spatial territorial-aquatorial systems with floating borders, moving
away from rigid administrative-territorial boundaries.
A functional approach to the identification of types of maritime regions
is distinguished by the absolute prevalence of scientific works containing an
analysis of the branch structure of the economy.
Today, there are 223 (of the total number of 264) coastal state forma-
tions, naturally different in terms of the combination of factors and attrib-
utes (physico-geographical, socio-economic, etc.). But the most important
thing is that some state formations (mostly of the federal type) not only
have an extremely long coastline (for example, the coastline of the Russian
Federation is more than 100 thousand km) and border the waters of various
seas and oceans (for example, the US has an outlet to the Pacific and Atlan-
tic Oceans), but also consist of administrative formations of a significant
degree of autonomy. Moreover, these countries play a significant role in
the world economy, which allows considering administrative formations of
such countries as independent strategic regions of the Global Ocean, which
form a strategic georegion in conjunction with other regions [6].
In the top ten largest economies of the world, the maritime economic
activity would have taken the seventh place with an aggregate annual vol-
ume of goods and services of 2.5 trillion USD. The main segments are
formed by bioresources (fisheries, aquaculture, etc.), trade and transporta-
tion (coastal and ocean shipping), extraction of mineral resources (hydro-
carbons and other resources), and others. Thus, the World Ocean gener-
ates an economic potential that “settles” in the contact zones of the sea and
land – in the coastal zone [1, p. 18].
In a number of countries, maritime regions occupy the first stages of the
economy.
The key manifestations of the phenomenon of the coastal location in
the development of the region are, firstly, the coastal nature of settlement
and, secondly, the specific nature of the sectoral and territorial organization
17
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
18
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
19
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
20
Table 1
GDP per inhabitant, by country, 2000, 2005, 2010–11 (¹) (EUR/inhabitant)
Coastal regions Non-coastal regions
2000 2005 2010 2011 2000 2005 2010 2011
Belgium 24 853 29 695 33 303 34 477 20 375 23 815 27 291 28 058
Bulgaria 1 983 3 014 4 311 4 739 1 677 3 013 4 865 5 326
Denmark (²) 31 522 36 782 41 241 41 468
Germany 27 591 29 665 32 718 33 565 24 659 26 720 30 308 31 756
Estonia 5 026 9 240 11 906 13 467 2 950 5 594 7 310 8 147
Ireland 28 278 39 972 35 553 36 435 17 408 26 142 21 233 21 642
Greece 12 789 17 664 19 987 18 742 10 318 13 359 14 645 14 221
Spain 20 555 21 994 21 877 15 919 21 494 23 682 23 820
France 19 953 23 448 25 128 25 863 25 965 29 619 32 807 33 742
Croatia 5 131 7 984 9 672 9 994 5 328 8 169 10 242 10 570
Italy 17 888 21 252 22 112 22 388 25 951 29 444 30 930 31 405
Cyprus (²) 14 336 18 412 20 985 21 130
Latvia 4 547 7 413 10 598 11 952 2 030 3 152 5 211 6 166
Lithuania 3 952 6 640 9 881 11 260 3 508 6 270 8 829 10 094
Malta (²) 11 208 12 183 15 372 15 929
Netherlands 27 425 33 518 37 276 37 683 24 590 28 839 32 813 33 441
Poland 4 810 6 078 8 323 8 619 4 860 6 442 9 311 9 743
Portugal 13 237 15 518 17 105 16 977 8 822 10 462 12 053 11 869
Romania 2 062 4 320 6 265 6 674 1 798 3 658 5 772 6 127
Slovenia 10 653 13 589 16 629 16 601 10 851 14 483 17 430 17 771
Finland 28 653 33 070 36 766 38 271 20 343 24 850 27 401 29 420
Sweden 31 041 34 038 38 310 41 836 26 819 28 713 32 835 36 071
United Kingdom 27 269 30 936 28 050 28 384 25 659 28 715 25 037 25 572
Norway 52 452 55 082 36 785 39 581
(¹) The Czech Republic, Luxembourg, Hungary, Austria and Slovakia are landlocked countries and are not presented.
(²) Denmark, Cyprus and Malta are coastal areas in their entirety.
21
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
Table 3
Growth Rates in the Coastal Economy, 2010–2014
Employment GDP ($Trillion, 2009) Population (millions)
(millions)
Region
Annual
Annual
Annual
+/- (%)
+/- (%)
+/- (%)
change
change
change
2010
2014
2010
2014
2010
2014
$
$
United States 127.8 136.6 1.72% 14.6 15.8 1.9% 309.3 318.9 0.77%
Coastal States 104.1 111.3 1.73% 12.3 13.2 2.0% 252.1 259.8 0.76%
Coastal Zone 53.6 57.3 1.72% 7.0 7.6 1.9% 129.9 134.2 0.84%
Counties
Shoreline Adjacent 47.8 51.2 1.78% 6.3 6.8 2.0% 115.5 119.3 0.82%
Counties
Source: National Ocean Economics Program. http://www.oceaneconomics.org/
nationalreportm [14]
24
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
25
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
26
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
References:
1. Gogoberidze G.G. Kompleksnoe regionirovanie primorskih territorij
Mirovogo okeana / G.G. Gogoberidze // Monograph. – Saint Petersburg,
Izdatelstvo RGGMU, 2007. – P. 396
2. Gogoberidze G.G., Mamaeva M.A. Morskie portovo-promyshlennye
kompleksy kak klyuchevye ekonomicheskie subekty primorskikh territorial-
nykh uzlov / G.G. Gogoberidze, M.A. Mamaeva // Problemy sovremennoy
ekonomiki. – 2011. – N 4 (40). – Pp. 291-294.
3. Bobrov V.V. Tipologiia regionov / V.V. Bobrov // Vestnik OGU. – 2005. –
№ 9. – P. 47-51.
4. Gogoberidze G.G. Poniatie i sushchnost morekhoziaistvennogo potentsi-
ala pribrezhnykh zon i primorskikh territorii / George G. Gogoberidze// Prob-
lemy sovremennoj jekonomiki, – 2008. – N 2 (26). – Pp. 266-270.
5. Lipets Yu.G., Puliarkin V.A., Shlikhter S.B. Geografiia mirovogo kho-
ziaistva: Ucheb. posobie dlia studentov. – M.: Gumanit. izd. tsentr VLADOS,
1999. – 400 p.: il. ISBN 5-691-00152-3.
6. Druzhinin A. G. Ekonomicheskii potentsial primorskoi zony: poniatii-
no-kategorialnye osnovy kontseptsii [Economic potential of coastal zone: con-
ceptual-categorical basis of the concept]. Izvestiia vysshikh uchebnykh zave-
denii. Severo-Kavkazskii region. Seriia: Obshchestvennye nauki [Te News
of Higher Schools. North-Caucasus region. SERIES: SOCIAL SCIENCES],
no. 4, 2004. 54 p. (In Russian)
27
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
28
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
29
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
ized resources to certain (coastal) regions that are likely to pay back invest-
ments due to accelerated rates of economic development.
30
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
31
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
32
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
33
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
motivator for such people: for them, cash reward is only a feedback signal,
indicating the results achieved. People with low n-Ach under experimental
conditions did much better job when their remuneration for the work done
increased, while for people with high n-Ach the results of the work did not
change much: they were rewarded for well-executed work.
“Doing better” as an attribute of a high n-Ach can mean that something new,
still unknown, will be created, another shorter, more efficient path to the goal is
found. “How can you achieve the same result with less labor?” or “How can the
same amount of labor give a greater result?” – these are typical questions that
are asked by people with high n-Ach in the conditions of working activity. Such
people always look for new and inspiring tasks, move from one type of activity
to another, challenging their desire “to do better” everything.
McClelland showed that the motive of achievement is a key factor in
the economic development of countries. On the one hand, studies indicate
that a high value of n-Ach is likely to contribute to business success, since
it requires the qualities that are characteristic of people with a high n-Ach
score. On the other hand, young people with large n-Ach are more willing
to go into business than in other professions. If the high value of n-Ach
leads to an increase in the number of entrepreneurs, then the activity of the
latter should affect the rate of economic growth. McClelland cited many
evidences in favor of such a statement. By direct methods of mathemat-
ical statistics, McClelland discovered the existence of a positive correla-
tion between the dynamics of economic development of different countries
and the behavior of the n-Ach factor: for ancient Greece during its peak
(475-362 BC); for the USA between 1810 and 1950; for Spain from 1200 to
1700; in England between the years 1550 and 1800 etc.
Very convincing was another study conducted at the level of automobile
corporations in the US and Japan during the period from 1952 to 1980. At
the end of this period, American companies lagged behind Japan in almost
all respects. It was suggested to determine the level of n-Ach in the firm
from analysis of the annual message of the head of the company to the
shareholders. Firms “Nissan”, “Toyota”, “Honda”, “General Motors” and
“Chrysler” have been analyzed. It turned out that all Japanese firms had
a higher n-Ach index than the American ones, which explains the relative
failures of American firms.
34
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
35
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
way and way of life is not only the most correct, but also the only accept-
able in comparison with other peoples. The key to understanding this is
the high level of n-Ach.
The northern Black Sea region at the turn of the ХVІІІ-ХІХ centuries
demonstrated to the world “unprecedented in world history” rapid growth
[10, p. 5], when in a few years this region “almost instantly” successfully
integrated into the economic space of Europe and became an organically
connected part of the economic and political life of the continent. The
center of the region, Odessa, gave the world a whole galaxy of outstanding
people in many spheres of human activity (literature, architecture, music,
science, business activity) and created its own distinct culture (it is even
called “Odessa civilization”). Although with the collapse of the Soviet
Union, the economic infrastructure with its core – the Black Sea Shipping
Company – was destroyed, so far the Odessa region is part of a group of
regions whose development level is above the national average [2, p. 160].
Studies have revealed that the coastal position in the general case pos-
itively affects the development of regions, usually more developed and
faster developing than inland areas. However, the Northern Black Sea coast
developed too fast even for the coastal regions. What was the secret of such
a rapid metamorphosis? First, we shall give an explanation of the historian
[10], and then add something new to his conclusions, which can be made on
the basis of our analysis, using the Belbin and McClelland models.
A. Tretyak [10] notes the variety of socio-economic and political macro
factors that have conditioned the evolution of the Northern Black Sea region,
but mostly he considers the mediated impact of the Great French Revolution
of the 18th century, which turned out to be one of the most powerful cata-
lysts for European integration processes. What is the mechanism of such an
influence? As a result of the revolution, serious economic difficulties arose
in France, caused by a shortage of bread. The successive grain riots, looting
of carts and barges with grain and flour, speculation, famine and other neg-
ative consequences associated with unsuccessful attempts to regulate the
movement and sale of bread, as well as the blockade by European countries
36
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
37
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
38
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
39
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
40
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
habitat, in this case we can also see a kind of “border effect” (geographic
one). Its manifestation in socio-economic processes can be seen on a num-
ber of examples:
– A densely populated Europe with a multitude of countries and exter-
nal borders in a relatively small area can also be seen as a demonstration
of the “border effect” that manifests itself in creating a modern high-tech
economy that competes successfully with the most highly developed econ-
omies of the world, such as the US and Japan.
– It can be assumed that the desire of a number of small nations to gain
independence can be due, in part, to the fact that they have a relatively large
number of people with RI characteristics, while the latter lack “external”
borders for self-realization; what many generations have been dozing in the
subconscious, in an era of profound and universal democratic transforma-
tion it claims itself as a desire to gain independence and its own “borders”.
Of course, the above “boundary” interpretation is neither unambiguous
nor exhaustive, and there may be other reasons for the appearance of the
described effect. Moreover, examples of countries with large coastal areas
that are economically inefficient (for example, some countries in the Pacific
region) can be mentioned. In this case, it is necessary to look for other cir-
cumstances (primarily historical ones) that are decisive in determining the
level of economic development.
Since the predominance of people with high n-Ach rates creates condi-
tions for accelerated economic development, it can be said that such people
are an additional economic resource that contributes to the competitive-
ness of the region. In this case, these intangible assets must be taken into
account – along with material resources – in determining the potential for
economic development of the region. Thus, when analyzing the natural and
resource potential of the Odessa region, it usually includes the following
types of resources: mineral, water, land, forest, fauna, natural-recreational
[13, p. 32]. We propose to include in this list also the average n-Ach score
for the region, especially since the need for achievement is fairly accurately
determined in quantitative terms. In proportion to the magnitude of this
factor (other things being equal) the volume of investment in the regional
economy should be determined. At the same time, the need for achievement
should be included – as one of the components – in the broader concept of
41
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
One of the main team roles for a manager Belbin calls the Chairman
(Coordinator) (CC). A person with this role is able to identify the abil-
ities and skills of employees and use them in the interests of the cause.
He includes them in the decision-making process, while not losing control
over the fulfillment of the task and the achievement of the ultimate goal.
Discussing alternative solutions, he gently, but persistently directs the dis-
cussion in the right direction and makes sure that proposals are relevant to
the merits of the matter. He rarely resorts to simply declaring his decision;
he is always looking for an opportunity to take into account the needs of
all interested parties. He is emotionally stable, can be an assertive person
if necessary and is a pragmatic one. The CC believes in his colleagues and
their ability to do a good job. This is a typical strong leader.
Another team role Belbin called Shaper (SH). SH also belongs to the
leadership role, but it is the direct opposite of the CC. This is a sharp (and
sharp-tongued) man with not always controlled language, taking quick,
42
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
43
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
creation of good human relationships and, at the same time, is not very
attuned to the task. All members of the team are his friends, he creates an
atmosphere of unity in the group. He understands people well, their mood
and feelings. He consistently works to achieve harmony and tries to avoid
disagreements, to prevent them at the slightest sign. TW is designed to cre-
ate team spirit and healing wounds that arise due to personality differences,
and not for confrontation.
The Сompleter-Finisher (CF) is the person who brings everything to
completion. His credo – the business should be done, and he directs his unre-
strained nervous energy primarily to this end. He himself does everything
on time and demands the same from others, preventing self-righteousness,
complacency and poor performance. He also pays great attention to detail
and takes on the task of checking everything himself, so omissions are
unlikely to go unnoticed.
The last role – Specialist (SP). It is a member of the collective that
brings in team his expertise and skills. The task of the specialist is to supply
the team with professional or technical information that the team needs for
specific projects and which it can receive only from SP.
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Heinemann, 1986. – 179 p.
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vídnosini. – K.: Znannya, 2008. – 406 c.
44
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
45
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
Українське Причорномор'я:
територіальна та акваторіальна структура
46
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
Таблиця 1
Територіальна структура Приморського регіону України
№ Адміністративно- Площа, км2 %
п/п територіальна одиниця
Причорноморський підрегіон
Одеська область
1.
Всього 11100,72 18,74
Миколаївська область
2.
Всього 5717,86 9,65
Херсонська область
Всього 6639,93 11,21
3. Всього по підрегіону 23458,51 39,61
Приазовський підрегіон
Всього 3041,67 5,14
Запорізька область
5.
Всього 8847,97 14,94
Донецька область
Всього 2025,34 3,42
6.
Всього по підрегіону 13914,98 23,49
Кримський під регіон
7. АР Крим
Всього 20970,64 35,41
Всього по підрегіону 21854,11 36,90
Загалом по регіону 59227,60 100,00
Джерело: [3, с. 14]
47
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
Таблиця 2
Компонента структура природно-ресурсного потенціалу
Приморського регіону України
Компонентна структура ПРП, %
Потенціал ресурсів,
продуктивності,
‰ від загально-
Земельні ресурси
Ресурси фауни
Лісові ресурси
державного
Водні ресурси
Показники
рекреаційні
Мінеральні
Природно-
Адміністративно-
ресурси
ресурси
бали
територіальні
одиниці
Причорноморський підрегіон
Одеська область 37,118 68 1,8 11,1 71,8 1,3 0,5 13,5
Миколаївська
26,198 72 2,8 23,2 66,6 0,5 1,0 5,9
область
Херсонська
29,280 62 1,6 22,7 67,1 1,0 1,2 6,4
область
Приазовський підрегіон
Херсонська
область
Запорізька область 39,049 87 20,4 20,0 49,7 0,7 0,7 8,5
Донецька область 112,462 279 72,8 4,8 16,8 0,4 0,1 5,1
Кримський підрегіон
Тимчасово
59,432 133 10,0 19,3 39,0 1,8 0,3 29,6
окупована АРК
Джерело: [3, с. 4]
48
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
Таблиця 3
Акваторіальні ресурси адміністративних одиниць України
в межах Чорного моря
км2
Адміністративна одиниця Внутрішні Територіальне
Всього
води море
Одеська область 660 5598 6258
Ніколаєвська область 585 572 1157
Херсонська область 2200 3000 5200
Тимчасово окупована
2196 10479 12675
Автономна республіка Крим
Всього 5641 19649 25290
Джерело: [1, с. 8]
49
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
50
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
51
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
Рис. 2. Динаміка об’ємів перевезення пасажирів морським
транспортом України в 1980-2016 роках, тис. пас.
Джерело: зроблено автором на основі даних Державної служби статистики
України [Електронний ресурс]. – Режим доступу: www.ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/
operativ2005/tz/tz_rik/tz_u/ts_u.zip
*2014-2016 роки без урахування тимчасово окупованої території Автономної Республіки
Крим, м. Севастополя та частини зони проведення антитерористичної операції
Таблиця 4
Дінаміка скорочення кількості суден
під державним прапором України (ДПУ)*
Роки Кількість суден під ДПУ Показники втрат, %
1 1991 375 100
2 2000 155 41
3 2005 91 24
4 2008 75 20
5 2012 60 16
6 2014 46** 12
7 2016 38*** 10
*Враховуються судна дедвейтом 5 тис. т та більше
**Під іноземним прапором в 2014 році працювали більш 200 середніх та крупних
суден, які належалі українським компаніям
Джерело: Рада поддержала допуск судов под флаг Украины // Моряк Украины. –
2017. – № 2 (18 января). – С. 2
52
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
5000
4000
3000
2000 1667
1132
904
1000
430 418
0
1993 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016
53
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
54
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
2000
1500
1000
115 150 12
500
0
1991 2017
1991 2017
55
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
56
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
57
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
58
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
59
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
60
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
61
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
Таблиця 5
Інтегральна бальна оцінка природно-рекреаційного потенціалу
Українського Причорномор'я*
оцінка приодного
Спеліологічні
Гідрографічн
Інтегральна
Кліматичні
Орографіні
блоку, бали
Рослинні
Животні
іресурси
ресурси
ресурси
ресурси
ресурси
ресурси
Сумма
Адміністративна
одиниця
Миколаївська
5 3 1 2 3 2 16 2
область
Одеська область 4 2 1 2 4 2 15 2
Херсонська область 5 2 1 2 4 1 15 2
Донецька область 4 1 1 1 3 3 13 1
Запоріжська область 5 2 1 1 1 3 13 1
Тимчасосо окупо-
5 3 2 4 5 5 24 5
вана АР Крим
* На основі 5-ти бальної системи оцінювання
Таблиця 6
Загальна характеристика потенціалу мінеральних вод
та лікувальних грязей Чорноморського узбережжя
Мінеральні води, Лікувальні грязі,
Область Пляжі, км
дебіт м3/сут. об’єм, тис. м3
Одеська 175 1057 4510
Ніколаєвська 53 720 335,9
Херсонська 36 987,3 -
Тимчасово окупована
280 10520,8 23902
АР Крим
Таблиця 7
Ємність рекреаційних закладів Українського Причорномор'я
Кількість місць в Кількість місць в розрізці
Регіон
приморській зоні адміністративних одиниць
Одеська область 89,3 тис. місць 848,04 тис. місць
270,4 тис. місць
Херсонська 32,3 тис. місць
(6,5 тис. місць в дитячих закладах)
72 тис. місць
Донецька н\д (частина з яких знаходиться на непід-
контрольних Україні територіях)
Миколаївська 28,31 тис. місць 64,5 тис. місць
Запорізька 213 тис. місць
н\д
область (16, 7 тис. місць в дитячих закладах)
Джерело: складено автором на основі даних [3]
63
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
Н-активи Н-активи
групи А групи Б
65
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
Список літератури:
1. Стан довкілля Чорного моря, Національна доповідь України
1996-2000 роки, Міністерство екології та природних ресурсів України,
2002 р. – Одеса: Астропринт, 2002. – 80 с.
2. Stanchev H., Palazov A., Stancheva M., Apostolov A. Determination of
the Black Sea area and coastline length using GIS methods and Landsat 7 satel-
lite images [Електронний ресурс]. – Режим доступу: http://www.geoecomar.
ro/website/publicatii/Nr.172011/03_stanchev_BT.pdf
3. Діпромісто. Схема планування території узбережжя Чорного та
Азовського морів для застосування у Донецькій, Запорізькій, Херсонській,
Одеській, Миколаївській областях та АР Крим [Електронний ресурс]. –
Режим доступу: http://www.dipromisto.gov.ua/index.php?categoryid=134
4. Щодо стратегічних пріоритетів реалізації потенціалу України
як морської держави: аналітична доповідь / А. О. Филипенко,
В. В. Баришнікова, К. В. Степанова. – Одеса: Фенікс, 2012. – 152 с.
66
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
67
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
68
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
69
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
The table 1
Sources of innovation financing
Including at the expense of funds
Year Total cost Others
own state foreign
sources
Million hryvnia
2000 1757,1 1399,3 7,7 133,1 217,0
2001 1971,4 1654,0 55,8 58,5 203,1
2002 3013,8 2141,8 45,5 264,1 562,4
2003 3059,8 2148,4 93,0 130,0 688,4
2004 4534,6 3501,5 63,4 112,4 857,3
2005 5751,6 5045,4 28,1 157,9 520,2
2006 6160,0 5211,4 114,4 176,2 658,0
2007 10821,0 7969,7 144,8 321,8 2384,7
2008 11994,2 7264,0 336,9 115,4 4277,9
2009 7949,9 5169,4 127,0 1512,9 1140,6
2010 8045,5 4775,2 87,0 2411,4 771,9
2011 14333,9 7585,6 149,2 56,9 6542,2
2012 11480,6 7335,9 224,3 994,8 2925,6
2013 9562,6 6973,4 24,7 1253,2 1311,3
2014 1
7695,9 6540,3 344,1 138,7 672,8
2015 1
13813,7 13427,0 55,1 58,6 273,0
20161,2 23229,5 22036,0 179,0 23,4 991,1
1
data given without regard to the temporarily occupied territory of the Autonomous
Republic of Crimea, the city of Sevastopol and part of the area of the anti-terrorist
operation;
2
data are based on the results of the state statistical observation in the form "Survey
of innovation activity of enterprises for the period 2014-2016" (according to the
international methodology).
70
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
The table 2
Implementation of innovations at industrial enterprises
in volume of industrial,%
Out of these, new types of
incl. low-waste, resource-
Introduced production
technology comprise
Share of enterprises
that implemented
Introduced new
products, items
innovations,%
saving
Year
71
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
72
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
and on the other hand it will make it possible for its pensioners to earn with
minimal risk.
All this necessitates the development of the stock market, the creation
of venture firms, banks that invest in innovative projects and brings quite
high dividends.
Combating corruption and improving the investment climate will accel-
erate the emergence of the banking system from crisis. Nevertheless, only
the state can make loans affordable for business.
Disclosing the essence of credit in the educational literature of post-So-
viet countries, it is defined as the relationship between the creditor and the
borrower, which are built on the principles of:
- payment of interest;
- promptness;
- reimbursement;
- purposive character.
In our humble opinion, nowadays in Ukraine these principles are insuf-
ficient and instead of developing the economy they will "preserve" its raw
material nature, with obsolete equipment and specialists with a low level of
qualification. In such conditions, even an increase in investment (for exam-
ple, lending) will not contribute to raising production efficiency.
The ecological condition, depreciation of funds (in some cases up to
90-100%), the old age of work force (which is caused by emigration, war
and poor demographic situation as a whole) does not allow to make a leap
in GDP increase and simultaneously raise living standards.
73
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
74
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
75
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
76
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
School Bruno Laven says: "Digital agriculture is being born around the
world with unmanned aerial vehicles, satellite sensors and field robots.
Now the need for "reasonable agriculture" is urgently needed to optimize
supply-and-distribution system and stimulate the introduction of creative
new business models that minimize the burden on land, energy and other
natural resources while at the same time drawing attention to the needs of
the poorest people peace" [10, p. 84].
Undoubtedly, the production of ecologically clean, high-quality agrarian
products is promising for Ukraine, will improve the nutrition of the popu-
lation and export surplus, however this solution is just part of the problem.
It should be about the formation of a new investment-innovative model of
development in the country, the abandonment of the commodity economy.
Ukraine has already become a raw material appendage of developed coun-
tries, the export of which differs little from Kyivan Rus (honey, sunflower
oil, rape and metal). Moreover, the raw material orientation policy of the
country is maintained at the state level and incentives are created for this.
For instance, in 2018, VAT was abolished for the export of oleaginous crops,
which unambiguously will increase production, primarily of sunflower oil,
rapeseed and a decrease in the fertility of Ukrainian rich Black Soil. Any
crisis in the world immediately reduces the demand for raw materials. As
demand and the price of raw materials fall, the budget, even in conditions
of growth in production, remains scarce. The raw materials industry (which
is controlled by oligarchic groups) is subject to all financial (and tax) pol-
icies. As a result, in such conditions, even a decrease in tax pressure on
business will not promote economic growth, but will continue to "preserve"
and reproduce the raw material economy with all derivative social prob-
lems. Tax policy in itself is not connected with the strategic directions of the
development of the state, is aimed at filling the budget at any cost, and the
size of taxes are in isolation from the real capabilities of taxpayers.
