Integrals

SOMESTENDARDINTEGRALS :
 1 x
dx
x n 1
(xviii)   cot 1 x  C

2
(i) x n dx  C, n  – 1
n 1

x
1
dx  sec 1 x  C

1 (xix)
(ii) dx = log |x| + C, x  0
x x2 1

 e dx = e + C
x x
(iii)
x
1
(xx) dx   cosec 1 x  C
x 12
ax
 a dx  C
x
(iv)
log e a

mx
Note : If
 f (x) dx  F(x)  C, then
a
1 a F(ax  b)
dx  C
 f (ax  b)dx  a  C
mx
.
m log a

(v)  sin x dx   cos x  C This rule used following generalized formule

(ax  b) n 1
 sin ax dx  
cosax
a
C (i)  (ax  b) n dx 
a(n  1)
C

(vi)  cos x dx  sin x  C (ii)  ax  b dx  log

1 | ax  b |
a
C

(vii)  tan x dx  log| sec x | C e(ax  b)

(iii)  e(ax  b)dx 
a
C
(viii)  cot x dx  log| sin x | C
log  ax  b   (ax  b)
(ix)  sec x dx  log| sec x  tan x |  C
(iv)  log (ax  b) dx  (ax  b)
a
C

cos(ax  b)
 
 log tan     C (v)  sin(ax  b)dx   a
C
4 2
x

dx
 sin 1    C
(x)  cosec x dx  log| cosecx  cot x | C (vi)
a x2 2a

x x 1 x


 log tan    C 1 1
(vii) dx  tan 1    C = – cot 1    C
2 a x
2 2
a a a a

 sec x dx  tan x  C
2
 dx x

(xi) 1
(viii)   cosec1    C
x x a 2a 2a
 cosec x dx   cot x  C
2
(xii)
1 x
 sec1    C
(xiii)  sec x tan x dx  sec x  C a a

(xiv)  cosecx .cot x dx   cosecx  C BASICALGEBRA

(i)  0d x  C and 1dx  x  C  C


1
(xv) dx   cos 1 x  C
1 x2
(ii)  [f (x)  g(x)]dx   f (x)dx   g(x)dx

1
(xvi) dx  sin x + C
–1
(iii) For real number k1, k2 ....kn
1  x2

  k f (x)  k f (x)  ...  k n f n (x)  dx


ax
 tan 1 x  C
1 1 2 2
(xvii)
1 x2
 k1  f1 (x)dx  k 2  f 2 (x)dx  ....  k n  f n (x)dx

38
 Integrals

Example : Evaluate the following

sin 1 (4x  5)

1
QUESTION HINTS (xviii) dx  C
1  (4x  5)2 4

  (cosecx cot x)dx

cos x
(i) dx , =
sin 2 x  2 2 1   2 
  x 

x  3  dx =  x 5  1  2x  4  dx
3
(xix) 
x
cot (3x  4) x   x 
(ii)  cosec2 (3x  4)dx =–
3
C

x3  1 x3  1  2
(iii)  tan 2 x dx   sec 2 x dx  dx  (xx)  x 1
dx =  x 1
dx

1 x x 44
x
1
 tan 1  C
 
dx x
(iv) (xxi) dx = dx
2
 25 5 5 x4 x4
3  4sin x

3 4
(v) dx  tan x  sec x  C
5cos2 x 5 5 SOLVED EXAMPLE

 1  Example-03
 (3x 
1
(vi) 2
 5x  1) dx = 3x 3/2  5x1/2   dx
x  x
Find the following integrals
x3 1
(vii) 
1
dx =  cos
2
dx (i)  x2
dx (ii)  (x 2 / 3  1)dx
1  cos x 2 x
2  3 1

(iii) 

x 
2  2e x   dx
x

2
 1   
  2   4x  x  4  dx
1
(viii) x  dx = Sol. (i) We have
x
x3  1
 x2 
dx  xdx  x 2dx 
 sin x  2cosx dx   (1 3cos
2
(ix)
2
x  4sin xcos x) dx
 x11   x 21 
  C1     C2  ;C1 ,C2 are constants of
 11   2  1 
   
1  tan x  
(x)  1  tan x dx ,   tan  4  x  dx integration
x2 x 1 x2 1
  C1   C2    C1  C 2
x2 1 2 2 1 2 x
x2 1
(xi)  x2  1
dx , =  x2 1
dx

x2 1
  C, C= C1 – C2 is another constant of
2 x
integration.
tan 1 (3  2x)

1
(xii) dx  C
1  (3  2x)2 2  2  2

(ii) We have   x 3  1  dx  x 3 dx  dx




 
 cos 5x sin 3x dx  2 cos 5x sin 3x dx
1
(xiii)  2
2 1 5
x3 3
 x  C  x3  x C
=2 5
cos 2 x  sin 2 x 1
 sin
cos 2x
(xiv) 2
x cos 2 x
dx   sin 2 x cos 2 x
or 3
3 3
(iii) We have  (x 2  2e x  )dx   x 2 dx   2e x dx   dx
1 1
x x
(x  4)  4

x
(xv)
x4
dx =
 x4
dx 2
1
x3
  2e x  log | x |  C
3
1  sin x 1
 1  sin x dx
1
(xvi) =  cos 2 x
dx 2
5
2 2
 x  2e x  log | x |  C
e e
2log(1 x)dx log(1 x) 2
(xvii) = dx ` 5
39
Integrals

x 3  5x 2  4x  1
Example-04 (ii)  x2
dx

 4 1 
Find the following integrals    x  5   2  dx [Dividing each term by x2]
 x x 
(i)   sin x  cos x  dx (ii)  cosecx  cos ecx  cot x  dx 4 1
  xdx   5dx   dx   2 dx
1  sin x x x
(iii)  dx
cos 2 x x2 1
Sol. We have   5x  4 log | x |   C
2 x

 (sin x  cos x)dx   sin x dx   cos x dx (iii)  (1  x) xdx

  cos x  sin x  C =  ( x  x x )dx

(ii) We have
=  ( xdx   x 3 / 2 dx
 (cos ecx(cos ecx  cot x)dx =  cos ec 2 xdx
x3 / 2 x3 / 2 2 2
  C  x3 / 2  x5 / 2  C
+  cos ec x cot xdx = – cot x – cosec x + C =
3/ 2 5/ 2 3 5
(iii) We have 2
 1 
1  sin x 1 sin x (iv)   x

 dx
x
 2
cos x
dx  
cos 2 x
dx =  cos 2 x
dx
 1 
=   x   2  dx
=  sec 2 x dx –  tan x sec x dx = tan x – sec x + C  x 
1
=  xdx  
x
dx  2  1dx
Example-05 x2
=  log | x | 2x  C
2
Evaluate :
7 2
(i)  x 3  5x 2  4 
x

x
dx
Example-06

x 3  5x 2  4x  1
(ii)  x2
dx Evaluate :
 1 1 1 
  (2x  3)     3x  2  dx
5
(i)
(iii)  (1  x) xdx  (7x  5)3 5x  4 2  3x 

x 2
 (x 1)  
2
 1  (ii) dx (iii) e 2 x 3dx (iv) a 3x  2 dx
(iv)   x

 dx
x
2

 1 1 1 
   2x  3     3x  2  dx
2
7 2
 x 3  5x 2  4   Sol. (i)
Sol. (i) dx (7x  5)3 5x  4 2  3x 
x x
  2x  3 dx   (7x  5) 3 dx   (5x  4) 1/ 2 dx
5
7 2 =
  x dx   5x dx   4dx  
3 2
dx   dx
x x 1
 dx   3x  2dx
1 2  3x
  x dx  5 x dx  4  1.dx  7.
3 2
dx  2.  x 1/ 2dx
x
(2x  3)6 (7x  5) 2 (5x  4)1/ 2
=  
x4 x3  x1/ 2  26 7  2 1
  5  4x  7 log | x | 2  C 5
4 3  1/ 2  2
 1  (3x  2)3 / 2
x 54    log | 2  3x |  C
  x 3  4x  7 log | x | 4 x  C  3  3
3
4 3 2
1 1 1
= 12 (2x  3)  14 (7x  5) 2
6

40
 Integrals

2 1 2
 5x  4  log | 2  3x |  (3x  2) 3 / 2  C Example-08
5 3 9
x2 x 11 Evaluate :
(ii)  (x  1)2
dx =  (x  1) 2
dx
(i)  sin 3 x cos 3 xdx (ii)  sin 4 xdx
1
=  dx   (x  1) 2 dx
1
x 1 (iii)  cos 4 xdx (iv)  sin 4 cos 4 xdx
(x  1) 1
= log | x  1 |   C  log | x  1 |  C
(1) x 1 Sol. (i)  sin 3 cos 3 xdx

1 2x  3
 e 2x  3 dx  C 1
8
(iii) e = (2sin x cos x)3 dx
2
1
e
3x  2
dx  a 3x 2  C 1
8
(iv)
3loga = sin3 2xdx

1 3sin 2x  sin 6x
8
= dx
Example-07 4
1
32 
Evaluate : = (3sin 2x  sin 6x)dx
(i)  1  cos 2xdx (ii)  1  cos 2xdx
1  3 1 
 cos 2x  cos 6x   C
32  2
=
(iii)  1  sin 2xdx (iv)  1  sin 2xdx 6 

Sol. (i)  1  cos 2xdx   2 cos 2 xdx (ii)  sin 4 xdx

 1  cos 2 x 
2

= 2  cos 2xdx =    dx
 2 
=  2 sin x  C
=
1
4
1  2 cos 2x  cos2 2x  dx
(ii) 1  cos 2xdx  
2
2sin xdx
1  1  cos 4x 
4
= 2  sin xdx =  1  2cos 2x   dx
 2 
=  2 cos x  C 1
 3  4 cos 2x  cos 4x  dx
8
=
(iii)  1  sin 2xdx   sin 2 x  cos 2 x  2sin x cosxdx
1  sin 4x 
 (sin x  cos x) 2 dx 8 3x  2sin 2x  4   C
= =
 

=  (sin x  cos x)dx (iii)  cos 4 xdx

2
 1  cos 2x 
=  sin xdx   cos xdx     dx
 2 
= – cosx + sinx + C
(iv)  1  sin 2xdx   sin 2 x  cos 2 x  2sin x cos 2 xdx =
1
4
1  2 cos 2x  cos2 2x  dx
=  (sin x  cos x) 2 dx
=
1 
 1  2 cos 2x 
1  cos 4x 
 dx
4  2 
=  (sin x  cos x)dx
1
3  4 cos 2x  cos 4x  dx
8
=
=  sin xdx   cos xdx
= – cosx – sinx + C 1 sin 4x 
 3x  2 sin 2x  C
4 
=
8
41
Integrals

(iv)  sin 4 cos 4 xdx

(v) 
sin x
dx put x t 
1
dx = dt
x 2 x

  2sin x cos x 
1 4
 dx
16 1
 x  x log x dx
1
(vi) put 1 + log x = t  dx = dt
x
1
16 
= (sin 2x) 4 dx
eax  e ax
1
(vii)  eax  e ax
dx put eax + e–ax = t, (aeax – ae–ax)dx = dt

16 
= (sin 2 2x) 2 dx

 (ax  bx  c)7 (2ax  b)dx put ax2 + bx + c = t

2
(viii)
1  1  cos 4x 
2
 (2ax + b) dx = dt
16  
=   dx
2  1
3tan x 1
1 (ix)  dx put tan–1x = t 
1 x2
dx  dt
64 
= 1  2 cos 4x  cos 2 4xdx 1 x2

 3x
2
1  cos8x (x) sec2 (x 3 )dx put x3 = t  3x2 dx = at

1
= 1  2cos 4x  dx
64 2
(cot 1 x)

1
1 (xi) dx Put cot–1 x = t  dx  dt
1  x2 1 x2
128 
= 3  4 cos 4x  cos8xdx
ex
=
1 

1 
3x  sin 4x  sin 8x   C
(xii)  1  e2x
dx put ex = t  ex dx = dt
128  8 
ex
METHODOFINTEGRATION
(xiii)  1  ex
dx put 1 + ex = t ex dx = dt

(I) INTEGRATION BYSUBSTITUTION: e x

 
1
Evaluate integration of the form (xiv) dx = dx  put (e–x + 1) = t
1  ex e x  1

 [f (x)] 
n f '(x)  – e–x dx = dt
f '(x) dx or dx
f (x)
 4  sin
cos x
we use the substitution f(x) = t then f '(x) dx = dt (xv) 2
dx put sin x = t  cos x dx = dt
x

t 
n dt
then dt or
 x cos (1  log x) dx
1 1
t (xvi) put 1 + log x = t  dx = dt
2
x
t n 1
or log | t | + C
b
n 1 3ax
(xvii) dx put e2 + c2x2 = t  2c2x dx = dt
2
 c2 x 2
[f (x)]n 1
or log |f(x)| + C 2x tan1 (x2 )
n 1 (xviii)  1  x4
dx put tan–1x2 = t

Evaluate the following integration 2x

QUESTIONS HINTS  dx  dt
1 x4

(i) 
x3
1 x4
dx put 1 + x4 = t  4x3dx = dt (xix)  (x  1) x 2  2x  5 dx put x2 + 2x + 5 = t
2(x + 1)dx = dt
3x  6x 4

x  (x  2)(x 1) dx
5
(ii) dx putx5 +5x2 –7=t (5x4 +10x)dx=dt (xx) put x – 1 = t
5
 5x 2  7

 tan  tan x(sec x 1) dx

3 2
(xxi) x dx =
sec 2 x
(iii)  5  tan x
dx put 5 – tan x = t  – sec2 x dx = dt
=  tan x sec x dx   tan x dx
2

(3  log x)7 1
(iv)  x
dx put 3 + log x = t  dx  dt
x (xxii) 
x2  2
x2
dx put x2  t 
1
dx  dt
2 x2
42
 Integrals

sec2 x
 
1
dx = tan 4 x sec 2 x

(xxiii) 1
1  3sin 2 x sec2 x  3 tan 2 x (xxxii) dx put x t  dx  dt
x 2 x
2

 1  4 tan
sec x
= dx put 2tan x = t  2 sec2 x dx = dt tan 5 t
 tan 
t  sec2 t 2dt = tan 4 t sec2 t dt = 2
2 4
x = C
5
 sec  tan (1  tan
4 2 2
(xxiv) x tan dx = x)sec x dx
put tan x = t,  sec x dx = dt
2
SOLVED EXAMPLE
2
 x x
1  sin x  sin 2  cos 2  Example-09
  dx
 
1 1
(xxv) tan dx = tan
1  sin x  x x
2
Integrate the following functions w.r.t. x :
 sin 2  cos 2 
  (i) sin mx (ii) 2xsin(x2 +1)

 x x  tan 4 x sec 2 x sin(tan 1 x)

 sin 2  cos 2  (iii) (iv)
1 x2
 tan
1 x
=   dx
 sin x  cos x  Sol. (i) We know that derivative of mx is m. Thus, we make
 2 2  the substitution mx = 1 so that mdx = dt.
Therefore,
 x
 tan 1
1
tan    dx 1 1
=
4 2  sin mxdx 
m
sin tdt  cos t  C   cos mx  C
m m
(ii) Derivative of x2 + 1 is 2x. Thus, we use the
substitution x2 + 1 = t so that 2x dx = dt.
 tan x dx   cos x dx
sin x
(xxvi) put cos x = t
Therefore,
 – sin x dx = dt
 2x sin(x 2  1)dx   sin t dt   cos t  C   cos(x 2  1)  C
1 2


x sin (x )
(xxvii) dx put sin–1 (x2) = t 1 12 1
1 x 4
(iii) Derivative of x is 2 x = 2 x . Thus we use
1 the substitution
 2x dx = dt
1 x 4
1
x = 1 so that 2 x dx = dt giving dx = 2t dt.
5x 5x
5
x
t
5
(xxviii) . 55 . 5x dx put 55
Thus,
5x x
 5
5
log 5 . 55 log 5 . 5x log 5 dx = dt tan 4 x sec 2 x 2t tan 4 t sec2 tdt
 x

t
 2  tan 4 t sec 2 tdt
5x
5
(log 5) . 5 . 55x . 5x dx = dt
3
Again, we make another substitution tan t = u so that
sec2 tdt = du
5x x dt
 5
5
.55 .5x dx 
(log 5)3 u5
Therefore, 2  tan t sec tdt  2  u du  2 C
4 2 4

5
 sin x cos x dx put sin x = t
3 3
(xxix)  cos x dx = dt
 2  tan 5 t  C(sin ce u  tan t)
=  sin x.(1  sin x)cos x dx = t

3 2 3
(1  t 2 ) dt
2
 ta n 5
x  C
5

sin 2x cos 2x
dx
(xxx) put 16 – sin2 2x = t Alternatively, make t he substituation tan x 1
16  sin 2 2x
 2 sin 2x 2cos 2x dx = – dt 1
(iv) Derivative of tan–1 x= . Thus, we use the
1 x2
 x sin (x )cos(x ) dx
4 2 3
(xxxi) put sin x2 = t dx
substitution tan–1 x= t so that = dt
 2
cos (x ) 2x dx = dt 1 x2