"Competitiveness" of domestic enterprises, export of products was pro-
vided due to the low exchange rate of the hryvnia, low wages and virtually
no environmental costs. Such a model cannot endlessly exist, since the dead-
lock leads not only to a decrease in efficiency and reduction in production,
but also to the extinction of the population and the emigration of able-bod-
ied, qualified specialists. According to E.S. Sharag: "... the main direction of
77
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
78
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
79
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
80
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
81
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
References:
1. Borovik V. Space technology race: the place and role of Ukraine. – The
Mirror of the Week, June 25, 2017.
2. Voronov A. The Arabian strategy of Ukraine. – Mirror of the week,
4-10 from 2017.
3. Kinakh A. Without people there is no future. – Mirror of the week,
November 4-10, 2017
4. Korablin S. Russian roulette. – The Mirror of the Week, September 8,
2017.
5.Kolesnik V.І. Start-ups managing in Ukraine: problems that perspective –
The economy of the food industry, 2017, vp. 4, p. 57-61.
6.Rogov G.K. System of financial mechanisms of corporate sustainable
development and its formation in Ukraine. – Author's abstract. dis for obtaining
D.S.E.N. – Odessa: ONEU, 2018. – 38 pp.
7. Sadokhin V. In Europe, milk of the second grade is fed to animals.
At us – drink. – Mirror of the week, February 3-9, 2018.
8.Samaeva Yu. Trap for the winner. – Mirror of the week, February 3-9,
2018.
9.Social-economic development of the Ukrainian Black Sea Coast: chal-
lenges and opportunities: a monograph. For sciences Red .. B.V. Burkinsky. –
Odessa: IPREAD NASU, 2016. – 810 p.
10. Khripiuk V.I. State regulation of innovation-oriented development
of the food industry of Ukraine. – The economy of the food industry, 2017,
vp. 4, p. 81-88.
11.Sharag O.S. Capital intensity and its dynamics in the transformational
economy. – Author's abstract. dis for obtaining the scientific degree of the Can-
didate of Economic Sciences – Odessa: ONEU, 2017. – 17 p.
12. Innovative Ukraine 2020: national report / per coalition. ed.V.M. Geitsa
and others. ; National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. – K., 2015. – 336 pp.
82
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
83
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
current and future residents with such living and management conditions
that simultaneously are stable (basic rules of organization), safe, flexible
(open system for various changes) and cost-effective, while respecting the
environmental requirements [1].
After the passing of the Law of Ukraine "About the Basics of Urban
Development" [2] in 2002, the sustainable development of the populated
localities in Ukraine is one of the main tasks of urban planning. Sustaina-
ble development leads to socially, economically and environmentally bal-
anced development of the communities, that is aimed at the creation of
the economical potential, the fulfilled lifelong environment for the current
and future generations. According to the law the subjects of town planning
activities must hold on to the main tasks and arrangements for sustainable
development of the populated localities (starting from – 10000 – 300000 –
600000 – 900000 and considering our region, even more than one million
inhabitants)
Despite the legally fixed and widely used definition, the methods of pro-
viding and evaluation of the sustainable territory development still remain
almost uncovered. The works of such world scientists as Bolshakov B.,
Gushchin A., Danilov-Danilyan V., Kuznetsov O., Kuznetsov P., Orek-
hovsky P., Tetior A., Forrester J., Ursul A. and others are devoted to the
problems of sustainable development in various fields of applied and scien-
tific knowledge. Among the ukrainian researchers of the sustainable devel-
opment problems are Averkina N., Burkinsky B., Gordeev O., Kravchuno-
vskaya T., Khilko L., and many others.
In the studies of these authors, the issues of the sustainable development
are either explored in their individual aspects (N.F. Averkina, J. Forrester,
etc.), or have a contradictory nature, like, for example, in the studies of
V.I. Danilov-Danilyan. Herewith, the methodology of sustainable develop-
ment of the communities is at the very beginning of its formation. Nowa-
days, this concept still looks like a set of beautiful legally fixed catchwords,
rather than a concretized methodology of the development.
According to the hypothesis of the research, it is exactly the concept
of sustainable development, which is the most promising methodological
basis for the effective strategic planning of the regional development and
its subsequent monitoring.
84
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
Therefore, the goal of this particular research became the actual scien-
tific and practical task of searching for the methods of sustainable Odessa
agglomeration development in the long term perspective.
The methodological basis of the study are the concept of sustainable
development, the process and system approach, as well as the basic theoret-
ical foundations of the general management and scientific researches.
The issues of planning and developing the city of Odessa and Odessa
agglomeration are regulated by a number of legislative and town planning
documents, including:
‒ General scheme of planning the territory of Ukraine;
‒ Scheme of planning the Black Sea and Azov Sea coast territories
for the usage in Donetsk, Zaporozhye, Kherson, Odessa, Mykolayiv and
Crimea regions;
‒ Scheme of planning the Odessa region territory;
‒ General development plan for the city of Odessa, including the Zon-
ing Plan of the City;
‒ Strategy of economic and social development of the city of Odessa
until 2022.
The scrunity of these and some other documents, that are related to the
Odessa region development, makes it possible to identify a number of char-
acteristic features of this territory [3].
First of all, the seaside territories of Ukraine are characrerized by the
high tourist, recreational and health potential combined with extremely
high intensity of various types of economic activities. This creates not only
a high level of urban development, but also technogenic burden and envi-
ronmental problems in the region. Within the Ukrainian seashore, that occu-
pies about one-fiftieth of the country's territory, one-tenth of the population
is concentrated.
The main feature of the city's location is its seaside and frontier loca-
tion at the intersection of the most important international routes from
85
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
Northern and Central Europe to the Middle East and Asia. Therefore, the
main element of the Primorsky region planning structure until 2020 will
be the International Transport Passage of the BSEC (Reni-Izmail-Odes-
sa-Nikolaev-Kherson-Melitopol-Berdyansk-Mariupol-Novoazovsk),
which will pass in the latitudinal direction at a distance of 10-20 km along-
side the coast of the Black and Azov Seas. It will have conjunction with
the national and regional network of roads, as well as railway, marine and
aviation communications.
Within the Primorsky region, the coast of the Black and Azov Seas were
identified. The outer frontier of the coast is determined by the size of the
water protection zone (2 km). According to the town planning documenta-
tion, the utilisation of the two-kilometer zone of the Black Sea and the Azov
Sea is proposed mainly for recreational and health improving purposes.
On the basis of the urban settlements classification which was developed
along with " The planning schemes of the Black and Azov Seas coastal ter-
ritories ...", according to its economical functions, Odessa is classified as a
multifunctional type of settlements.
In the system of the administrative and territorial structure of the state,
Odessa has the administrative functions as a center of the Odessa region.
There are the authorities of the city and the region (city and regional coun-
cil, city and regional administration, etc.), as well as a valuable presence
of the diplomatic representatives of the foreign countries. It is a significant
administrative, economic, scientific, cultural and educational center of the
south of Ukraine, that has the largest seaport, the developed industrial, rec-
reational, health-improving and tourist complexes, transport, financial and
social infrastructure.
According to the General Planning Scheme of the Territory of Ukraine,
the city development is observed as the center of the Odessa interregional
settlement system. This system includes such regions as Odessa, Mykolayiv
and Kherson. Also, the city has a part of the capital's functions, like pro-
viding some highly specialized services to the population of these regions.
Besides, the city is the center of the Odessa inter-district settlement sys-
tem which includes the cities of Teplodar, Yuzhny, Belgorod-Dnestrovsk
and Primorsk, and some administrative districts: Berezovsky, Belgorod-
Dnestrovsky, Belyaevsky, Velikomikhailovsky, Ivanovo, Kominternovsky,
86
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
87
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
88
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
89
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
90
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
91
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
92
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
93
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
On the basis of those materials the main trends in the economic, social
and environmental regional spheres over the last 5 years are becoming
determined. The most probable prognosises are based on the statistically
fixed trends and quantitative indicators, taking into account the features of
the functioning of most significant for this territory sectors and spheres of
the regional economy. This can be done on the basis of the demographic
and economic prognosis of the regional development, as well as through
discussions with the public.
From the strategy description, it can be concluded that the proposed
methodology for planning and evaluating regional development strategies
is based primarily on an indicative approach. The mandatory application of
the sustainable development principles in making strategies is not specified
and remains a free choice of the strategy developer.
94
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
‒ the social sphere (the structure and the employment of the popula-
tion, the provision of the social services, etc.);
‒ the economic sphere (the development level of all business types in
the city, the structure of revenues and expenditures of the municipal budget,
the development of the tax base, etc.);
‒ the ecological sphere (the balance of the resources consumption, the
provision of the landscape-recreational objects, etc.);
‒ the political sphere (the participation of the population in the polit-
ical life of the city and the region, the presence of the political parties and
their activities, etc.), and some other spheres.
From another point of view, the city is an element of the higher level
systems: regional, state, worldwide.
According to the opinion of the authors of this research, the consid-
eration of the decentralization policy implementation and the reform of
self-government systems in Ukraine, the cities (populated areas) currently
are the minimal territorial unit within the borders of which there is a reason
to speak of the sustainable territorial development. Meanwhile, the main
tasks for ensuring sustainable development should be solved in the political
sphere by the local self-government bodies through the implementation of
the local economic and social policies, the urban planning and other man-
agement functions. In order to formulate the basic principles of the sustain-
able cities and settlements development approach, we will consider the city
as a complexity of transforming processes of the "entrances" into "exits"
through the corresponding sphere of the city's development – economical,
ecological and social. These components of the sustainable development
will be conditionally presented as the closed processes, although intrinsi-
cally they do intertwine and interact.
The economic component of the urban system transforms the financial
and other material resources as "entrances" ENinc, into "exits" – products,
services, innovations and material goods designated as ENout, that can be
consumed inside the city as well as send to the external environment. The
additional "income" of the economic subsystems is the natural and labor
resources. Mewanwhile, the coefficient of the economic development KEN
represents the correlation of the "exits" and "entrances" and is determined
by the formula (1):
95
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
KEN= (1)
The greater value of KEN is, the more effective the economic subsystem
of the city is.
The environmental sphere of the city system along with the involve-
ment ofcertain investments and labour transform various natural resources
(such as water, oil, solar energy, climate, land), designated as ELinc, into
the "outlets" ELout, the city's ecological system (recreational and land-
scape areas) and waste products (unsuitable for the further utilisation of
the substance that cannot be processed naturally). The additional results
of the natural resources transformation are goods and services, created
from them.
The correlation of the consumed resources to waste will represent the
ecological development factor KEL, that is determined by the formula (2):
KEL= (2)
The greater value of KEL is, the higher is the ecological efficiency of the
city.
The social subsystem of the city is a transformation process of the
population (SCinc) with the participation of the investments and nat-
ural resources into an effective labor resource SCout, for which were
created the comfortable social and educational conditions as well as a
habitat. The notion of a comfortable habitat includes the provision of
the housing and the less necessary elements of the infrastructure and
improvement.
The coefficient of the social development KSC, which is showing the
relations between "outputs" and "inputs" of the social subsystem, is deter-
mined by the formula (3):
KSC= (3)
The closer to the one the value of KSC is, the higher is the social effi-
ciency of the city. These processes of the urban subsystems with their inher-
ent "inputs" and "outputs" are shown in Fig. 2, that was developed by the
authors.
96
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
97
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
Based on the indicators of the conditional urban system, that are pre-
sented in Fig. 3, we can make a conclusion, that this system has a high
efficiency of the environmental and social subsystems, but, unfortunately,it
is not (relatively planned) efficient enough in the economic subsystem. In
general, the development of a such system can be evaluated as the unbal-
anced one, and, consequently, unstable.
The received information can be used in order to adjust the city develop-
ment strategy, as well as to initiate the relevant projects by the local authori-
ties, that are aimed at the ensuring of the sustainable development.
98
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
the times of the planned economy, prove their inefficiency and incompe-
tence in the current conditions of the urban environment. These methods
require revision and refinement, as they create the negative disbalances
in the social, economical, town-planning and ecological environment of
the city, which was examined particulary by the example of the Odessa’s
agglomeration in the borders of this study. The main disadvantages of
the traditional methods of the strategic planning for the territorial devel-
opment are the application of the top-down planning principle, the lack
of the "feedback" from the managed system to the upper levels of the
management. Also, the improvement of the territorial methods planning
is becoming more complicated because of the lack of the effective mecha-
nisms of the public-private partnership in solving strategic problems. The
concept of the sustainable development, according to the authors of this
study, can be a powerful methodological tool for solving these and other
problems of the territorial development.
The consideration of the city from the point of view of the system and
the process approaches allowed to form a three-dimensional model for the
evaluation of the sustainability of urban development based on the analy-
sis of the developmental coefficients of the city's three main subsystems –
social, economical and environmental.
A promising area for the further research could be the practical testing
of this model for assessing sustainable development by the example of the
development strategy for the city of Odessa.
References:
1. The European Charter for Cities II. The Charter of the New Urbanism
(2007). – [Electronic resource] / https://rm.coe.int/1680718943
2. Про основы градостроительства: Закон Украины от 16.11.1992
№ 2780-XII [Электронный ресурс]. URL: http://zakon5.rada.gov.ua/
laws/show/2780-12
3. Генеральний план м. Одеси [Електронний ресурс]. – Режим
доступу: http://omr.gov.ua/ru/essential/50537
4. Данилов-Данильян В.И. Устойчивое развитие (теоретико-
методологический анализ) // Экономика и математические методы. –
2003. – Т. 39, № 2. – С. 123–135.
99
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
100
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
101
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
102
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
103
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
104
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
105
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
106
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
107
108
Місто
н
Матеріально-речові Управ- Торгові та Культурні Професійно- Медичні а
блага і виробничі лінські побутові поуслуги, кваліфікаційні послуги с
послуги, жива послуги послуги, інформація послуги е
праця, робочі місця матеріально- л
речові блага і е
доходи н
н
я
виробництва
109
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
110
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
111
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
Список літератури:
1. Беленький В.Р. Проблема агроиндустриальных поселений:
расселение в районах размещения агропромышленных комплексов :
[Текст] / В.Р. Беленький. – М.: Информпечать, 1979. – 183 с.
2. Блауберг И.В. Становление и сущность системного подхода :
[Текст] / И.В. Блауберг, Э. Юдин.– М.: Наука, 1973. – 168 с.
3. Быстрова Н.П. Зона активного взаимодействия города и села :
[Текст] / Н.П. Быстрова, Л.А. Кранц // Проблемы формирования и развития
региональных социально-экономических систем «город-село». – Саранск:
Морд. универ., 1981. – С. 149-153.
4. Заславская Т.И. Социология экономической жизни (очерк теории) /
Т.И. Заславская, Р.В. Рывкина. – Новосибирск: Наука, 1991. – 442 с.
5. Захарченко В.І. Наукові основи управління ринковою системою
регіону : монографія / В.І. Захарченко, Т.К. Метіль, І.А. Топалова. – Одеса:
Атлант, 2016. – 316 с.
6. Ковалев С.А. География населения СССР : [Текст] / С.А. Ковалев,
Н.Я. Ковальская. – М.: Изд. МГУ, 1980. – 285 с.
112
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
113
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
114
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
115
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
116
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
117
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
118
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
Таблиця 1
Принципи регіональної просторової політики
та напрями її реалізації
Принципи Напрямки реалізації
Соціальна спрямова- Розвиток соціальної інфраструктури. Подолання
ність (орієнтація наневиправданої диференціації за рівнем і якістю життя.
розвиток людського Збереження і створення нових робочих місць і скоро-
потенціалу і ство- чення безробіття. Адаптація переселенців. Створення
рення гідних умов умов для отримання якісної освіти та медичної допо-
життя) моги
Оцінка потенціалу та конкурентоспроможності тери-
торій. Визначення «точок зростання» і їх підтримка.
Розвиток малих міст як центрів соціального обслуго-
Селективна політика
вування сільськогосподарських районів. Прийняття
рішень щодо депресивних поселень, які гарантують
поліпшення життя їх мешканців
Розширення форм державної підтримки бізнесу і
Державно-приватне
населення. Розробка програм підтримки малого під-
партнерство
приємництва
Розробка механізму підтримки районів з різним
Диференційована
напрямком спеціалізації (промислові, сільськогоспо-
інвестиційна регіо-
дарські, прикордонні, приміські, ресурсодобувні,
нальна політика
рекреаційні)
Розвиток реального Навчання місцевих громад та прищеплення смаку
місцевого самовря- до участі в управлінні муніципальним освітою.
дування Підтримка і заохочення місцевих ініціатив
Джерело: узагальнено на основі [1; 9; 12]
119
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
120
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
121
122
Аналіз конкурентних переваг території та оцінка її інвестиційної привабливості (SWOT-аналіз, метод розрахунку індексу Бері)
Прийняття рішень
про переселення Визначення цілей розвитку території, що
жителів відображають інтереси бізнесу, населення і влади
Розробка програми з
підтримки населення
Розробка програми
переселення Оцінка власних можливостей реалізації мети
послуг самозайнятості
123
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
124
Механізм фінансової підтримки міст і районів області
Приватні інвестори
ПРИНЦИПИ ЗАЛУЧЕННЯ
Принцип справедливості Принцип економічної ефективності
Часткова участь
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
ФОРМИ ФІНАНСУВАННЯ
Субсидії Оплата процентів по кредиту
Податковий кредит
125
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
Список літератури:
1. Василенко В.Н. Архитектура регионального экономического про-
странства : [Монография] / Н.В. Василенко / НАН Украины. Ин-т эко-
номико-правовых исследований. – Донецк: ООО «Юго-Восток, Лтд»,
2006. – 311 с.
2. Захарченко В.И. Сущность и структура пространственного управ-
ления региональными процессами / В.И. Захарченко // Ринкова економіка:
сучасна теорія та практика управління. – 2007. – Т. 10. – Вип. 14. – С. 48– 59.
3. Изард У. Методы регионального анализа: введение в науку о регио-
нах : [Текст] / У. Изард. – М.: Прогресс, 1966. – 265 с.
4. Мельник Л. Структура регіональної економіки: сутність та напрями
трансформації : [Текст] / Л. Мельник // Регіональна економіка. – 2002. –
№ 4. – С. 40–46.
5. Методологические аспекты достижения социально-экономической
самодостаточности региона / А.С. Ефремов, В.Н. Тихонов, М.И. Попов,
А.С. Филипенко, А.В. Поганцев и др. – Луганськ: Вид-во СНУ ім. Даля,
2002. – 156 с.
6. Наукові основи управління ринковою системою регіону: моногра-
фія / За ред. В.І. Захарченко. – Одеса: Атлант, 2016. – 316 с.
7. Новоселов А.С. Рыночная система региона : проблемы теории
и практики / А.С. Новоселов. – Новосибирск: ИЭОПП СО РАН, 2007. –
568 с.
8. Про затвердження методичних рекомендацій щодо формування
регіональних стратегій розвитку. Наказ Мінекономіки та з питань євро-
пейської інтеграції України від 29.07.2002. № 224.
9. Просторовий розвиток регіону: соціально-економічні можливості,
ризики і перспективи / Наук. ред. Л.Т. Шевчук. – Львів: ІРД НАНУ, 2011. –
483 с.
126
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
127
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
128
Таблиця 1
Інституційні структури технологічних укладів
Технологічний уклад
1-й 2-й 3-й 4-й 5-й
Періоди
ристики
Характе-
від 1980 – 1990рр. до
1770–1830 рр. 1830–1880 рр. 1880–1930рр. 1930–1980 рр.
2030 – 2040рр.
Конкуренція окре- Концентрація Злиття фірм, концен- Транснаціональна Міжнародна інтеграція
мих підприємств виробництва в трація виробництва в корпорація, олігополії дрібних і середніх фірм
і дрібних фірм, крупних організа- картелі і трести. на світовому ринку. на основі інформаційних
їх об'єднання в ціях. Панування монополій Вертикальна інтегра- технологій.
партнерства, що Розвиток акціо- і олігополій. ція та концентрація Інтеграція виробництва
забезпечують коо- нерних товариств, Концентрація фінан- виробництва. і збуту.
тути
перацію індивіду- що забезпечують сового капіталу в Дивізіональний Поставки "якраз вчасно"
ального капіталу концентрацію капі- банківській системі. ієрархічний контроль і
талу на принципах Відділення управ- домінування техно-
обмеженої відпові- ління від власності структури в органі-
регулювання
давства профспілкового руху.
в країнах-лідерах
Можлива поява партиси-
Режими економічного
пативної централізованої
держави
129
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
130
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
131
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
132
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
133
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
Таблиця 2
Динаміка державних витрат у ВВП розвинених країн світу,%
2001-
Країна 1880 1929 1960 1970 1980 1990 1998
2004
США 8,0 10,0 27,8 32,2 31,4 32,8 33,1 33,0
Японія 11,0 19,0 18,3 19,3 32,0 31,3 35,5 31,4
Англія 10,0 24,0 32,6 39,3 43,0 39,9 39,7 Н/д
Німеччина 10,0 31,0 32,0 37,6 47,9 45,1 47,4 45,7
Франція 15,0 19,0 34,6 38,9 46,1 49,8 53,2 51,1
Швеція 6,0 8,0 31,1 43,8 60,1 59,1 60,8 60,2
Джерело: складено за даними [2; 3]
134
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
135
Кінець ХХ ст. Рівні влади Кінець ХХ ст
136
ВТО МВФ
Глобальна
То М
Наднаціональна США, ЄС
Цільові фонди ЄС
То М
Мікро- Макро-
політика політика Макро- ЦФ Мікро-
Національна політика політика
(державна)
Тр К Ф М То Тр К
То М Ф
Мікро- Мікро-
політика ЦФ політика
Регіональна
Ф
Тр К Ф Тр К
Мікро- Мікро-
політика політика
Місцева Ф
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
Ф
Тр К Тр К
Територіальні Субфедеральна
органи влада
РП РП
виконавчої влади
Місцеве Місцеве
самоуправління самоуправління
Проблеми Проблеми
Територія країни Територія країни
137
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
138
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
139
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
Розвиток регіону
Державне регулювання
«Південний Лімбург»
Особливі Зони
економічні зони підприємницт
«Пілбара-21» ва
Бізнес-
Технополіс інкубатори Технопарк
Регіональні
кластери
140
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
141
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
Таблиця 3
Напрями регіональної політики в різних країнах
Європейський
Напрямки політики США Україна
Союз
1. Традиційний +++ +++++ +++
2. Регіональний аспект
+++++ +++ ++++
галузевих політик
3. Міжінституціональний + – ++++
4. Інтеграційний ++ ++ ++
5. Інноваційний ++++ ++ +
* Кількість «+» вказує на ступінь пріоритету
142
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
143
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
Список літератури:
1. Балацкий Е. История цивилизации в контексте соотношения
государственного и частного секторов экономики : [Текст] / Е. Балацкий,
Н. Екимова // Общество и экономика. – 2006. – № 4. – С. 56-67.
2. Воронин А. Государственное регулирование структурных
преобразований в ТЭК в условиях глобализации мировой экономики :
[Текст] / А. Воронин // Экономист. – 2003. – № 10. – С. 34-45.
3. Гайдар Е. Государственная нагрузка на экономику :
[Текст] /Е. Гайдар // Вопросы экономики. – 2004. – № 9. – С. 5-13.
4. Гранберг А.Г. Основы региональной экономики : [Учебник для
вузов] / А.Г. Гранберг ; 2-е изд. – М.: ГУ ВШЭ, 2001. – 495 с.
5. Захарченко В.І. Наукові основи управління ринковою системою
регіону : монографія / В.І. Захарченко, Т.К. Метіль, І.А. Топалова. – Одеса:
Атлант, 2016. – 316 с.
144
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
145
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
146
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
147
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
Тіньова економіка
однозначне теоретичне обґрунтування
в суспільстві
характеризують дію
Показники, які
Вплив
на тіньову
Складність, суперечність
законодавства
характеризують дію тіньової
Трансакційна складова
економіки на офіційну
Екологічна складова
Показники, які
148
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
149
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
150
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
151
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
1 1
K ïіä .êîíêóð = n1,1,1 • q1,1,1 • + n1,1,2 • q1,1,2 • +
f1,1,1 f1,1,2
1 1 1
n1,1,3 • q1,1,3 • + n1,1,4 • q1,1,4 • + n1,1,5 • q1,1,5 • + (2)
f1,1,3 f1,1,4 f1,1,5
1 1
s1,1,6 • + s1,1,2 • ,
f1,1,6 f1,1,7
152
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
153
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
154
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
155
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
156
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
157
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
158
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
159
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
160
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
161
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
162
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
163
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
164
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
1 1
K òðàíñ .äåðæ . = n8,4,1 • q8,4,1 • + n8,4,2 • q8,4,2 • , (27)
f 8,4,1 f 8,4,2
де n8,4,1 – кількість адміністративних порушень у сфері економіки.
n8,4,2 – кількість злочинів у сфері економіки.
q8,4,1 – сума збитку, що наноситься в трансакційній сфері в резуль-
таті одного економічного злочину, тис. грн.;
q8,4,2 – сума збитку, що наноситься в трансакційній сфері в резуль-
таті одного адміністративного порушення, тис. грн.;
f8,4,1 – коефіцієнт, який оцінює частку економічних злочинів, що
виявляються в загальному числі правопорушень даного виду;
f8,4,2 – коефіцієнт, який оцінює частку адміністративних порушень
законодавства у сфері економіки, що виявляються в загальному числі
правопорушень даного виду.
Сумарний збиток, що наноситься території за допомогою зростання
трансакційних витрат, визначається за формулою:
Ктранс = Ктранс.вим + Ктранс.опор + Ктранс.нефор + Ктранс.держ, (28)
Сумарного завданого збитку визначається шляхом підсумовування
показників збитків, розрахованих у сферах.
Ксум = Кпід + Кінв + Кфін + Кзед + Кекол. + Ктранс . (29)
165
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
Список літератури:
1. Герасимчук З.В., Вавидюк Н.С. Економічна безпека регіону:
діагностика та механізм забезпечення : монографія / З.В. Герасимчук,
Н.С. Вавидюк. – Луцьк: Настир’я, 2006. – 243 с.