43
Integrals

Therefore, Sol. The integrand is a proper rational function. Therefore,

by using the form of partial fraction, we write
sin(tan 1 x)
 1 x2
dx   sin tdt   cos t  C   cos(tan 1 x)  C 1

A

B
(x  1)(x  2) x  1 x  2 ....(1)
Where, real numbers A and B are to be determined
Example-10
suitably. This gives
Find  cos 6x 1  sin 6x dx
I =A(x + 2) + B (x + 1)
Sol. Put t = 1+ sin6x, so that dt = 6 cos 6x dx
Equating the coefficients of x and the constant term,
1
Therefore  cos 6x 1  sin 6x dx   t dt we get
1/ 2

6
A+B=0
1 2 3/ 2 1
=  (t)  C  (1  sin 6x)  C
3/ 2

6 3 9 and 2A + B = 1
INTEGRATION BY PARTIAL FRACTION: Solving these equations, we get A = 1 ane B = – 1
P(x) P(x)
In the integral I =  Q(x)dx where Q(x) is a proper Thus, the integrand is given by
rational function, the integrand can be written as a
1 1 1
sum of simpler functions by the method of partial  
(x  1)(x  2) x  1 x  2
fraction decompostion. After this the integration can
be carried out easily using the stadard methods.
A table of simple partial fractions that are to be dx dx dx
associated with rational functions is as under : Therefore,  (x  1)(x  2)  x  1  x  2
 

S.No. Form of the Form of the partial function

rational function
px  q
x 1
1.
,a  b
A

B = log | x  1|  log | x  2 | C  log C
(x  a)(x  b) (x  a) (x  b) x2

2. px  q A B
 Example-12
(x  a) 2 (x  a) (x  a) 2
(2x  1)
px 2  qx  r
 (x  1)(x  2)(x  3) dx
3. A B C
  Evaluate :
(x  a)(x  b)(x  c) (x  a) (x  b) (x  c)

4. px 2  qx  r A B C 2x  1
  A

B

C
(x  a) 2 (x  b) (x  a) (x  a) 2 (x  b) Sol. Let (x  1)(x  2)(x  3) =
(x  1) (x  2) (x  3)
5. px 2  qx  r A

B

C

D
(x  a) (x  a) 2 (x  a)3 (x  a)
(x  a)3 (x  b) 2x – 1 =A(x + 2) (x – 3) + B(x – 1) (x – 3) + C(x – 1) (x + 2)
6. px  qx  r
2
A Bx  C
 2 1
(x  a)(x 2  bx  c) (x  a) x bx  c At x=1  1 = A(3) (–2)  A = –
where x2 + bx + c can not be 6
factored further
5 1
At x=–2 –5 = B(–3) (–5)  B = 
The constants A, B, C etc are obtained by equating 15 3
coefficient of like terms from both sides or by
substituting any value for x on both side. 1
At x=3  5 = C(2) (5) = C =
2
SOLVED EXAMPLE
 1/ 6 1/ 3 1/ 2 
Example-11 
=     dx
 x 1 x  2 x  3 
dx
Evaluate :  (x  1)(x  2)
1 1 1
  log | x  1 |  log(x  2)  log(x  3)  log C
6 3 2
44
 Integrals

1 1 2x  1
 
  1 1
C x 3 =  dx  dx
 log  1/3  2 2 1 x 2
2 x 1
 (x  1) (x  2) 
1/6

1 1
= log(1  x 2 )  2 tan 1 x   log | x  1|  C
4  2
Example-13

 (1  cos x)(2  cos x) dx

sin x
Evaluate :
Example-15
Sol. put cos x = t  – sin x dx = dt x2 1
dt
Find  x 2  5x  6
dx

=  (1  t)(2  t) x2  1
Sol. Here the integrand is not proper rational
1 A B A(2  t)  B(1  t) x 2  5x  6
Let (1  t)(2  t) =  =
1 t 2  t (1  t)(2  t) function, so we divide x2 + 1 by x2 – 5x + 6 and find that
1 = A(2 – t) + B(1 – t) x2 1 5x  5 5x  5
 1 2  1
At t=1 1 = A and at t = 2  1 = – B x 2  5x  6 x  5x  6 (x  2)(x  3)
 1  5x  5
 1  t  (2  t)  dt
1 A B
Let (x  2)(x  3)  x  2  x  3
=–

1  cos x So that 5x – 5 = A(x – 3) + B(x – 2)

= log C Equating the coefficient of x and constant terms on
2  cos x
both sides, we get A + B = 5 and 3A + 2B = 5.
Solving these equations, we get A = –5 and B = 10
Example-14
x2 1 5 10
Thus, 2  1 
x  5x  6 x 2 x 3
x
x
Evaluate : dx
3
 x  x 1
2 Therefore

x x2 1
x 1 dx
Sol. 3
 x  x 1
2
dx
 x  5x  6
2
dx   dx 5
x 2
dx 10
x 3
= x – 5 log | x – 2| + 10 log |x – 3| + C
 x (x  1)  (x  1) dx =  (x
x x
= dx
2 2
 1) (x  1)
Example-16
x Ax  B C
 3x  2
Let
(x  1)(x  1)
2 = 2
(x  1) (x  1) Find  (x  1) 2 (x  3)
dx

(Ax  B)(x  1)  C(x 2  1) Sol. We write

=
(x 2  1)(x  1) 3x  2 A B C
  
 x = (Ax + B) (x + 1) + C(x + 1) 2 (x  1)(x  3) x  1 (x  1) 2 x  3
At x = 0, 0 = B + C ........(1) So that 3x – 2 = A(x +1) (x + 3) + B(x + 3) + C(x + 1)2
1 =A(x2 + 4x + 3) + B(x + 3) +C(x2 + 2x + 1)
At x = – 1 – 1 = C(1 + 1) = C = –
2 Comparing coefficient of x2 , x and constant term on
1 both sides, we get A + C = 0, 4A = B + 2C = 3 and
by (1) B = – C =
2 3A + 3B + C = – 2 .Solving these equations, we get
At x = 1, 1 = (A + B) (2) + C(2)
11 5 11
 1  1 A= ,B= and C = . Thus the integrand is
1 4 2 4
 A   (2) + 2     2A = 1  A 
 2   2 2 given by
1
x
1 1
 3x  2 11 5 11
  
 2 2 dx 
 2 dx (x  1) (x  3) 4(x  1) 2(x  1) 4(x  3)
2 2
=
x 1
2 x 1
Therefore,
1 x 1
 
dx 1 1 3x  2 11 dx 5 dx 11 dx
=
2 x2 1
–
2 x 1
dx
      
(x 1) (x  3) 4 x 1 2  x 1 4 x  3
2 2

45
Integrals

Replacing y by x2 , we obtain
11 5 11
= 4 log | x  1 |  2(x  1)  4 log | x  3 | C
x2 1 4
 
(x  1)(x  4)
2 2
3(x  1) 3(x  4)
2 2

11 x 1 5
 log  C
4 x  3 2(x  1) x2 1 1 4 1
  (x  1)(x 2  4)
2
dx    2
3 x 1
dx   2
3 x 4
dx

Example-17
1 1 4 1 1  x 
=  tan x   tan    C
(x  1)(x  2)(x  3) 3 3 2 2
Evaluate  (x  4)(x  5)(x  6)
dx
1 1 2 1  x 
=  tan x  tan    C
(x  1)(x  2)(x  3) A B C 3 3 2
Sol. Let (x  4)(x  5)(x  6)  1  (x  4)  x  5  x  6
x2 1 y 1
(ii) Let x2 = y. Then, 
Then (x  2)(2x 2  1) (y  2)(y  1)
2

(x –1) (x – 2) (x – 3) = (x – 4) (x – 5) (x – 6) + A (x – 5) y 1 A B
(x – 6) + B(x – 4)(x – 6) + C(x – 4) (x – 5) .....(2) Let (y  2)(2y  1)  (y  2)  2y  1 ...(1)
Putting x = 4, 5 and 6 successively in (2), we obtain
A = 3, B = – 24 and C = 30  y + 1 = A (2y + 1) + B(y + 2) ....(2)
Putting y + 2 = 0 i.e. y = – 2 in (2) , we get – 1 = – 3A
Substituting values of A, B and C in (1), we obtain
1
(x  1)(x  2)(x  3) 3 24 30 A=
 1   2
(x  4)(x  5)(x  6) x 4 x 5 x 6
1 1 3
(x  1)(x  2)(x  3) Putting 2y + 1 = 0 i.e. y = – in (2) , we get = B  
2
So,  (x  4)(x  5)(x  6)
dx   1.dx 2 2
1
B=
1 1 1 3
 3 dx  24  dx  30  dx Substituting the values of A and B in (1), we obtain
x4 x 5 x 6
= x + 3 log | x – 4| – 24 log |x – 5| + 30 log|x – 6| + C y 1 1 1 1 1
 .  .
(y  2)(2y  1) 3 y  2 3 (2y  1)
Example-18 Replacing y be x2 , we get

Evaluate : x 1 1 1 1
 . 
(x 2  2)(2x 2  1) 3 x 2  2 3(2x 2  1)
x2 x2  1
(i)  (x 2  1)(x 2  4)
dx (ii)  (x 2  2)(2x 2  1)
dx
x2 1 1 1 1 1

 dx   2 dx   dx
(x  2)(2x 2  1) 3 x 2
 
2 2
3 2x 1
x2 y
Sol. 2
Let x = y Then, 2 
(x  1)(x  4) (y  1)(y  4)
2
1 1  x  1
= . tan 1   tan 1 ( 2x)  C
3 2  2 3 2
y A B
Let (y  1)(y  4)  y  1  y  4 ....(1)
1  1 x 
=  tan  tan 1 2x   C
 y = A (y + 4) + B(y + 1) ....(2) 3 2 2 
Putting y = – 1 and y = – 4 successively in (2), we get
Example-19
1 4
A = – and B = (3sin  2)cos 
3 3
Find  5  cos  4sin d
2
Substituting the values of A and B in (1), we obtain
y 1 4 Sol. Let y = sin 
  Then dy = cos  d
( y  1)( y  4) 3( y  1) 3(y  4)
46
 Integrals

Therefore, Therefore,

(3sin   2) cos  (3y  2)dy x2  x 1

 d   3 dx 1 2x 1 1
5  cos   4sin 
2
5  (1  y 2 )  4y  (x  1)(x  2)
2
dx  
5 x  2 5  x2 1
 dx   2 dx
5 x 1

3y  2 3y  2 3 1 1
=  dy
y  4y  4 =
2  (y  2)2
1 =
5
log | x  2 |  log | x 2  1|  tan 1 x  C
5 5

3y  2 A B
Now, we write (y  2) 2  y  2  (y  2) 2 Example-21
x 4 dx
Therefore 3y – 2 = A(y – 2) + B Find  (x  1)(x 2  1)
Comparing the coefficients of y and constant term, we
get A = 3 and B – 2A = – 2, Which gives A = 3 and B = 4 Sol. We have
Therefore, the required integral is given by
x4 1 1
 (x  1)  3  (x  1) 
 3 4  dy dy (x  1)(x 2  1) x  x2  x –1 (x  1)(x 2  1)
I=    2 
 y  2 (y  2) 
dy  3
y2
 4
(y  2) 2 .....(1)

 1  1 A Bx  C
Now express (x  1)(x 2  1)  (x  1)  (x 2  1) ....(2)
4
= 3 log |y – 2| + 4     C  3log | sin   2 |  C
 y2 2  sin 

4 I = A(x2 + 1) + (Bx + C) (x – 1)
= 3 log(2 – sin) +  C [since 2 – sin is = (A+ B) x2 + (C – B) x + A – C
2  sin 
always psoitive ] Equating coefficients on both sides, we get A + B = 0,
C – B = 0 and A – C = 1
Example-20 1 1
Which give A = , B = C =  . Substituting values
x 2
 x  1 dx
2 2
Find  (x  2)(x 2  1)
of A, B and C in (2), we get

1 1 1 x 1
   .....(3)
Sol. The integrand is a proper rational function. Decompose (x  1)(x 2  1) 2(x  1) 2 (x 2  1) 2(x 2  1)
the rational function into partial fraction. Write
Again substituting (3) in (1), we have

x2  x 1 A Bx  C x4 1 1 x 1
  2  (x  1)   
(x  1)(x  2) x  2 (x  1)
2
(x  1)(x 2  x  1) 2(x  1) 2 (x 2  1) 2(x 2  1)

Therefore
Therefore, x2 + x + 1 = A(x2 + 1) + (Bx + C) (x + 2)
x4 x2
Equating the coefficients of x2, x and of constant term  (x  1)(x 2  x  1)
dx 
2
x
of both sides, we get A + B = 1, 2B + C = 1 and
A + 2C = 1. Solving these equations, we get
1 1 1
3 2 1  log | x  1 |  log(x 2  1)  tan 1 x  C
A = , B = and C = 2 4 2
5 5 5
SOMEIMPORTANTINTEGRALS:

a
Thus, the integrand is given by dx 1 x
1.   tan 1  C
2
x 2
a a
2 1
x  x 1
2
3 x
ax 
x
= 5(x  2) + 5 5 dx 1
(x 2  1)(x  2) 2.  log e  C
x2 1 2
a 2
2a ax

1  2x  1  ax
a
3 dx 1
= 5 x  2 +  2  3.  log e  C
5  x 1 
2
x 2
2a ax 

47
Integrals


dx sec 2 xdx
 sin 1 x  C
4.
a x 2 2 a (v)  tan 2 x  5
tan x  t , sec 2 xdx  dt

5.  x a
dx
2 2 
 log x  x 2  a 2  C  
dt
 log | t  t 2  5 |  C
 5
2
t 
2

6. 
dx
x2  a2
 log x  x  a  2 2
C

dx 1
x t  dx  dt
(vi) x 9  x  2 x
SOLVED EXAMPLE
dt
Example-22 9t 2

Find the following integrate :

x 81  x 8 dx
3
dx dx (vii)
(i)  x  16
2 (ii)  2x  x 2
  
2
 x 3 81  x 4 x 4  t  4x 3 dx  dt
dx dx 1 x4
Sol. (i) We have  x  16
2
 2
x 4 2
 log
8 x4
C


1
92  t 2 dt
dx dx 4
(ii)  2x  x 2

1  (x  1) 2
 x cos x  sin x  dx
Put x –1 = t. Then dx = dt
(viii)   x sin 2  5
dx dx
Therefore  2x  x 2

1 t2
 sin 1 (1)  C
x sin x  t

= sin–1 (x – 1) + C
 x cos x  sin x  dx  dt

dt
 log| t  t 2  5 | C
Evaluate the following integration t 5
2

QUESTIONS HINTS
 a cos
dx
(ix)
cos xdx
2
x  bsin 2 x  C
(i)  9  4 sin 2
x div. by cos2x
dt sec 2 xdx sec 2 xdx
 2 cos xdx  dt  cos xdx 
put 2sin x  t
2  a  b tan 2
x  csec 2 x
  a  b tan 2
x  c  c tan 2 x
dt
sec2 xdx b  c tan x  t
    a  c   tan
1 dt
3 
cos xdx 2
= = 2 2  x b  c b  c sec2 xdx  dt
2
  2sin x  3 t 3  t2
2 2
2 2

 a  c  t
sec 2 xdx sec 2 xdx tan x  t 1 dt

(ii)  sec 2
x 3
  tan 2
x4 sec 2 xdx  dt bc 2

sec2 xdx
bc 
1 dt
a a
dx
 
  b tan   
(iii) 2
cos x  b sin x
2 2 2 2 2 2
ac  t2

b tan x  t b sec2 xdx  dt

sec 2 xdx
 8cos  
dx dx
(x)  
x 1 9cos x  sin x 9  tan 2 x
 16  7 cos
cos xdx 2 2 2
(iv) 2
x
  3
dt

 t
2 2

 16  7 1  sin x   3 
cos xdx cos xdx
 
 
2 2
2
7 sin x

48
 Integrals

x5  2
4ac  b 2 
(xi)  x2  4
dx  a  x 
b 
  
 2a  4a 2 

 16x 
  x  4x 
2
 dx 4ac  b 2
x2  4  Now put x 
b
 t  dx  dt and  k 2
2a 4a 2
x4
4
x2
 4  8log x 2  4  c
2
 
t
1 dt
I
a 2
 k2
1 x 2
(xii)  1 x 4
dx
Example-23
dx
 1 
Evaluate x 2
 4x  9
 2  1
x  (1  1/ x ) 2

   x  1/ x  x
dx
 dx dx Sol. I
x 2  1/ x 2
 2  2  x  2  22  5
2 2 2

 x2
  x  2
dx 1
  tan 1  c
 5
2
x – 1/x = t 2
(1+1/x ) dx = dt 2
 5  5 

t
dt
Example-24
 
2
2
 2
 5  4x  x
dx
Evaluate 2

x2 1
  5  x  5  x
dx dx
(xiii) dt I 
 4x  
Sol.
x4 1 2 2
 2x.2  4  4

1  1/ x 2 1  1/ x 2  3   x  2 
x 2
 1/ x 2
dx.    x  1/ x  2
2
 3 2
dx
  x  2
2

1
2.3
log e 
 3   x  2  
c
 
1  5 x 
 
= log e  c
1
x  4x  t  1  2 6  1 x 
 dx  dt
 x 
dx
t 2  Integration of the form 
t
dt 1 2
ax + bx + c
 log e  c
 t  2 
 2
2
2
 2 2  
 b 
ax 2  bx  c  a  x 2  x  c 
 a a 

 b c b2 b2 
 a x2  2  x     

dx
Intergration of the form I = 2a a 4a 2 4a 2 
2
ax + bx + c  

 b 
2
4ac  b 2 
   a  x   
2a 
b
ax 2  bx  c  a  x 2  x  c   4a 2 
 a a 
b 4ac  b 2
Now put x   t  dx  dt and  k 2
 b c b2 b2  2a 4a 2
 a x2  2  x     
2a a 4a 2 4a 2 
 