2. Головченко О.М. Тіньова економіка регіону: підходи, оцінки,
сценарії / О.М. Головченко, В.І. Захарченко. – Одеса : Лерадрук, 2012. –
160 с.
3. Економічна безпека держави, суб’єктів господарювання та тіньова
економіка / В.К. Васенко та ін.. – Черкаси : Маклаут, 2010. – 366 с.
4. Задворних С.С. Фінансова політика держави у забезпеченні
детінізації економіки України : автореф. дис. … канд. екон. наук : 08.00.08 /
Задворних Сергій Сергійович. – Львів, 2015. – 20 с.
5. Зaхapченкo В.И. Cущнocть и cтpуктуpa пpocтpaнcтвеннoгo
упpaвления pегиoнaльными пpoцеccaми / В.I. Зaхapченкo // Pинкoвa
екoнoмiкa: Зб. нaук.пpaць OНУ iм. I. Мечникoвa, 2007. – Т.10. – Вип. 14. –
C. 48-59.
6. Мущинcкaя Н.Ю. Пpoблемы oценки мacштaбoв теневoй
экoнoмичеcкoй деятельнocти нa pегиoнaльнoм уpoвне /
Н.Ю. Мущинcкaя // Екoнoмiчнa безпекa деpжaви: cтaн, пpoблеми, нaпpямки
змiцнення: мaтеpiaли мiжнapoднoї нaукoвo-пpaктичнoї конференції. –
Х: Вид-вo Нaц. ун-тa внутp. cпpaв, 2004. – C. 126-127.
7. Pекoмендaцiї щoдo iнтегpaльнoї oцiнки oбcягiв тiньoвoї екoнoмiки //
Нaкaз мiнicтеpcтвa екoнoмiки тa з питaнь євpoпейcькoї iнтегpaцiї Укpaїни,
166
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
167
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
168
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
169
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
between the forming elements of the systems and processes, as well as the
compatibility of the internal parameters of the development of the system
with variable environmental conditions, is ensured In the context of globali-
zation, the problem of sustainable development has acquired a new urgency,
which is associated with growing uncertainty and instability, both internal
and external processes and phenomena. The possibility of considering the
stability of the system is also considered from the point of view of optimiz-
ing the positive consequences of the onset of possible events.
The study of modern views on the development of socio-economic sys-
tems within the framework of sustainability makes it possible to state that
at present there are two main areas of research on the sustainability of such
systems: the development of a general theory of sustainable development
and sustainability; and methodology of management aimed at ensuring long-
term balanced development. The common for the considered directions is
that stability problems are investigated from the standpoint of scientific
substantiation of factors and sources of social and economic development
in the long-term perspective, which distinguish, as a universal criterion of
the stability of the socio-economic system, its ability to maintain the conti-
nuity of the reproductive process. In the World Bank's formulation, sustain-
able development is the management of the aggregate capital of a society in
the interests of preserving and multiplying human capabilities.
Stability as a characteristic can emphasize certain properties of
socio-economic systems. First and foremost, the ability of the system
to perform its functions while maintaining a dynamic equilibrium under
which the socioeconomic system periodically makes the transition from
one balanced state to another while maintaining a balance using its own
adaptive capabilities, and also combines sustainability with the ability to
develop in the long run . Sustainability means not only the ability to main-
tain its existence, but also to return to its original state after removing an
external or other impact that has broken balance. Attention is paid, first
of all, to the ability of the system to perform its functions, maintaining
a dynamic equilibrium in which the socioeconomic system periodically
makes a transition from one balanced state to another, while maintaining
a balance using its own adaptive capabilities, and also retains the ability
to develop in term perspective.
170
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
171
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
can be decisive in choosing the further path of evolution of the system at the
branching points (bifurcations). There can be several options at each branch
point of development. The choice of this or that development direction in
management presupposes the setting of specific goals and their subsequent
implementation, which is the most difficult and responsible task.
On the basis of a critical analysis of existing approaches, we propose to
complement category of the sustainability of the socio-economic system
with the category of sustainable development, as the ability of the socioec-
onomic system to stably negate the negative impact of changes in internal
and external factors, and transform such changes into competitive advan-
tages, provided that all its subsystems.
Theoretical comprehension of the concept of "stability" of the seaside
region as socio-economic systems has shown that this term has no gen-
erally accepted meaning. This shows that, on the one hand, the problem
of sustainable development is diverse, and each of the definitions charac-
terizes one of the aspects of the development of society, and on the other
hand, it indicates a change in the ideas of development over time. The
factors of the world economy reflect the level of globalization and inte-
gration processes that determined by the world market conditions, interna-
tional division of labor, dynamics of exchange rates, level of international
cooperation, foreign trade, etc. At the same time, it is required to take into
account world standards for the development of infrastructure, the qual-
ity of goods and services, and the level of prices for them, because the
role of international competition significantly increases in such regions.
In the sphere of origin factors are divided into scientific, technical, organ-
izational, economic, social, environmental and political. In the context
of scientific and technical factors, innovations of different character are
important: new technologies for providing services, organization of ser-
vices, innovative approach to selection and training of personnel, manage-
ment methods, etc. Organizational and economic factors reflect the oppor-
tunities and level of cooperation of labor, specialization, the development
of integration processes, general and sectoral conjuncture, methods and
mechanisms for regulating economic activity at the state, regional and sec-
toral level [3]. At the same time, these factors characterize the enterprise
management system, the effectiveness of marketing and financial and eco-
172
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
173
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
Any socioeconomic system varies over time with the influence of many
external and internal factors. The state of the system in space and time is
174
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
described by the variables that take certain quantitative values at each par-
ticular time point. In deterministic modeling, external factors that lead to a
change in the state of the socio-economic system, are called input variable
or external influence. The dynamic development of the system is called the
process of transforming the system and acquiring new values of its varia-
bles in space and time.
Input disturbing variables f k (t ) , system output parameters xi (t ) , and
control input impacts u j (t ) are considered as components of the vector (col-
umn matrix) in deterministic simulation:
x1 (t ) u1 (t ) f1 (t )
x2 (t ) u2 (t ) f (t )
=X (t ) = ; U (t ) ; F (t ) = 2 .
xm (t ) ul (t ) f m (t )
175
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
u = δ ( g , x, f ) , (2)
176
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
e(t ) = g (t ) − x (t ) . (3)
177
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
178
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
179
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
181
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
the standard Cauchy form (in the form of a system of first-order equations).
Equation of social and economic system
n
dxâèõ dx n −1 dx xm
a0 n
+ a1 nâèõ
−1
+ ... + an −1 âèõ + an xâèõ = b0 âõm + ... + bm xâõ , (12)
dt dt dt dt
can be represented as a set of systems of dynamic links of the first and
second order. The dynamic link of the differential equation of the second
order can be represented as two dynamic links of the differential equation
of the first order, for example, for a variable x1 the equation has the form:
dx12 dx
a0 + a1 1 + a2 x1 = b1 xk , (14)
dt 2 dt
dt1
marking = xi +1 , we obtain the equation of the first order
dt
dx
a0 i +1 = b1 xk − a1 xi +1 − a2 x1 . (15)
dt
Thus, the model in the form of a system of equations of the first order
for the studied socio-economic system in the normal form of the Cauchy
will have the form:
dx1
= a11 x1 + a12 x2 + ... + a1n xn ;
dt
dx2
= a21 x1 + a22 x2 + ... + a2n xn ;
dt . (16)
........
dxn
= an1 x1 + an 2 x2 + ... + ann xn .
dt
182
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
x – the vector of the coordinate column of the state of the system and
has the form
x1
x
x = 2 (19)
...
xn
In order to study the stability of a model of a socio-economic system, it
is necessary to solve the characteristic equation of the matrix (18)
det [ A − λ E ] = 0 , (20)
де λ – the variable of the characteristic equation of the socioeconomic
system that has the form
a0 λ n + a1λ n −1 + ...an −1λ + an = 0 ; (21)
а E – unit matrix.
There are several approaches to determining the stability of systems,
depending on the types of models. The most common are algebraic and
root criteria. The most universal in the study of system stability is the root
method, which was proposed by O.M. Lyapunov In his work, "The general
problem of motion stability" [4], he proved that in studying the stability of
systems one can deal with two cases that arise in the study of the roots of
the characteristic equation. Accordingly with A. M. Lyapunov, these two
cases are called critical and ordinary. If among the roots of the characteristic
equation λk ,there is at least one root with a real part equal to zero and the
other roots have a negative valid part, this case is called critical [5]. The
author called all other cases as ordinary. In normal cases, to determine the
sustainability of the socio-economic system, it is sufficient to have a line-
arized equation (the first approximation equation).
O. M. Lyapunov formulated and proved two theorems on the stabil-
ity of the system, on the basis of which it is possible to draw conclusions
183
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
184
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
185
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
References:
1. Шумпетер Й.А. Теория экономического развития. – М.: Прогресс,
1982. – 401 с.
2. Алле М. Условия эффективности в экономике / Пер. с франц.
Л.Б. Азимова, А.В. Белянкина, И.А. Егорова, Н.М. Калмыковой. – М.:
Науч.-изд. центр «Наука для общества», 1998. – 304 с.
3. Гудзь М. В. Потенціал приморської курортно-рекреаційної
території: стан і перспективи використання : монографія / М. В. Гудзь. –
Донецьк : Юго-Восток, 2010. – 352 с.
4. Ляпунов А. М. Общая теория об устойчивости движения. – Собр.
соч. в 5-ти т. М.: Изд-во АН СССР, 1956, Т.2. с. 472.
5. Основы теории автоматического управления [Текст] : учебник для
авиационных вузов / В. С. Булыгин, Ю. С. Гришко, Н. Б. Судзиловский и
др. : под ред. Н. Б. Судзиловского. – М. : Машиностроение, 1985. – 512 с.
6. Николис Г., Пригожин И. Самоорганизация в неравновесных
системах. – М.: Мир, 1979. – 512 с.
186
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
187
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
188
Типологія САР Виявлення Оцінка
за ступенем особливостей динаміки
урбанізації соціально- САР різного
економічного розвитку типу
Класифікація міст за
САПР різних типів
силою (масштабу)
впливу на село
Виявлення Оцінка
Вивчення соціально- Типологія міст за особливостей соціально- динаміки
економічних зв'язків в характером економічного розвитку міст різних Визначення
Класифікація міст за міст різних типів типів основних
локальній системі ступенем зв'язків з селом
«місто-село» напрямків і
орієнтованості на шляхів
обслуговування села розвитку
Виявлення ролі села
міст різних типів у Оцінка зміни регіону
Вивчення зовнішніх розвитку села ролі міст різних
функцій сільських типів у розвитку
Класифікація САР по села
адміністративних функціональному
районів (САР) профілю
Визначення меж
індустріально-
міського і Оцінка зрушень в
аграрного сектора розподілі населення
Вивчення основних
регіону між індустріально-
тенденцій системи
сільського розселення міською та аграрним
сектором
189
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
190
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
191
192
Індикатори і показники рівня і динаміки розвитку
соціально-територіальної структури регіону
Індикатори Індикатори
і показники рівня і динаміки і показники рівня і динаміки розвитку
розвитку міської підсистеми регіону сільської підсистеми регіону
193
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
194
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
195
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
196
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
197
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
198
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
199
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
200
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
201
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
202
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
203
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
204
Section 1. Problems of the development of coastal regions
Список літератури:
1. Аханов С.А. Эффективность общественного производства. Три
уровня анализа: Народнохозяйственный, региональный, хозрасчетный :
[Текст] / С.А. Аханов. – М.: Мысль, 1987. – 165 с.
2. Данилишин Б.М. Соціально-економічні проблеми розвитку
регіонів: методологія, практика : [Текст] / Б.М. Данилишин, Л.Г. Чернюк,
М.І. Фащневський / За ред. д.е.н., проф., чл.-кор. НАН України
Б.М. Данилишина. – Черкаси: ЧДТУ, 2006. – 315 с.
3. Захарченко В.І. Наукові основи управління ринковою системою
регіону : монографія / В.І. Захарченко, Т.К. Метіль, І.А. Топалова. – Одеса:
Атлант, 2016. – 316 с.
4. Керецман В.Ю. Державне регулювання регіонального розвитку:
теоретичні аспекти : [Текст] / В.Ю. Керецман / Українська академія
державного управління при Президентові України. – К.: Вид-во УАДУ,
2002. – 188 с.
5. Новоселов А.С. Рыночная система региона: проблемы теории
и практики: монография / Отв. ред. В.В. Кулешов / А.С. Новоселов. –
Новосибирск: ИЭОПП СО РАН, 2007. – 568 с.
6. Орлов Б.П. Экономическая реформа и территориальное
планирование / Орлов Б.П., Шнипер Р.И. – М.: Экономика, 1968. – 328 с.
7. Пчелинцев О.С. Региональная экономика в системе устойчивого
развития / О.С. Пчелинцев. – М.: Наука, 2004. – 258 с.
8. Развитие сельских поселений / Под ред. Т.И. Заславской и
И.Б. Мучника. – М.: Статистика, 1977. – 295 с.
9. Isard W., Azis I., Drennan M., Miller R., Saltzman S., Thorbecke
E. Methods of Interregional and Regional Analysis. – Ashgate. – 2004. – 490 p.
205
SECTION 2. INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT
OF REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT
206
Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
207
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
208
Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
209
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
210
Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
211
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
212
Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
Країна походження
товару Субсидії, дотації
експортерам, урядові
замовлення, умови
Митний тариф транспортування
Санітарно-ветеринарні
норми; промислові
стандарти й вимоги
безпеки; вимоги до
пакування та маркування
товарів
213
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
Таблиця 1
Характеристика етапів розвитку митного регулювання України
за період незалежності [16; 18; 19]
Період Характеристика
1 2
25 червня 1991 р. приймається Закон України «Про
митну справу в Україні», а вже 01.01.1992 р. вводиться
в дію Митний кодекс України. Згідно ст. 2 цього Кодексу
Україна самостійно визначає митну політику, створює
власну митну систему та здійснює митне регулювання
на своїй території. 19.06.1992 р. прийнято Постанову
І етап
ВРУ «Про приєднання України до Конвенції про ство-
(1991 – 1993 рр.)
рення Ради Митного Співробітництва».
Орієнтація на
В цей період справляння мита має суто фіскальні функ-
регулювання
ції, перевага надається експортному миту. Імпортне
експорту
мито до початку 1993 р. справляється згідно з Митним
тарифом СРСР. Єдиний митний тариф, прийнятий на
початку 1993 р., містив середньоарифметичну ставку
увізного мита – 15 %, рівень ставок увізного мита визна-
чався залежно від ступеня обробки й економічної доціль-
ності ввезення того чи іншого виду товару.
У зв’язку з лібералізацією ЗЕД митне регулювання вико-
II етап
нує суто фіскальну функцію та захист товаровиробника.
(1994 – 1995 pp.)
3 метою наповнення Держбюджету України за рахунок
Орієнтація на
оподаткування імпорту Митно-тарифною радою в 1994
податкові надхо-
р. прийнято перше рішення щодо підвищення ставок уві-
дження від ЗЕД
зного мита
Посилення протекціонізму та приведення системи мит-
ного регулювання у відповідність до вимог ГАТТ/СОТ
у зв’язку з переговорним процесом щодо приєднання
III етап України до неї.
(1996 — 1998 pp.) Внаслідок прийняття низки законів щодо регулювання
Орієнтація на зовнішньої торгівлі, середньозважена ставка мита зросла
товаровиробника з 4,67% (у 1997 р.) до 5-6% у (1999 р.)
Указом Президента України №255 «Про Концепцію
трансформації митного тарифу України на 1996-2005
роки відповідно до системи ГАТТ/СОТ». За період
214
Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
Продовження таблиці 1
1 2
1993-1999 рр. до діючого митного тарифу було вне-
сено зміни близько 60 постановами Кабінету Міністрів
України і 5 Законами України (які стосуються підакциз-
ної і сільськогосподарської продукції 1-24 груп ТН ЗЕД).
III етап Таким чином, прийнятий у 1993 р. Митний тариф прак-
(1996 — 1998 pp.) тично змінений на 95 %, фактично з 1998 р. діє новий
Орієнтація на Митний тариф.
товаровиробника У 1997 році Кабінетом Міністрів України прийнято
постанову №244 «Про заходи щодо поетапного впрова-
дження в Україні вимог директив ЄС, санітарних, еко-
логічних, ветеринарних, фітосанітарних норм міжнарод-
них і європейських стандартів»
Протягом цього періоду рівень середньозважених ставок
зберігаються на рівні 5-6%. У 1998 р. Верховна рада при-
ймає низку законів «Про захист національного товарови-
робника від демпінгового імпорту», «Про захист націо-
IV етап нального товаровиробника від субсидованого імпорту»,
(1998-2001 pp.) «Про застосування спеціальних заходів щодо імпорту в
Удосконалення України».
митного регулю- Рішення, прийняті Митно-тарифною радою протягом
вання відповідно поточного року, спрямовані на стимулювання внутріш-
до норм ГАТТ/ нього виробництва, тобто ставки
СОТ імпортного мита знижено на сировину і підвищено на
готову продукцію, аналоги якої випускаються в Україні.
Невідповідність діючого Митного кодексу міжнародним
стандартам спонукало до розробки й прийняття проекту
нового Митного кодексу України
У 2002 р. було прийнято новий МКУ, в якому передбача-
V етап
лися сучасні підходи в тарифному регулюванні, митній
(2001-2002 pp.)
оцінці товарів, впорядкування тарифних преференцій до
Прийняття зако-
окремих країн та визначення країни походження товарів.
нодавчих актів
Протягом 2002–2004 року було суттєво зменшено рівень
відповідно між-
оподаткування ввізним митом товарів (середньоарифме-
народним митним
тична ставка ввізного мита сягала близько 10 %). Указом
стандартам
Президента від 17.05.2002 р. №466/2002 встановлено
215
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
Закінчення таблиці 1
1 2
V етап
приєднатися до Міжнародної конвенції про Гармонізовану
(2001-2002 pp.)
систему опису та кодування товарів від 14 червня 1983
Прийняття зако-
року. УКТЗЕД складається на основі Гармонізованої
нодавчих актів
системи опису та кодування товарів Всесвітньої митної
відповідно між-
організації з урахуванням Комбінованої номенклатури
народним митним
Європейського Союзу.
стандартам
VІ етап Законодавче закріплення в новому Митному кодексі
(2003-2012 pp.) України системи методів визначення митної вартості, які
Прийняття нового застосовуються у світовій практиці. У 2008 році значне
МКУ реформування структури митної системи
Прийняття нового Закону України «Про митний тариф»,
введення електронного декларування товарів. Митне
Сучасний етап регулювання переважно має фіскальний характер.
Об’єднання податкової інспекції та митниці в Фіскальну
службу України.
216
Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
217
Таблиця 2
218
Система статистичних показників економічного розвитку України у сфері митного
регулювання
Статистичний
Формула розрахунку Характеристика
показник
1 2 3
Номінальний рівень митного де Mn – надходження до держав-
Mï
навантаження на економіку, % (МN) MN = × 100% ного бюджету від митних платежів;
ÂÂÏ
[20, 21] ВВП – валовий внутрішній продукт
де P – продукція підприємств, що
Реальний рівень митного наванта- Mï
MR = × 100% мають пільги; D – продукція домо-
ження на економіку, % (MR) [20, 21] ÂÂÏ − P − D
господарств
Митне навантаження на імпорт, % Mï де І – обсяг імпорту у грошовому
Mi = × 100%
(MI) [20, 21] I еквіваленті
Митне навантаження на експорт, Mï Е – обсяг експорту у грошовому
Me = × 100%
% (MЕ) E еквіваленті
Митне навантаження на зовнішньо- Ìï
ÇÎìí = × 100% -
торговельний оборот у ЗЕД (ЗОмн) І +Å
219
Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
Таблиця 3
Статистичні показники економічного розвитку України
у сфері митного регулювання
Номіналь- Населення Митні Імпортне
Експорт3, Імпорт4,
Роки ний ВВП1, України2, платежі5, мито6,
млрд. дол. млрд. дол.
млрд. дол. млн. чол. млрд. дол. млрд. дол.
2007 142,7 46,3 49,8 60,4 10,7167 1,956
2008 180,1 46 67,7 84,7 18,235 2,302
2009 117,2 45,7 40,4 45,1 10,668 0,861
2010 137,9 45,4 52,2 60,9 10,826 1,115
2011 162,9 45,1 69,4 85,7 14,410 1,477
2012 180,2 44,9 70,2 89,7 15,659 1,650
2013 134,9 44,6 59,1 80,9 15,094 1,669
2014 134,9 44,3 53,9 54,4 11,522 1,061
2015 90,1 44,4 35,5 38,9 10,870 1,845
2016 87,2 44,2 34 38,3 9,293 0,797
Статистичні показники сформовано авторами на основі даних наступних джерел:
, , , – дані використані автором з сайту http://www.ereport.ru [23]
1 2 3 4
35,00
30,00
25,00
20,00
15,00
10,00
5,00
0,00
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
220
Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
5,000
4,500
4,000
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
0,500
0,000
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
221
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
222
Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
223
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
224
Таблиця 4
Зобов’язання з дотримання Україною положень угод СОТ
Зобов‘язання з дотримання положень угод
Критерії Пояснення
СОТ
1 2 3
Україна регулярно інформуватиме краї- Країни-члени СОТ періодично повідомляють
ни-члени СОТ про розвиток її програми про свою торговельну політику та досяг-
Приватизація
приватизації та інші питання, що стосуються нення економічних цілей в рамках механізму
її економічних реформ огляду торговельної політики СОТ
З дати вступу до СОТ законодавство України Країни СОТ повинні забезпечувати відпо-
щодо регулювання торговельної діяльності відність діяльності державних та недержав-
Державна
підприємств, які мають преференції з екс- них підприємств, які мають преференції
торгівля
порту чи імпорту, повністю відповідатиме у сфері імпорту чи експорту, принципам
положенням СОТ недискримінації
З дати вступу до СОТ Україна не застосо- Країни СОТ повинні дотримуватися правил
вуватиме обов’язкових мінімальних цін на СОТ стосовно цінової політики, зокрема,
Цінова політика
імпортовані товари брати до уваги інтереси країн-експортерів та
не застосовувати обов‘язкові мінімальні ціни
Україна справлятиме ці збори згідно з прин- Правилами СОТ вимагається, щоб збори і
ципами СОТ; інформація про вказані збори платежі будь-якого характеру, пов‘язані з
надаватиметься країнам-членам СОТ за імпортом чи експортом (крім мит та вну-
запитом. трішніх податків), були обмежені у сумі,
Торговельні
Не існує жодних обмежень права фізичних і яка приблизно дорівнює вартості наданих
права
юридичних осіб займатися імпортом та експор- послуг, і не повинні використовуватися для
том товарів, окрім вимоги провести реєстрацію захисту вітчизняних товарів чи у фіскаль-
та додаткових вимог, що застосовуються до них цілях
товарів, які підлягають ліцензуванню
225
Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
Продовження таблиці 4
226
1 2 3
З дати вступу до СОТ Україна буде застосо-
Нормами СОТ вимагається недискриміна-
Тарифні квоти вувати тарифні квоти на недискримінаційній
ційне застосування кількісних обмежень
основі
Це є одним з базових принципів СОТ –
Податки, в тому числі ПДВ та акциз, застосо- забезпечення національного режиму щодо
Внутрішні
вуватимуться на недискримінаційній основі внутрішнього оподаткування та регулю-
податки (ПДВ,
до імпорту з країн-членів СОТ і товарів вання, тобто імпортним товарам надається
акциз)
вітчизняного виробництва режим не гірший ніж товарам вітчизняного
виробництва
Непреференційні правила походження
Правила Повне виконання Угоди про правила визна- визначаються статтями 276-285 чинного
визначення чення походження з дати вступу України до Митного кодексу України №. 92-IV від
походження СОТ 11 липня 2002 року та відповідають прави-
лам СОТ
Правила митної оцінки, які передбачаються
статтями 259-273 чинного Митного кодексу
України № 92-IV від 11 липня 2002 року
Повне виконання Угоди про митну оцінку з [56], вимагають застосування як основного
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
Митна оцінка
дати вступу України до СОТ. методу оцінки за ціною договору та дотри-
муватися послідовності методів оцінки
відповідно до норм Угоди про митну оцінку
СОТ
Закінчення таблиці 4
1 2 3
Країни СОТ повинні застосовувати ліцен-
зування імпорту відповідно до правил
Угоди про ліцензування імпорту СОТ, які
З дати вступу до СОТ Україна скасує і не передбачають прозорість, спрощення і
буде впроваджувати, повторно впроваджу- прискорення процедур, та не мають справ-
Кількісні вати або застосовувати кількісні обмеження ляти надто обмежувальний та порушуючий
обмеження на імпорт або інші нетарифні заходи, такі як вплив на торгівлю.
на імпорт, ліцензування, квотування, заборони, дозволи, Країни СОТ повинні застосовувати технічні
ліцензування вимоги попереднього санкціонування, вимоги регламенти і стандарти для цілей націо-
імпорту ліцензування та інші обмеження з подібним нальної безпеки, запобігання шахрайським
ефектом, які не можуть бути обґрунтовано діям, захисту життя або здоров‘я людини,
згідно з положеннями відповідної Угоди СОТ тварин чи рослин, захисту навколишнього
середовища, на основі наукового обґрун-
тування та без створення невиправданих
перепон для торгівлі.
Нормами угод СОТ визначаються як
Промислова З вступом до СОТ Україна скасувала всі заборонені адресні субсидії, обумовлені
політика, експортні субсидії та субсидії на заміщення показниками експорту чи використанням
субсидії імпорту. вітчизняних товарів на перевагу від імпор-
тованих
227
Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
228
Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
229
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
Список літератури:
1. Бураковський І. Аналіз економічних наслідків вступу України до СОТ /
І. Бураковський, В. Мовчан [Електронний ресурс]. – Режим доступу: http://
www.ier.com.ua/files/Books/17_Analiz _naslidkiv/17_book_2008_wto_ukr.pdf
230
Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
231
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
232
Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
The transport systems around which the modern world is built are at the
verge of significant transformations. ITS (Intelligent Transport Systems) is
a transformational change in the most advanced information and electronic
technologies in the transport sector in order to increase the efficiency, pro-
ductivity and mobility of the transport system and the quality of its services,
as well as reducing energy consumption and negative impact on the envi-
ronment.
The transport complex is an important component in the structure of
the Ukrainian economy, as well as a factor in the implementation of the
geostrategic potential of the country, a factor in the growth of its role in
the international division of labor and trade and economic integration
[1, 9, 15-17].
350
300
250
Air
200
Sea
150
road
100 Rail
50
0
1985 2000 2015 2030 2050
234
Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
235
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
236
Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
The transport systems around which the modern world is built are at the
verge of significant transformations. ITS (Intelligent Transport Systems) is
a transformational change in the most advanced information and electronic
technologies in the transport sector in order to increase the efficiency, pro-
ductivity and mobility of the transport system and the quality of its services,
as well as reducing energy consumption and negative impact on the envi-
ronment [2, 11].
Increasing flows of passenger and freight transport, as well as the growth
of the needs of people in mobility, urgently seek new tools that would sat-
isfy the demand for mobility, reduce traffic jams and pollution, enhance
safety and traffic control and improve the quality of public transport ser-
vices without resorting to physical expansion of the existing communica-
tion infrastructureStreams on city streets, accidents, growing environmental
pollution, inefficient public transport, inefficient traffic control, and timely
assistance to the roadside victims are all part of the top-notch problems
of the transport sector, for which more and more people are turning their
attention to ITS.
237
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
Computing technologies
The aim of ITS is to process and share information that can prevent
vehicle collisions, keep traffic and reduce environmental impact [10].
Coordinating traffic signals, giving priority to signals to transit strips,
electronic information signs and limiting speed signs are all part of the
growing ITS industry. Also, part of ITS is the ability to automatically dis-
238
Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
239
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
240
Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
241
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
port corridors on the basis of existing and new communication routes and a
network of transport and logistics centers based on transport nodes within
free economic zones. Creation of transport corridors and their inclusion in
international transport and logistics systems are recognized as a strategic
priority of the state direction of development of the transport and road com-
plex of Ukraine, which is an important component in the structure of the
Ukrainian economy.
5. Expansion and deepening of Ukraine's cooperation with interna-
tional organizations and implementation of intergovernmental agree-
ments in the field of transport, adopted on a multilateral and bilateral
basis.
Ukraine is a convenient transport hub (node) between Europe and Asia.
Throughout its history, Ukraine was at the crossroads of world trade routes
and was a pivotal center and an important reference point on the slopes
from Europe to Asia. The Ukrainian side initiated the elaboration of the
draft Multilateral Intergovernmental Agreement, the provisions of which
will allow the formation of a mutually beneficial multilateral transport pol-
icy for the organization of transport between the regions of the Baltic, Black
and Caspian Seas. Realization of the project will allow obtaining synergis-
tic effect from the combination of potential opportunities for all types of
transport: rail, road, river, sea, ferry.
6. Realization on beneficial terms for Ukraine transport projects with
foreign technical or financial participation.
The Minister of Infrastructure of Ukraine stressed that the development
of new transit connections and corridors from the EU to Asia is a priority
for Ukraine. Creation of a new international transport corridor The Baltic
Sea – Black Sea – Caspian Sea will contribute to the creation of an inte-
grated strategy for all types of transportation development and loading of
existing infrastructure along the route [2, 10].
7. The development of the action in the framework of regional cooper-
ation, in order to realize the transit potential of Ukraine.
The use of transit potential of Ukraine should be not only a priority of
the development of the transport system, but also become an independent
point of economic growth. The following tasks are needed to increase the
level of implementation of the transport potential of Ukraine.
242
Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
243
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
The transport strategy of Ukraine for the period up to 2020 determines that,
when implementing all strategic aspects, the following results are expected.
Consequently, stable and efficient functioning of transport is a prerequisite
for ensuring the defense capability, national security and integrity of the state,
and raising the standard of living of the population. With positive trends in the
growth of carriage rates, the restoration of fixed assets of the transport sector
can be achieved by investing part of the profits of transportation companies in
the modernization and technical equipment of fixed assets. Thus, the strategy
of development of the transport complex should be focused on the use of geo-
political advantages of Ukraine in the European and world transport space,
the development of a network of international transport corridors, transport
and logistics terminals, intermodal connections and high-speed transport. An
important strategic direction is the renovation of the main facilities of the
domestic transport complex, which is necessary to strengthen the position of
the transport complex in the world market.
244
Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
References:
1. Державна служба статистики України [Electronic resource] –
Resource access mode: http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/
2. Транспортна стратегія України на період до 2020 року [Electronic
resource] – Resource access mode: https://mtu.gov.ua/files/transport_strategy_ua.pdf
3. Функції транспорту в системі держави [Electronic resource] – Resource
access mode: http://om.net.ua/2/2_1/2_15191_osnovnie-zadachi-printsipi-or-
ganizatsiya-upravleniya-transportnoy-sistemoy-v-usloviyah-ranka.html
4. Интеллектуальные транспортные системы [Electronic resource]. –
2013. – Resource access mode: http://www.fima.lt/uploads/newslettersarchive/
docs/Era_Resenij_25.pdf
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Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
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Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
247
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
Enterprises, which for some reason or another, are still "afloat", have an
unknown logistical aspect in management. According to the author, they
are in a crisis logistics – the lack and inability of using logistics solutions
that optimize production and commercial activity – the way out of which is
through diversification or restructuring of the enterprise or management can
change their position on the market in the best way. Enterprises that have
not developed a long-term logistics process that provides sustainable devel-
opment in the long run are in crisis logistics of sustainable development.
The resulting effect of the logistics of sustainable development can be
clearly seen and calculated on a long-term basis provided the consolidated
participation of all relevant departments or managers of the MBE, as well
as public authorities and local self-governmental bodies.
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Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
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Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
251
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
252
Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
Other factors
Ecological Technologicalі
253
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
Socio-economic responsibility
Production and its technology
(including transportation)
Environmental standards
Scientific and technical
Outsourcing (if any)
Suppliers (partners)
Competitors
Clients
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Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
In the author's view, in determining the future cash flows and invest-
ments in the development of sustainable logistics at the MBE, it is necessary
to take into account the so-called "lost opportunity" in obtaining income in
the future (Rf), when the choice of one option for the development of an
industrial enterprise requires the abandonment of another (diversification).
It is important to use the well-known formula for financial management:
R1 R2 Rn Y
Rf = + + ... + − (1)
((1 + i )1
) ((1 + i ) 2
) ((1 + i ) n
) ((1 + i ) n
)
Source: [9, p. 49]
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Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
resource manager in the economic effect he receives. That is, the amount of
financing or provision of information and resources between managers of
the economic effect in the consolidated implementation should be distrib-
uted in equal proportion to the share of the expected economic effect in the
overall economic effect of the implementation of the strategy of sustainable
development:
E ij
Y ij = m n
(2)
∑ ∑ Eij
i =1 j =1
Source: [9, p. 53]
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Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
257
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
258
Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
As with the assessment of the social effect, the content of the formula
of the ecology effect determines the consolidated participants in the imple-
mentation of logistics policy. In particular, it is an enterprise, environmen-
tal, social and extrabudgetary funds, local and central budget, public organ-
izations and other interested parties or persons (stakeholders).
For example, we can outsource external stakeholders such as the media,
environmental non-governmental organizations or universities. Media
can influence the company positively and put pressure on its management
policy, in particular on logistics, through the coverage and disclosure of
information about the activities of the company, its emissions to the envi-
ronment, social responsibility and environmental partnership. Similarly,
environmental non-governmental organisations influence the company
by collecting relevant information. As for universities and other research
institutes, their influence is manifested in the research of enterprises and
the implementation of their development in their activities, in particular:
energy-saving production technologies, environmental measures, to some
extent, and individual staffing by their graduates, etc. Taking into account
wishes and joint implementation of specific plans with stakeholders will
bring value added to the company and will increase consolidated effect.
Thus, the process of determining the sources of logistics resources of
sustainable development, based on the determination of the share of each of
the participants in the consolidated participation in obtaining an economic
effect, should be carried out at the following stages:
1. – development of logistics policy with all production, operational,
technological and financial calculations, which as a result determine the
necessary and sufficient amount of S financing of the project, taking into
account the inflation, duration and risk of the project.
2. – calculation of the effect of the E project and its types, namely its
economic, social and environmental Ееco:
Å = ∑Å і = Å å + Å eco + Å s (5)
Source: refined by the author [9, p. 56]
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Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
260
Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
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Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
practices. This tendency is relevant, because even the fact that within the
framework of the WTO Ukrainian business entered the international market
of public procurements in 2016 means that domestic MBEs have a chance
to stabilize their activities through participation in international tender pro-
jects, thereby promoting their own and to become one of the links in the
global supply chain.
Getting to such a level of relationship entails a certain level of respon-
sibility to the client, supplier, personnel and environment. MBPs do not
belong to large-scale environmental pollutants, since their share in the total
emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere does not exceed 3%
[14]. However, this does not mean that sustainable development of the
enterprise, in particular logistics, will not take into account social and envi-
ronmental aspects. First of all, the idea of sustainable development should
be included in the logistics of the enterprise "top-down", it means that the
state should impose such responsibilities on business entities, and then it
will already be an additional requirement of the customer of the service. For
MBE, the issue of environmental friendliness of the transport chain "supply
of raw materials – production of MBE – delivery of finished products to the
customer", which falls within the competence of the carrier itself, should
be important.
In the opinion of the author, implementation of the strategy of sus-
tainable development of MBE logistics is not only in creating social and
environmental standards in management policy, but also monitoring and,
accordingly, cooperation with partners (suppliers, customers) of the appro-
priate level. Not on the last place in the rating of important issues regarding
sustainable development should be the information about the social and
environmental standards of the supplier and carrier of raw materials or fin-
ished products and the features of the use of multimodal transport, not only
as economically profitable, but also as environmentally friendly one.
The strategy of sustainable development of logistics can be attributed
to one of the alternatives of the ecological development of the innovative
economy, the main components of which are the high concentration of
intellectual resources, the attraction of high-level professionals from vari-
ous scientific fields to develop solutions that are valuable for the society in
the system of "supplier-producer-consumer", the expansion of knowledge
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Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
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Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
264
Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
265
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
• disposal of used bulbs and waste paper from the packaging depart-
ment;
• environmentally friendly and safe transportation.
Regarding foreign practice, seven European truck and truck manu-
facturers – DAF, Iveco, Mercedes-Benz, MAN, Renault, Volvo, Scania –
have invested heavily in the preparation of new series of tractors and other
machinery, in order to meet Euro-6 standards, which are already success-
fully operating on the roads of the EU. It is known that for the German con-
cern Daimler AG entering the fourth-generation market of Mercedes-Benz
Actros cost a billion euros, the Italian company Iveco spent on its offspring
Stralis Hi-Way 300 million euros, and the French Renault Group to create
cars of the standard Euro-6 , including trunk tractor Renault Trucks T-se-
ries, invested 2 billion euros [21].
It can be said that logistics of sustainable development works effectively
at the enterprises that partially or completely produce energy-efficient trans-
port (Electron, Bogdan-Motors), or implemented together with the require-
ments of foreign partners – assembly companies (Bogdan-Motors, Euro-
car). Moreover, the partners of such enterprises dictate the conditions for
the quality of motor vehicles, safety in production areas, compliance with
environmental and social standards, etc. and accordingly due to participa-
tion in the capital, have a direct influence on making managerial decisions
on the logistics of sustainable development.
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Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
267
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
References:
1. The strategy of sustainable logistics and the Action Plan for Ukraine.
Draft for review, 2017. – P. 88.
2. Dudar T.G. Basics of logistics [Electronic resource] – Access mode:
http://westudents.com.ua/glavy/34873-3-zavdannya-funkts-ta-printsipi-logs-
tiki.html
3. Sumets O. M., Bilotserkivsky O. B., Hajinsky A. M. Logistics [Elec-
tronic resource] – Access mode: https://www.mwsl.com.ua/
4. Sergeev V. I. Corporate logistics. 300 answers to professional's ques-
tions. / general and scientific ed. by prof. V. I. Sergeeva // Moscow, INFRA-M,
2005. – P. 976.
5. Bak-Sokolowska M. The importance of sustainable logistics in the
reduction of costs and improvement of service quality on the example of
selected companies // M. Bak-Sokolowska // SCIENTIFIC WORKS OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS IN WROClAW, No 383, 2015 – P. 217-234.
6. Mel'nykovych M.P., Solovyi I.P. Indicators of sustainability of devel-
opment: from ecological-economic theory to improvement of decision-mak-
ing mechanism at different levels of management // Monograph // Sustainable
development and ecological safety of society: theory, methodology, practice //
scientific ed. by doctor of econ. sciences, prof. Khlobystova Ye.V., Simferopol,
T1, 2011. – P. 464, p. 405-427.
7. Pfohl H-Ch. Logistics and sustainable development [Electronic
resource] – Mode of access: http://eurologistics.pl/komentarze/logisty-
ka-a-zrownowazony-rozwoj/
8. Leszczynska A. Application of sustainability indicators in the supply
chain // А. Leszczynska // Optimum. Economic studies, No 4 (70) 2014, p. 77-89.
9. Galushko O. S. and others. Providing Competitiveness of Industrial
Enterprises on the Basis of Innovative Development // Monograph for ed. prof.
O.S. Galushko // Dnipro, 2012 – P. 216.
10. Gamble Paul R., Tapp A., Marcella E., Stone M. Marketing Revolution:
A Radical New Approach to Business Transformation, Trademark and Practical
Results / Transl. from English by scientific ed. I.V. Taranenko. – Dnipropetro-
vsk: BalanceBusinessBooks, 2007. – P. 448.
11. Sustainability in the Supply Chain Siemens [Electronic resource] –
Access mode: https://www.siemens.com/global/en/home/company/sustainabil-
ity/sustainablesupplychain.html
12. Vitronic – the machine vision people [Electronic resource] – Access
mode: https://www.vitronic.com/company/management-system/sustainabili-
ty-environment.html#
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Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
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Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
The state of external debt, its structure and dynamics is one of the most
important criteria for assessing the level of security of the country. That is
why this problem and search for ways to solve it are one of the most acute
issues of many modern countries, including Ukraine.
The main function of the IMF is to provide financial assistance to the
participating countries of this institution, but further globalization of the
world’s economy is accompanied by related changes in the goals and func-
tions of the organization. In addition to financial assistance to eliminate
temporary deficits in the balance of payments, the IMF also uses financial
instruments for the restructuring of world’s economies. It, in turn, creates
the preconditions for the development (or, conversely, decelerated develop-
ment) of the national industrial infrastructure and its inclusion in the global
servicing system.
In the conditions of the formation and functioning of the modern eco-
nomy, public debt becomes an important component of public finances.
The deficit of the state budget, raising and use of loans for its elimination
led to the formation and significant growth of Ukraine’s public debt. Large
amounts of internal and external debt as well as an increase in the cost of its
servicing necessitate to find a solution to the issue of public debt.
Solving the issue of public debt servicing is one of the key factors of
economic stability in the country. The nature of resolution of a debt prob-
lem largely depends on the budget capability of the state, the stability of its
national currency and, hence, the financial support of international financial
organizations. The need for solving these issues requires finding ways to
reduce the public debt in Ukraine.
There has never existed a single scientific point of view on the nature
of the mutual influence of debt and economy. The views of all authors on
this matter are balanced from the idea of absolute market liberalism, when
debt as a tool of state action on the economy is deemed a negative factor,
to the ideas of a planned economy, when external borrowing is an instru-
ment of state regulation of the economy with the aim of stabilizing it. So, at
the beginning of the seventeenth century, mercantilists regarded money as
271
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
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Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
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Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
Fn=dD. (1)
Debt interest is paid annually from the sum of the entire debt, and if the
average interest rate is equal to r, then rD represents the amount of annual
interest payments. The balance of loan operations (basic transfer) is deter-
mined by deducting interest payments from net inflow:
The balance will be positive for d > r (the country will purchase foreign
currency) and negative (it loses currency) at r > d. Any analysis of the debt
crisis of countries should include the study of the causes of changes in the
values of r and d.
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Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
In the early stages of accruing debt, when the debt amount D is rela-
tively small, its growth rate d will be high. Most of the capital is provided
in the form of bilateral assistance by the states and loans of the World Bank
on preferential terms, with a lower interest rate compared to the prevailing
rates in financial markets and with longer maturities. Therefore, the value
r will be small and in any case less than d. As long as the growing debt is
used to implement development projects, and the profitability of the latter
exceeds the r value, the additional inflow of foreign capital and increase
in the amount of debt does not cause problems for the receiving countries.
Moreover, the use of ever-increasing borrowings for productive invest-
ments in urban and rural economies is an important element of the long-
term development strategy.
Serious complications arise when:
1) the accumulated debt becomes very large and the pace of the d growth
begins to slow down as the ratio "amortization/gross inflow of new capital"
increases;
2) the inflow of long-term capital through state channels is reduced,
which is granted on preferential terms, and short-term loans on market con-
ditions with floating interest rates of commercial banks are increasing, as a
result of which r increases;
3) the country begins to experience the most acute problems in the set-
tlement of its balance of payments due to the surge in commodity prices and
rapid deterioration of trade conditions;
4) there is a global downturn in production or any other external shock
(such as jump in oil prices); the USD exchange rate suddenly changes, in
which most loans and debts are valued;
5) the credibility of the debtor country's solvency for reasons mentioned
in Sections 2, 3 and 4 is lost, which prompts foreign banks to scale down
lending;
6) there is an "outflow" of capital from the country due to the economic
and political situation (for example, the expectation of local currency deval-
uation) for the acquisition of securities and real estate in developed coun-
tries as well as the opening of accounts in banks.
The combination of six factors mentioned above tends to reduce d and
increase r, as a result of which the negative balance of loan operations
275
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
276
Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
greatly affect the internal economic and social situation. Many devel-
oping countries, including most of the least developed ones, are small
states that are heavily dependent on the outside world and have no real
chances for self-sufficiency. They can not be isolated from the world’s
economy. The opportunity to join the policy of collective self-suffi-
ciency gives certain hope. Cooperation within it will help strengthen the
negotiating positions of small countries, help them better orient them-
selves in international affairs, effectively use foreign investments and
technical assistance.
The tendency of further enrichment of the rich, often at the expense
of the poor, is increasingly evident in the more developed Third World
countries, capable of defending their positions on the international stage.
As already emphasized, the problem is not only that the pace of economic
growth in developed countries is higher than that of the developing ones.
In the developing countries themselves, the rich and empowering groups of
the population and sectors of the economy (for example, modern production
in industry and agriculture, large landowners, trade union leaders, indus-
trialists, politicians, senior government officials) have been enriched to a
large extent by more massive, but less influential groups of the poor, which
is observed in Ukraine during the years of its independence. Enrichment of
developed countries and rich groups within developing countries is not an
isolated phenomenon. A similar tendency is typical for the whole system of
international economic relations.
The phenomenon of underdevelopment should be investigated in
two aspects: within individual countries and in the international stage.
The issues of poverty, low productivity, population growth (reduction),
dependence on exports of primary products and vulnerability to external
actions are generated both by internal and global causes. Therefore, the
elimination of poverty, inequality and increase in productivity can only
be possibly taking into account the dual nature of these phenomena. Suc-
cessful advancement towards social and economic development is related
not only to the need for the economically low-performing countries to
develop the strategy responsive to the reality, but also to the change in the
current international economic order, so that it is more oriented towards
the needs of poor countries.
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Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
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Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
tionality», i.e. the IMF requirements to the borrower country to reform the
tax, financial and foreign trade sectors as a condition for obtaining a loan
to overcome the difficulties in the balance of payments) and to implement
the IMF's tight «stabilization policy» in order to get access to the fund’s
money over the country's quota. Private banks saw the success of negotia-
tions with the IMF as evidence of the resumption of creditworthiness and
the serious intent of the debtor countries to pay off debts and earn currency
to repay previously accumulated debts. The IMF Stabilization Program is
represented by four main components [13]:
1. Abolition or liberalization of currency and import control.
2. Reduced exchange rate of local currency.
3. Rigid internal anti-inflation program, which includes:
a) control over bank loans in order to increase their interest rates and
increase the size of provisions;
b) government control over the deficit of the state budget by reducing
expenditures, especially in the social sphere for the poorest part of the pop-
ulation and for food subsidies, together with the increase of taxes and prices
of state-owned enterprises;
c) control over wages so that its growth lags behind the inflation rate
(i.e., waiver of wage indexation);
d) lift of various forms of price control and promotion of market liber-
alization.
4. Encouragement of foreign investments and opening of the country's
economy to the world’s economy.
Today, the most famous seven major schemes for the restructuring of
external public debt are as follows: external debt – bonds; external debt-
stocks; external debt export; external debt-internal debt; external debt-ecol-
ogy; redemption of external debt; write off of external debt. The applica-
tion of these methods has allowed a number of countries to solve the issue
of excessive servicing of public debt, to win investor confidence, and to
achieve financial stabilization [14].
All debtors must agree to some stabilization procedures to get loans and,
more importantly, to start negotiations with private banks on new borrow-
ings. Despite the fact that these procedures can help lower inflation and
improve the balance of payments of the developing countries participating
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Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
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Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
The Third World’s external debt is often seen as the most difficult inter-
national financial problem. But for the poor and middle-income people of
the developing world, whose economic well-being has been and is still
being sacrificed in order to rectify the shaky situation of their ousted rulers,
and to save them from bankruptcy, "treatment" has turned out to be so bitter
that patients have no chance to recover. The residents of the Third World are
not the only victims of the debt problem. Taxpayers in developed countries
are forced to allocate more and more money to repay past debts to commer-
cial banks, where the state acts as the guarantor [18].
John Cavanagh, an expert on developing countries, estimated the sit-
uation as follows: in many respects the IMF is reminiscent of a medieval
doctor who cures all diseases with leeches that deactivate the patient. I have
the impression that the fund very successfully mobilizes the resources of
countries to pay debts to commercial banks, but such actions are devastat-
ing from the standpoint of long-term health of these countries [19, p. 150].
Many countries with underdeveloped economies burdened with heavy
debts have found themselves in a vicious circle: debt payment distracts
resources from economic development, while its acceleration is the only
reliable way to avoid a debt trap. There exists great danger that a long eco-
nomic downturn will not allow them to recover even the low standard of
living they have achieved at least during the life of one generation.
Despite the diversity and differences of qualifications systems, most coun-
tries with underdeveloped economies face a number of similar issues. They
include the need to reduce poverty, inequality and unemployment, to ensure
a minimum level of education, health care, housing and food, to expend
economic and social opportunities for all members of their society and to
strengthen national statehood. Similarity of tasks is caused by the presence
of common problems in most countries, such as the mass scale and chronic
nature of absolute poverty, high unemployment and underemployment, ine-
quality in the distribution of income, low productivity in the agricultural
sector and its stagnation, gap between the living standard and the economic
opportunities of urban and rural population, threatening scale of the envi-
ronmental destruction, archaic systems of education and health, precarious
balance of payments and external debt, prolonged dependence on foreign, not
always appropriate technologies, institutions and value systems.
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Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
The leading role in shaping the economic policy of the borrowing coun-
tries is currently allocated to the International Monetary Fund. By setting a
tight plan for money supply growth, price liberalization and foreign trade,
the IMF simultaneously blocks the freedom of action in all other economic
policy issues of borrowing countries, which puts their governments under
control [20]. The fact that Ukraine allocates funds received on credit to
pay wages, repay debts, etc., undermines the economic stability of our
state. Public spending exceeds budget revenues, and the largest part of the
public debt goes to cover the state deficit [21]. Two hundred years ago,
M. M. Speranskiy, the great Russian reformer, wrote: "The high cost of
things should grow at all speeds and through people's burdens, since every
loan without a correct prepayment is nothing more than an increase in the
prices of things" [22, p. 35].
The total public debt of Ukraine consists of direct state debt (all issued and
outstanding obligations of the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine) and debt guar-
anteed by the state. As at year-end 2017, according to the Ministry of Finance,
the total public debt amounts to USS 77 billion (or two trillion forty-three bil-
lion hryvnias), of which USD 65 billion is the direct government debt, and for
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Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
another USD 12 billion the government has been granted for state guarantees
for repayment of debt [23]. The peak of large payments will fall for the next
three years. This year, UAH 130 billion will be used to service the debt rather
than to repay it. Therefore, there is a need for further search for a solution to
the problem of reducing the external debt of our state.
Ukraine, as a subject of international relations and its resource-intensive
and low-performing economies as compared to developed economies, can
not again remain on the brink of world reorganization and should natu-
rally ensure the formation of its own new sustainable development policy
focused on technological restoration of production, change of the structure
of the economy and raising the level of material and social standards of its
own population, but, unfortunately, not without the help of the IMF.
Ukraine became a member of the IMF on September 3, 1992. Its quota
(membership fees) is SDR 997.3 million (Special Drawing Rights), i.e. an
artificial reserve and payment instrument issued by the International Mon-
etary Fund; it has only a non-cash form in the form of records on bank
accounts, banknotes are not issued), or 1 328 million US dollars, i.e. 0.69%
of the total quota volume.
At the first stage, the cooperation took place within the framework of the
IMF program called "The Systemic Transformation Facility" (1994-1995).
It was a tool to support countries that were transitioning from a planned
economy to a free market. Ukraine used a credit facility of 760 million US
dollars.
During the second phase (1995-1998), Ukraine had already raised
1.9 billion US dollars to stabilize the economic situation. The terms of
financing in this period were revised several times, but in March 1998 the
IMF stopped the program because the government did not comply with the
Fund's conditions regarding the budget deficit and the maximum rate of
growth of the monetary base.