1 dt
I
a t  k2
2

49
Integrals

 ax
px + q
Example-25 Integration of the form I = 2 dx
+ bx + c


dx
Evaluate
x  4x  8
2
px  q  A
d
dx

ax 2  bx  c  B 
 
dx dx
Sol. I 
x  4x  8
2
x  2x.2  4  4
2 To determine A and B. we equate from both sides the
coefficients of x and the constant terms.

  log  x  2   x 2  4x  8   c
dx
=
 
 x  2 2
2 2 Example-29
x 1
Evaluate  x2  6x  25 dx
Example-26
x 1
 x
dx
Evaluate Sol. I
8  6x  9x 2 2
 6x  25

 
dx dx d 2
Sol. I=  x 1  A (x  6x  25)  B .....(1)

8  9x  6x 2
 
8   3x   2  3x  .1  1  1
2
 dx
(x + 1) = A(2x+6) +B


dx
= 3x  1  t  3dx  dt 2A = 1 6A + B = 1
3   3x  1
2 2

A = 1 2 6× 1 2 +B = 1
 3x 1 

1 dt 1
=3  sin 1  c
3 t
2 3 2  3  3+B = 1 = B=-2

1
x 1   2x  6   2
Example-27 2


dx 2x  6
 
1 dx
Evaluate = dx  2 2
2x  x 2 2 x 2  6x  25 x  6x  25

 x
dx
 x
dx
I
Sol.
2
 2x 

2
 2x.1  1  1 
1
=2 
log e x 2  6x  25  2   x  3
dx
2
 16
dx
  sin 1  x  1  c
1   x  1
2 1
 1 1  x  3 
= log e x  6x  25  tan 
2
2
2  4 

c

Example-28
Example-30


dx
2x  4
 1  2x  x
Evaluate
4x 2  4x  3 Evaluate 2
dx


dx
Sol. I=
 2x  2
 2(2x).1  1  3  1 Sol. 2x  4  A
d
dx

1  2x  x 2  B  ......(1)

=A( –2 – 2x) + B


dx
= -2A=2 – 2A+B = 4
 2x  12  22 A = -1 2+B = 4
put 2x  1  t  2dx  dt B=2
2x + 4 = –1(–2 – 2x) + 2
1
=2 2
dt
t 2 2
1
 log t  t 2  1  c
2
 
50
 Integrals

 2  2x  dx 3
 1  2x  x  1  2x  x
dx
I 2
2 2 A = – 3 /8 4 B2
8

 2  1  2x  x
dx B 2 3  7/2
= –loge (1-2x - x2) + 2 2 2
2 – 3x = – 3/ 8 (8x+4) + 7/2

(
dx
8x  4
2)2  1  x 
 
= –loge (1-2x-x2) +2 2 7 dx
I 3 dx 
8
4x  4x  17
2 2 4x  4x  17
2

Example-31


3 7 dx
 2. 4x 2  4x  17 

x
Evaluate
2x  4x  1
2
dx 8 2
 2x 2  2.2x.1  1  16

Sol. xA
d

2x 2  4x  1  B 

dx 3 7 dx
 4x 2  4x  17 
=A(4x+4) +B 4 2
 2x  12  42
4A = 1 4A+B = 0
A = 14 3 7  2x  1 
1+B = 0  4x 2  4x  17  sin 1  c
B = –1
4 2  4 

1
x  4x  4   1 Example-33
4
x2
I
1

4x  4
dx 
dx

Evaluate
  2x  1 x  2 
dx
4 2x 2  4x  1 2x  4x  1
2


1
4

log e 2x 2  4x  1 
1
2
 x 2
dx
 2x  1  3
Sol. x2  A
d
ax

2x 2  3x  2  B 
2
=A(4x + 3) + B
 3  4A = 1 3A + B = –2
 x 1 
1

 log e 2x 2  4x  1 
4
1 1
2 3
log e 
  2
3
c
 A = 1/4 3× 1 4 +B = –2
 x 1 
2  2 
B = 11 4
 2x  2  3 

1

log e 2x 2  4x  1 
1

log e 
 2x  2  3 
c
4 2 6   x – 2 = 1 4 (4x +3) 11 4

Integration of the form 4x  3 11

 
1 dx
I dx
px + q 4 2x  3x  2
2 4 2x  3x  2
2
 2
ax + bx + c
dx


1 11 1 dx
d  .2 2x 2  3x  2  
(p x + q) = A (ax 2  bx  c)  B 4 4 2 x  3 x 1
2
dx 2
px + q = A (2ax + b) + B
To determine Aand B, we equate from both side coeffi-

1 11 dx
cients of and the constant terms.  2x 2 3x  2 
2
x  34
4 2 2
2 5
 
Example-32 4
2  3x
Evaluate  4x  4x  17
2
dx
1 11 x3 
 2x 2  3x  2 cos h 1  4 c
Sol. Let 2 - 3x =A(8x +4 ) + B 2 4 2  s/a 
8 A= -3 4A +B = 2  

51
Integrals

Example-34 Example-35

 2sin x  cos x
log e xdx dt
Evaluate
x 1  4 log e x   log e x 
2
Evaluate

2dt 2t
Sol. Putting tan x/2 = t dx  sin x 
dx 1 t2 1  t2
Sol. put loge x = t   dt
x 2dt
1 t2
  4t  1  t t
2dt dt
I  2

tdt
I  2t   1  t
2  2 2
 4t  1
1  4t  t 2 2 
2   
 1  t   1  t 2

t = A (4 + 2 t) +B

t   t  2
4A + B = 0 2A = 1 dt dt
I2 2
 4t  4  5
 5
2 2 2
1 
4× +B=0 A= 1 2
2
B=–2 1  t 2 5 
I  2. log e  c
4  2t  t  2  5 
2 5  
 
1 dt
I dx  2
2 1  4t  t 2
1  4t  t 2  tan x  2  5 
1
 log e  2 c

1 dt  tan x  2  5 
  2 1  4t  t 2  2 5
 2 
2 t  4t  4  3
2

Integration by parts

dt
 1  4t  t 2  2.
 t  2 2    du 
2
3  u.vdx  u vdx   dx . v.dx dx where u and v are
differentiable function.
dx
Integration of the form  acos x +bsin x + c Note:

1 2 we generally follow the rule ILATE to determine

put tan x 2 = t  sec x 2 dx  dt which of the two functions is to be the I and
2
which of the two functions is to be the II.
2dt I = Inverse trigonometry function
 dx   (1)
1 t2 L = Logarithmic function
A = Algebraic function
2 tan x
sin x  2  2t ............. (2) T = Trigonometry function
1  tan x 1  t2
2
E = Expotential function
2
Special Integral
1  tan 2 x f  x   f   x   dx
2  1 t e
2 x
cos x  ........(3)
1  tan 2 x 1 t2
2   e x f  x  dx   e x f   x  dx
from eg (1) , (2) and (3)
= ex f(x) + C
2dt
 t2
I  1
 1  t 2   2t  Example-36
a    b
2  c
 1 t   1 t 
2

Evaluate :  x cos x dx
 a(1  t )  2bt  c(1  t )
2dt
I
I   x cos x dx  x sin x   1  sin xdx
2 2
Sol. I II

t
2dt = x sin – (– cos x) + C
 2
 c  a   2bt  (a  c) = x sin x + cos x + C
52
 Integrals

Example-37 Example-41
Evaluate : I   x e dx 2 x

x  cos 1 x dx
2
Evaluate :
I   x e x dx  x 2 e x   2x  e x dx
2
Sol. x3 1 x 3
 x  cos1 xdx  cos x  
1 1
 dx
I II 2
Sol.
 x 2 ex  2 x e x dx II 3 1 x2 3

x 3 cot 1 x 1  x  1 x  x
I II
2
 x 2 e x  2  xe x   1  e x dx  x 3 cot 1 x 1 x3
        dx
3 3 1  x2 3 3 1  x 2 
 x 2 e x  2  xe x  e x   C
x 3 cot 1 x 1  1 2x 
 x 2 e x  2x e x  2e x  C    xdx   dx
3 3 2 1  x 2 

x 3 cot 1 x 1 x 2 1
Example-38     log 1  x 2  C
3 3 2 6
 1 1 
Evaluate : I     dx
 log x  log x  
2 Example-42

Sol. Put log x = t  x = et  dx = etdt x sin 1

Evaluate :  1 x2
dx
1 1  t 1  1  t 1
  t  t 2  e dt   e t  2   e   C
t

  t  t
Sol. Let first function be sin–1 x and second function be
log x
e x
 C  C x
log x log x
1 x2
Example-39
First we find the integral of the second function i.e.

x 2
 1 xdx
Evaluate :   x  1 2
e x dx  1 x2
x 2
 1  2
x x  2x  1  2x

  x  12     x  12 dx Put t = 1 – x2 . Then dt = – 2x dx
x
Sol. e dx e
 
xdx 1 dt
x  x  1  2x
 2
  2x 
Therefore,  1 x 2

2 t
  t   1 x2
= e   dx   e x  1   dx
  x  1   x  y  
2 2

Hence,
 x  1  1
x  x sin 1 x
=  e dx  2 e
x 1
 dx  (sin 1 x)(  1  x 2 )  
dx (  1  x 2 )dx
 x  2
2
1 x 2
1  x2

 1 1  1
   x  1  x  12   e  2e   x  1  C
    1  x 2 sin 1 x  x  C  x  1  x 2 sin 1 x  C
x x x x
= e 2 e
 
Alternatively, this integral can also be worked out by
making substitution sin–1 x =  and then integrating by
Example-40
parts.
x  loxdx
3
Evaluate :
Example-43
x4 1 x4 x 4 log x 1 3
Sol. log x    dx    x dx Evaluate :  e  tan x  log cos x  dx
x
4 x 4 4 4
x 4 log x 1 x 4
 e  tan x  log cos x  dx
x
  C Sol.
4 4 4
x 4 log x x 4   e x  tan x  log sec x  dx  e x log sec x
  C
4 16
53
Integrals

1 2x 2 2x 4
Example-44  I =  e cos 3x  e sin 3x  I
3 9 9
Evaluate :  x
 2n 1
 cos  x n  dx
Sol. xn = t  nx(n–1) dx dx = dt 4 e 2x
 I+ I (2sin 3x  3cos 3x)
9 9
 cos  x n  dx   t  cos t
dt 1
I   x n  x
n 1

n n
 t cos t dt
13 e 2x
 I (2sin 3x  3cox3x)
1 9 9
 t sin t   1sin t dt 
n
e 2x
I  (2sin 3x  3cos 3x)  C
  x n  sin  x n   cos  x n    C
1
13
n

Example-45 (ii) Let I =  e  x cos xdx , then

 e sinxdx
x
Evaluate : I=  e  x cos xdx  e  x sin x   e  x sin xdx
Sol. Take first function as exand second function as sinx.
Then, integrading by parts, we have
 e  x sin x  e  x (  cos x)   ( e  x )   cos x  dx
I   e sin xdx  e (  cos x)   e cos xdx
x x x

= e–x sin x – e–x cos x –   e cos xdx

x
= – ex cosx + I1(say) ....(1)
Talking ex and cos x as the first and second functions,
respectively, in I1 we get  I = e–x sinx – e–x cosx – 1  2I = e–x (sin x – cosx)
I1 = ex sinx –  e x sin xdx
e x
Substituting the value of I1 in (1), we get I= (sinx – cosx) + C
2
I = – ex cosx + ex sin x – I or 2I = ex (sin x – cosx)
ex Example-47
Hence, I =  e x sin xdx 
2
(sin x  cos x)  C

Alternatively, above integral can also be determined Find  log xdx

by taking sinx as the first function and ex the second
function. Sol. To start with, we are unable to guess a function whose
derivative is log x. We take log x as the first function
Example-46
and the constant function 1 as the second function.
Evaluate : Then the integral of the second function is x.
 
2x x
(i) e sin 3xdx (ii) e cos xdx
Hence ,


2x
Sol. (i) Let I = e sin 3xdx . Then
d 
 (log x.1)dx  log x  1dx    (log x)  1dx  dx
  dx 
2x
I= e sin 3xdx

2x  cos3x  2x  cos3x 
3  
= e    2e  
1
 dx  (log x).x   xdx  x log x  x  C
  3  x
1 2x 2 2x
=  e cos3x   e cos3xdx Example-48
3 3

1 2x 2   x sin 3x
=  e cos 3x  e   2e 2x
sin 3x 
dx  Evaluate :  sin 1 xdx
3 3 3 3 
Sol. Let sin–1 x = t. Then, x = sin t  dx = d(sin t) = cos t dt
1 2x 2 2x 4 2x
=  e cos3x  e sin3x   e sin3xdx
3 9 9   sin 1 xdx

54
 Integrals

2A = 1 A+B=0
=  t cos tdt
1 1 1 1
A B  A    x  2x  1 
2 2 2 2
= t sin t   1.(sin t)dt
1 1
I     2x  1   x 2  x dx
= t sint –  sin t dt  2 2

1 1
 t sin t  cos t  C  x sin 1 x  1  sin 2 t  C    2x  1 x 2  x dx   x 2  x dx
2 2

1 x  x
 x sin 1 x  1  x 2  C 2 3/ 2
2
1  1 1
 
2 3/ 2
 
2 
 x    dx
2 4
THREEIMPORTANTINTEGRALS:

x
x 2 a2

1 2
x  x    2x  1 x 2  x
1
3/ 2
1  a 2 – x 2 dx =
2
a – x 2 + sin –1   + C
2 2

3 8

x a2 1  1 
2  x 2 – a 2 dx = x 2 – a 2 – log x + x 2 – a 2 + C  log  x   x 2  x   C
2 2 16  2 
x 2 a2
3  a 2 + x 2 dx =
2
a + x 2 + log x + a 2 + x 2 + C
2

Example-49

 x 2  4x  5 dx    x  2  1 dx
2
Evaluate

x2
 1  log  x  2    1
1
  x  2  x  2
2 2

2 2  

Example-50

 3  2x  x 2 dx   2 2   x  1 dx
2
Evaluate

x 1  x 1
 3  2x  x 2  2sin 1  C
2  2 

Example-51

 x 2  4x  5 dx    x  2  9 dx
2
Evaluate

x2 2 9
x  4x  5  log  x  2   x 2  4x  5 
9 2  

IMPORTANT CONSEPT

If   ax + b  px 2 + qx + r

then ax + b = A
d
dx
 px2 + qx + r  + B

xA
dx
x  x  B
d 2

x = A(2x + 1) + B ..........(1)
=2Ax + A+ B

55
Integrals

INTEGRALS-II
 r n –1 
  if r  1
(Definite Integral)
a  ar  ar2  – – ar n –1  a 
 r –1 
INTRODUCTION
 1 – rn 
b and a    if r  1
A definite integral is denoted by  f (x) dx , where a is  1– r 
a

called the lower limit of the integral and B is called

the upper limit of the integral. The definite integral is SOLVED EXAMPLE
introduced either as the limit of a sum or if it has an
anti derivative F in the interval [a, b], then its value is Example-52
2
the difference between the values of F at the end points,
 (x  1) dx as the limit of a sum.
2
i.e., F(b) – F(a). Find
0
b
Thus  f (x) dx =  f (x)  a = F(b) – F(a) Sol. By definition
b

a
b
1
DEFINITE INTEGRALS AS LIMIT OF SUM
 f (x) dx
a
= (b – a) lim
n  n
b

 f (x) dx = lim h f (a)  f (a  h)  f (a  2h)  f  a  (n 1)h 

a
n 
 f (a)  f (a  h)  f (a  2h)   f  a  (n  1)h  

1
f (a)  f (a  h)  f (a  2h)  f  a  (n  1)h  
n 1
= lim h  f (a  rh) = lim
n  n 
h 0
n  r 0

ba ba
where h = where h =
n n
n 1 1
In this illustration,
If a = 0 and b = 1 then, lim h  f (rh) =  f (x) dx ;
n 
r 1 0
20 2
a = 0, b = 2, f(x) = x2 + 1, h = =
n n
Y
S Therefore,
M D
2
 2 4  2(n  1)  
f (0)  f    f     f 
y = f(x)
 (x  1) dx = 2 lim
n  

2
C L
Q
0
 n  n   n 

1   22   42   (2n  2) 2 
= 2 lim 1   2  1   2  1  .   2
 1
n  n
 n  n   n 

X' P A B R
O a=x0 x1 x2 xr–1 xr xn=b X 1 1 2 
= 2 nlim  1
1 
 1  2 (2  4  (2n  2) 
2 2
 n  
Y'  n  terms n

 1  n 1  r  1 2
1
22 2
where nh = 1 or lim    f   =  f (x) dx = 2 lim  n  2 (1  2 . (n  1) 
2
  r 1  n 
n  n
0
n  n
 n 

Some Standared Formula : 1 4 (n  1) n (2n  1) 

= 2 lim
n  n  n  n 2 6 
n(n  1)
 n  1 2  3  – – – – – n  2
1 2 (n  1) (2n  1) 
n  n  1 2n  1
= 2 lim  n  3 
n 1  2  3  – – n 
2 2 2 2 2 n  n n
6
 2  1 1   4 14
n 2  n  1 = 2 lim 1  1    2    = 2 1   =
2
.
 n3  13  23  33  – –n3  4
n   3  n n   3 3

56
 Integrals

1 n 1 n 
Example-53 = lim  3 · (n  1)(2n  1)  2 · 2 · (n  1) 
n   n 6 n 2 
2

e
x
Evaluate dx as the limit of a sum 1  1   1   1 
0 = lim  1    2    1   
n   6  n n   n 
Sol. By definition
1 1 
1 0
2 4 2n  2  = (1 + 0) (2 + 0) + (1 + 0) = + 1 = .
2
  n  e n ..  e n  6 3 3
 e dx = (2 – 0) n n 
lim e e
x

0
Example-55
2
Using the sum of n terms of G.P., where a = 1, r = en , Obtain the following definite integral as the limit of a
we have 1
sum :  (3x 2  2x  1) dx
 2n   2 
  e n  1   e 1 
2 0
 e dx = 2 nlim
x
 n
 2  = 2 nlim
 n  2 
0  en 1   e n  1 1
 
 (3x  2x  1) dx
2
Sol.
0
2 (e2  1) 2 (e h  1)
= = e – 1. [Using lim = 1]
 2  h  h here a = 0, b = 1
 e  1
n
lim 
2 
·2
n  ba 1 0
  h= =
 n  n n
nh = 1 and f(x) = 3x2 + 2x + 1
Example-54
1
  (3x  2x  1) dx
2
Obtain the following definite integral as the limit of a
0
3

 (x  2x) dx .
2
sum :
2
h  

= lim h f (a)  f (a  h)  f (a  2h)  f (a  n  1 h 
 
Sol. Here, function f(x) = x2 – 2x is continuous in [2, 3].
Divide [2, 3] in n sub-intervals of equal length.
1  (3h 2  2h  1)  3(4h 2 )  2(2h)  1 .
ba 32 1 = lim h  
Each sub-interval is of length h = = = . h 
 ..... 3(n  1) 2 h 2  2h(n  1)  1 
n n n
Therefore, we get nh = 1, also h  0 as n .
Now, according to definition,
= lim h 

 n  3h 2 1  4  9  . (n  1) 2 


b n h  
  2h  1  4  9  . (n  1)  
 f (x) dx = lim h  f (a  ih)
h 0
a n  i 1

 (n  1) n [2(n  1)  1]  (n  1)n  
3 n = lim h  n  3h 2  2h  
 (x
2
 2x) dx = lim h  f (2  ih) ( a = 2) h   6  2 
n 
2 i 1

n  2nh  h 3 (n  1)n(2n  1)  2h 2 n(n  1) 

= lim h   (2  ih)  2 (2  ih) 2 = lim h  
h  2
n 
i 1
 
n
= lim h   4  ih  i 2 h 2  4  2ih   2(1)  h 2 (n  1)(1)(2n  1)  2h(n  1) 
n  = lim h 
i 1 
h  2
n
 
= lim h  i 2 h 2  2ih  [ nh = 1]
n 
i 1

 n n 
2 20  0  20
= lim  h 3  i 2  2 h 2  i  = lim 
n
 i 1 i 1  h 0  2  = 3.

57
Integrals

42 2
Example-56 Here, a = 2, b = 4, f(x) = 2x – 1 and h  
n n
Obtain the following definite integral as the limit of a 4
 f  2   f (2  h)  f  2  2h   ....
  f  x  dx  lim h  
3 h 0
 .......  f  2   n  1 h  
 (3x  2x)dx
2 2
sum :
1 4
   2x  1 dx
3
2

 (3x  2x)dx
2
Sol.
1 2  2   1  2  2  h   1  2  2  2h   1  ...
 lim h  
3 1 h 0
  
......  2  2   n  1 h   1 

a = 0, b = 3, h =  nh = 2
n
3   3  2h    3  4h    3  6h   .....
= lim h 
.......   3  2  n  1 h  
3

 (3x
h 0
2
 2x)dx 

h 3n  2h 1  2  3  ...   n  1  
1
= lim
h 0 

  
= lim h f (1)  f (1  h)  f (1  2h)  f 1  n  1 h 
h     n  n  1 
f(1) = 3 (1)2 + 2 (1) = 5 = lim h 3n  2h. 
h 0
f(1 + h) = 3 (1 + h)2 + 2 (1 + h) = 3h2 + 8h + 5 :  2 
f(1 + 2h) = 3 (1 + 2h)2 + 2 (1 + 2h) = 12h2 + 16h + 5
2 2 n  n  1 
3n  2. .
  
f 1  n  1 h = 3 [1 + (n – 1) h]2 + 2[1 + (n – 1) h]
= hlim
 n

 n 2 


= 3 (n – 1)2 h2 + 8 (n – 1)   n  1 
6  4 
 
= nlim
3
  n 
 (3x  2x)dx
2

1   1 
6  4 1   
 
= nlim
  n 
= lim h 3h {1  4  (n  1) }  8h{1  2  (n  1)}  5n 
2 2
h 0 = 6 + 4 (1 – 0) =10
 (n  1) (2n  1)n (n  1)n 
= lim h 3h 2  8h  5n 
h 0  6 2  Example-58
(nh  h) nh (2nh  h)
= lim  
 4(nh  h) nh  5nh  Obtain the following definite integral as the limit of a
h 0  2  4
sum :  (x 2  x) dx
 (2  h) (2) (4  h) 
= lim   4(2  h) (2)  10 1
h 0  2 
4
2 2 4   (x  x) dx
2
Sol.
=   4  2  2  10  = 34.
 2  1

ba 4 1
Example-57 a = 1, b = 4, h = =  nh = 3
n n

 f (1)  f (1  h)  f (1  2h) . 

4
Evaluate the following integrals as limit of sums :
 (x  x) dx = lim h 
2
4 h   .... f 1  (n  1) h 
  2x  1 dx
1

2
= Now, f(1) = 1 – 1 = 0
Sol. We have, f(1 + h) = (1 + h)2 – (1 + h) = h2 + h
f(1 + 2h) = (1 + 2h)2 – (1 + 2h) = 4h2 + 2h :
b
f  a   f  a  h   f  a  2h   ......
 f  x  dx  lim h  , f  1  (n  1)h  = [1 + (n – 1) h]2 – [1 + (n – 1) h]
h 0 ......  f  a   n  1 h  
a
= (n – 1)2 h2 + (n – 1) h
ba 4 0  h 2  h  4h 2  2h . 
where h  .
 (x  x) dx = lim h 
2
n 
 ... (n  1) h  (n  1)h 
h  2 2
1
58
 Integrals

 2  sin a  sin (a  h)  sin (a  2h)  

h  h {1  4  . (n  1) }
2 b
= hlim
   n{1  2  .  (n  1)}   sin x dx = nlim

h 
. sin  a  (n  1)h  
a


 n (n  1) (2n  1) n (n  1) 
= lim h  h 2 · h·   h  nh 
h   6 2   sin  a  (n  1) 2  sin 2 
= lim h    
 nh (nh  h) (2nh  h) nh (nh  h)  h   h 
= lim h    sin
h   6 2  2 

 (3  h) 3 (6  h) (3  h) 3 
= lim h  
h   6 2    nh h  nh 
 sin  a  2  2  sin 2 
3 3 6 3 3 9 27 = lim h    
=  =9+ = . h  
sin
h 
6 2 2 2  2 

Example-59
  b  a h   b a 
Obtain the following definite integral as the limit of a  sin  a  2  2  sin  2  
= lim h       [ nh=b– a]
3 h   h 
sin
sum :  e x dx  2 
0
3
h
e
x
Sol. dx
2 ab h ba 
0 = lim · lim 2 sin    sin  
h 
sin
h h   2 2  2 
ba 3 2
a = 0, b = 3  h = =
n n
 nh = 3 and f(x) = ex a b  ba 
= 2 sin   sin   = cos a – cos b
3 f (a)  f (a  h)  f (a  2h)    2   2 
 
   
x
e dx = lim h
h   . f a  n  1 h  [ 2sin A sin B = cos (A – B) – cos (A + B)]
0  

h  

= lim h f (0)  f (h)  f (2h) . f n  1 h 
  DEFINITE INTEGRAL AS AREA FUNCTION
b

= lim h  e0  e h  e 2h . e(n 1)h 

h 
 f (x) dx
a
can also be seen as the area of the region

bounded by the curve y = f(x), a  x  b, the x-axis

1  enh   h 
= lim h  = lim (1  e3 ) 
h  h 
3
 = (1 – e ) (– 1) and the ordinates x = a and x = b. Let x be a given
h 
 1 e   1  eh  b

 
point in [a, b]. Then  f (x) dx represents the area of
eh  1
 lim
a
 1 .
 h 0 h
 the shaded region.
Note: The area of the part of the curve below the x-axis
Example-60 is given as negative
b if we find it by definite integral.
Evaluate  sin x dx as limit of sums.
a Y
Sol. We have,
b
f (a)  f (a  h)  f (a  2h)  y = f(x)
 f (x) dx
a
= lim h 
n 


. f  a  (n  1)h   x=a x=b

ba
where h = . Here f(x) = sin x O a b X
n

59
Integrals

FUNDAMENTALTHEOREM OF INTEGRALCALCULUS
b Example-62
 f (x) dx = F(b) – F(a) where  f (x) dx = F(x) + C  /4

 sin 3x sin 2x dx
a

and F(b) – F(a) is denoted by F(x) a .

b Evaluate :
0

b
 /4
Note: If  f (x) dx
a
= 0  the equation f(x) = 0 has
Sol.  sin 3x sin 2x dx
0
atleast one root lying in (a, b) provided f is a continuous
function in (a, b). /4
1
A NOTE ON SUBSTITUTION IN DEFINITE INTEGRAL = 2  (2sin3x sin 2x)dx
0
One of the important methods for definite integral is
the method of substitution. When we use substitution /4
1

method for evaluating the definite integrals the steps (cos x  cos 5x) dx
could be as follows: = 2
0
Method-1:
1. Substitute a function to reduce the given integral to a  /4
known form to integrate. Write the integral in terms of 1 sin 5x 
= sin x 
the new variable. 2 5  0
2. Integrate the new integrand with respect to the new
variable.
3. Resubstitute for the new variable and write the answer  5  
sin 
1   4   sin 0  sin 0 
in terms of the original variable.   sin    
4. Find the values of the answers obtained in (3) at the = 2
 4 5   5 
given limits of the integral and find the difference of   
the values at the upper and lower limits.
Method-2:
1 1 1  6 3 2
In order to quicken this method, we can proceed as = 2   
follows; after performing steps 1 and 2, there is no need  2 ( 2)5  2(5 2) 10
for step 3. Instead, the integral will be kept in the new
variable itself, but the limits of the integral will be
accordingly changed, so that we can perform the last step.
Example-63
SOLVED EXAMPLE  /2

 cos
3
Evaluate xdx
Example-61 0
3 1
1
Evaluate : (i)  x dx
2
(ii)  2x  3 dx  /2  /2
cos 3x  3cos x
2 0 Sol.  cos3 xdx =  4
dx
0 0
3
x2
(i) Let I =  since    F(x)
2 2
Sol. x dx x dx  cos 3x  4 cos3 x  3cos x 
2
3  
Therefore, by the second fundamental theorem, we get
 /2
1
I = F(3) – F(2) =
27 8
– =
19
= 4  (cos 3x  3cos x) dx
3 3 3 0
1
1
(ii)  2x  3 dx 1  sin 3x 
 3sin x 
 /2

0 = 
4 3 0
1
= log(2x  3) 10
2 1  sin 3 / 2    sin 0 
1 =    3sin     3sin 0  
=  log | 1 |  log | 3 | 4  3 2  3 
2
1 1 1
 log1  log 3 = 0  log 3 = – log 3 1  1   2
=
2 2 2 =     3   (0  0)  
4  3   3
60
 Integrals

Therefore, by the second fundamental theorem of

Example-64 calculus, we have
 /2 9
2 
 1  sin 2x dx 1
Evaluate I = F(9) – F(4) =  3/ 2 
 /4 3  (30  x  4

 /2
2 1 1  2  1 1  19
Sol.  cos2 x  sin 2 x  2sin x cos x dx =    =  
3  (30  27) 30  8  3  3 22  99
 /4

 /2 2
x dx
=  (cos x  sin x)2 dx (ii) Let I =  (x  1)(x  2)
 /4 1

Using partial fraction, we get

 /2
 x 2 | x |
=  | cos x  sin x |dx  
x 1 2
 /4 (x  1)(x  2) = x  1 + x  2
 /2
 
(cos x  sin x) dx cos x  sin x for  x 
x dx
=   4 2  So,  (x  1)(x  2) = –log |x + 1| + log | x + 2| = F(x)
 /4

 /2
Therefore, by the second fundamental theorem of
 (sin x  cos x) dx
calculus, we have
=
 /4
I = F(2) – F(1) = [–log 3 + 2 log 4] – [–log 2 + 2 log 3]
 32 
=   cos x  sin x  /4
 /2
= –3 log 3 + log 2 + 2 log 4 = log  
 27 
           /4
=   cos    sin       cos    sin   
 sin
3
 2  2   4  4  (iii) Let I = 2t cos 2t dt .
0
 2 
= (0 – 1) +   =  sin
3
 2 2 1 Consider 2t cos 2t dt

1
Put sin 2t = u so that 2 cos 2t dt = du or cos 2t dt = du
2
Example-65
 sin
3
Evaluate the following integrals : So 2t cos 2t dt
9 2
x x dx 1 4 1
 (30  x 3/ 2 )2  (x  1)(x  2)
1 3
2
(i) dx (ii) u du = [u ] = sin4 2t = F(t) say
=
4 1 8 8
Therefore, by the second fundamental theorem of
 /4
integral calculus
 sin
3
(iii) 2t cos 2t dt
0  1  1
I = F   – F(0) = [sin4 – sin4 0] =
9
4 8 4 8
x
Sol. (i) Let I =  (30  x 3/2 )2 dx . We first find the anti
Example-66
4
derivative of the integrand. t 1
 x x 
Evaluate : (i)  xe dx (ii)   xe  sin 4  dx
x

0 
3 2
Put 30 – x3/2 = t. Then  x dx  dt or x dx   dt 0
2 3
1 1

 xe dx =  xe x  0 – 1.e dx
x x 1
x Sol.
Thus,  (30  x 3/2 )2 dx 0 0

1
= (1.e1 – 0e0) e 
x
2 dt 2 1  2  1  0
= 3  2  3 t   3  3/2 
 F(x) = (e – 0) – (e – e0) = 1
t    (30  x) 

61
Integrals

1
 x 
  xe  sin Example-68
x
(ii)  dx
4 
tan 1 x
1
0
Evaluate  1  x2 dx
1 1 0
x
=  xe dx +  sin
x
dx 1
4 Sol. Let t = tan–1 x, then dt = dx . The new limits are,
0 0
1 x2
1 
x 1 4 x  x 1 when x = 0, t = 0 and when x = 1, t = . Thus, as x
=  xe  0  e  0  cos  4
 4 0 
varies from 0 to 1, t varies from 0 to .
4
    Therefore
= (1.e1 – 0e0) – (e1 – e0) –  cos  cos 0 
  4   /4 / 4
tan 1 x  t2  1  2 
1
2
 1  x2 dx =  t dt   = 2  16  0  =
4  1  0 0  2 0   32
= (e – 0) – (e – 1) –   1
  2 
Example-69
4 2 2
=1+  Evaluate :
 
4 a
1 1
Example-67 (i)  dx (ii)  dx
x  2x  3
0
2
0 ax  x 2
1
Sol. (i) We have,
 5x x 5  1 dx
4
Evaluate
4 4
1 1 1
Sol. Put t = x5 + 1, then dt = 5x4 dx  dx =  (x  1)  ( 2)2
dx
x  2x  3
2 2
0 0
Therefore,
4
 