In the third stage (1998-2002), Ukraine attracted 1.6 billion US dollars.
The Government failed to cope with the VAT refund arrears and eliminate
tax privileges for large taxpayers, as requested by the IMF. There were other
unresolved issues. But Ukraine achieved the initial goals of the program.
In 2001, GDP grew by 9.1%, inflation was at 6.1%, and gold and foreign
exchange reserves were already enough for almost 8 weeks of imports.
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Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
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Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
has received three tranches: 5 billion US dollars, 1.7 billion US dollars and
1 billion US dollars, respectively.
Implementation of the International Monetary Fund’s programs by
Ukraine is one of the important factors in the formation of the investment
climate in our country, increasing confidence in the macroeconomic sta-
bility of the economy, and the government is determined to continue to
cooperate with the International Monetary Fund. However, the IMF has
a rather strict list of requirements that the borrowing country must fulfill
in order to receive funds. Moreover, its main goal is not to improve the
economy of the state, which has fallen into a difficult financial situation.
First, the fund wants to provide guarantees for repayment of borrowed
money and, second, to create comfortable conditions for the work of
transnational companies.
In recent years, Ukraine has already met a number of creditor claims.
The refusal from compulsory sale of foreign exchange earnings by export-
ers provoked a substantial increase in funds on accounts of enterprises
located outside the country. Currency liberalization of the NBU has opened
an opportunity for large-scale currency speculations, which further shake
the course and provoke panic in the currency market. But the desire of the
fund to cushion inflation (including through tight monetary policy) resulted
in a catastrophic rise in the resource (the average weighted value of over-
night loans is more often than 30%), and as a result, insufficient lending to
the economy; raising gas prices (that is, in essence, utility tariffs) for the
population and shrinking social programs.
The topic of the expediency of selling agricultural land, which the IMF
recommends to start, is socially acute. However, if the government intends
to form a capitalist economy, it is desirable to overcome the inhibition of the
introduction of land into the civilian turnover.
The issue of pension reform, which the IMF pays serious attention to,
is even more difficult than the issue of land reform. There is a need for fur-
ther intensification of the fight against corruption; in this respect, the IMF
requires to make a move towards even more decisive and effective action.
Immediate and unconditional fulfillment of all requirements of the Fund,
especially in the face of bringing of energy tariffs to the market level, will
aggravate the already difficult social situation in our country.
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Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
at the stage of its repayment causes the outflow of income from the national
economy. In addition, external debt in many cases creates complications in
the balance of payments. Excessive reliance on external loans increases the
vulnerability of the country's financial system to abrupt devaluation of the
exchange rate and termination of foreign capital inflows.
In order to achieve the positive impact of public debt on economic
development, it is necessary to keep a balanced management of its vol-
ume, structure and dynamics. In order to optimize the costs associated with
financing of the state budget deficit, the state must manage public debt to
solve the following tasks:
1) search for effective borrowing conditions in terms of minimizing the
cost of debt;
2) prevention of inefficient and inappropriate use of borrowed funds;
3) ensuring timely and full payment of principal and accrued interest;
4) determination of the optimal ratio of internal and external borrowing,
provided that the financial equilibrium is maintained in the country;
5) ensuring the stability of the exchange rate and the stock market of the
country.
Therefore, to solve the problem of external indebtedness in the long-term
perspective, the "recovery" of the economy itself is required, since without
ensuring the dynamism of its development and real, tangible efficiency,
financial stability in the country will be short-term and relative, regardless
of what progressive financial measures are used to support it. Moreover,
the rapid liquidation of external debt, not supported by real steps towards
stabilizing the economy itself, its comprehensive structural adjustment, will
only complicate the situation and problems that need to be resolved.
In addition, the size of government loans should not exceed the amount
of public investment in order not to put the burden of public debt on the
next generation. The resolution of the problem of debt requires a legislative
reflection of such measures: justification of new government debt, develop-
ment of transparent and convincing criteria for the provision of state guar-
antees, establishment of optimal amounts of internal and external public
debt, improvement of the public debt management and servicing system.
External financial sources need to be considered from the point of view
of their volume and from the point of view of efficiency of their use. With
288
Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
the inefficient use of resources, the need for them becomes unlimited. This
determines the need to establish a limit on the attraction of loans. The issue
of further involvement of external financial resources must be addressed,
above all, from the point of view of their effective use for the country's
economic development.
In our opinion, for Ukraine, financial support from the IMF is a debt
burden on the shoulders of ordinary citizens, given that the borrowed funds,
unfortunately, are used not for the purpose of development of the economy
of our state. According to the National Bank of Ukraine, in terms of the
existing population, the volume of debt is 2.8 thousand US dollars per one
resident of the country.
The growth of public debt leads to an increase in the cost of its servicing.
Public debt management should be aimed at increasing the maturity of debt
and reducing debt service costs, so long-term commitments should occupy
a central place in the total amount of government liabilities.
A comprehensive solution to the issue of internal and external public
debt taking into account the proposed measures will contribute to the devel-
opment of public finances and the improvement of the financial situation in
Ukraine.
References:
1. Аткинсон Э.Б. Лекции по экономический теории государственного
сектора: учебник [Текст] / Э.Б. Аткинсон, Дж.Э. Стиглиц; пер. с англ. – М.:
Аспект Пресс, 1995. – 832 с.
2. Сакс Дж. Макроэкономика. Глобальный поход [Текст] / Дж. Сакс,
Ф.Б. Ларрен. – М.: Дело, 1996. – 848 с.
3. Блауг М. Экономическая мысль в ретроспективе: пер. с англ.,
4-е изд. [Текст]. – М.: Дело Лтд, 1994. – 720 с.
4. Самуєльсон П.А. Экономика: пер. с англ. [Текст] / П.А. Самуєльсон,
В.Д. Нордхаус. – М.: Изд-во БИНОМ, 1997. – 800 с.
5. Пікалов В.Л. Проблеми феномену стійкого розвитку соціально-
економічних систем в умовах глобалізації / В.Л. Пікалов // Європейський
вектор економічного розвитку: зб. наук. праць. – 2011. – Вип. 2(8). –
С. 192-202.
6. Офіційний сайт МВФ [Електронний ресурс]. – Режим доступу:
http://www.imf.org.
289
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
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Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
291
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
292
Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
implicit sets of model forecasts and more. The functioning of these systems
are directed to file constantly updated, comparable information over time,
which can detect the use of existing negative phenomena and processes
incorporated in the processes of local communities, identify them and offer
recreational activities.
Organizing joint monitoring of local communities (UTC) is to create
constantly updated information base, which should provide the neces-
sary information research process and its preservation. Having complete
and accurate information provides a reasonable reflection of the object of
research and its trends. Information obtained in the course of joint mon-
itoring of local communities, allows for rapid adjustment measures. The
monitoring of the development of UTC may be carried out in the following
areas (Table 1).
Table 1
Areas of monitoring of development
of united territorial communities
Name of the monitor-
No. Characteristics
ing area
Regulatory and legal Intended for regulatory review and enforcement
1
support of law as a means of UTC.
It is a decisive factor in the development of
UTC through the provision of the functioning of
all sectors of the economy, which determines its
Infrastructure
2 impact on the competitiveness of the territory as
availability
a whole. Monitoring provides for the assess-
ment and forecasting of infrastructure capacity
for interregional cooperation.
It is necessary to have the necessary and acces-
3 Resource providing
sible material and human resources.
It consists in collecting, recording, processing,
accumulation, storage and use, messages and
any other information necessary for full and
4 Information support
effective functioning of these entities to imple-
ment the development strategy of integrated
local communities
293
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
294
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295
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
296
Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
297
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
298
Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
Table 2
Objectives of the program of monitoring
the living conditions of the population of UTC
No. Tasks
1 Organization of supervision under the terms of operation of UTC.
Collection, compilation and accumulation of data included in the proposed
2 list of indicators that allow us to investigate the conditions of vital activity
of UTC.
Obtaining at a given time quantitative and qualitative assessment of the
3
state of the object of research.
Determining the strength and direction of impact risks that affect the func-
4
tioning of UTC.
5 Construction of a typological profile of the conditions of vital activity of UTC.
Detection of deviations (absolute or relative) between actual and projected
6
indicators.
Implementation and use of world experience in monitoring the conditions
7 of operation of the UTC, as well as its use in improving the legal and regu-
latory framework for this process.
Construction of automated information database based on observa-
8 tions, data collection, scientific and reasonable process information that
describes the state of socio-economic development UTC.
Development of the relevant regulatory acts on the regulation of the moni-
9
toring of the conditions for the operation of the UTC.
Implementation of information and analytical support for future deci-
10
sion-making in the field of life UTC.
11 Creating a monitoring center UTC operating conditions.
Development based on the results of monitoring recommendations for
12
state and local authorities to make informed management decisions.
ciples under which common rules should understand this process, taking
into account the features of the object of research and the needs of its sub-
ject. Therefore, monitoring should take place on the following principles
(Table 3).
Methodical monitoring instruments based on appropriate tools. You can
select the following approaches to the concept of monitoring tools living
conditions of the region:
299
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
Table 3
Principles of monitoring the living conditions of UTC
Name
No. Characteristics
of principle
The most important principle of monitoring is the timely,
forward-looking character of the detection and response to
1 Preventive
negative trends of development that arise in the functioning
of UTC.
It consists of scientifically grounded principles of moni-
2 Scientism toring that allows to carry out research using the modern
methodological tools and technical equipment.
The essence of the principle is the coherence of the pro-
3 Complexity
gram in space and time.
The essence of this principle is to determine the moment of
Continuity transition of the research object from one state to another,
4
observation enabling timely detect changes in the flow process or phe-
nomenon that is studied.
Getting information about the changes and trends that
occur in the functioning of the UTC at specified time inter-
5 Periodicity
vals, which enables us to construct a trend model of the
process or phenomenon being investigated.
The principle consists in choosing the most effective indicators
6 Optimization that characterize the object of study. Using these indicators can
help you optimize information support decision-making.
The principle consists in designing living conditions UTC
7 Predictability software based on the ratio of the empirical sample and
their correlation with the values defined by reference.
300
Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
301
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
‒ conduct basic and applied research, the results of which are pub-
lished analytical reports, reports, monographs, dissertations, scientific guid-
ance, etc. and provide for their introduction and practical implementation to
state and local governments, academic institutions, legal persons.
The main five functions assigned to subjects monitoring the conditions
of operation of UTC are given in Table 4.
Table 4
Functions of the monitoring subjects
name of the
No. Characteristics
function
Lies in the scientific study and the methodological
Scientific and
1 procedures provided for monitoring key components of
Methodological
life UTC.
It turns out in the timely provision of monitoring of qual-
itative, relevant, reliable information about the object of
2 Informational research, economic and social phenomena and processes,
to the extent necessary for the performance of monitor-
ing tasks.
It is aimed at organizing activities aimed at eliminating
3 Corrective the identified negative trends and processes in the func-
tioning of the UTC.
It consists in forecasting trends in the development of all
components of life UTC considering proposed measures
designed to ensure the development prospects of certain
4 Prognostic
socio-economic process or phenomenon and possible ways
and means to achieve these goals, based on plans that are
based on the results of the monitoring operation UTC.
It consists in fixing of deviations in the operation of a
5 Checking
given UTC management program.
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Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
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Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
304
Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
Defining tolerances
No
Development of health measures,
Exit
their implementation
No Yes
Detection of negative
changes (deviations) from
reference indicators
305
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
obtaining at a given time quantitative and qualitative assessment of the state of vital
functions of UTC;
Monitoring tasks determination of the force of action and the direction of the impact of the risks
affecting the development of UTC;
construction of the typological profile of UTC development;
definitions of deviations (absolute or relative) between actual and normative
(standard or normative) indicators
306
Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
Monitoring procedure
Gathering information
Mechanisms of
Regional
economic policy
Symptoms
Real danger Remission No danger Environmental
policy
Cultural policy
Diagnosis
Educational
policy
Detected negative
changes
Monitoring changes in
development UTC
changes were
not detected
Negative
307
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
Table 5
Criteria of the effectiveness of implementation of the program
monitoring the conditions of life of UTC
№ Name criteria
Compliance with the requirements and deadlines for the implementation
of the specified tasks of the monitoring program in accordance with the
developed plan (development of documents (reports, analytical reports,
1
reports, methodological recommendations, etc.) related to the monitoring
procedure, content, level of preparation and proper execution of documents
being developed).
Efficiency, completeness and quality of providing the necessary informa-
2
tion by monitoring entities.
3 Completeness and reliability of received diagnostic cards and data bank.
4 Reduce the timing of developing and making managerial decisions.
The effectiveness of the use of existing organizational structures and
5
means of monitoring the conditions of life of UTC.
6 Compliance monitoring schedules.
Optimization of financial resources to ensure the implementation of the
7
monitoring program
308
Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
309
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
310
Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
311
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
Thousand
people
30
y = -0,487x + 26,3
25 2
R = 0,658
20
15
1991 1996 2001 2005 2006 2007 2009 2010 2011 2012 2014 2015
Years
Trend line
4179 3070
9959 persons persons
persons (19,5%) (14,4%)
14131
11421 persons
persons (66,1%)
312
Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
313
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
Table 6
Dynamics of the natural movement of the Lyman CUTC population
Indexes 2009 2015
The number of births, people 233 172
The number of dead people 479 435
Natural increase (decrease) of population,
-246 -263
persons
The birth rate (per 1,000 population) 11,3 8,0
Mortality rate (per 1,000 population) 23,2 20,35
Natural increase (reduction) of population
-11,9 -12,4
(per 1000 population)
Compiled by the authors according to sources [8, 9]
314
Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
315
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
829
336
872 343
Given the fact that the institution of "residence" in Ukraine abolished and
replaced by registration place of residence or stay, it appears that the avail-
ability of registration at employment is not mandatory. These events have
created conditions for the intensification of labor displacement of the popu-
lation, especially it has captured young people. Note that these flows of labor
migration are within Ukraine, and the overall change in the population of the
country is not affected. Vector those flows aimed at cities where there is a
demand for labor. Also, the priority for internal migrants are those settlements
where the average salary of workers is higher than the average in Ukraine.
316
Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
Thus, according to the data released by the State Statistics Service of Ukraine,
it appears that the loss of population due to migration of community doesn’t
happen. However, it should be noted that State statistics captures only a tiny
fraction of migrants, which data is received from the internal affairs bodies.
The analysis of the dynamics of the migration processes of Donetsk
region according to the age structure of the population shows that the bulk
of the participants in these processes falls on the able-bodied part of the
population. The intensity of migration processes of people of different ages
is not the same. The most moving was a group of mostly young people
aged 15 to 24 years (48.48% of the total number of migrants [6, 8]), at a
time when school ends and in terms of getting a professional education
or employment. However, one should also take into account the fact that
migration processes are reflected not only in the size of the population, but
also in its sex-age structure. In this way, it can be argued that the young
and competitive population of Liman's CUTC participates in these flows of
labor migration, being registered in the community.
Interstate migration also influences changes in the population of both
Ukraine and Lyman CUTC. The problems of population accounting partici-
pating in interstate labor migration do not allow to create a reliable model of
these displacements, as well as to determine the consequences of the impact
of these flows on the reproduction of the social life of the community.
In the context of the study of UTC of the Eastern regions, it should
be noted that the high migration activity of the population is due to the
consequences of the ATO. So the aggravation of the situation in the East
of the country can lead to a new wave of forced migration of the popula-
tion. In connection with the relocation of the residents of the affected areas
the average population density decreased by 20% [6, 8, 10], which is criti-
cal given the prospects of recovery potential settlement of Donbass. Some
self-governing cities are on the verge of irreversible degradation due to the
closure of core enterprises. The high proportion of settlements in the settle-
ment structure of these regions, with the loss of a large part of the popula-
tion as a result of internal displacement, complicates their future recovery
[11, p. 174, 177]. So the proximity of ATO from the city of Limansky to the
ITOT increases the risk of activating the labor movements of its inhabitants,
which can be estimated as very high.
317
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
318
Table 7
List of existing donor projects UTC as of October 2017
Amount of
The name of the program / project Start date End date
assistance
DESPRO project 9,3 million CHF 24.12.2007 24.12.2017
Municipal Finance Strengthening Initiative in Ukraine (MFSI II)
4,7 million USD 01.10.2011 31.12.2017
Implementation
Gender budgeting in Ukraine 46,6 million SEK 12.11.2013 31.12.2018
UNDP / EU project "Community Based Approach to Local
23,8 million EUR 01.01.2014 30.12.2017
Development"
Swedish-Ukrainian project "Supporting decentralization in Ukraine" 31,8 million SEK 08.09.2014 31.12.2018
Local government and rule of law in Ukraine 28,3 million SEK 01.10.2014 31.12.2017
Expert Support for Governance and Economic Development
18,8 million CAD 10.11.2014 31.07.2019
(EDGE)
Restoration of governance and reconciliation on the territories of
3 million USD 01.01.2015 31.12.2017
Ukraine affected by the crisis
Partnership for Urban Development (PROMIS / PLEDDG) 19,5 million CAD 27.03.2015 30.06.2021
E-Governance for Accountability of Government and Community
4,3 million CHF 01.05.2015 31.03.2019
Participation (EGAP)
Development of a course for strengthening local self-government
8,2 million USD 14.12.2015 13.12.2020
in Ukraine (PULSE)
U-LEAD program 102 million EUR 01.01.2016 30.06.2020
Joint UNDP / UN Women Program 10 million EUR 01.05.2016 30.11.2017
DOBRE program 50 million USD 08.06.2016 07.06.2021
Sustainable local development in rural areas, Chernivtsi and 500 thousand
01.12.2016 31.05.2018
Odessa regions EUR
319
Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
talk about the results in Figures not appropriate, because then presented in
the analysis of international donors only support communities that formed
in 2015.
According to the Law of Ukraine "On a voluntary association of
local communities" in the Luhansk region near Novopskov Novopskov
Osynivska town and village councils united in Novopskov village territorial
community administrative center in the urban settlement Novopskov. The
total area of SUTC – 226 square meters. km, population – 12,316 thousand.
people (01/01/2015): urban population – 9868 persons, rural population –
2,448 people [13, p. 13].
According to the operational data, the volume of capital investment
in the district enterprises in 2015 amounted to 13 million UAH. During
this period there is no information regarding the number of implemented
projects. However, in the report on completed projects, which on the offi-
cial site Novopskov TUTC noted that the volume of construction works
by MTD is 900 thousand. UAH. During 2015, 21 residential buildings
with a total area of 2.2 thousand square meters were put into operation.
meters. On energy saving measures in the maternity home of Novopsk-
ovsky RTMO from the regional budget received a subvention in the amount
of 999.3 thousand UAH. Within the framework of the EU / UNDP "Local
Development CBA" 4 NGOs implement micro projects. The total amount
under the micro-projects is 1.2 million UAH, of which the project funds
are 870 thousand UAH, 13 thousand UAH were allocated from the rayon
budget, community contributions – 61 thousand UAH, funds of rural and
settlement budgets – 237 thousand UAH [13 р. 14].
In 2016, Novopiskovskaya SOTH, with the support of international
donors, implemented 19 projects, totaling 9.5 million UAH. The budget of
Novopskovskaya SOTG for 2016 was approved without a basic and reverse
grant, in addition in 2016 Novopskovskaya UTC received 1507 thousand
UAH. subvention for maintenance of secondary education per 1 inhabitant,
which indicates its ability [13 р. 13].
The main volume of the ITD was aimed at the introduction of street
lighting in the village of Osinove for innovative technologies. As part of
this project, support and photomodules were installed on the main street
of the village of Slobozhansky. The project was carried out with the par-
320
Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
321
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
322
Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
latory of general practice of family medicine, the village Bilokurakino "in the
amount of 4.1 million UAH. In 2016, the implementation of the project "Cap-
ital repairs of the House of Children and Youth Creation" was completed with
the support of the IOM Mission in Ukraine. Through international technical
assistance for the project to receive 1.0 mln. UAH. in addition, at the expense
of the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), repair work was carried
out on the premises of the pre-school educational institutions "Sonechko"
and "Berezka" in the village of Bilokurakine and the kindergarten "Zyrochka"
with. Nescheretove totaling 1.0 mln. UAH.
The total amount of subventions from the state budget to local budgets
for the formation of joint infrastructure TG 2016 was 12,421,717 million.
UAH. At the expense of subventions from the state budget received from
international donors purchased a vacuum machine for cleaning cesspools
and transportation of waste to disposal sites for the amount of 794 280 thou-
323
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
324
Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
325
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
Considering the dynamics and structure of migration flows, set the prob-
ability narrowed type reproduction of the population over a long period in
the future of the community. The consequences of such a situation among
which are depopulation and aging of the population are outlined.
Taking into account the aforementioned, it was stated that special atten-
tion and analysis is required for the issues of socio-economic consequences
of aging of the population, in particular, the impact of these processes on
production, consumption, health care, social assistance, investment, and, in
turn, on the general contemporary socio-economic conditions characterized
by increasing the burden on the working population.
In addition, the need to focus on the study of the peculiarities of demo-
graphic processes has proved necessary, since the latter are characterized by
persistence and inertia, which leads to irreversible changes in the economy
and politics.
It is proved that the development of UTC in Ukraine significantly affects
assistance from international donors through grants to create jobs (IOM),
infrastructure (UNDP), the development of strategies for the development
UTC (International Renaissance UNDP) empowerment at the local level
(U -LEAD), assistance in the process of transition to democracy (USAID),
community building and community-based partnerships (Eastern Europe
Foundation), etc.
The monitoring of international donor support of UTC has allowed
to establish that today in Ukraine there are about 40 international donor
organizations and foundations. Among the largest donors in terms of fund-
ing and number of projects in Ukraine for the period 1996-2016 are: USA,
Canada, Germany, Japan, Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, Denmark and
UN organizations, World Bank, EBRD, OECD. According to the areas of
intended use of the ITD, the following are considered as priority: national
security and defense; nuclear safety, without taking into account the Cher-
nobyl fund; governance and civil society; regional development; renewal of
Donbass and support refugees; health care; energy and energy efficiency.
Therefore, for example, monitoring of the Eastern regions (for example,
Lugansk region) was conducted as an example.
It is established that during the period of 2014-2017 in total in Ukraine
to UTC involved almost 285 million dollars. USA. The dynamics of donor
326
Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
aid for UTC development coincides with the general trends in the regions
of Ukraine. The largest and most active donor countries are USA, Canada,
EU countries.
On the basis of monitoring of the MoD of Novopiskovskaya SUTC
it was determined that the total amount of international assistance for
2015-2016 year amounted to UAH 22.5 million. By 2015 13 million. UAH.,
In 2016 – 9.5 mln. USD. with a population of 12,316 thousand people in the
community. In the Belokurakina SUTC, the population was 13,226 thou-
sand. (Now 13,700 people), which is 910 more than in Novopskovskaya.
Donor assistance to community Bilokurakynskiy for 2016 was – 14.25 mil-
lion. UAH. That at 4.75 mln. UAH. more than in the same period in the
neighboring community. This situation shows the one hand the absolute
consistency in the distribution of aid between communities in terms of con-
ceptual decentralization reform in Ukraine, on the other such trends need to
establish the main causes no equality donor.
It was found that in Novopskovskaya and Bilokurakina SUTC the
majority of donor funds went to infrastructure development, namely repair
of roads, sidewalks, social facilities (clubs, schools, kindergartens, hospi-
tals, etc.), lighting.
Most active assistance received from donors such as the UN Children's
Fund (UNICEF) – in Bilokurakynskiy DUTC in Novopskov DUTC – EU /
UNDP.
References:
1. Methodical recommendations on the establishment of environmental
monitoring systems at the regional level. Order of the Ministry of Environ-
mental Protection of Ukraine dated December 16, 2005 No. 467. [Electroni-
cResource] -Access mode: http: //www.ecobank.org.ua/NB/DocLib/1.5.23.pdf.
2. Development of environmental monitoring programs businesses and
local authorities. Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Ukraine.
Eastern State Enterprise Environmental Institute. [ElectronicResource] –
Access mode: http: //euaeco.com/?Environmental-monitoring-program/ua.
3. Koliushko I. Adminterreform [Electronic resource] /
I. Koliushko, V. Tymoshchuk // Partners. – No. 11. – 2005. – Access mode:
http://www.cpp.org.ua/partners.
327
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
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330
Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
331
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
332
Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
333
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
334
Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
∑ÑÏ j = ∑Ñ i
, (1)
j =1 i =1
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Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
336
Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
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Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
338
Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
339
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
340
Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
341
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
342
Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
343
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
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Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
345
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
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Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
Таблиця1
Значення ймовірностей Pe в залежності від значень точок (k,l)
Φ*(l)-
-l Φ*(-l) l Φ*(l) k1=0,1 k2=0,5 k3=1,00 k4=2,0 k5=3,0
Φ*(-l)
-0,0 0,5000 0,0 0,5000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000
-0,1 0,4602 0,1 0,5398 0,0798 0,0063 0,0305 0,0544 0,0762 0,0796
-0,5 0,3085 0,5 0,6915 0,3830 0,0366 0,1467 0,2614 0,3655 0,3819
-1,0 0,1587 1,0 0,8413 0,6826 0,0545 0,2614 0,4659 0,6515 0,6807
-2,0 0,0228 2,0 0,9772 0,9544 0,0762 0,3655 0,6515 0,9109 0,9517
-3,0 0,0014 3,0 0,9986 0,9972 0,0796 0,3819 0,6807 0,9517 0,9944
347
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
Список літератури:
1. Талер Р. Новая поведенческая экономика. Почему люди нарушают
правила традиционной экономики и как на этом заработать [Текст]: перев.
А. Прохоров. – М.: Эксмо, 2017. – 368 с.
2. Амелькин В.В. Дифференциальные уравнения в приложениях. –
М.: Наука. Главная редакция физико-математической литературы, 1987. –
160 с.
3. Балл Г.А. Теория учебных задач: Психолого-педагогический аспект.