 
2
= log x  1 (x  1) 
2
2 2 2 
 5x
4
x 5  1 dx =  t dt  t 3/ 2  (x 5  1)3/ 2
3 3   0
4
 2 
= log x  1  x  2x  3 
1 2
2 5 1
 0
 5x x 5  1 dx = (x  1)3/ 2 
4
Hence,
3  1
1

= log 5  16  8  3 – log 1  3   
2 5 2
(1  1)3/2  (( 1)5  1)3/ 2  =  23/ 2  03/ 2  53 3 
=
3 3 
= log 5  3 3 – log 1  3 = log  
 1 3 
 
2 4 2 (ii) We have,
= (2 2)  a
3 3 a
1 1
 ax  x 2
dx =
 dx
Alternatively, first we transform the integral and then 0 0  a2 a2 
  x 2  ax   
evaluate the transformed integral with new limits. 4 4 

Let t = x5 + 1. Then dt = 5x4 dx
Note that, when x = –1, t = 0 and when x = 1, t = 2 a
  a 
Thus, as x varies from –1 to 1, t varies from 0 to 2
a
1  1  x  2  
=  dx = sin  
0
2
  
a a 
2
  a  
  x  
1 2
  2   0
Therefore  5x
4
x  1 dx =
5
 t dt 2  2
1 0 a
 1  2x  a  
= sin  
  a 0
2  3/ 2  2 2  3/ 2 2 4 2
t    2  03/ 2  = (2 2)  
3
= 0 3 3 3 = sin–1 1 – sin–1 (–1) = 2 sin–1 (1) = 2    
2

62
 Integrals

But a  0  a 1/2
=2a=4
Example-70 a 1 5
1
dx Now,  xdx   xdx a  4 
Find  1  2x   2
, (0 <  < 1). a 4
1
5
 x2  25 16 9
=     
1
dx
Sol.  1  2x   2
 2 4 2 2 2
1

1 Example-72
 
1 1/2

2 1
= 1  2x   2 .( 2) dx
  /2
1 1
Evaluate : (i)  5  4cos x dx (ii)  3  2 cos x
dx
1
 
1/ 2 0 0
1 d
2 1
= 1  2x   2 . (1  2x   2 )dx Sol. We have,
dx
 
1 1 1
1  (1  2x   2 )1/2   5  4cos x dx
=    I= =   x
dx
2  1/ 2  1
0
 1  tan
2
2
0
5  4
1  1  tan 2 x 
1 
= 2 1  2x   2   2
2   1

1
=  (1  )  (1  )   1    
x
1  tan 2

= 
2 dx

0 5 1  tan
x   2 x
1 
2
  4  1  tan 
=  ( 2 )  2  2  2


x x
Example-71  1  tan 2  sec2
=  
2 dx 2 dx
a  /2 a 1
2 x = x
If  x dx  2a  sin 3 x dx then obtain  x dx 0 9  tan
2
0 9  tan 2
2
0 0 a
Sol. First we find a:
x  x 1 x
 /2 Let tan = t. Then, d  tan  = dt  sec2 dx
a
2  2 2 2
 x dx  2a  sin
3
Here, x dx
0 0 2dt
= dt  dx =
x
a  /2 sec2
x dx  2a  (1  cos 2
1/2 2
 x) sin x dx
0 0

Also, x = 0  t = tan 0 = 0 and x =   t = tan = .
a   /2  /2
d  2
 x dx  2a   sin x dx   cos
1/2 2
x. (cos x)dx 
0  0 0
dx  x
2 
 sec 
dt 2  1 t 
2  3/ 2  a   /2 1  /2 
2a   cos x 0  cos3 x   I= 
2 . 2dt
= 2  
3 
tan
3  0
0 3 t
2 2
 x 9  t 2 sec 2 x
3 0 =
 3 0  0
2
a  0   2a (0  ( 1))  (0  1) 
2 3/2 1
   2  
3   3 
2  1
tan   tan 1 0  =   0  
=
3  3 2  3
2 3/2  1
 a  2a  1   (ii) We have,
3  3
 /2
1
2 3/ 2 4a
 a  a 3/2
= 2a I=  3  2 cos x
dx
3 3 0

63
Integrals

 /2
1 Example-74
=   x
dx
/6
 1  tan   2  3x  cos3xdx
2
2
0 2

3  2 Evaluate
 1  tan 2 x  0

 2 Sol. We have,
/6

  2  3x  cos 3xdx
2
x x
 /2 1  tan 2
 /2 sec
2
0

= 
2

dx = 2 dx
   2 x
  2  3x 2 
x 2 x / 6
0 3 1  tan

2
  2  1  tan  0 5  tan  /6
sin 3x
 2  2 2  sin 3x    6x dx
 3  0 3
0
x  x
Let tan = t . Then, d  tan  = dt
2  2   2  3x 2   /6
/ 6

 sin 3x   2  x sin 3xdx

1 x 2dt  3 
 sec2 dx = dt  =
0
0
2 2 x
sec2
2 1 
/6
   x cos 3x   / 6  / 6 cos 3x 
   2  3x 2  sin 3x   2       3 dx 
  3 0   3 0 0 
Now, x = 0  t = tan 0 = 0 and x =  t = tan =1
2 4
1 
/ 6
   x cos 3x   / 6 1 / 6 
x    2  3x 2  sin 3x   2     sin 3x 0 
1 sec 2 3 0   3 0 9 
 I   2 . 2dt
5  t 2 sec2 x 1  2   1 
 sin   2  0  0 
0
2 
= 3  2 
  12  2 3 
1 1
dt 1  1  1      0 cos 0  1   
2  2   cos    sin  sin 0 
 5 = 2.  tan   
= 2
0 t 2
5  5  0  18 2 3  9  2 

1  2  
2  1 1  2  1  = 3  2   sin 
 tan  tan 1 0   tan 1  
=
5 5  5  5   12  2

    0 cos 0 1   
 2   cos    sin  sin 0 
Example-73   18 2 3 9 2 
x  3
2 2
3
1  2    
Evaluate  x 2
dx 1
=  3  2  12    2  0  0   9 1  0  
2
    

x  3
2
2
2 2 2  2 4 1 2
     16 
3
   
Sol. 
2 x2
dx
3 36 9 36 9 36

x 4  6x 2  9
3 3

x  6  9x 2  dx
Example-75
=
2
dx =
2
x2 2

1
3
Evaluate  x 2
a 2
 x 2
 b2 
dx
x 9
3 0

  6x   Sol. Let x2 = y Then

3 x 2
1 1

8 9
= (9 + 18 – 3)    12   x 2
a 2
 x 2
b 2
  y  a  y  b 
2 2

 3 2
1 A B
8 9 Let y  a 2 y  b 2  y  a 2  y  b 2
11 83
= 24 –12      12      (1)
 3 2  6 6
 1 = A (y + b2) +B(y + a2) (2)
64
 Integrals

2 2
Putting y = –a and y = –b successively in (2), we get
1 A Bx  C
1 1   .
A and B  2 x 1  x 
(ii) Let 2
x 1  x 2 Then
b2  a 2 a  b2
Substituting the values of A and B in (1), we obtain 1= A(1 + x2) + (Bx + C)x (1)
1 1  1 1  Putting x = 0 in (1), we get A = 1. Comparing the
   
 y  a  y  b 
2 2
a  b2
2
yb
2
y  a2  coefficients of x2 and x, we get A + B = 0 and C = 0
 B = –1 and C = 0 (  A = 1)
1 1  1 1 
 
  x 2  a 2  x 2  b 2  a 2  b 2  x 2  b 2 x 2  b 2  
1

1

x
x 1  x 2  x 1 x2
  y  x 2 
2 2 2
1 1 1 2x
 x 1  x  dx   dx  

1 So, dx
So,  x
0
2
 a 2  x 2  b 2 
dx 1
2
1
x 2 1 1  x2


 1    log x 1   log 1  x 2  
1 1 2 1 2

2  2
  2  dx
a b 0 x b
2 2
x  b2  2 1

 1 x 

1

1
 tan
1 x 1
 tan 1     log 2  log1  log 5  log 2
a  b2
2
 b b a a 0  2

 1  1 1 3 1

1 1 1 1  log 2  log 5  log 2  log 2  log 5
a  b2  b tan   a tan    2 2 2 2
 
2

1 1 
  tan 1 0  tan 1 0 
 b a  Example-77
1       4 1
     0  0   1 2x
2 2 
a  b  2b 2a   2ab a  b Evaluate : (i) x
0 x
dx (ii)  5x
0
2
1
dx

Sol. (i) Put x = t so that dx = 2t dt. x = 0  t = 0, x = 4

2
Example-76
 t = 2.
Evaluate : 4
1
 dx
2
1
2
1 x x
  x  1 x  2  dx  x 1  x  dx
0
(i) (ii) 2
1 1
2 2
2tdt 1dt
  2
1 A B t t
2
t 1
(i) Let  x  1 x  2   x  1  x  2 . Then
0 0
Sol.
 2  log(t  1) 0  2  log 3  log1  2 log 3
2
1 = A (x + 2) +B(x + 1)
Putting x + 2 = 0 or x = –2 in (1), we get B = –1. (ii) Put 5x2 +1 = t, so that 10 xdx = dt. x = 0  t = 1,
Putting x + 1 = 0 or x = –1 in (1), we get A = 1. x=1t=6
1 1 1
  
1 6
2x 2x dt
 x  1 x  2  x 1 x  2  dx   .
0
5x 2
 1 1
t 10x
2 2 2
1 1 1
So,   x  1 x  2  dx   dx   dx 1 1
6

5 1 t
1 1 x 1 1 x 2  dt

 log  x  1 1  log  x  2  1

2 2

1
= (log3 – log2) – (log4 – log3) 
5  log t 1
6
= 2log3 – log2 – log4
= log 9 –log 8
1 1
9   log 6  log1  log 6
 log   5 5
8
65
Integrals

 
Example-78 Also, x = 0  t = tan 0 = 0 and x   t = tan  1
2 4

2
cos x dx x
Evaluate  1  sin x  2  sin x  1
2 . 2dt
sec 2
0 I  
0 2  2t 2
 8t sec2 x

2
2
cos xdx
Sol. Here, I  
0  x  2  sin x 
1
1  sin 1
 dt
1  t  4t
2
Now, taking substitution sin x = t we get, cosxdx = dt 0

 1
1
and if x = 0 then t = 0 and if x  then t = 1  dt
2 0   t  4t  1
2

1
dt
I   1
dt
0   2  t 
1  t 
0   t 2  4t  4  4  1
= log 1  t   log  2  t   0
1
1
dt

  t  2   5

1 2
  1  t  0
 
 log  
  2  t 0
1
1
 dt
2 2
 5
2 1 4
  t  2
2
 log  log  log  .   log 0
2

3 2  3 1  3
1
Example-79 1  5 t2 
 log 
/2 2 5  5  t  2  0
1
Evaluate  2 cos x  4sin x
dx
1   5 1   5  2 
0

Sol. We have,  log    log   

/2
2 5   5  1   5  2  
1
I  dx
0
2 cos x  4sin x

 
1  
log 
 5 1  
5  2  


/ 2
1 2 5 
   5  1 
5  2  

   x  x
dx
0 2  1  tan 2  4  2 tan 
 2 3 5   3 5 3 5 
 
2 1 1
 log    log  
x x   3  5 3  5 
1  tan 2 1  tan 2 2 5 log  3 5  2 5  
2 2
2
x 1  3 5  2  3 5  1 3 5 
 log    log   log 
1  tan  2 
2
/ 2   
  2 dx
2 5  2  2 5  2  5  
0 2  2 tan 2
x x
 8 tan
2 2 Example-80
x 2 3
/ 2 sec 2 5x 2 1
 
2 dx Evaluate : (i)  x 2  4x  3 dx (ii)  x 2 (x  1) dx
x 8 1 1
0 2  2 tan 2  8 tan
2 2 2 2
5x 2 x2
8  x Sol. We have,  x 2  4x  3 dx = 5
x 2  4x  3
dx
Let tan = t. Then, d  tan  = dt 1 1
2  2
2 2 2
 4x  3  4x  3
= 5 1  2  dx = 5 1.dx  5 2
1 x dt dx
 sec2 dx = dt or dx  2 x  4x  3 
2 2 x 1 1 1 x  4x  3
sec 2
2

66
 Integrals

2 2
2(2x  4)  5 Example-81
= 5 1.dx  5 dx
1 1 x 2  4x  3 1
Evaluate  cot 1 (1  x  x 2 ) dx
2  2  2(2x  4) 5   0
= 
5 1.dx  5   2  2  dx 
1  1  x  4x  3 x  4x  3   1 1
1  1 
Sol. I =  cot 1 (1  x  x 2 ) dx =  tan  2 
1 x  x 
dx
2 2 2
2x  4 1 0 0
= 5 1.dx  10  dx  25 dx
x  4x  3
2
x  4x  3
2 1

  tan 
1 1 1 1
= x  tan 1 (1  x) dx
2 2 2 0
2x  4 1
= 5 1.dx  10  dx  25 dx
x 2  4x  3 (x  2)2  12 1 1
1 1
 tan x dx   tan (1  x) dx
1 1 1
=
2 0 0
1  x  2 1 
= 5  x 1  10 log(x 2  4x  3)   25.
2 2

2(1) 
log
  1 x  2  1 1 1 1

 tan x dx   tan 1  (1  x)  dx
1 1
=
0 0
25   3   2 
= 5(2  1)  10  log15  log 8  log    log   
2  5  4  1 1 1
1
 tan x dx   tan x dx = 2 1· tan x dx
1 1
=
 15  25 3 4 0 0 0
= 5 – 10 log   + log   
8 2 5 2  1 
1 1
= 2   tan 1 x · x    · x dx 
0 1 x
2
15 25 6  0

= 5 – 10 log + log  
8 2 5
 
= – [log 2 – log 1] = – log 2.
1 A Bx  C 2 2
(ii) Let = + ...(1)
x (x  1)
2
x 1 x2
Example-82
Then, 1 = Ax2 + (Bx + C) (x + 1) ...(2)
2a n 3
a
Putting x = 0, x = –1 respectively in (2), we get C = 1
 x a  x  dx 
2 n
Prove
and A = 1. 0  n  1 n  2  n  3
Equating coefficients of x2 on both sides of (2), we get a
0 = A + B  B = –A = –1. Sol. Here, I   x 2  a  x  dx
n

Substituting the values of A, B and C in (1), we obtain 0

x  1
a
1 1
   a  x   a   a  x   dx
n

2
=
x (x  1)
2
x 1 x2 0

a
   a 2  2ax  x 2  x n dx
1
 = 1 x 1
x 2 (x  1)   0
x 1 x2 x2
a
3
1
3
 1 1 1     a 2 x n  2ax n 1  x n 2  dx
  x 2 (x  1) dx =   x  1  x  x 2  dx 0
1 1
a
 a 2 .x n 1 2a.x n  2 x n 3 
3    
 1  n 1 n 2 n  3 0
= log | x  1 |  log | x |  
 x 1
 a 2 .a n 1 a.a n  2 a n 3 
 2  0
 1
 n 1 n 2 n 3
=  log 4  log 3   (log 2 – log 1 – 1)
 3
 1 2 1 
 a n 3   
 4  1 2 2  n  1 n  2 n  3 
= log   – + 1 = log   +
 2  3  3 3 3
67
Integrals

  n  2  n  3  2  n  1 n  3    n  1 n  2   na a
 a n 3   9.  f  x  dx   n  m   f  x  dx if f(x) dx is periodic
  n  1 n  2  n  3  ma 0

 n 2  5n  6  2  n 2  4n  3   n 2  3n  2 
with period a.
 a n 3   If f  x     x  for a  x  b
  n  1 n  2  n  3  10.

b b


2a n  3
then  f  x  dx     x  dx
 n  1 n  2  n  3 a a

2a n 3
a b b

 x a  x  dx   f  x  dx   f  x  dx
2 n
Thus,
0  n  1 n  2  n  3 11.
a a

b
PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL
b b
12. If f  x   0 on the interval [a,b] then  f  x  dx  0
 f  x  dx   f  t  dt provided f is same.
a
1.
a a
SOLVED EXAMPLE
b a

2.  f  x  dx    f  x  dx Example-83
a b

b c b Evaluate :
3.  f  dx    f  x  dx   f  x  dx, where c may lie inside

1
1  2x x  0
a a c
(i)  f  x  dx, where f  x   1  2x x  0
or outside the interval [a, b]. This property is to be 1
used when f is piecewise continuous in (a, b).


4
2x  8, 1  x  2
a
(ii)  f  x  dx, where f  x  
4.  f  x  dx  0, if f(x) is an odd function 1 6x, 2  x  4
a
1
i.e. f(–x) = –f(x).
Sol. (i) We have  f  x  dx
a 1
 2 f  x  dx, if f(x) is an even function i.e. f(x) = f(–x).
0 1
0
  f  x  dx   f  x  dx
a a 1 0
5.  f  x  dx   f  a  b  x  dx, 0 1
0 0

a a
  1  2x  dx   1  2x dx [By definition of f(x)]
1 0
in particular  f  x  dx   f  a  x  dx 0 1
  x  x 2    x  x 2 
0 0
1 0
2a a a a
6.  f  x  dx   f  x  dx   f  2a  x  dx  2 f  x  dx, if   0   1  1   1  1   0    4
0 0 0 0
4 2 4
f(2a–x) = f(x) = 0, if f(2a-x) = –f(x)
na a
(ii)  f  x  dx   f  x  dx   f  x  dx
1 1 2

7.  f  x  dx  n  f  x  dx where a is the period of the 2 4

   2x  8  dx   6xdx
0 0
[Using definition of f(x)]
function i.e. f(a + x) = f(x) 1 2

b  nT b 2 4
8.  f  x  dx   f  x  dx where f(x) is periodic with   x 2  8x   3x 2 
1 2
a  nT a

period T and n  1.   4  16   1  8     48  12   47

68
 Integrals

Example-84 Example-86
2
 x 3  x dx  x sin x
Evaluate 1 Evaluate  0 1  cos 2 x
dx
Sol. We note that x3 – x  0 on [–1,0] and x3 – x  0 on
[0, 1] and that x3 – x  0 on [1, 2]. SO BY P2 we write.  x sin x
Sol. Let I = 
0 1  cos 2 x
dx. Then, by P4 we have
x  x  dx
2 0
 x 3  x dx   3
1 1
    x  sin    x  dx
I
    x 3  x  dx    x 3  x  dx
1 2 0 1  cos 2    x 
0 1

    x  sin xdx  sin x dx


0
x 3
 x  dx    x  x 3  dx    x 3  x  dx
1 2
   I
1 0 1
0 1  cos x 2 0 1  cos 2 x
 sin x dx
2I   
0 1 2
 x4 x2   x2 x4   x4 x2  or
         0 1  cos 2 x
4 2  1  2 4 0  4 2 1
  sin x dx
2 0 1  cos 2 x
or I
1 1 1 1 1 1
           4  2    
4 2 2 4 4 2 Put cos x = t so that –sinx dx = dt. When x = 0, t = 1
and when x = , t= herefore, (by P1) we get
1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 11
     2    2   1 dt  1 dt
4 2 2 4 4 2 2 4 4 I
2 1 1 t 2
 
2 1 1  t 2
1 dt 1
Example-85   2 (by P7, since is even function)
5
0 1 t 1 t2
Evaluate  x  2 dx 1   
2
5    tan 1 t     tan 1 1  tan 1 0      0  
0
4  4
Sol. Here, considering [–5,5] = [–5, –2] [–2, 5]

5 Example-87
I  x  2 dx 1
5 Evaluate  1
sin 5 x cos 4 xdx

Let I  1 sin x cos x dx . Let f  x   sin 5 x cos 4 x .

1
2 5 5 4
Sol.

5
 x  2 dx   x  2 dx 2 Then f(–x) = sin5 (–x) cos4 (–x) = –sin5 x cos4 x = –f(x)
i.e., f is an odd function.
x  2, if x  2
Now, x  2   x  2, if x  2  Therefore, by P7 (ii), I = 0

2 5
I    x  2  dx    x  2  dx
5 2
Example-88

x
Evaluate  1  sin x dx
2 5 0
 x2   x2 
    2x     2x  
x
 2  5  2  2 Sol. We have, I   dx
0
1  sin x
  25  
x
  2  4      10    I dx
  2  1  sin(   x)
0

 25    a a
 
  f  x  dx   f  a  x  dx   I    x dx
25 25
   10    2  4    2    2  29 
 2   2 2  0 0  0
1  sin x

69
Integrals

Adding (1) and (2), we get

 Example-90
x   x
2I   dx 
sin 4 x
0
1  sin x Evaluate  0
2
sin x  cos4 x
4
dx
 
1 1  sin x 
sin 4 x
 2I    dx    dx Sol. Let I = 2
dx
0
1  sin x 0
1  sin 2 x sin x  cos 4 x
0 4

 Then, by P4
 2I     sec 2 x  tan x sec x  dx    tan x  sec x 0

 
0  sin 4   x 
I  2  2  dx
 2I    tan   sec     tan 0  sec 0   0
4   4 
sin   x   cos   x 
2  2 
 2I    0   1    0  1   2 

cos 4 x
  2 dx
0 cos 4 x  sin 4 x (2)
Example-89 Adding (1) and (2), we get
sin 4 x  cos4 x
/2 /2 
2I   dx   dx   x 0 
/ 2
 0 sin x  cos x
4 4 0 2
2
sin x 
Prove 
0 cos x  sin x
dx 
4 Hence I 

4

2
sin x Example-91
Sol. Here, I   dx ......(1)
cos x  sin x 
dx

0 3
Evaluate 
6 1  tan x

    
sin   x  I  3
dx
 3
cos xdx
  Sol. ...(1)
2
2 1  tan x cos x  sin x
 dx 6 6
   
cos   x   sin   x  Then, by P3
0

2  2 
  
 
cos    x dx
3 6 
I
2
cos x 3
 dx .....(2) 
sin x  cos x      
cos    x   sin    x 
6
0

Adding (1) and (2) 3 6  3 6 

 

sin x
 3
2 2
sin x cos x
2I   dx   dx dx ....(2)
cos x  sin x sin x  cos x 6 sin x  cos x
0 0
Adding (1) and (2), we get

2  sin x  cos x   
  
   dx 2I  3 dx   x  3    , Hence I  
0 sin x  cos x  6 6 3 6 6 12

2
  1dx Example-92
0


 x 

2
0

0 
 Evaluate  0
2
log sin x dx
2 2


 Sol. Let I   2 log sin x dx

I  0
4 Then, by P4




 
I   2 log sin   x  dx  02 log cos x dx
2
sin x
Thus, 
0 cos x  sin x
dx 
4
0 2 

70
 Integrals

Adding the two values of I, we get

 Example-94
2I =   log sin x  log cos x  dx
0
2


 
2
xdx  log 1  2


2
 log sin x cos x  log 2  log 2  dx (by adding and
Prove that  sin x  cos x
0
2 2
0

subtracting log 2) 
2
  x
  log sin 2x dx   log 2 dx
2 2 Sol. Here, I   dx (1)
0 0 0
sin x  cos x
Put 2x = t in the first integral. Then 2 dx = dt, when x
 
 x
= 0, t= 0 and when x  ,t   2

2  2 dx
0 sin 
    (using property 5)
    x   cos   x 
Therefore, 2I   log sin t dt  log 2 2  2 
0 2
 
2   2 x
  2 log sin t dt  log 2 [by P6 as sin (– t) = sint]  2 dx (2)
0 sin x  cos x
2 0 2

 Now adding (1) and (2)
  2 log sin x dx  log 2 (by changing variable t to x)
0 2   
x

2 2
x
I  log 2 2I   dx   2 dx
2 0 sin x  cos x 0 cos x  sin x

 
Hence  2
log sin x dx  log 2
2 1
2  
0
dx (3)
2 0 cos x  sin x
Example-93
x 2
Let tan  t we get, dx  dt and if x = 0 then
 x dx  t2
 2 1
Evaluate 0 a 2 cos 2 x  b 2 sin 2 x t = 0 and if
 x dx 
Sol. Let I  0 x then t = 1
a cos x  b 2 sin 2 x
2 2
2
    x  dx 1 t2 2t 1  2t  t 2
 Also cos x  sin x   
0 2
a cos 2
   x   b2 sin 2    x  (u sin g P4)
1 t2 1 t2 1 t2
 dx 
1 2 1  t  2
  I
0 a cos x  b 2 sin 2 x
2 2  2I  
2 0 1  t 1  2t  t 2 
2
dt

 dx
Thus 2I    1
1 1
a cos  b 2 sin 2 x   1
2 2
dt  

0
dt
2  t  2t  1
 2
2
  t  1
 2
or I     2
 dx dx 0

a 2 cos 2 x  b 2 sin 2 x 2  a 2 cos 2 x  b2 sin 2 x

 .2 2 0
0 2 0
1
 2   t  1 
1
(using P6) 1   t  1  2     log 
 .  log 

sec2 x dx 2 2   t  1  2  0 2 2  2   t  1 
  2 (dividing numerator and 0
0 a 2  b 2 tan 2 x
  2 1    2 1 2 1 
denominator by cos2x). =  log1  log  = .log   
2 2 2 1  2 2  2 1 2 1 
Put b tan x = t, so that b sec2x dx = dt. Also when
  

     
2
x = 0, t = 0, and when x  , t   = .log 2 1 = .2 log 2 1  .log 2 1
2 2 2 2 2 2


Therefore, I 
  dt

b a t
0 2 2
 1
b a
t
 .  tan 1 
a 0
I 
2 2
.log  2 1 

    2 
 
2
  0  xdx
ab  2  2ab Thus,  sin x  cos x  2
0 2
log 1  2

71
Integrals

1 2
Example-95     x 2  2x  3  dx    x 2  2x  3  dx
 0 1

Evaluate  4

4
sin 2 x dx
 x3   x3
1

2

    x 2  3x     x 2  3x 
Sol. We observe that sin2x is an even function. Therefore, 3 0  3 1
by P7 (i), we get
  1    8  1 
     1  3   0     4  6     1  3  
 4

4
sin 2 x dx  2 4 sin 2 xdx
 0
  3     3   3 


1  cos 2x  

5 2 5
  4
 2 4 dx   4 1  cos 2x  dx 3 3 3
0 2 0
(iii) We have,

 1 4   1   1
  x  sin 2x     sin   0  
4
I    x  1  x  2  x  3  dx
 2 0  4 2 2  4 2
1

Example-96 Let f(x) = x  1  x  2  x  3

Here, we have three critical points, nemely x = 1,2,3.
Evaluate : When these points are marked on real line, it is divided
1 2
into four parts. Therefore, to remove the modulus sign,
 5x  3dx x  2x  3 dx
2
(i) (ii) we consider the following four cases.
0 0
(i) When x < 1
4
(ii) When 1 x < 2
(iii)   x  1  x  2  x  3  dx (iii) When 2  x < 3
(iv) When x 3.
1

Sol. (i) We have ,

  x  1   x  2    x  3 , if x  1
 3
  5x  3 When 5x  3  0 i.e., x  5
 x  1   x  2    x  3 if 1  x  2
 ,
5x  3   f x  
5x  3 when 5x  3  0 i.e., x 
3  x  1   x  2    x  3 , if 2  x  3
 5  x  1   x  2    x  3 , if  3
3/5 1
  5x  3 dx   5x  3 dx  3x  6

, if x  1
0 3/ 5
 f  x    x  4 , if 1  x  2
x , if 2  x  3
3/5 1

    5x  3 dx 
0
  5x  3 dx
3/5
 6
3x , if x  3
4


3/ 5 1  I    x  1  x  2  x  3  dx
5x   5x  2 2
 3x     3x  1
 2 0  2  3/ 5 4
 I   f  x  dx
 9 9   1 9  13
       1

 5 10   2 10  10
2 3 4
 I   f  x  dx   f  x  dx   f  x  dx
2 1 2 3

(ii) Let I   x  2x  3 dx
2
2 3 4
 I    x  4 dx   xdx    3x  6dx
0

We have, x2 + 2x – 3 = (x + 3) (x – 1) 1 2 3

   x 2  2x  3 , if 0  x  1 2 3 4
 x 2  2x  3   2  x2   x 2   3x 2 
  x  2x  3  , if 1  x  2
 I     4x        6x 
 2 1  2  2  2 3
2
 I  x 2  2x  3dx  1  9 4
  I   2  8      4     
0  2  2 2
 27 
1 2
7 5 9 19
  x 2  2x  3 dx   x 2  2x  3 dx   24  24     18   6    
0 1  2  2 2 2 2
72
 Integrals

Example-97 Example-99
3 

 x sin   x  dx
4
Evaluate 2
1 Evaluate  log (1  tan x) dx
0
 x sin  x for  1  x  1 
 4
Here f(x) = x sin x  
 log (1  tan x) dx
Sol. 3
 x sin  x for1  x  2
Sol. I= ….…(1)
0

Therefore 
4    
3
1
3
I=  log 1  tan  4  x    dx
 2
1
x sin sin  x dx   x sin  x dx   x sin  x dx
1 1
2 0

a a

1
3
  x sin  dx   x sin  x dx
2
 f (x) dx =  f (a  x) dx
0 0
1 1

Integrating both integrals on right hand side, we get    

4  tan  tan x 
3 I=  log 1  4
  dx
  2 x sin  x dx 0  1  tan tan x 
1  4 

4
 1  tan x 
 log 1  1  tan x  dx
3
  x cos  x sin  x    x cos x sin x 
1
2 =
    
  x 2
 1    2 1 0


1  tan x  1  tan x 
4
2  1 1 3 1
   2     2
     
=  log  1  tan x  dx

0


 
4
Example-98 2
1
=  log 1  tan x  dx ….…(2)
1  0
Evaluate :  log   1 dx
x  Adding (1) and (2), we get
0
 
4 4 
= log 2  x  0 4
1
Sol.
1 
I =  log   1 dx 2I =  log 2 dx = log 2  dx
0 x  0 0

 
1 1 2I = log 2  I = log 2.
1 x   1  (1  x)  4 8
I =  log   dx =  log   dx
0  x  0  1 x 
Example-100
1 
 x 
=  log 
3
dx
0
 dx
1 x 
Evaluate 
 1 tan x
6
1 1
1 x   x  
2I =  log   dx   log   dx 3
dx
0  x  0 1 x  Sol. I= 
 1 tan x
….…(1)
6
1 
1 x x 
1
3
=  log   dx =  log1 dx
dx
0
·
 x 1 x  0
I=

   
6 1 tan    x 
2I = 0 6 3 
I = 0. b b 
  f (x) dx   f (a  b  x)dx 
 a a 

73
Integrals


3
dx Example-102
I=

   
6 1 tan   x  x tan x
 2  Evaluate :  sec x  tan x dx
0
 
3 3
dx tan x
= 
 1
=  dx ….…(2) 
x tan x
 1
6
cot x
6
tan x Sol. I=  sec x  tan x dx ….…(1)
0

3
1  tan x
2I = 
 1
dx 
(  x) tan (  x)
6
tan x I=  sec (  x)  tan (  x) dx
0

3   
2I =

 dx =  =
3 6 6
a a 
  f (x) dx   f (a  x) dx 
6
 0 0 

I= . 
12 (  x) tan x
I=  sec x  tan x dx ….…(2)
0

Example-101
 
 tan x tan x (sec x  tan x)
x tan x 2I =   dx =   dx
Evaluate :  dx sec x  tan x sec 2 x  tan 2 x
0
sec x · cos ec x 0 0

 sin x  
  x 
x tan x  cos x  =   (sec x tan x  tan 2 x) dx
Sol. I=  dx =   1   1  dx
sec x · cos ec x 0
0 0
  · 
 cos x   sin x 
 

=   sec x tan x dx   (sec2 x  1) dx
 x sin
2
I= x dx ….…(1) 0 0
0

=  sec x 0    tan x 0    x 0

  
a a 
  f (x) dx   f (a  x) dx 
 0 0  =  (– 1 – 1) – 0 +  ( – 0) =  ( – 2)
 
I =  (  x)sin 2 (  x) dx 2I =  ( – 2)  I = ( – 2).
2
0

 
Example-103
  sin x dx   x sin x dx
2 2
I= ….…(2)
2a a a

 f  x  dx   f  x  dx   f  2a  x dx
0 0
(1) + (2) Prove that
0 0 0


2 0
2a
2sin 2 x dx
 f  x  dx then
2I =
Sol. Let I 
0


2 0
a 2a
2I = (1  cos 2x) dx I   f  x  dx   f  x  dx
0 0

  
     sin 2x   b 
dx   cos 2x dx =  x  0  
 c b
=
20 20 2 2  2  0   f  x  dx   f  x  dx   f  x  dx 
 a a c 
 
2I = ( – 0) – (sin 2 – sin 0) a 2a
2 4   f  x dx  I1 , where I1   f  x  dx
 2
 2 0 a
2I = –0I= .
2 4
74
 Integrals

Put 2a – t = x, so that dx = –dt. Also, x = a  t = a and

x = 2a  t = 0 Example-105
/ 2 / 2

2a Prove that :  log sin x dx   log cos xdx   2 log 2
 I1   f  x  dx
a /2
0 0

Sol. Let I   log sin xdx

0
....(1)
0
  f  2a  t  dt  /2
 
a Then, I 
 log sin  2  x  dx
0

0
/2
    2a  t  dt
a
 I  log cos xdx
0
....(2)