[Текст]. – М.: Педагогика, 1990. – 184 с.
4. Бакурова А.В., Діденко А.В. Аналіз ефективності страхової
діяльності після проведення заходів пруденційного регулювання //
Причорноморські економічні студії, Випуск 17. 2017. – С. 254-258.
5. Вентцель Е.С., Овчаров Л.А. Теория случайных процессов и ее
инженерное приложение. – М.: Наука,1991.
6. Вентцель Е.С. Теория вероятностей.( Приложение1. Значения
нормальной функции распределения). – М., 1969. – С. 549-552.
7. Википедия [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа:
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Задача
348
Section 2. Institutional support of regional development
349
SECTION 3. SECTORAL ASPECTS
OF REGIONS’ FUNCTIONING
350
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
351
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
rium of the enterprise was proposed on the basis of the criterion of its eco-
nomic safety assessment, and its calculation was formalized, the economic
safety of the iron ore mining enterprises in the Kryvvi Rih area, the state of
their equilibrium is determined.
According to [13], the mining industry of Ukraine, at the present stage
of development, is in the process of numerous changes. Therefore, the man-
agement of economic safety of iron ore mining enterprises of Ukraine, the
Kryvvi Rih area in particular, is a way to increase the efficiency of their
economic activity and the national socio-economic system.
The purpose of this research is to develop theoretical bases for assessing
and analyzing the economic security of an enterprise, assessing and analyz-
ing the economic safety of the iron ore mining enterprises in Ukraine, on the
basis of which the state of their equilibrium is to be determined.
352
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
Define the
integral
index
business
economic
security
∑ di * xi
Lsk = i =1
, (1)
n
where di – stands for i-index value;
xi – stands for standard value of the i-index i = 1, n
Nowadays, the current stage of the research accepts the method of addi-
tive coagulation and it is considered the best one because there are stand-
ardized values equal to 0, making 0 in the result if calculating by the other
methods.
353
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
It is offered to define the i-index value by two ways. The first way: the
value of the i-index (di) is defined by the Fishbern’s rule [17, p. 222], if
there is opportunity to rank them from maximum to minimum. Another way
is carried out when all the indexes are equal. The implementation of the
either of way is defined by the expert methods.
The next steps suppose the implementation of the multiplicative integral
index coagulation (as the most unbiased one) calculated at the previous
steps.
The third step offers to define the value of the integral index by every
second level local Ls component, integrating the indexes out of the groups
implementing the formula 2:
Ls = (Ls * Ls * Ls * Ls )
1 2 3 4
1/ 4
, (2)
The forth step defines the integral index by the first level components
of business economic security: security of resources (Sres) and operational
security (Sop), implementing the formulas:
Sres = (Swor *Sfin *St *Sint)
1/ 4
, (3)
Sjo = (Sman *Smark *Sbus )
1/ 3
, (4)
where: Swork, Sfin, St, Sint – integral index of workforce security, secu-
rity of finance resources, tangible and intangible assets;
Sman, Smark, Sbus – integral index of the security of management, mar-
keting and business.
The final step defines the identification of the integral (Iees) index for
enterprise economic security implementing the formula:
Iees = (Sres *Sop)
1/ 2
, (5)
For the practical application of the offered methodological tools there
are 4 businesses from Dnipropetrovsk regions.
Within the framework of the study [18], four mining industrial enter-
prises of the Kryvyi Rih basin, estimated as those being on about the same
stage of the life cycle, but with different volumes of activities and different
financial results, are identified as the object of the research.
So business economic assessment demands advanced linguistic inter-
pretation e.g. definition of the business economic level assessment.
354
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
Table 1
The scale of economic security level assessment for the mining
industrial enterprises, complied by the author
Linguistic variable, S Signs Spreading Iees
High H 0,81 < Iees
Appropriate Ap 0,61<Iees<0,80
Average Av 0,41<Iees<0,60
Low L 0,21<Iees<0,40
Critical C Iees<0,20
The economic security assessment results for business and the identi-
fication of the security level serve as s basis of development of strategic
and operative measures to increase the level e.g. to provide the economic
security.
355
Тable 2
356
Results of level assessment for mining industrial
enterprises economic security *
Local
Mining industrial enterprises
PJSC
PJSC
PJSC
PJSC
components
Plant”
Plant”
Plant”
Plant”
“Central
“Inhulets
“Southern
“Northern
Mining and
Mining and
Mining and
Mining and
Ore-dressing
Ore-dressing
Ore-dressing
Ore-dressing
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Period 2015 2016 2015 2016 2015 2016 2015 2016
Integral index value 0,78 0,75 0,88 0,86 0,60 0,61 0,53 0,67
Workforce Economic security level Ap Ap H H Av Ap Av Ap
security Integral index value deflection -0,03 -0,03 0,01 0,14
Type of changes
Integral index value 0,62 0,40 0,98 0,87 0,09 0,34 0,01 0,07
Financial
Economic security level Ap L H H C L C C
resources
Integral index value deflection -0,22 -0,11 0,25 0,06
security
Type of changes
Integral index value 0,79 0,86 0,38 0,52 0,07 0,45 0,00 0,24
Tangible assets Economic security level Ap H L Av C Av C L
security Integral index value deflection 0,07 0,14 0,38 0,24
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
Type of changes
Integral index value 0,32 0,79 0,76 0,36 0,08 0,62 0,00 0,13
Intangible Economic security level L Ap Ap L C Ap C C
assets security Integral index value deflection 0,47 -0,40 0,54 0,13
Type of changes
Resource Integral index value 0,59 0,67 0,71 0,61 0,13 0,49 0,01 0,20
security Economic security level Av Ap Ap Ap C Av C C
Table 1 continued
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Integral index value deflection 0,08 -0,10 0,36 0,19
Type of changes
Integral index value 0,71 0,89 0,63 0,86 0,34 0,35 0,02 0,21
Management Economic security level Ap H Ap H L L C L
security Integral index value deflection 0,17 0,23 0,00 0,19
Type of changes
Integral index value 0,55 0,87 0,88 0,98 0,40 0,46 0,63 0,14
marketing Economic security level Av H H H L Av Ap C
security Integral index value deflection 0,32 0,10 0,06 -0,49
Type of changes
Integral index value 0,67 0,85 0,82 0,90 0,23 0,49 0,17 0,25
Production Economic security level Ap H H H L Av C L
security Integral index value deflection 0,18 0,08 0,25 0,08
Type of changes
Integral index value 0,64 0,87 0,77 0,91 0,32 0,43 0,12 0,19
Operation Economic security level Ap H Ap H L Av C C
security Integral index value deflection 0,23 0,15 0,11 0,08
Type of changes
Integral index Integral index value 0,62 0,77 0,74 0,75 0,20 0,46 0,07 0,20
for enterprise Economic security level Ap Ap Ap Ap C Av C C
economic Integral index value deflection 0,15 0,01 0,25 0,13
security Type of changes
rel-
increas- ative reduc-
ing stabil- tion
ity
357
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
358
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
PJSC "Inhulets Mining and
0,07 0,13
Ore-dressing Plant"
0,01
Workforce security
2015 0,53 0,04
PJSC "Northern Mining and
Ore-dressing Plant"
0,08
Resource
security
Ore-dressing Plant"
The results of the calculations show the change in the rating header
which is PJSC «Central Mining and Ore-dressing Plant», remaining at the
normal level of economic security, but moving from the lower boundary
of the interval to the upper. PJSC «Southern Mining and Processing Plant»
did not significantly change the integral index of economic security of the
enterprise, taking second place in the rating.
PJSC «Northern Mining and Ore-dressing Plant» and PJSC «Inhulets
Mining and Ore-dressing Plant» have not changed their positions in the
359
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
Management
security
2015 0,63 0,07
PJSC "Northern Mining
and Ore-dressing Plant"
marketing
2016 0,35 0,46 0,49 0,43 0,46 security
0,40 0,32
Operation
security
2015 0,63 0,88 0,82 0,77 0,74
PJSC "Central Mining and
Integral index
0,77
Ore-dressing Plant"
rating estimation in 2016 compared to 2015, but the former of the enter-
prises has significantly increased the integral index of economic security
and changed the critical level on average.
The latter company lost its positions both on the rating and on the level
of economic security, but having moved to the upper limit of the interval.
Thus, the analysis of the dynamics of the mining industrial enterprises’
economic security integral index in the Kryvyi Rih basin allows us to
360
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
determine the nature of its changes and draw the following conclusions
(Figure 4).
16,00
14,00 13,73
12,00 12,14
10,00
8,69
8,00 8,10
6,61 6,44
6,00
4,89
4,00 3,89 3,79
2,47 2,79
1,24 1,58 2,26
2,00 1,14
1,26 1,24
0,00 0,22 1,01
Resource security
Management security
Production security
Workforce security
marketing security
Operation security
Tangible assets security
security
361
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
362
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
With the help of econometric methods for determining the level of local
components of economic security of the enterprise and the system of indi-
cators for them [26], the reserves of growth in the level of economic secu-
rity are determined, which requires the further development of measures
for the use of these reserves and the achievement of the maximum possible
level of economic security by each enterprise.
In order to implement the developed strategies of economic security
management [25] in the current period, it is necessary to use the growth
reserves of the enterprise’s level of economic security, according to the con-
tent of the definition of the essence of the economic security of the enter-
prise proposed in [27], namely that the economic security is «the state of
sustainable equilibrium».
Under the state of equilibrium (V) is meant the steady achievement of
the level of resource by the enterprise and its functional safety, which satis-
fies the conditions of formula 6:
Sres
V = = 1, (6)
Sop
In cases where V> 1, that is, Sres> Sop, such a position is considered
resource-dependent security, when V <1, that is, Sres <Sop, this state is a
function-dependent security.
In the framework of this study, the state of equilibrium of the iron ore
mining enterprises of the Kryvvi Rih area, according to their economic
security criterion, is presented in Figure 5.
Thus, according to the conducted studies, the state of equilibrium
of enterprises can be defined as enterprises with resource-dependent
security and functionally dependent security. In particular, the follow-
ing resources-dependent enterprise is: PJSC «Northern Mining and
Ore-dressing Plant». The following ones can be attributed to the func-
tional: PJSC «Central Mining and Ore-dressing Plant», Southern Mining
and Ore-Dressing Plant. There is an enterprise, the state of which can
be considered equilibrium in the current prospect – it is PJSC «Inhulets
Mining and Ore-dressing Plant». These findings are the basis for further
modeling the level of economic security of the investigated enterprises
and the development of measures to ensure their economic security.
363
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
1,00 0,91
0,90
0,87
0,80
0,67
0,70
0,60 0,61
0,50 0,43
0,49
0,40
0,30
0,20 0,19
0,20
0,10
0,00
Resource security Operation security
References:
1. Васильців Т.Г. Фінансово-економічна безпека підприємств України:
стратегія та механізми забезпечення: монографія / Васильців Т.Г.,
Волошин В.І., Бойкевич О.Р., Каркавчук В.В., [за ред. Т.Г. Васильціва]. –
Львів: ВИДАВНИЦТВО, 2012. – 386 с.
2. Довбня С.Б. Діагностика рівня економічної безпеки підприємства /
С.Б. Довбня, Н.Ю. Гічова // Фінанси України. – 2008. – №4. – С. 88-97.
365
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
368
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
369
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
370
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
Starting from the 1990s Ukraine’s economy has been transforming in the
direction of market economy. The transformational changes from directive
to market economy, from absolute state monopoly on all means and tools
of production to private one entail the coexistence of the methods of market
and state regulation. In the conditions of market economy formation, the
role of the government changes radically in both economic relations and the
forming of its main functions.
There exists a perpetual argument over what functions ought the gov-
ernment to have. Over time political thinkers have spread around a number
of theories in order to determine the exact domain of governmental activity.
On the one hand, there are thinkers like anarchists, who doubt the very
existence of a government as a ruling institute and are advocates for civil
society. On the other hand, there are idealists, who believe the state to be
omnipotent and entrust it with every field of human life. Between these two
radically opposite ways of thinking there are the individualists, who main-
tain that the government is the best functional institute which rules the least.
Thus, there is no common ground between the political thinkers regard-
ing which functions ought the government to take upon itself [16]. We can
emphasize that recently there has been a tendency towards the increasing
of governmental functions. To date, there is practically no economic entity
371
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
that operates outside the power orbit. The barriers between economics and
the government are disintegrating rapidly.
Scientists assign different functions to state regulation, but among them,
it is possible to highlight 5 main ones: legislative, economic, planning and
forecasting, social and controlling.
1. Legislative function. Institutes of government create the basis for the
implementation of the conditions and rules of the realization of industrial
relations on the market, that is, they carry out legal support for the functioning
of the market mechanism. In order to achieve effective and coherent function-
ing of these relations, each market entity (both consumer and producer) has to
be sure in the protection of their interests on the legislative level.
2. Economic function. Although in the conditions of market economy
the state does not have a direct impact on market entities, it ought to ensure
mediated economic stability, macrostructure formation and the support of
economic balance. Governmental institutes make appropriate corrections
while distributing budget resources and government order, by so doing
impacting the structure of the national product.
3. The function of planning and forecasting. This function is character-
ized by the realization of the informative, predictive and analytical action of
the state. The composition of macroeconomic plans (indicative planning) is
an extremely important lever of a country’s economic development, as the
result depends on the quality of planning. With the help of planning the state
determines the main reference points and directions of national economic
development devises the methods and ways of influencing the future trajec-
tory of economic growth.
4. The social function. The fourth state function is characterized by the
programmed socio-economic development of a country. The state regulates
the socio-economic conditions of the society’s life, ensuring the citizens’
general welfare improvement and the elimination of the negative results
of the functioning of market processes, therefore the protection of com-
petition, as the main regulative mechanism of the market. The presence
of competition ensures quite high incomes of some producers, while quite
low ones for others. This means inequality of consumption. The task of the
state is to reduce the inequality and to ensure standard living conditions for
those, who have a low income while ensuring the country’s food security.
372
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
5. The controlling function. The fifth state function is the control over
the following of the rules and norms of economic activity established by
the law, protection of the relations that have arisen in connection with these
rules and the rights of their participants [3, p. 42].
Paying special attention to the execution of functions of state regula-
tion in relation to the food industry, the appropriate institutes of govern-
mental power make prognoses of the food industry development with the
assistance of planning mechanisms, in particular through the targeted pro-
gramming of food production; offer targeted financial help to food produc-
ers; determine the priority directions of development of the food industry;
carry out government procurement of agricultural products and foodstuffs;
create social programs for ensuring the country’s food security; contribute
General Specific
the necessity of state regulation is is based on the need to make
Expediency substantiated with the aim of solving alternative solutions in case of the
existing problems existence of qualitatively different Alternativity
variants of the industry
compliance of the system of state development
regulators of the economy and the
means of their realization to the
Adequacy realities of the current stage of compliance of normative
documents for the regulation of the
economic and social development of
food industry with actual statistical Objectiveness
the country
data
373
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
374
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
and economic methods and tools through which interrelated functions are
performed to ensure the continuous, effective operation of the said sys-
tem (state) to improve the functioning of the economy”. To the mind of
M. Koretsky [12, p. 16], state regulation is formed by a system of means,
forms, levers, methods and incentives, through which the state regulates
economic processes, ensures the implementation of socio-economic func-
tions. That is, in scientific literature the concept of "the mechanism of state
regulation" is described through the definition of its main components, such
as the object, subject, methods, means, principles, forms.
Based on a scientific study of the elements of the system of state regu-
lation, we have formed our own vision of the mechanism for implementing
state regulation in figure 2.
In modern conditions, it is necessary to include the paradigm of market
economy, which in general allows the upsetting of the macroeconomic bal-
ance. Integration processes, Ukraine’s movement into the global society, stip-
ulate the need for a systematic approach to the analysis of modern processes
of food industry development, with the aim of developing an appropriate
mechanism of state regulation that is able to ensure the fastest and most effec-
tive adaptation of food industry subjects to new (global) business conditions.
governmental
authorities and the
systems of regional, methods
State Market self-
sectoral, local self- forms
government regulation regulation
means
principles
reversed action
Subjects Objects • public relations
• economic
processes
• individuals and
legal entities
Result
(effect)
Economic Social
375
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
376
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
Legislative-
Administrative
legal
Forms of state
regulation of
the food
industry
377
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
378
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
the traditions, the internal mentality, the goals and the way of solving the
tasks at each particular historical stage.
Thus, the classification of the forms of state regulation of the food indus-
try among scientists is little studied and does not provoke discussion, unlike
the methods.
379
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
activity. On the basis of our research and our own generalization of the
types of methods of state regulation, in our opinion, the classification of
methods can be interpreted as follows (fig. 4):
All the named classifications are noteworthy, depending on what aspect
of state regulation of the economy the attention of the researchers is turned.
Economists come to the conclusion that all methods of state regulation
can be divided into methods of direct and indirect influence.
Methods of direct influence directly affect subjects of the market through
instruments of direct influence, which include regulatory acts, macroeco-
nomic plans, target integrated programs, government orders and contracts,
centrally established quotas, norms, licenses, fixed prices and exchange
rates, direct government expenditures, etc.
Indirect methods of state regulation are aimed at stimulating the devel-
opment of entrepreneurship, creating a favourable external environment for
the activities of this sector of the economy. These include the liberalization
of fiscal legislation instruments of fiscal, budgetary, monetary, investment,
amortization, innovation and other types of economic policies, as well as
methods of moral persuasion, and so on.
The correlation between direct and indirect methods depends on the eco-
nomic situation in the country and the concept of state regulation of support
and development of entrepreneurship chosen in connection with this, that
is, with an emphasis on market mechanisms or state regulation.
Economic and administrative methods of influence stay traditional. Eco-
nomic methods of regulation are manifested in the material stimulation of the
subjects of economic relations. Administrative methods can be defined as a
way of realizing public economic interests based on the principles of power.
Economic methods of influence are one of the indirect methods, since
with their help the state does not interfere in the making of decisions of eco-
nomic entities, but rather creates the conditions for the economic entity to
choose their own field and does not violate the market equilibrium and does
not contradict the objectives of the state's economic policy.
Economic methods of state regulation include taxes, subsidies, incen-
tives for specific producers, price regulation, investment, forecasting, plan-
ning, programming, material incentives and sanctions, financing and lend-
ing, use of economic categories such as wages, cost, profit, price etc.
380
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
381
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
382
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
the state to search for and implement effective methods of state regulation
for adequate regulation, in order to neutralize possible threats.
In order to determine the methods of state regulation, it is necessary to
group the measures that must be taken by the state in one or another emer-
gency: the introduction of a state of emergency in the interests of national
security and public order [24]; a state of emergency in connection with
extraordinary situations of man-made or natural origin; emergency ecolog-
ical situation [25], and divide them into:
- Restrictive (establishment of a special regime of entry and exit, restric-
tion of the freedom of movement around the territory, where the state of
emergency is imposed; restrictions on the movement of vehicles);
- Security (strengthening the protection of public order and objects pro-
viding vital functions for the population and the national economy);
- Prohibitive (prohibition of mass gatherings and strikes);
- Socially-protective (establishment for legal entities of housing obliga-
tions for the temporary accommodation of evacuated or temporarily relo-
cated people, emergency rescue units and military units involved in over-
coming dealing with situations; the introduction of a special order for the
distribution of food and basic necessities among the people);
- Health-protective (changing the operating mode of enterprises, insti-
tutions, organizations of all forms of ownership, reorienting them to the
production of the necessary in the state of emergency, quarantine and other
mandatory sanitary and anti-epidemic measures);
- Nature-protective (implementation of a set of activities in order to
achieve the normalization of the ecological state in the territory of the emer-
gency ecological situation).
In the event of the introduction of a special legal regime, the territorial
bodies of ministries and other central executive bodies are obliged to act in
accordance with the decisions of the prefect, made according to the legis-
lation of Ukraine. The speciality of state regulation is to restrict the rights
and laws of legal entities and individuals, increase the competence of state
authorities, military command and local self-government bodies, establish
special bodies (if necessary), and take measures to regulate social relations
under critical conditions in order to ensure the security of the individual,
society and the state [10, p. 86].
383
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
384
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
385
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
386
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
References:
1. Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (2011) Slovnyk ukrainskoi movy
[Dictionary of the Ukrainian language], Kyiv: Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.
2. Aleinikova O. V. (2011) Osoblyvosti formuvannia mekhanizmu
derzhavnoho rehuliuvannia ahrarnoi haluzi na suchasnomu etapi [Features of
the formation of the mechanism of state regulation of agrarian industry at the
present stage]. Investments: practice and experience, no. 10, pp. 89-93.
3. Babenko A. H. (2009) Derzhavne rehuliuvannia – priorytetnyi napriam
rozvytku ekonomiky ahrarnoho sektoru [State regulation – a priority of eco-
nomic development of the agricultural sector]. Culture of the peoples of the
Black Sea, no. 164, pp. 41-44.
4. Borisova O. V. (2015) Gosudarstvennoe regulirovanie pishchevoy
promyshlennosti kak faktor obespecheniya prodovol’stvennoy bezopasnosti
[State regulation of the food industry as a factor of ensuring food security].
Basic research, no. 2-9, pp. 1911-1915.
5. Borysenko O. P. (2012) Kompleksnyi pidkhid do systematyzatsii metodiv
derzhavnoho rehuliuvannia zovnishnoekonomichnoi diialnosti [Comprehen-
sive approach to the systematization of the methods of state regulation of for-
eign economic activity] Economy and State, no. 12, pp. 115-117.
6. Buryk Z. M. (2016) Systema metodiv derzhavnoho rehuliuvannia staloho
rozvytku v Ukraini [System of Methods of State Regulation of Sustainable Devel-
opment in Ukraine]. Actual problems of public administration, no. 1, pp. 37-44.
7. Frolov A. Yu. (2010) Derzhavne rehuliuvannia rynku kharchovykh
produktiv ta napriamy yoho vdoskonalennia [State regulation of the food
market and directions for its improvement]. Public Administration: Theory and
Practice (electronic journal), no. 2, pp. 7. Retrieved from: http://academy.gov.
ua/ej/ej12/txts/10faypnu.pdf. (accessed 01 Mart 2018).
8. Hryhorenko Ya.O. (2016) Osoblyvosti derzhavnoho rehuliuvannia ahrar-
noho sektoru v konteksti zabezpechennia ekonomichnoi bezpeky derzhavy
[Features of state regulation of the agricultural sector in the context of eco-
nomic security]. Ekonomy AIC, no. 7, pp. 100-105.
9. Hudz, Yu. F. (2017) Mekhanizm derzhavnoho rehuliuvannia rozvytku
ekonomichnoho potentsialu pererobnykh pidpryiemstv APK [Mechanism of
state regulation of economic potential development of processing enterprises of
AIC]. Scientific herald of Uzhhorod National University: Series: International
economic relations and world economy, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 79-86.
10. Klymenko N. H. (2017) Osoblyvosti derzhavnoho rehuliuvannia
diialnosti nederzhavnykh instytutsii v umovakh osoblyvykh pravovykh
387
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
388
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
389
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
390
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
391
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
392
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
393
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
394
Таблица 1
Сравнительный анализ существующих методов оценки эффективности ИТ-проектов
Название метода Особенности метода Достоинства Недостатки
1 2 3 4
Эффект проекта – это разница Отвечает на главный вопрос –
Чистый между текущими расходами и насколько поступления будут
приведенный доход, доходами; показывает, будет Нет анализа рисков
оправдывать затраты на ИТ,
NPV у нас экономическая прибыль которые мы несем сегодня
или нет
Указывает относительное пре-
Индекс Представляет собой общий
рентабельности анализ прибыли инвестиций в вышение выгоды, которую мы Нет анализа рисков
получим, над первоначальными
инвестиций, ROI активы вложениями капитала
Позволяет определять про-
центную ставку от выполнения Позволяет сравнивать проекты
Внутренняя норма проекта, а затем необходимо с абсолютно разным уровнем Сложность в расчетах
доходности, IRR сравнить эту ставку со ставкой финансирования
окупаемости, учитывая риски
Представляет собой период, в Явно виден, чем будет меньше
Срок окупаемости течение которого общий эффект Не учитывает будущей
срок окупаемости, тем проект
проекта (payback) возмещает капитал, вложенный стоимости денег
будет более привлекательным
на первом этапе
В основе его лежит вычисление Может применяться для оценки
разницы между чистой опе-
Экономическая эффективности как отдель- Использовать результаты
рационной прибылью фирмы
добавленная ного проекта, так и в целом расчета можно лишь в
и всеми затратами, которые
стоимость, EVA для оценки преобразований динамике
может понести фирма на вне- ИТ-инфраструктуры
дрение ИТ
Является более эффективной
для оценки общей суммы затрат Дает возможность сравнивать Не может быть оценено
Полная стоимость фирмы на ИТ-инфраструктуру, эффективность с другими ком- качество и время разра-
владения, TCO которая включает прямые и паниями аналогичного профиля ботки новой продукции
395
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
косвенные затраты
Закінчення таблиці 1
396
1 2 3 4
Наиболее применима для
анализа деятельности сервис- Для конкретного предпри-
Сбалансированная ной ИТ-службы фирмы. По Имеется дополнительная ятия сами показатели, а
система показателей каждому направлению опреде- формализация показателей также их количество может
ИТ, BITS ляются цели, которые харак- эффективности быть разным
теризуют в будущем желаемое
место ИТ в компании
Определяются приоритеты про-
ИТ-проект оценивают на ектных критериев еще до того, Субъективизм, который
Информационная соответствие разработанным как рассматривается какой-либо проявляется в анализе
экономика, IE критериям IТ-проект, а также расставляются рисков проекта
приоритеты бизнеса предприятия
Предлагается рассматривать Руководитель ИТ отдела
инвестиции в ИТ, а также Переход на использование
предприятия ведет постоянный
сотрудников ИТ-отделов как этого метода влечет за
Управление контроль над вложениями капи-
(а не как затратную собой как реорганизацию
портфелем активов, активы тала и оценивает инвестиции
часть), которыми управляют по системы управления, так и
PM по критериям затрат, рисков и
тем же правилам и принципам, изменение организацион-
как и другими любыми инве- выгод, как самостоятельный ной структуры Компании
инвестиционный проект
стициями
Совокупный Позволяет оценить проект Достаточно узкий спектр
экономический внедрения любого компонента Возможность анализа рисков применения
эффект, TEI информационной системы
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
Оценивание ИТ с точки зрения Помогает найти общий язык Не может эффективно оце-
Быстрое бизнес-приоритетов компании, IT-специалистам и бизнес-ме- нивать проекты преобразо-
экономическое стратегических планов ее раз- неджменту, а также позволяет вания IT-инфраструктуры
обоснование, REJ вития и основных финансовых оценить вклад IT в бизнес-ре- в целом
показателей зультат компании
рассматривается с Возможность влиять на оце- Весьма трудный и требует
Справедливая цена ИТ-проект
позиции его управляемости в ниваемые параметры по ходу много времени для прове-
опционов, ROV процессе этого проекта проекта дения анализа
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
n
Pk
PV = ∑ (1 + r )
k
k
, (1)
n
Pk
NPV = ∑ (1 + r )
k
k
− IC . (2)
397
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
398
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
399
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
400
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
401
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
402
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
403
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
404
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
Диспетчерская
Приемо-передающий
Сервер Концентратор Маршрутизатор
пункт
Периферийное
оборудование
Приемник Передатчик
УКТ
«0»
УКТ П СЭ
405
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
Текущая БД по Хранение и
Контроль состояния
режимам работы обслуживание
оборудования
сети текущей БД
Архивная БД по Выявление
Выдача информации
режимам работы анормальных режимов
из БД
сети работы сети
Визуализация
параметров сети
Обработка и анализ
данных опроса УКТ и
СЭЭ
Ввод информации о
параметрах ЛЭП и
потребителях
Информационная
связь с нижним
уровнем
406
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
408
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
409
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
410
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
Таблица 2
Средние значения коэффициентов
Фактор ∑Erj ∑Tj ∑λj ∑Vj ∑τj ∑θj ∑ηj ∑αj ∑βj Kct Ksf Kdev
Среднее
0,132
0,929
0,287
0,932
0,092
0,219
0,051
0,331
0,017
0,031
0,079
0,611
значение
Таблица 3
Суммарные значения оценочных комплексов
Оценочный
∑Fj1 ∑Fj2 ∑Fj3 ∑Fj4 ∑F5 F
комплекс
Значение 0,751 0,516 0,133 1,121 0,042 1,582
411
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
412
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
Список литературы:
1. Оценка экономической эффективности информационной технологии
[Электронный ресурс] / Режим доступа: http://studyport.ru/ekonomika/otsen-
ka-ekonomicheskoy-effektivnosti-informatsionnoy-tehnologii.
2. Коваленко Е.А. Преодоление парадокса окупаемости
информационных технологий на уровне организации / Е.А. Коваленко //
«Российский академический журнал». – 2013. – № 4 (Том 26).
3. Мельник Л.Г. Экономика информации и информационные системы
предприятия / Л.Г. Мельник, С.Н. Ильяшенко, В.А. Касьяненко / Сумы:
Университетская книга, 2004. – 200 с.
4. Пат. 47879 Україна, МПК G 02 J 13/00. Структурна схема
визначення місць несанкціонованого підключення до лінії
електропередачі / Л.О. Добровольська, О.О. Черевко; Державний вищий
навчальний заклад «Приазовський державний технічний університет»
(Україна). – № u200909592; заявл. 18.09.2009; опубл. Бюл. № 4 від
25.02.2010.
5. Пат. 102026 Україна, МПК H02J 13/00. Пристрій для автоматич-
ного контролю режимів розподілу струмів в низьковольтних електричних
мережах / В.С. Зайцев, О.О. Черевко, Л.О. Добровольська; Державний
вищий навчальний заклад «Приазовський державний технічний універси-
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27.05.2013.
6. Гудов А.М. Оценка эффективности внедрения IТ-технологий в
организации / А.М. Гудов // «Вестник Кемеровского университета». –
2014. – № 2.
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416
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417
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418
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420
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421
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425
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431
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433
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434
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
435
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436
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437
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438
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
439
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
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1. Васильченко О.М. Розвиток молочного скотарства в контексті інте-
грації України у світову економіку // Економіка АПК. 2008. № 2. С. 34–36.
2. Сулима Н.В. Розвиток ринку молока та молочної продукції в Укра-
їні // Економіка АПК. 2008. № 8. С. 140–144.
3. Клочко В.М. Організаційно-економічний механізм підвищення
конкурентоспроможності продукції молокопродуктового підкомплексу
АПК //Економіка АПК. 2008. №10. С. 129–133.
4. Ільчук М.М. Економічний стан розвитку молочного скотарства //
Економіка АПК. 2003. № 5. С. 81.
5. Малік М.Й. Конкурентоспроможність аграрних підприємств: метео-
дологія і механізми. – К.: ННЦ ІАЕ, 2007. С. 198.
6. Євчук Л.А. Якість молока у забезпеченні конкурентоспроможності
аграрних підприємств // Економіка АПК. 2008. № 2. С. 43–49.
7. Мессель-Веселяк В.Я. Підвищення конкурентоспроможності аграр-
ного сектору економіки України // Економіка АПК. 2007. № 12. С. 8–14.
8. Васильчак С.В. Формування ринку молока в Європейському Союзі:
уроки для України // Економіка АПК. 2005. № 5. С. 139–143.
9. Козак О.А. Ринок молока в Польщі та Україні: характеристика та
порівняння // Економіка АПК. 2008. № 8. С. 149–154.
10. Эдвард Деминг и флософия управления качеством. URL:
/quality.eup.ru./MATERIALY/deming.htm. (дата звернення 02.04.2018 р.).
11. Канцевич С.І. Державний механізм регулювання ринку молока //
Економіка АПК. 2008. № 9. С. 133–139.
12. Бужин О.А. Оперативне визначення динаміки рентабельності та
собівартості продукції тваринництва, складових конкурентоспроможності
в умовах ринку // Економіка АПК. 2007. № 4. С. 71–75.
13. Сколотій І.В. Розвиток молочного скотарства в Харківській
області // Вісник Сумського нац. аграр. ун-ту; серія «Економіка і менедж-
мент». 2010. Вип. 6/1 (41). С. 64–68.
14. Сколотій І.В. Проблемні питання розвитку молокопродукто-
вого підкомплексу України / І.В. Сколотій // Матер. підсумк. наук. конф.
проф.-викл. складу, аспір. і здобув. ХНАУ ім. В.В. Докучаєва, 11-14 січня
2011 р. – Х., 2011. – С. 266–268.
15. Плотнікова Т.Л. Кризовий стан ринку молока в Україні та шляхи
його подолання // Економіка АПК. 2005. № 7. С. 133–136.
16. Осташко Т.О. Аналіз конкурентоспроможності товарів м’ясо-
молочної групи на внутрішньому ринку України в умовах СОТ // Облік і
фінанси АПК. 2008. № 3. С. 22–31.
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442
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443
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
444
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
The term «rent» was at one time borrowed from the Polish language
(arenda), which in turn came from the medieval Latin (arrendare – to pro-
vide hire). The rental has a long history of development, it is possible to give
examples for practically all historical periods. Renting in the old days was
not limited to the lease of any particular types of property, as most scholars
believe. In fact, from history it is known that rented not only various types
of equipment and craft equipment, but even military equipment. The level
and variety of lease in all ages was the higher, the more freedom the mem-
bers of society had and the higher the degree of social development.
445
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
446
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
So, with respect to the constituent property rights, they have both the
owner of the object and the person to whom the owner transfers part of the
ownership rights to the agreed, respectively, economic and legal principles.
Thus, the economic essence of the rent realizes the relations of temporary
possession, which predetermine the temporary change in the subject of these
relations. Ownership serves as a form of realization of property, which com-
bines the use, disposal and partial appropriation of material goods. The rent
reflects the relationship between the owner and the lessee regarding the same
property and relation to the products produced. The difference in the realization
of each of them economic relations of appropriation, where the owner of the
means of production has a full monopoly assignment, and the tenant is limited,
which is manifested in belonging and disposing of them only part of the addi-
tional product created as a result of the use of rented production means.
Rent relations are realized with the help of various levers and instru-
ments, but the two most important forms are the most significant: rent and
rent income. The basis of the economic relationship between the tenant and
the lessor are rent payments, which reflect the relationship of ownership,
use and assignment of ownership of the rented property. In essence, it is
the price at which the landlord sells, and the tenant buys the right to use.
The existing mechanism of mutual settlements between the parties, which
includes the price, reflects the economic level of ownership of the object,
the rent time of the rent and the size of the rent, which is stipulated by the
previous two conditions (Fig. 1.1).
Rent
447
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
Considered conditions that take into account the specifics of the appli-
cation and regulating individual leases, it is possible to separate the features
and functions of the rent relations as an economic category, manifested in
the aggregate, the essence of which is presented in Fig. 1.2.
Function
Signs Rent
Legal
Temporary use
Pay Economic
Reverse
Social
Voluntary
Self-government Organisation
Urgency
Entrepreneurial
On the basis of the contract
Double-sidedness Industrial
Consensual
448
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
Lease agreement
Estate hire
Economic operation
Rent
Form of management
Temporary use
Fig. 1.3. Interpretation of the rent in the scientific and practical literature
The above definitions complement each other and provide the most
complete disclosure of the essence and functional features of the rent.
Exploring different approaches to the interpretation of the essence of
the rent, it is necessary to stay on the theoretical positions of many scholars
who argue that «Rent is an agreement under which one party (the lessor)
undertakes to provide the other party (the lessee) the property for temporary
use for the corresponding payment». In our opinion, to identify the concept
of rent and the contract is incorrect, since the contract only regulates the
relationship between economic entities and does not disclose the content of
this concept. Such a definition complicates both the process of knowledge
and legal regulation [23].
Significant contribution to the theory and practice of rent relations
makes Ya.B. Usenko [30] and speaking of the essence of the rent, notes
that «Rent – the provision by the employer of the timely paid use of own
property, the use of which brings profit». In this case, the author disclose the
content from the point of view of the landlord, for which the rent is a kind
of entrepreneurial activity in order to profit.
System connections of the types of provision of property for temporary
use are still insufficiently studied and there is no consensus on the definition
of most of them in the scientific literature, as in national normative acts.
Currently, various types of temporary paid property use are known. For
their description, the following terms are used: «hire», «rent», «leasing»,
«concession». External similarity of property-legal relations is caused by
terminological differences, inconsistency of legislation, identification of
certain types of them, although in the present conditions they have different
economic essence, their specific features.
The legislation of Ukraine and the legislation of other countries, which
at different times acted on the Ukrainian lands, regulated the employment
relations in different ways, which in turn led to different use of the terms
«hire» and «rent». In the life of that period, the terms «hire», «abstinence»
were used to define hiring. In some cases, they were given an independent
value, while in others they were used as synonyms terms. As «unambigu-
ous», from a legal point of view, the terms «hire» and «rent» in the special
legal literature [23] are still interpreted. The current Ukrainian legislation
also does not distinguish these concepts, since it focuses on solving prac-
450
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
451
452
Table 1.1
Comparative characteristics of reanting and leasing operations
Signs Rent Leasing
1 2 3
Number of Bilateral agreement – the landlord three are the lessor, the seller and the lessee. In some cases
participants and tenant it is possible and two – the lessor and lessee
not a consumer thing, which is
Scope of the defined by individual features, with not a consumer thing, determined by individual characteris-
contract the exception of the prohibition by tics and assigned, according to the law, to fixed assets
law
is created to meet the needs of the purchased to meet the needs of participants in economic
owner and only through a change of relations, that is, designed to perform the functions of
Objects circumstances is transferred to the the goods; Leasing objects in the law are limited by fixed
use of other persons; the objects of assets. It is forbidden to transfer land leases and other natu-
lease are defined more widely ral objects to the lease
The Law of Ukraine «On the renting The law of Ukraine «On leasing» the term of the contract
Term of the of property of state-owned enter- is established depending on the period of depreciation and
contract prises» does not stipulate the lease requirements to the part of compensation of the cost of the
term object.
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
453
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
this time, the tenant has time to fully redeem the property, and in case of
rent – in part.
The reason for renting a rental is groundless. Indeed, rent and hire have
the only common feature: they are aimed at the transfer of property for tem-
porary use. However, as noted by V.M. Polozhiy and L.P. Chizhov [18, p. 57],
the practice of rental is based on the principles of short-term rent, when the
landlord has the obligation to maintain the fixed assets in working condition,
and the fee for using them is usually much higher than with the usual rent,
when the medium is transferred not less than on year or full production cycle.
Usenko Ya.B. [30] investigating this issue, the emphasis is on the specificity
of rental objects, and notes that the rental differs from the rental, primarily the
economic role of the object of rent. If the property is leased for rent, which is
temporarily not used by the lessor, then the lease is a property that is specifi-
cally intended for the transfer to other persons.
Another area of property use is a concession. A number of provisions
enshrined in the Law of Ukraine «On the rent of state and communal prop-
erty» [2] (hereinafter the Law «On Rent») were reflected in the Law of
Ukraine «About Concession» [5]. Thus, the following conditions are com-
mon to rent and concession agreements: conditions, size and order of pay-
ment; the procedure for the use of depreciation deductions: the restoration
of the object and its conditions of return; responsibility for the fulfillment
of obligations by the parties.
Concession payments, as in the case of a rent, are made regardless of the
results of the activity. By concession, the Law provides for the possibility
of transferring both property rights and the property to third parties. Here
already there are certain analogies with subrent. As you can see, in general,
the concession is similar to a rent, but it has its significant differences, since
it enables: to receive state property for a term of 5-50 years; to receive con-
cessionary enterprises, including planned losses, as well as not only prop-
erty, but also the right to conduct certain types of entrepreneurial activities,
for example, the construction of roads, residential buildings, provision of
housing and communal services or transport services.
Consequently, we find confirmation that, despite the external similarity
of the types of provision of property for temporary use, there is a signifi-
cant difference between the concepts of «rent» and «leasing», «rent» and
454
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
Legal function
Economic function
Thus, the rent is one of the forms of economic relations, which are con-
cluded on a voluntary basis between the equal partners – the tenant and the
lessor, on the basis of the stipulated terms of the contract, which represent
the process of temporary exchange of parts of the right of ownership of
the property (land, property complexes, major means and other property),
namely the right to use and order the equivalent of its value of the rent.
455
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
456
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
457
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
tries identified situations where the rent is treated as a finance rent and
enshrined requirement: accounting for financial rents and related obliga-
tions should be reflected in the balance sheet of the lessee, and in the case
of an operating rent, the rentd property from the balance of the lessor is not
written off. This dominant approach in the economically developed coun-
tries of the West is based on the definition of assets as resources under the
control of the enterprise. However, this approach did not make it possible
to completely eliminate misunderstandings in this area due to a number of
circumstances in practically no country in the world [28].
International Accounting Standard 17 «Rent» summarizes the achieve-
ments of the theory and practice of accounting for advanced economies in
leasing issues. The international standard has undergone repeated amend-
ments to reduce or eliminate alternatives, duplications and contradictions in
standards. The purpose of IAS 17, «Rents,» is to identify tenants and lessors
of the relevant accounting policies and disclosure of rents in the financial
statements [14]. For the organization of the accounting of rent relations in
domestic practice, predominantly international experience has been used.
However, it can not always be extrapolated in full to domestic economic
conditions, as the formation of a market environment in Ukraine, as in any
other country, has certain national characteristics that may eventually affect
the construction of accounting.
The national analogue of IAS 17 «Rents» is P(S)BO 14 «Rent» [25],
which in general is a summary of the international standard. For a detailed
analysis rents to apply IAS 17 «Rent», by the way, quite legally, as Article
1 of the Law of Ukraine «On accounting and financial reporting of Ukraine»
dated 16.07.2000 p. Number 996 – XIV [6] (further – Law No. 996-XIV)
provides that the principles and methods of accounting and financial report-
ing should not be in conflict with IAS.
The scope of IAS 17 «Rent» has all the rents, except rents for explora-
tion and utilization of minerals, oil, natural gas and similar non renewable
resource, license agreements on intellectual property. This part of the valua-
tion standard can not be applied to investment property and biological assets
accounted for by the lessor and lessee. The analysis of the terminology of
international and national standards has shown that a large number of defi-
nitions are new to domestic theory and practice of accounting and involves
458
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
459
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
after the expiry of the rent, the ownership of the leased asset does
When determining whether an operating rent is to
be guided by the content of the transaction more
the main risks and rewards are not transferred to the lessee
than the form of the contract
the term of the rent does not exceed the useful life of the rented
object
the tenant has no right to extend the term of the rent for the second
term, paying a rent, which is substantially lower than the market
at the beginning of the rent, the present value of the minimum rent
payments from the beginning of the rent term does not equal the
total fair value of the leased asset
460
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
461
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
462
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
463
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
rent, there is no indication of the term of the rent of an object, and most
importantly – the emphasis is not on the obligatory return of the object. This
suggests that the classification of the type of rent remains an accountant,
which in turn provides greater freedom of action for the accountant, while
increasing his responsibility.
Considerable attention is paid to theoretical coverage of this problem by
Sopko V.V. and Boyko O.V. and consider that «operating rent is a business
transaction of a physical or legal person, which provides for the transfer of
the right of use of fixed assets to the lessee for a term not exceeding their
full depreciation period, with the obligatory return of such fixed assets to
their owner after the expiration of the rent agreement».
The research of the essence of operating rent from the standpoint of the
views of various scholars makes it possible to conclude that there is no con-
sensus on the disclosure of this concept, therefore, at the present stage, there
is a need for identification and disclosure. So, we offer our own definition of
operating rent. Consequently, operating rent is one of the forms of rent rela-
tions, which provides for the transfer of the right of ownership of fixed assets
to a lessee in accordance with the rent, corresponding to market rates, under
the contract, and does not provide for the transfer to the lessee of all risks and
benefits associated with the right to own and use the asset for a term , which
does not exceed the term of their full depreciation, with the obligatory return
of such fixed assets to the owner after the expiration of the rent contract. This
definition makes it possible to distinguish between financial and operating
rent by qualitative criteria, emphasizing its essence, namely, the acquisition of
property rights, contractual nature, payment, reversibility, urgency.
It is also worth abandoning unjustified, from the accounting point of
view, a monotonous interpretation of the category «leasing» and «financial
rent». The solution to this question should be made by adjusting the sys-
tem of legislation. Some steps have already been taken in this direction,
for example, the Law «On Financial Leasing» [9] does not use the term
«financial rent», and when describing this transaction, it is only about the
category «leasing».
It deserves attention to the notion of financial rent, disclosed in tax
accounting by the Tax Code of Ukraine [1], and the definition of financial
rent – in NAS 14 «Rent». The analysis provides grounds for arguing that for
464
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
the purposes of accounting, a financial rent differs from the same concept
in tax accounting, which to some extent disorients business entities. If the
main criterion for determining the financial rent in the tax accounting is the
obligatory transfer of the object to the lessee after the expiry of the rent,
then from the position of accounting, the financial rent provides for much
wider limits, and not the transfer of the rent object to the lessee's property
yet means that such a rent can be considered operational. It should be noted
that the two types of accounting are not autonomous and are closely inter-
connected. They are doomed to be in one way or another interconnected
within the framework of a single information system of business accounting
of the enterprise. This determines the need to improve the formulation of
the type of rent in the tax legislation.
Rent, as a business, is characterized by many specific concepts. To
achieve the necessary order, it is worth applying the classification, since
targeted and effective regulation of rental development requires awareness
of the features of its types and forms. Thus, we see that the basis of the
classification of the rent may be the differences in the types and forms of
rent relations, in the approaches to providing rent payments, in determining
the objects of rent, in terms of rent transactions, etc. In this regard, we pro-
pose to combine all the classification features of the rent into three groups,
which will make it possible to distinguish the most significant classification
features by which the classification of the rent will have value both in the
theoretical and practical sense (Fig. 1.6).
Classification by historical features involves the allocation of stages of
development of the rent and division by the time of occurrence. Such a clas-
sification is of great theoretical significance, since knowledge of the history
of the rent, its origins, genesis helps the practitioners to navigate in the pro-
cesses taking place, to predict trends of development, to build rent relations
taking into account the accumulated experience. The determining financial
and economic feature for the classification of the rent is the presence or
absence of an investment component in the rent. In view of this, we propose
that the rent relations be divided into two groups: the first group – combines
those rent relations that are capable of providing investment interests; the
second group – relationships that enable the tenants to meet the needs with-
out affecting the investment interests.
465
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
investment
component −depending on the degree of risk;
financial and
economic − depending on the availability of risks and benefits;
lack of investment
interests − in the form of payment and rent payments system
− by rent objects;
− depending on the ownership of the rented property;
legal − depending on the control over the use of the property transferred to
the rent;
− depending on the options for termination of the rent agreement;
− depending on the terms of the rent agreement for servicing
466
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
the objects of state property right, they should be classified as: objects
that can not be rentd and objects that may be used by other subjects of
property rights.
Depending on the control over the use of the property rentd, it is neces-
sary to distinguish between: bodies that carry out state policy in the field of
leasing; bodies authorized to manage an enterprise, which is the lessor of
the relevant property.
Depending on the options for termination of the rent, distinguish: expi-
ration of the term for which the contract was concluded; privatization of
the object of rent; bankruptcy of the tenant; the death of the object of rent;
liquidation of a legal entity that was a tenant or a lessor; upon agreement
of the parties.
References:
1. Tax Code of Ukraine of 02.12.2010. Number 2755 – IV // [electronic
resource]. – Access: http://www.rada.gov.ua/.
2. Law of Ukraine «On Lease of State and Municipal Property»
dated 10.04.92 number 2269 – XII. [Electronic resource]. – Access:
http://www.rada.gov.ua/.
3. Policy (Standard) 14 «Rent» approved by the Ministry of Finance
of Ukraine of 28.07.2000 p. № 181. [electronic resource]. – Access:
http://www.rada.gov.ua/.
467
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
468
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
469
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
470
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
471
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
472
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
473
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
474
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
Зовнішні Внутрішні
475
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
476
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
477
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
478
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
479
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
Аудит запасів
480
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
481
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
482
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
483
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
484
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
485
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
Список літератури:
1. Перебийніс В.І. Логістичне управління запасами на підприємствах:
монографія / В.І. Перебийніс, Я.А. Дроботя. – Полтава: ПУЕТ, 2012. – 279 с.
2. Партин Г.О. Системно-орієнтоване управління витратами промисло-
вого підприємства: [Монографія] / Г.О. Партин, А.І. Ясінська – Л.: ЗУКЦ,
ПП НВФ «Біапр», 2011. – 200 с.
3. Хобта В.М. Розвиток системи управління матеріальними ресурсами
підприємства: Монографія. / В.М. Хобта, І.О. Бондарєва, Н.О. Селезньова,
О.Ю. Руднєва. – Донецьк: «Друкінфо», – 2012. – 143 с.
4. Малахова А.В. Проблеми обліку запасів і оптимізація обліково-
аналітичних процедур в управлінні підприємствами // А.В. Малахова,
О.В. Мартиненко // Глобальні та національні проблеми економіки (елек-
тронне наукове видання). Випуск 10 / Міністерство освіти і науки України,
Миколаївський національний університет імені В.О. Сухомлинського –
Миколаїв, 2016. – С. 920-923.
5. Кулик В. Організація обліку на підприємствах: розробка внутріш-
ніх регламентів / В. Кулик, М. Любимов // Бухгалтерський облік і аудит –
2013 – №3 – С. 12-18.
486
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
487
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
489
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
490
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
491
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
492
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
Table 1
Definition of "information", "data",
"intelligence", "knowledge" terms
Author Definition
1 2
Information
Information means documented or publicly disclosed
Law of Ukraine "On
information about events in the society, country and envi-
Information" [4]
ronment.
Information means a set of data to be processed, accumu-
Sosnin A.S.
lated, stored on physical media and in electronic form,
Melnichenko L.V. [5]
sorted out, etc.
Information means collection of data about a particular
Brukhansky R. [6] object, process, event. That is, information is a set of data
characterizing a particular object, event, process.
Litvin B.M. Information means a set of useful data that is an object of
Stelman M.V. [7] collection, registration, storage, transition and transformation.
Information means a set of unrelated facts. Data can be
transformed into information by analysis, identification of
links, selection of the most important facts, their synthesis.
Stonier T. [8] Information is more valuable than data; information is data
transformed into an informative form for expedient use.
In turn information units can be converted into knowledge
through processing.
Information means a product of human comprehension of
M. Korchagin [9]
facts from the surrounding environment perceived.
Data
Data are values, their relation, phrases, facts; their transforming
and processing allow to extract information about a subject,
Ponomarenko V.S. [10]
process or event. In other words, the data serve as a source for
creation of information obtained from data processing.
Luchik G.M. [11] Data is information decreasing uncertainty in their fields.
Law of Ukraine "On
Data is information expressed in a format suitable for its
Telecommunications"
automated processing by computation means.
[12]
Intelligence
Intelligence is:
Dictionary of the 1) messages, news about someone, something;
Ukrainian language [13] 2) certain facts, data about someone, something;
3) knowledge in any field
493
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
End of Table 1
1 2
Intelligence excludes unknown, which, in turn, contains
certain information being known during the learning
Yu.O. Mosenko [14]
process, the result of which falls under the "intelligence"
term
Law of Ukraine "On Intelligence determines information but means not only
Protection of Economic data stored on any media, but information from explana-
Competition" tions by persons and any other publicly disclosed informa-
[15] tion.
Intelligence is a symbolic, text, graphical, numeric, audio
and visual, combined form of information. This definition
has the following features:
1) it fixes the intelligence as a form of information provi-
sion;
2) it gives an inexhaustible list of options for such informa-
Kharenko O.V. [16] tion provision;
3) intelligence is the result of knowledge;
4) it predicts the necessity of human knowledge for pres-
entation and perception of the intelligence;
5) the information perception by a person’s sensory system;
6) means the possibility of data fixation on any media and
devices
Intelligence means formalized combinations in written
K. Belyakov
(paper), audiovisual and other forms of information provi-
[17]
sion
Knowledge
Knowledge is information in a particular person’s con-
sciousness and mostly confirmed by the practical results;
Fedulova L.I. [18]
"this is the information that an individual or an organization
can transform into action"
Knowledge is the "proven result of knowledge, true reflec-
The Great Soviet tion in human consciousness. Knowledge is the opposite
Dictionary [19] of ignorance and absence of proven information about
something"
Knowledge as a resource form the basis of modern
technologies of production and management processes,
Khimchenko A.N. [20]
stimulate appearance of new types of activities, indus-
tries and fields
.
494
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
495
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
496
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
Information of the
Data Intelligence
internal environment
Knowledge
Information and
intelligent potential
Bochula T.V. [2] indicates that the management decisions depend on the
information. The information scope does not change in time, but the need
is reduced. Besides we agree with her opinion that the "knowledge" and
"information" concepts are not identical, and also the knowledge gained
from the information array becomes the basis of the information potential.
That is, every process, event, case is interpreted and has an information
display, which allows to further process, accumulate, interpret information
and use it in the future. Bochula T.V. emphasizes that the accounting only
shows part of the information capital, which can be reliably estimated. Also
the information cost, profit from its use and the final economic result should
be calculated. Besides the author points out that "by producing new knowl-
edge, the system consumes information resources of different quality, quan-
tity, form and volume.... and therefore the mechanism of the information
actualization to a level of the greatest effect of useful benefit is considered
to be more valuable" [2].
So, based on the foregoing, we can distinguish one of the most impor-
tant, in our opinion, functions of accounting and analytical support –
gradual and consistent formation of the enterprise’s information capital.
Information capital is a collection of information resources and capabili-
ties for their implementation, which provide conditions for its long-term
development in the market basing on knowledge generation, accumula-
tion and use.
497
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
498
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
499
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
Generalized analytical information Control over function efficiency of the accounting and
Managerial accounting
analyticalsupport
0 0
INFORMATIONRESOURCES FOR MAKING DECISIONS
Accounting and analytical processes Accounting and analytical methods Accounting and analytical principles
500
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
501
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
502
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
503
504
INFORMATION BASE OF ENTERPRISE STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT
Express diagnostics (general) Financial and accounting processing Accounting and analytical
processing
ACCOUNTING ANALYSIS
Regulatory Predicted accounting
information Initial documents Planned information and analytical
information
Organizational
Generalized analytical Formation and analysis
information Internal accounting
information for of development
managerial needs perspectives
Technical Financial accounting
information
Formation of
competetive
Marketing advantages based on
information Determination of new knowledge
Deviations compliance of Determination of
from planned accounting with possible
and actual
COTROL information
appropriate
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
505
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
506
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
References:
1. E.A. Leontiev. Reliability of economic information systems: Textbook.
Tambov: Publishing house of Tambov State Technical University, 2002. – 128 p.
2. T.V. Bochula. Organization of the information component of the man-
agement process in the economic space // European Vector of Economic Devel-
opment. 2013. No. 2 (15) – P. 32-43.
3. M.I. Yaremyk, X.Ya. Yaremyk. and analytical support in the sys-
tem of management of the enterprise financial and economic security
http://nz.uad.lviv.ua/static/media/2-53/21.pdf
4. Law of Ukraine "On Information" No. 2657-XII of 02.10.1992
http://zakon5.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2657-12
5. L.V. Melnichenko, A.S. Sosnin. Management principles and practices
(Text): lectures / A.S. Sosnin, L.V. Melnichenko. – [4th ed.]. – K.: European
University, 2002. – 211 p.
6. R.F. Brukhansky. Actualization of strategic vectors of accounting
and analytical support of the management system at agrarian enterprises in
Ukraine / R.F. Brukhansky // Ukrainian Journal of Applied Economics – 2016 –
Volume 1. No. 1. – P. 11-21.
7. B.M. Litvin. Financial Analysis: Tutorial / B.M. Litvin, M.V. Stelmakh –
K.: "HighTech Press", 2008. – 336 p.
8. Information wealth: A profile of postindustrial economy / T. Stonier //
New technocratic wave in the West. – M.: Progress, 1986. – P. 392-409
9. M. Korchagin. The concept of information as a civil law category /
M. Korchagin // Legal journal. – 2006. – No. 9 (51). – P. 51-56. – P. 53.
10. V.S. Ponomarenko. Principles of information security. Tutorial /
V.S. Ponomarenko, I.V. Zhuravleva, V.V. Tumanov. – Kharkiv: View. KDEU,
2003. – 176 p.
11. G.M. Luchik. Essence of information in the system of making manage-
ment decisions. Collection of scientific works of the Tavria State Agrotechno-
logical University (economic sciences). – 2013. – No. 2 (4). – P. 185-195.
12. Law of Ukraine "On Telecommunications" No. 1280-І V of Novem-
ber 18, 2003 as amended // Collection of Governmental normative acts of
Ukraine. – http://zakon2.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1280-15
507
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
508
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
509
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
510
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
511
512
Антикризове управління на підприємстві
керівників
Людський фактор антикризового Сукупність
управління (специфічні властивості) властивостей
торгово-оперативного персоналу
513
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
514
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
515
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
516
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
517
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
518
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
519
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
520
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
521
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
522
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
СИСТЕМА
формування людського фактора в антикризовому управлінні
Підсистема 1
Обґрунтування спрямованості заходів формування людського фактора
в антикризовому управлінні
Оцінка відповідності властивостей людського
фактора вимогам антикризового управління
Відповідає (1 бал)
Не відповідає (0 балів) Необхідність
Оцінка тенденції зовнішнього чинника впливу на
формування людського фактора
Можли-
Позитивний вплив (1 бал) вість
Негативний вплив (0 балів)
Оцінка внутрішнього чинника впливу на формування
людського фактора на певному підприємстві
Підсистема 2
Розробка комплексу заходів формування людського фактора
Підсистема 3
Оцінка ефективності системи формування людського фактора в
антикризовому управлінні підприємствами роздрібної торгівлі
Ефективна
Неефективна
523
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
524
Таблиця 1
Система заходів формування людського фактора в антикризовому управлінні для керівників
підприємств роздрібної торгівлі, що знаходяться на першій фазі розвитку кризи
Специфічні вимоги до людського фактора
Розвиток інтелектуальних властивостей (здатність визначати потенційно небезпечні місця функціонування
підприємства та управляти пошуком, освоєнням й впровадженням нововведень); розвиток психологічних
властивостей (здатність долати опір нововведенням та витримувати високий ступінь відповідальності); розви-
ток колективних (комунікаційних) властивостей (здатність організовувати співпрацю в колективі під час впро-
вадження нововведень); розвиток особистісних (лідерських) властивостей (зразкове поводження й спілку-
вання; розвиток самоконтролю через створення мотиваційних установ досягнення цілей щодо впровадження
заходів
Заходи формування
Техніко-
Економічні Організаційні Педагогічні Виховні Психологічні Соціальні
технологічні
Мотивація Залучення Стажування Тренінги з Тренінги з Тренінги з Доступ
досягнення персоналу, на підприєм- розвитку психологічної ділового пово- до джерел
цілей щодо здатного ствах – ліде- стратегічного витривалості дження інформації з
впровадження освоювати рах мислення нової техніки
нововведень нововведення й технологій,
організації
впровадження
нововведень
525
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
526
Таблиця 2
Система заходів формування людського фактора в антикризовому управлінні
для торгово-оперативного персоналу підприємств роздрібної торгівлі, що знаходяться на
першій фазі розвитку кризи
Специфічні вимоги до людського фактора
Розвиток особистості (здатність щодо освоєння нових технічних засобів та прийомів праці); розвиток пси-
хологічних властивостей (здатність вироблення позитивного відношення до рішень керівництва); розвиток
колективних (комунікаційних) властивостей (здатність працювати у колективі); розвиток самоконтролю
(сприйняття мотиваційних установ щодо орієнтації на систему цінностей підприємства)
Заходи формування
Техніко-
Економічні Організаційні Педагогічні Виховні Психологічні Соціальні
технологічні
Мотивація Конкурентні Постійне Залучення Тренінги з Тренування Стажування
результатів умови навчання та до прийняття психологічної групової на кращих
праці зайняття підвищення рішень сумісності взаємодії під підприєм-
вакансій кваліфікації час виконання ствах, підпри-
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
завдань ємствах-ви-
робниках
тощо
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
527
528
Таблиця 3
Система заходів формування людського фактора в антикризовому управлінні
для керівників підприємств роздрібної торгівлі, що знаходяться на другій фазі розвитку кризи
Специфічні вимоги до людського фактора
Розвиток інтелектуальних властивостей (здатність передбачувати та бути інформованим); розвиток психоло-
гічних властивостей (здатність долати тиск небезпеки потенційного погіршенням ситуації на підприємстві);
розвиток колективних (комунікаційних) властивостей (здатність до організації справедливої конкуренції усе-
редині колективу); розвиток особистісних (лідерських) властивостей (цілеспрямованість й компетентність;
розвиток самоконтролю (зростання значущості мотивації за результатами досягнення цілей підприємства)
Заходи формування
Техніко-
Економічні Організаційні Педагогічні Виховні Психологічні Соціальні
технологічні
Мотивації за Створення Аналіз та Тренінги з Тренінги з Створення Перманентне
результатами безперебійної доведення планування розробки та системи вивчення
досягнення та надійної до колективу кар’єри прийняття обміну інфор- переваг
цілей підпри- системи світового рішень за кри- мацією між впровадження
ємства інформа- досвіду зових умов фахівцями і нової техніки
ційного антикризового керівниками й технологій
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
забезпечення управління
результатів
діяльності
підприємства
Таблиця 4
Система заходів формування людського фактора в антикризовому управлінні
для торгово-оперативного персоналу підприємств роздрібної торгівлі,
що знаходяться на другій фазі розвитку кризи
Специфічні вимоги до людського фактора
Розвиток особистості (здатність накопичення досвіду роботи за різних умов та на різних ділянках); розви-
ток психологічних властивостей (здатність концентрування на системі цінностей підприємства); розвиток
колективних (комунікаційних) властивостей щодо підтримки колективного настрою; розвиток самоконтролю
(сприйняття мотиваційних установ щодо ділової активності)
Заходи формування
Техніко-
Економічні Організаційні Педагогічні Виховні Психологічні Соціальні
технологічні
Мотивація Створення Інформування Виховання Тренінги з Тренінги Перманентне
досягнення системи щодо стану на прикладах налагодження щодо колек- навчання з
необхідних переміщення та динаміч- цінностей міжособистіс- тивних дій освоєння
результатів персоналу них процесів підприємства них зв’язків в стресових нової техніки,
діяльності усередині під- і кризових технологій
підприємства приємства та умовах
його оточенні
529
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
Таблиця 5
530
Система заходів формування людського фактора в антикризовому управлінні для керівників
підприємств роздрібної торгівлі, що знаходяться на третій фазі розвитку кризи
Специфічні вимоги до людського фактора
Розвиток інтелектуальних властивостей (здатність прискорювати процес прийняття й реалізації рішень);
розвиток психологічних властивостей (здатність вміло обирати адекватний стиль спілкування під час розв’я-
зання конфліктів); розвиток колективних (комунікаційних) властивостей (здатність до створення антикризової
команди та керівництва її роботою, надиханню колективу та вселення впевненості в успішному розв’язанні
кризової ситуації); розвиток особистісних (лідерських) властивостей (холоднокровність та антистресова стій-
кість); розвиток самоконтролю (зростання значущості мотивації результатів колективних зусиль з забезпе-
чення безкризової діяльності)
Заходи формування
Техніко-
Економічні Організаційні Педагогічні Виховні Психологічні Соціальні
технологічні
Мотивація Підбір Обрання Відмова Тренінги Підбір колек- Створення
результатів антикризової адекватного керівників від з оцінки тивних форм системи
колективних команди для стилю спілку- зайвих витрат обставин, взаємозв’язків прискорення
зусиль із роботи в кри- вання під час на утримання вироблення за кризових прийняття
забезпечення зовій ситуації розв’язання управлін- навичок умов та реалізації
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
531
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
532
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
533
Таблиця 7
534
Система заходів формування людського фактора в антикризовому управлінні для керівників
підприємств роздрібної торгівлі, що знаходяться на четвертій фазі розвитку кризи
Специфічні вимоги до людського фактора
Розвиток інтелектуальних властивостей (здатність набувати спеціальні знання й навички щодо антикризо-
вого управління й кризис-менеджменту; розвиток психологічних властивостей (здатність до передбачення
конфліктних ситуацій, зняття стресу у працівників; розвиток організаторських властивостей (здатність вміло
перерозподіляти повноваження та центри відповідальності та залучати до співпраці висококваліфікованих
фахівців); розвиток колективних (комунікаційних) властивостей (здатність використовувати свій та командний
досвід й інтелект, об’єктивно оцінювати співпрацю підлеглих); розвиток особистісних (лідерських) властивос-
тей (здатність створювати позитивну репутацію та консолідувати персонал); розвиток самоконтролю через
сприйняття мотиваційних установ щодо забезпечення вчасного досягнення необхідних результатів
Заходи формування
Техніко-
Економічні Організаційні Педагогічні Виховні Психологічні Соціальні
технологічні
Мотивація Перерозподіл Набуття Об’єктивне Переконання Використання Сприяння
забезпеченні повноважень спеціальної оцінювання у своїй ком- досвіду та щодо само-
вчасного та центрів від- освіти щодо співпраці петентності інтелекту стійного
досягнення повідальності. антикризового підлеглих та вміння як свого пошуку
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
535
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
536
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
537
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
Список літератури:
1. Василенко В.О. Системний менеджмент стійкого розвитку підпри-
ємств : дис. ... д-ра наук: 08.06.01 / В.О. Василенко, 2007. – 186 с.
2. Садеков А.А. Управление предприятием в условиях кризисна :
монографія / А.А. Садеков, В.В. Цурик. – Донецк: ДонГУЭТ, 2006. – 178 с.
3. Терещенко О.О. Антикризове фінансове управління на підприєм-
стві : монографія / Олег Олександрович Терещенко. –[2-ге вид., без змін. –
К. : КНЕУ, 2006. – 268 с.
4. Толчеев Ю.З. Механизмы антикризисного управления предпри-
ятием : дис. … канд. экон. наук : спец. 08.02.03 / Ю.З. Толчеев. – Донецк,
2004. – 184 с.
5. Раєвнєва О.В. Управління розвитком підприємства: методологія,
механізми, моделі : монографія / О.В. Раєвнєва. – Харків : ІНЖЕК, 2006. –
496 с.
6. Забродська Г.І. Система заходів формування людського фактора
антикризового управління підприємств роздрібної торгівлі / Г.І. Заброд-
ська, Л.Д. Забродська // Економічний форум. – 2016. – № 1. – С. 138-146.
7. Забродская А.И. Человеческий фактор антикризисного управления:
формирование и оценка в предприятиях розничной торговки: Моногра-
фия / А.И. Забродская. – LAP LAMBERT, Akademikerverlag GmbH & Co.
KG, 2012.
538
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
539
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
for countries whose higher education system has a significant history of uni-
versity freedom. While for higher education systems that traditionally func-
tion under significant state control, such an increase in autonomy can lead
to inefficient functioning of the system. Thus, the notion of the autonomy
of the higher education system and the institution of higher education (IHE)
depends to a large extent on the current state of democratic and academic
freedoms in society. Due to the fact that the modern development of society
is aimed at the spread of democratic freedoms, it should be noted that in the
educational space the transformation of the paradigm of the development of
the educational market is being carried out.
The stages of transformation of the paradigm of the development of the
educational market shows in table 1.
Strengthening the autonomy of the functioning of educational institu-
tions, changes in the principles and rules of their development formed the
preconditions for the emergence of three major contradictions that charac-
terize the world system of education (Fig. 1).
540
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
Table 1
Stages of Transformation of the Paradigm of the Development
of the Education Market
Author Contents of the transformation phase
There is a significant link between community devel-
opment and university education. On the one hand, the
Thomas Ehrlich development of society requires qualitative improvement
[1, p. 201] of education, and, on the other hand, the democratization of
society entails the increase of democratic freedoms in the
educational sphere.
Modern development of society and the internationalization
Van Damme of labor resources require an increase in the autonomy of
[8, p. 10] the higher education system, which allows IHE to turn into
international educational institutes.
The development of universities depends on the availability
of their financial resources, but in a context of increasing
Ben Jongbloed competitiveness, it is necessary for universities to obtain
[3, p. 309] greater rights and freedoms for their financial autonomy. It
is she who is the main factor in the competitiveness of the
country's higher education system.
State regulation of the system of higher education is an
Maassen P.,
important lever for its effective development, but it is nec-
Eli Moen,
essary to find a balance between the strengthening of regu-
Bjørn Stensaker
lation and the autonomy of the higher education system, as
[5, p. 247] Boffo та
in the conditions of the development of a market economy,
Dubois [4, p. 25]
the IHE become separate agents of economic relations.
Since universities are a traditional institution of society and
Musselin, C. have a great history, they have a tendency to autonomy;
[6, p. 241] therefore, the logical development of the higher education
system is to provide universities with greater authority.
Determine the need to enhance the competitiveness of
Е. El-Khawas та
IHE through the provision of greater powers in the area of
R. de Pietro-Jurand
management of financial resources, that is, increasing their
[2, p. 14]
financial autonomy.
Investigates trends in the development of education, on
Neave, G. the basis of which emphasizes the role of the autonomy of
[7, p. 142] Western European economies in enhancing the quality of
education.
541
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
542
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
543
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
544
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
– secondly, such an assessment can not be objective enough, since the main
trend of the development of any country is the democratization of society.
Therefore, the presence of the opposite trend in the system of higher edu-
cation, at least, will upset critics of state regulation, and, most of all, will
characterize the threat to the democratic development of society.
The second approach is based on the spatial analysis of the level of
autonomy of the higher education system, on the basis of which groups
of factors are defined that characterize one or another side of autonomy.
This approach has much more objectivism, since the activities of the higher
education system are regulated by the legislation of the country, so the defi-
nition of the values of indicators is carried out on the basis of an analysis
of legislative and normative acts of a particular state. This approach has
been reflected in the writings of such scholars as P. Maassen, G. Neave,
T. Ehrlich.
The most well-known and widespread methodology for studying the
level of autonomy of higher education in Europe within this approach is the
methodology proposed by the Association of European Universities, which
involves the calculation of four main components – organizational, person-
nel, financial and academic. These components are interconnected with each
other, which allows to determine the level of autonomy of the system of
higher education from the system positions by means of a general indicator
of autonomy [2-6]. The connection of these components is shown in Fig. 3.
The result of this hypothesis is the following conceptual thesis.
545
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
546
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
547
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
cation that have a high degree of autonomy have more IHE in the rankings.
Thus, the following conceptual thesis has been formed.
Conceptual thesis 4. Concerning the relationship between competitive-
ness on the autonomy of the higher education system and IHE.
Stage 2. Formation of the system of principles of the concept of build-
ing an institutional autonomy system IHE.
Principles of the concept of building an institutional autonomy system
IHE divided into two groups: system-wide and specific.
Common system principles include the following.
Principle of hierarchy. The essence of this principle in terms of con-
structing a concept is that the concept of autonomy operates for two spatial
systems: the system of higher education and the system of autonomy. And
for each system there are two levels of hierarchy. For the spatial system of
higher education there is the hierarchy "national system of higher educa-
tion – IHE", for the spatial system of autonomy – "the general indicator of
autonomy – indicators of autonomy in four components – local indicators
of autonomy – variants of local indicators." Such a spatial-hierarchical con-
nection provides the concept for the possibility of developing an instrumen-
tal basis for assessing autonomy and the formation of effective managerial
decisions to increase the competitiveness of IHE.
The principle of integrity lies in the fact that the study of the auton-
omy of the higher education system and the IHE is subject to the main
objective – to enhance the competitiveness of the IHE through the balance
between autonomy and centralized management.
The principle of emergence in the construction of the concept is real-
ized through the acquisition of the system "higher education – IHE"
of a new property, namely transformation IHE from a state-controlled
entity of economic relations to a separate agent of economic relations,
which, on the basis of autonomy, freely dispose of its potential in the
educational space.
The principle of dynamism. It should be noted that the question of the
autonomy of the system of higher education emerged as a necessity in
changing the paradigm of the development of the market for educational
services. That is, with the subsequent transformation of the paradigm, it
is expedient to change the rules of functioning of the system "education
548
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
549
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
my's impact on the competitiveness of the IHE are determined, which allows
to determine the balance between autonomy and state regulation and thus
increase the competitiveness of the national system of higher education.
Using the above approaches, the following methodological approaches
should be developed as an instrumental basis for system building:
a methodical approach to determining the degree of autonomy of the
IHE through their stratification, the identification of the characteristics and
advantages of the autonomous activity of a separate IHE, the improvement
of the paradigm of the autonomy of the IHE of Ukraine;
methodical approach to the adaptive use of the appropriate forms of
cooperation between IHE and business structures by substantiating the need
for a permanent change and the choice of new forms of such interaction that
allow adaptation both to the existing potential of the IHE and to the condi-
tions of the environment.
a methodology for constructing a system of informational and analytical
assessment of the institutional autonomy of the IHE in accordance with the
needs of the national economy and society; developing the economic-math-
ematical and informational basis of the system with the use of economic
and mathematical methods and modern packages of applications and infor-
mation envelopes;
methodical recommendations for the construction of an adaptive system
for strengthening the components of institutional autonomy of IHE due to
the definition of rational forms of interaction of the IHE with the structures
of the national labor market and international counteragents, which will
increase the competitiveness of the IHE;
methodical and informational and model support of self-assessment sys-
tem of autonomy IHE on the basis of the creation of software elements for
its assessment, which will allow universities to quickly assess the level of
their autonomy, identify their potential and formulate complex measures for
managing its components;
the complex structure of institutional autonomy management IHE
which, due to its impact on the academic, personnel, organizational and
financial components, will create new competitive advantages IHE and
respond in a timely manner to changing world trends in the educational
environment;
550
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
551
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
552
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
553
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
of the university will be achieved. That is, based on the analysis of the
environment strategic and tactical goals are formed and the tools for their
achievement are determined in order to strengthen the competitiveness of
the higher education system and the institutional autonomy of the IHE. On
the basis of determining the real possibilities of a separate IHE – the internal
environment, in order to strengthen its autonomy and competitive advan-
tages, the construction of strategies and tactics for managing the autonomy
of a certain IHE is carried out.
Provided that legislative initiatives lead to the functioning and capa-
bilities of the IHE and are an important tool for creating prerequisites for
strengthening the autonomy of universities, the transformation of legisla-
tion should be similar to the legislation of European countries. To achieve
this goal, it is advisable to analyze the legislation on higher education in
developed countries, to make a comparative analysis of world experience
with a national specificity and to formulate a list of recommendations for
the transformation of national legislation.
As a tool for ensuring the functioning of the system of institutional auton-
omy management, the IHE developed a methodological approach to strength-
ening institutional autonomy, the scheme of which is shown in Fig. 5.
554
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
555
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
A high-level cluster of
autonomy
556
Section 3. Sectoral aspects of regions’ functioning
IHE and their financing. Thus, the main problem for Ukraine is to find the
optimal relationship between university autonomy and state regulation of
their activities.
The identified problem forms the main contradiction in the pro-
cess of granting autonomy of the IHE – between the emerging ten-
dencies of mass education and the tendencies towards reducing public
expenditures for higher education. Thus, one can state that in the mod-
ern theory of higher education a new autonomous-oriented approach
is developed, which involves the growth of institutional autonomy of
universities.
The search for effective ways of practical implementation of the new
autonomous-oriented approach to the organization of higher education at
the level of the educational environment IHE requires, on the one hand,
a more thorough theoretical understanding of the ideas of autonomy, on
the other – their specification and adaptation to the educational envi-
ronment IHE and its subjects. Thus, the use of an autonomous approach
in the educational environment allows for taking into account factors
of socio – cultural, academic and personal nature that can provide both
positive and negative impact on the acquisition of the IHE of academic
freedoms and on the formation and development of the autonomy of
subjects in the educational process. Taking into account these factors
will solve many of the topical problems faced by higher education, the
main of which is the training of a new generation professional who is
ready for autonomous personal activity, capable of active and creative
search for ways to reform and improve the status of domestic higher
professional education.
Implementation of the concept, system of managing and methodo-
logical approach to enhancing institutional autonomy of higher educa-
tional institutions of Ukraine will increase the degree of autonomy of
the national higher education system by strengthening the institutional
autonomy of certain IHE and develop effective measures for its promo-
tion on the basis of a harmonious combination of modern economic and
mathematical models, the system of support for the adoption of mana-
gerial decisions and world experience in assessing the autonomy of the
higher education system.
557
Coastal regions: problems and paradigms of socio-economic development
References:
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Thomas. – Oryx Press – 2000. – 403 pp.
2. E. El-Khawas Quality Assurance in Higher Education: Recent Progress,
Challenges Ahead / Elaine El-Khawas, Robin DePietro-Jurand, Lauritz Holm-
Nielsen / Human Development Network, Education, World Bank, Washington,
D.C. – 1998. – 26 p.
3. Higher education and its communities: Interconnections, interdependen-
cies and a research agenda / Ben Jongbloed, Jürgen Enders, Carlo Salerno //
Higher education, №56, 2008. – Р. 303-324.
4. Higher education governance reforms accross Europe / Harry F. de Boer,
Jonathan M. File. – Center for Higher Education Policy Studies (CHEPS) –
2009. – 31 p.
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