Adding (1) and (2), we get

a a
  f  2a  t  dt   f  2a  x  dx
/2 /2

0 0
2I   log sin xdx   log cos xdx
0 0

a a /2

 I   f  x  dx   f  2a  x  dx  2I   log sin x  log cos x  dx

0
0 0

/2

Example-104  2I  log  sin x  cos x  dx

0

 /2
 x  2 sin x cos x 
  log 
2
Evaluate    x 2  cos 2xds  2I   dx
2 
0 
2 0

/ 2
 sin 2x 
  2I   log  2 
 dx
 x 
2 0
Sol. Here, I     x 2  cos 2xdx (1)  /2
0 
2
 2I  

log sin 2xdx   log 2dx
0

  /2
  
        log sin 2xdx  2 (log 2)
2 2

     x     x   cos 2   x   dx 2I =
2  2
0   2    2  0

 /2

  2I =  log sin 2xdx  2 log 2 .....(3)
0
    
2
    x      x   .cos    2x  dx  /2
0   
2 2 2
Let I 1 =  log sin 2xdx
0

Putting 2x = t, we get
 
2
  x   x  .   cos 2x  dx 

 
 I1 =  log sin tdt
2 dt 1
0
I1 =  log sin t
2 2 0
0

 /2  /2
 x 
2

 log sin xdx  I

1
    x 2  .cos 2xdx  I1 = .2  log sin tdt  I1 =
0  2  2 0 0
So, from (3), we get
= –I   1   
2I = I – log 2 I=– log2
2 2
2 I = 0  /2  /2

I=0 Hence,  log sin xdx =  log cos xdx   2 log 2
0 0

75
Integrals

 I = 0 – 6  4  x dx
Example-106 2

a  0
xdx
Evaluate : (i)  2  x8
(ii)  5  x 4 sin 5 xdx
a  2
x 22  x 
x =–6  · 2 2
 x 2
 .sin 1   
Solution : (i) Here, f(x) = 2 2  2 0
2  x8
( x) (  x) = –6[(0 + 2 sin–1) – (0 + 0)]
 f(–x) = = = –f(x)
2  ( x)8 2  x8 
= – 6.2. = – 6
x 2
 f(x) = is an odd function over [–a, a].
2  x8
Example-108
a
x·dx
  0 2

a 2x 8 Prove  cos mx cos nxdx  0 , where m  n = , where

0
(ii) Here, f(x) = 5  x ·sin x
4 5 m = n, m, n  N
Sol. Case-1 : m  n
 f(–x) = 5  ( x)4 ·sin 5 ( x) 2

=  5  x 4 ·sin 5 x
Here, I =  cos mx .cos nx dx
0

= –f(x) 2
1
 f(x) = 5  x 4 · sin x is an odd function over [–, ]
5 = 2  [cos(m  n)x  cos(m  n)x]dx
0

2
  5  x 4 sin 4 xdx  0 · xdx = 0 1  sin  (m  n)x  sin  (m  n)  x 
 =    ;
2 mn mn 0

Example-107  where m  n  m  n  0 
 and m  n  0, which is obvious 
2  
Evaluate :  (x  3) 4  x 2 dx
1
2 =  (0  0)  (0  0) = 0
2
2 Case-2 : m = n
Sol. I=  (x  3) 4  x 2 dx
2
2
Here, I =  cos mx · cos nx dx
0
2 2

x 4  x dx  3  4  x dx
2 2
= 2

 cos
2 2 2
= mxdx ( m = n)
0
Now, take f(x) = x 4  x 2 and g(x) = 4  x2 2
1
= 2  (1  cos 2mx)dx
f(–x) =  x 4  x =  x 4  x 2 = –f(x)
2 0

2
 f is an odd function and it is continuous over [–2, 2]. 1 sin 2mx 
 x
2m  0
=
2
g(–x) = 4  ( x) 2 = 4  x 2 = g(x) 1 1
=  (2  0)  (0  0)   .2    , if m = n; m, n  N
 g is an even function and it is continuous over [–2, 2] 2 2

76
 Integrals

EXERCISE 1
INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 2  3sin x
ANTIDERIVATIVE ( INTEGRAL) OF THE
Q.15 Write the value of  cos 2 x
dx. [Delhi 2011]

 sec x(sec x  t)
FOLLOWING BY THE MATHOD OF Q.16 Write the value of [Delhi 2011]
INSPECTION:
(log x)2
One Mark Questions: Q.17 Evaluate  x
dx. [All India 2011]
 1 
Write the anti-derivative of  3 x   [Delhi 2014]

Q.1 log x
 x Q.18 Evaluate dx. [All India 2010C]
x
Q.2 Evaluate  (1  x) x dx. [Delhi 2012] e tan 1x
Q.19 Evaluate  1  x2
dx. [ All India 2011]
x  x  x 1
3 2
Q.3 Evaluate  x 1
dx. [Delhi 2011C]
Q.20 
Evaluate (ax  b) dx.
3
[All India 2011]

x3  1
Q.4 Evaluate  x2
dx [Delhi 2010C] Q.21 Evaluate 
(1  log x) 2
x
dx. [Foregin 2011; Delhi]

e2x  e2x
Q.5 Evaluate  2x dx. [All India 2010C] Q.22 Evaluate  e2x  e 2x
dx. [Foreign 2011]


cos x
INTEGRARTE THE FUNCTIONS BY USING Q.23 Evaluate
x
dx. [Foreign2011]
SUBSTITUTION & TRIGNOMETRY
sec 2 3
IDENTITIES Q.24 Evaluate  x
dx. [All India 2009]
One Mark Questions:


sin x
sin 2 x  cos2 x Q.25 Evaluate dx. [All India 2009]
Q.6 Find  sin x cos x
dx. [All india 2017] x

 3sin
2cos x
Q.26 Evaluate dx [All India 2011]
sin x  cos x
2 2 2


x
Q.7 Find dx. [Delhi 2041C]
sin 2 x cos 2 x
 sin
2cos x
Q.27 Evaluate 2
dx [All India 2011C]
6 x
 cos
sin x
Q.8 Find dx. [All India 2014C] 1  sin x
 cos
8
x Q.28 Write the value of dx. [All India 2011C]
2
x

 sin
dx

Evaluate sec (7  4x) dx.
Q.9 Evaluate [Delhi2014C;Foreign 2014] 2
2
x cos 2 x Q.29 [Delhi 2010; All India]

 cos
1

(sin x)dx. log | sin x |
Q.10 Evaluate [Delhi 2012] Q.30 Evaluate tan x dx. [All India 2009]


Given, e (tan x  1) sec x dx = ex f(x) + C.
x
Q.11 sec2 x
Write f(x) satisfying above. [All india 2012]
Q.31 Evaluate  3  tan 2
x
dx. [All India 2009]

 1  cos 2x dx.
2
x2
Q.12 Evaluate [Foregin 2012] Q.32 Evaluate  1  x3
dx. [Delhi 2009]
x  cos 6x
Q.13 Write the value of  3x 2
 sin 6x
dx. [All india 2012] Q.33 Evaluate  sin
3
x dx . [All India 2009]

sec 2 x 1  cos 2x
Q.14 Write the value of  cos ec2 x
dx. [Delhi 2011,12] Q.34 Evaluate  1  cos 2x
dx. [All India 2009]

77
Integrals

Two Mark Questions: Four Mark Questions:

sin x  cos x
 dx , 0 < x < /2[All India 2019]

Q.35 Find : x
1  sin 2x Q.51 Find dx. [Delhi 2016]
a  x3
3

sin(x  a)
Q.36 Find :  sin(x  a) dx [All India 2019] x2
Q.52 Evaluate x 2
 5x  6
dx. [All India 2014]
cos 2x  2sin 2 x
Q.37 Evaluate  dx. [All India 2018] x2
cos 2 x
Q.53 Evaluate  x 2  2x  3
dx. [All India 2013]
Four Mark Questions:
cos 
Q.38 Find   4  sin  5  4cos  d.
2 2 [All India 2017] Q.54 Evaluate 
3x  5
dx. [Foreign 2011]
x  8x  7
2

(1)
5x  3
 3 sin  2  cos   dx.
 5  cos
Q.55 Evaluate
Q.39 Find d. [Delhi 2016] x  4x  10
2
2
  4sin 
[Delhi 2011; All India 2010]

sin(x  a) x2
Q.40 Evaluate  sin(x  a)dx. [Foregin 2015, Delhi 2013] Q.56 Evaluate  (x  2)(x  3) dx. [All India 2011C]

sin 6 x  cos6 x
Q.41 Evaluate  sin 2 x cos 2 x
dx. [Delhi 2014 C] Six Marks Questions:

6x  7
Q.42 Evaluate 
cos 2x  cos 2
dx. [All India 2013] Q.57 Evaluate   x  5  x  4 
dx
[All india 2011]
cos x  cos 

 x(x
dx
Q.43 Evaluate . [All India 2013] Four Marks Questions:
5
 3)
5x  2
Q.44 Evaluate 
dx
[All India 2013]
Q.58 Find  1x  2x  3x 2
dx. [Delhi 2014C; Delhi 2013]
x(x 3  1)
x4  1
Q.45 Evaluate 
dx
x(x 3  8)
[All India 2013]
Q.59 Evaluate x 4
 16
dx. [All India 2011C]

x2  1
Q.60 Evaluate  dx. [Delhi 2011C]
Q.46 Evaluate  sin x.sin 2x.sin 3x.dx [Delhi 2012] x4  1

sin x  cos x
INTEGRATE THE FUNCTION USING Q.61. Evaluate  sin 2x
dx. [Delhi 2011]

SPECIAL FORMULAS
One Mark Questions:
(sin x  cos x)
Q.62 Evaluate  dx. [All India 2009C]

dx sin 2x
Q.47 Write the value of [Delhi 2011]
x  16
2

2x  5
Q.48 Evaluate 
dx
[All India 2011]
Q.63 Evaluate  7  6x  x 2
dx. [Delhi 2009]
1 x 2


dx
Q.64 Evaluate dx [Delhi 2009]
Two Mark Questions: 5  4x  2x 2

x
dx
Q.49 Find [Delhi 2017] ex
 4x  8

2
Q.65 Evaluate dx. [Delhi 2009]
5  4e x  e 2x
 5  8x  x
dx
Q.50 Find 2 [All India 2017]
78
 Integrals

Six Mark Questions: 3x  1

Q.81 Evaluate  (x  1) (x  3) dx. [Delhi 2013 C]

1 2
Q.66 Evaluate dx.
sin x  sin x cos 2 x  cos 4 x
4 2

2x 2  1
 X (x
[All India 2014: Delhi 2010C] dx.
Q.82 Evaluate [Delhi 2013]
2 2
 4)

Q.67 Evaluate ( cotx  tan x )dx. [Delhi 2010C] x2 1

Q.83 Evaluate  (x 2  4)(X 2  25)
dx. [Delhi 2013]


1
Q.68 Evaluate dx. [All India 2014]
cos x  sin 4 x
4

 (x
dx
Q.84 Evaluate . [Delhi 2010]
2
 1)(x 2  2)
INTEGRATE THE RATIONAL FUNCTIONS 3x  5
USING PARTIAL FRECTION Q.85 Evaluate x 3
 x2  x 1
dx. [Delhi 2013 C]
Four Marks Questions:
 (1  x)(1  x ) dx.
2
sin 2x Q.86 Evaluate [Delhi 2012]
Q.69 Find :  dx [All India 2019] 2
(sin 2 x  1)(sin 2 x  3)

 (x
2x
2 cos x Q.87 Evaluate dx. [Delhi 2012]
Find  (1  sin x)(1  sin 2 x) dx  1)(x 2  3)
2
Q.70 [All India 2018]
1  x2
Q.71 Evaluate  (x
2x
dx [Delhi 2017]
Q.88 Evaluate  x(1  2x)
dx. [Delhi 2010]
2
 1) (x 2  2)2
Six Marks Questions:
Find   x  1 x
2x
dx.
Q.72 2 4
4  [Delhi 2017] x2  x  1
Q.89 Find  (x  1) (x  2) dx.
2 [Delhi 2014C]
cos 
Q.73 Find   4  sin  5  4cos  d. [All India 2017] x2  1

2 2
Q.90 Evaluate dx. [Delhi 2012]
(x  1) 2 (x  3)
 3 sin  2  cos 
Q.74 Find  5  cos 2
  4sin 
d. [Delhi 2016]
Q.91 Evaluate 
tan x  tan 3 x
dx. [ Delhi 2009C]
1  tan 3 x
x2  x 1
Q.75 Evaluate  (x 2  1)(x  2)
dx.
INTEGRATE THE FUNCTIONS USING BY
[All India 2016, Delhi 2015, 2009 C] PARTS
One Mark Questions:
(x 2  1)(x 2  4)
Q.76 Find  (x 2  3)(x 2  5)
dx. [Foreign 2016] Q.92 
Given, e (tan x  1) sec x dx = ex f(x) + C.
x

Write f(x) satisfying above. [All india 2012]


dx
Q.77 Find dx. [Delhi 2015]
sin x  sin 2x
 (cosec x  cot x)e
2 x
2
Q.93 Evaluate dx. [Delhi 2009C]

x
Q.78 Evaluate dx.
(x  4)(x 2  9)
2
Two Marks Questions:
[Foreign 2015, Delhi 2013]
 (log x) dx
2
Six Marks Questions Q.94 Find : [All India 2019]

x2
Q.79 Find  (x 2  1)(x 2  4)
dx. [Delhi 2014C] Four Marks Questions:
(2x  5)e2x
Four Marks Questions
Q.95 Find  (2x  3)3
dx. [ All India 2016]

x3 x sin 1 x
Q.80 Find  x 4  3x 2  2
dx. [All India 2014 C] Q.96 Evaluate  1 x2
dx. [Foreign 2016]

79
Integrals

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
 (x  1) dx .
log | x |
Q.97 Find 2 [All India 2015]
DEFINITE INTEGRATION USING LIMIT
sin(x  a)
Q.98 Evaluate  sin(x  a)
dx. [Foregin 2015, Delhi 2013] OF SUM

Six Marks Questions:

(x 2  1)e x
Q.99 Find  (x  1)2
dx. [Delhi 2015C] 3

Evaluate  (x  3x  e ) dx as the limit of the sum.

2 x
Q.1
1
x
1  sin x 2
 e dx. [All India 2018]
Q.100 Evaluate [All India 2013 C]
1  cos x 3
Q.2 Evaluate :  (e2 3x  x 2  1)dx as a limit of a sum.
1
 1  sin x  x
Q.101 Evaluate    e dx.
 1  cos x 
[All India 2012C] [Delhi 2015]
3
1 (3x
2
Q.3 Evaluate: +1)dx by the method of limit of sum.
x2
Q.102 Evaluate  (x sin x  cos x)2
dx. [All India 2012C] [Delhi 2014C]
2
0 (3x
2
Q.4 Evaluate: - 2)dx as a limit of a sum.
 1 
Q.103 Evaluate log(log x)   dx. [Delhi 2010C] [All India 2011C]
 (log x) 2 
3
1 ( 2 x
2
Q.5 Evaluate: + 3 )dx as a limit of a sum.
x  sin 4x  4 
Q.104 Evaluate  e   dx.
 1  cos 4x 
[Delhi 2010] [Delhi 2009,10]
5
(x  4)e x Q.6 Evaluate :  (3x 2 +5)dx as a limit of a sum.
Q.105 Evaluate  (x  2)3
dx. [Delhi 2009] 2
[All India 2009C]
3
1 (2 x
2
Six Marks Questions: Q.7 Evaluate: + 5x)dx as a limit of a sum.
[Delhi 2012]
sin 1 x  cos 1 x
Q.106. Find  sin 1 x  cos –1 x
dx. x  [ 0,1]. All India 2014 2
1 (x
2
Q.8 Evaluate: + 5x)dx as a limit of a sum.

x 2  1(log | x 2  1| –2log | x |) [Delhi 2010C]

Q.107 Find  dx. 3
x4
1 (3x
2
Q.9 Evaluate: + 2x)dx as a limit of a sum
[All India 2014C]
[Delhi 2010]
INTEGRATE THE FUNCTION USING
4
SPECIAL FORMULAS Q.10 Evaluate :  (x 2 – x)dx as a limit of a sum.
1
Four Marks Questions: [Delhi 2010,11]

 (x  3) 3  4x  x dx
2 2
Q.108 Find Q.11 Evaluate :  (x 2 - x)dx as a limit of a sum.
0
[All India 2016, Delhi 2015, 2014C] [Delhi 2011C]

Q.109 Evaluate  (3  2x) 2  x  x 2dx. [All India 2015] DEFINITE INTEGTALS USING FUNDAMENTAL
THEOREM OF INTEGRAL CALCULUS AND
Q.110 Find  (2x  5) 10  4x  3x 2 dx. [Foreign 2016]
SUBSTITUTIONS
One Marks Questions:
x 2  3x  1
3
Q.111 Integrate w.r.t. x,
1  x2
[Delhi 2015] Q.12 Evaluate :  3x dx [Delhi 2017]
2

/4
Q.112 Evaluate  (x  3) x 2  3x  18dx. [Delhi 2014] Q.13 Evaluate : 0 tan x dx. [Foreign 2014]

 (3x  2)
1 2
Q.113 Evaluate x 2  x  1dx. [Foreign 2014] Q.14 Evaluate :  xex dx. [Foreign 2014]
0

80
 Integrals

/4 Four Marks Questions:

Q.15 Evaluate :  sin2 x dx. [Foreign 2014]
0
 2x  
1 1 Q.33 Evaluate: 0 e .sin   x  dx
4 
[Delhi 2016]
Q.16 Evaluate :  dx [All India 2014 C]
1  x2
0
/ 4 dx
Q.34 Evaluate : 0 3 [All India 2015]
1 2 1 cos x 2sin2x
Q.17 Evaluate : 0 dx [All India 2009]
1 x2  / 3 sinx + cosx
Q.35 Evaluate: 6 dx
a 1  sin 2 x
Q.18 If 0 4+ x 2
dx  , then find the value of a
8 [All india 2014C, Delhi 2013C]
[All India 2014 C] / 2 2
Q.36 Evaluate :  x sin x dx [Delhi 2014 C]
0
x
Q.19 If F(x) =  t sin t dt , then write the value of f’(x).
0
1 x4 +1
[All India 2014] Q.37 Evaluate: 0 x 2 +1 dx [All India 2011C]

4 x
Q.20 Evaluate : 2 dx [All India 2014] / 2 x + sin x
x 1 0
2
Q.38 Evaluate: dx [All India 2011]
1+ cos x
1 2x
Q.21 Evaluate : 0 dx [All india2008,11] 2 5x 2
1+ x 2 Q.39 Evaluate : 1 dx [All India 2011]
x  4x  3
2

3 dx
Q.22 Evaluate 0 9  x2
[Delhi 2014] Six Marks Questions:
/ 4
/2 sin x  cos x
Q.23 Evaluate : 
0
e x (sin x  cos x)dx [Delhi 2014] Q.40 Evaluate  16  9sin 2x dx .
0
[All India 2018]

e2 dx
Q.24 Evaluate : e [All India 2014]
x log x /4 sin x  cos x
Q.41 Evaluate : 0 dx
9  16sin 2x
1 tan  1 x
Q.25 Evaluate : 0 dx [All India 2014] [Foreign 2014; Delhi 2014C ;2011]
1  x2
/ 4 
2 x3  1 Q.42 Prove that : 1 ( tan x + cot x )dx  2.
Q.26 Evaluate : 1 dx [All India 2014] 2
x2 [Delhi 2012]
1 / 2
 / 4 cos 2 x. log(sin x)dx
3
Q.27 Evaluate : 2 dx \ [Delhi 2012] Q.43 Evaluate: [Delhi 2012 C]
x
/2
Q.28 Evaluate : 
2
0
4 - x 2 dx [All India 2012] Q.44 Evaluate: 0 2sin x cos x tan -1 (sin x)dx

[Delhi 2011]
1 ex
Q.29 Evaluate : 0 dx [Delhi 2012 C]
1  e2 x INTEGTALS USING PROPERTIES OF
3 dx
DEFINITE INTEGRATION
Q.30 Evaluate : 1 [Foreign 2011]
1+ x 2
One Mark Questions:
/4
1 Evaluate : 
1
Q.31 Evaluate : 0 dx [Delhi 2011 C] Q.45
 / 4
sin 3 xdx [Delhi 2010C]
1+ x 2
/ 2
 / 2 sin
5
1 Q.46 Write the value of the following integral xdx
Q.32 If 0 (3x 2  2 x  k)dx  0 , then find the value of k,
[All India 2010]
[Delhi 2009]
81
Integrals

Four Marks Questions:

2x 1
Q.47 Prove that Q.62 Evaluate : 0 dx [All India 2001C]
1  esin x
b b

 f (x) dx   f (a  b  x) dx and hence evaluate 1 log |1  x |

a a Q.63 Evaluate: 0 1  x2
dx [All India 2011C]
/3
dx
 1 .[All India 2019] 1 1
/6 tan x Q.64 Evaluate: 0 log  1 dx [All India 2011]
x

4  x
Q.48 Evaluate :  (| x  1 |  | x  2 |  | x  4 |) dx . Q.65 Evaluate : 0 dx [Delhi 2010]
1 1  sin x
[All India 2007: Delhi 2011C]
 x sin x Six Marks Questions:
Q.49 Evaluate : 0 dx
1  cos 2 x  x
Q.66 Evaluate : 0 dx
[Delhi 2017; All India 2013C , 2012C, 2011C, 2009C, 2008] a cos x  b 2 sin 2 x
2 2

 x tan x [Foreign 2014; All India 2009]

Q.50 Evaluate : 0 sec x  tan x dx [All India 2017]
 x tan x
2
Q.67 Evaluate: 0 sec x  tan x dx
1| x  x |dx [Delhi 2016, All India 2010]
3
Q.51 Evaluate:
[ Foreign 2014; Delhi 2014C, 2010, 2008, All India 2008]
/ 2 x sin x cos x
2 x2 Evaluate : 0
Q.52 Evaluate : 2 dx [All India 2016] Q.68
sin 4 x + cos 4 x
dx
1  5x
[Delhi 2014, 2011; All India 2010C]
3/ 2
Q.53 Evaluate :  | xcos πx | dx [All India 2016] /3 dx
Evaluate :  / 6
0
Q.69 dx [Delhi 2014]
1+ cot x
 x
Q.54 Evaluate : 2 1+ sin sinx dx [Foreign 2016]
/3 dx
Q.70 Evaluate :  / 6 dx [All India 2011]
1+ tan x

Q.55 Evaluate :  (cos αx - sinbx)2 dx [Delhi 2015]
  x tan x
Q.71 Evaluate : 0 dx
/ 2
sec x.cosec x
cos x
Q.56 Evaluate :  / 2 dx . [Foreign 2015]
1  ex [Delhi 2011C, 2008, All India 2009]

/ 4
Q.57 Evaluate :  log(1+ tanx)dx
0  ecos x
Q.72 Evaluate : 0 dx [Delhi 2009]
[All India 2015C, 2010C; Delhi 2013C] e cos x
 e cos x

sin 2 x
 
/2 1 / 2
Q.58 Prove that : 0 dx = log 2 1 . Q.73 Evaluate :  (2log | sinx | -log | sin2 x |)dx
sin x  cos x 2 0

[All India 2014C] [Delhi 2009]

5
Q.59 Evaluate: 3 [| x  2|  | x  3|  | x  5|]dx [Delhi 2013]

3
Q.60 Evaluate :  [| x  1|  | x  2 |  | x  3|]dx [Delhi 2013]
1

4
Q.61 Evaluate: 0 [| x |  | x  2|  | x  4|]dx [Delhi 2013]

82
 Integrals

EXERCISE 2
ANTIDERIVATIVE ( INTEGRAL) OF THE 1
FOLLOWING BYTHE MATHOD OF INSPECTION Q.23  xa  xb
dx [NCERT EXCERCISE]
Integrate the following:
Q. 1 sin 2x [NCERT EXCERCISE] e5log x  e4 log x
Q.24  e3log x  e2log x dx [NCERT EXCERCISE]
Q. 2 cos 3x [NCERT EXCERCISE]
2x  1
Q. 3 e2x [NCERT EXCERCISE] Q.25 Prove that:  dx = x – log |(2x + 3)2| + C
2x  3
Q. 4 (ax + b)2 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
[NCERT EXCERCISE]
Q. 5 sin 2x – 4e3x [NCERT EXCERCISE]
(x 2  2)
Evaluate: 
  4e  Q.26 dx [NCERT EXCERCISE]
Q. 6
3x
 1 dx [NCERT EXCERCISE] x 1

2 1 e6log x  e5log x
Q. 7  x 1  x 2  dx [NCERT EXCERCISE] Q.27 Evaluate:  dx [NCERT EXCERCISE]
e 4log x  e3log x

  ax  bx  c dx  x3
2
Q. 8 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
Q.28 Evaluate:  [NCERT EXCERCISE]
x 1
  2x 
 e dx
2
Q. 9 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
2 INTEGRTE THE FUNCTIONS USING BY
 1 
Q. 10   x  x  dx [NCERT EXCERCISE] SUBSTITUTION
Integrate the following:
x  5x  4
3 2
2x
Q. 11  x2
dx [NCERT EXCERCISE] Q.29
1 x2
[NCERT EXCERCISE]

Q. 12 
x 3  3x  4
dx [NCERT EXCERCISE] Q.30
 log x  2 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
x x
x3  x 2  x  1 1
Q. 13  x  1 dx [NCERT EXCERCISE] Q.31
x  x log x
[NCERT EXCERCISE]

Q. 14  1  x  x dx [NCERT EXCERCISE]
Q.32 sin x sin(cos x) [NCERT EXCERCISE]
Q. 15  
x 3x  2x  3 dx
2
 [NCERT EXCERCISE] Q.33 sin (ax + b) cos (ax + b). [NCERT EXCERCISE]

  2x  3cos x  e  dx ax  b
x Q.34 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
Q. 16 [NCERT EXCERCISE]

  2x  x x2
Q.35 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
Q. 17
2
 3sin x  5 x dx [NCERT EXCERCISE]

 sec x  sec x  tan x  dx x 1  2x 2

Q.36 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
Q. 18 [NCERT EXCERCISE]

sec 2 x Q.37  4x  2 x2  x 1 [NCERT EXCERCISE]

Q. 19  cos ec2 x dx [NCERT EXCERCISE]
1
Q.38 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
2  3sin x x x
Q. 20  cos2 x dx [NCERT EXCERCISE]
x
Q.39 ,x  0 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
 1  x4
Q. 21 The antiderivative of  x   equals
x Q.40 (x3 – 1)1/3 x5 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
[NCERT EXCERCISE] x 2

Q. 22 If
d 3
f  x   4x 3  4 such that f(2) = 0 Then f(x) is
Q.41
 2  3x  3 3 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
dx x
[NCERT EXCERCISE]
83
Integrals

1
,x  0 
x 3 sin tan 1 x 4 
Q.42 x  log x  [NCERT EXCERCISE] Q.65 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
m
1 x 8

x 10x 9  10x log e 10

Q.43
9  4x 2
[NCERT EXCERCISE] Q.66  x10  10 x
dx [NCERT EXCERCISE]
Q.44 e2x +3 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
dx
x Q.67  sin 2
x cos x
equals [NCERT EXCERCISE]
Q.45 2 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
ex
1
e tan x
1
Q.68 x ax  x 2
dx [NCERT EXCERCISE]
Q.46 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
1 x2
1
e2x  1 x dx
x  1
3/ 4
Q.47 [NCERT EXCERCISE] Q.69 2 4 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
e2x  1
e2 x  e 2x 1
Q.48
e 2x  e 2x
[NCERT EXCERCISE] Q.70 x 1/ 2
 x1/3
dx [NCERT EXCERCISE]

Q.49 tan2(2x – 3). [NCERT EXCERCISE]

dx
Q.50 sec  7  4x 
2
[NCERT EXCERCISE] Q.71 e x
 e x
is equal to [NCERT EXCERCISE]

sin 1 x x3
Q.51
1 x 2 [NCERT EXCERCISE] Q.72  1  x8
dx [NCERT EXCERCISE]

2cos x  3sin x
Q.52 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
6cos x  4sin x
 cos
3
Q.73 xelogsin x dx [NCERT EXCERCISE]
1
x 
1
Q.53 cos 2 x 1  tan x  [NCERT EXCERCISE]
e  1 dx
2 3log x 4
Q.74 [NCERT EXCERCISE]

cos x cos x
Q.54
x
[NCERT EXCERCISE] Q.75  4  sin 2 x
dx [NCERT EXCERCISE]

 f  ax  b  f ' ax  b dx
Q.55 sin 2x cos 2x [NCERT EXCERCISE] n
Q.76
cos x
Q.56 [NCERT EXCERCISE] [NCERT EXCERCISE]
1  sin x
Q.57 cot x log sin x [NCERT EXCERCISE] 1 x
sin x
Q.77  1 x
dx [NCERT EXCERCISE]
Q.58 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
1  cos x
x 2  1 log x 2  1  2log x   
Q.59
sin x
1  cos x  2 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
Q.78  x 4
dx

[NCERT EXCERCISE]
1
Q.60 [NCERT EXCERCISE] 2x  3
1  cot x Q.79 Prove that:  dx  log | x 2  3x |  C
x  3x
2
1 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
Q.61 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
1  tan x
(1  cos x)
Q.80 Evaluate:  dx [NCERT EXCERCISE]
tan x x  sinx
Q.62 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
sin x cos x
Evaluate:  tan x sec x dx
2 4
Q.81 [NCERT EXCERCISE]

Q.63
1  log x  2

[NCERT EXCERCISE] x
x Q.82 Evaluate:  dx [NCERT EXCERCISE]
x 1

Q.64
 x  1 x  log x  2

[NCERT EXCERCISE] ax

x Q.83 Evaluate:  dx [NCERT EXCERCISE]
ax
84
 Integrals

x1/ 2 sin 3 x  cos3 x

Q.84 Evaluate:  dx [NCERT EXCERCISE] Q.105 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
1  x 3/ 4 sin 2 x cos 2 x

1 x2 cos 2x  2sin 2 x
Q.85 Evaluate:  dx [NCERT EXCERCISE] Q.106 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
x4 cos 2 x
dx 1
Q.86 Evaluate:  [NCERT EXCERCISE] Q.107
sin x cos3 x
[NCERT EXCERCISE]
x x 1
4

x9 5 cos 2x
Prove that:  dx = 1  1  4   C
Q.87
(4x 2  1)6 10x  x 2 
Q.108
 cos x  sin x  2 [NCERT EXCERCISE]

[NCERT EXCERCISE] Q.109 sin–1 (cos x ) [NCERT EXCERCISE]

1
Q.88 If
x 3dx
= a(1 + x2)3/2 + b 1  x 2 + C, then a is equal Q.110  cos  x  a  cos  x  b dx [NCERT EXCERCISE]
1  x2
to [NCERT EXCERCISE] sin 2 x  cos 2 x
Q.111  sin 2 x cos2 x dx is equal to
INTEGRATE THE FUNCTIONS USING
[NCERT EXCERCISE]
TRIGNOMETRY IDENTITIES
Integrate the following: e 1  x 
x

Q.89 sin2 (2x +5) [NCERT EXCERCISE] Q.112  cos  e .x  dx equal

2 x [NCERT EXCERCISE]
Q.90 sin 3x cos 4x [NCERT EXCERCISE]
2  sin 2x
 1  cos 2x e dx
x
Q.113 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
Q.91  cos 2x cos 4x cos 6x dx [NCERT EXCERCISE]

cos 2x
Q.92  sin  2x  1 dx
3
[NCERT EXCERCISE] Q.114   sin x  cos x  2
dx is equal to

Q.93 sin 3 x cos3 x [NCERT EXCERCISE] [NCERT EXCERCISE]

Q.94 [NCERT EXCERCISE] sin x

sin x sin 2x sin 3x Q.115 sin  x  a  [NCERT EXCERCISE]
Q.95 sin 4x sin 8x [NCERT EXCERCISE]
sin 8 x  cos8 x
1  cos x Q.116  1  2sin 2
x cos 2 x
dx [NCERT EXCERCISE]
Q.96 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
1  cos x
1
cos x Q.117  cos  x  a  cos  x  b  dx [NCERT EXCERCISE]
Q.97 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
1  cos x
1
Q.98  sin
4
x dx [NCERT EXCERCISE] Q.118  sin x sin  x   
3
dx
[NCERT EXCERCISE]
Q.99 cos4 2x [NCERT EXCERCISE]
2 sin 1 x  cos 1 x
Q.100
sin x
[NCERT EXCERCISE] Q.119  sin 1
dx, x  0,1
1  cos x x  cos 1 x
[NCERT EXCERCISE]
cos 2x  cos 2
Q.101 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
cos x  cos  1 x
 tan
1
Q.120 dx [NCERT EXCERCISE]
cos x  sin x 1 x
Q.102 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
1  sin 2x Q.121 Evaluate: 
dx
[NCERT EXAMPLAR]
1  cos x
 tan
3
Q.103 2x sec 2x dx [NCERT EXCERCISE]
sin x  cos x
Q.104 tan4x [NCERT EXCERCISE] Q.122 Evaluate:  dx [NCERT EXAMPLAR]
1  sin 2x

85
Integrals

Q.123 Evaluate:  1  sin x dx [NCERT EXAMPLAR] sec 2 x

Q.138 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
(cos5x  cos 4x) tan 2 x  4
Q.124 Evaluate:  dx
1  2cos3x 1
[NCERT EXAMPLAR] Q.139 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
x  2x  2
2

sin  cos x
6 6
Q.125 Evaluate:  dx [NCERT EXAMPLAR] 1
sin 2 x cos 2 x
Q.140 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
cos x  cos 2x 9x  6x  5
2

Q.126 Evaluate:  dx [NCERT EXAMPLAR]

1  cos x 1
Q.141 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
7  6x  x 2
cos 2x  cos 2
Q.127 Prove that:  dx = 2 (sin x + x cos ) + C 1
cos x  cos 
[NCERT EXAMPLAR]
Q.142
 x  1 x  2 [NCERT EXCERCISE]

dx
Q.128 Prove that:  sin(x  a)sin(x  b) Q.143
1
[NCERT EXCERCISE]
8  3x  x 2
sin(x  b)
=cosec (b – a) log
sin(x  a)
+C 1
[NCERT EXAMPLAR]
Q.144
 x  a  x  b [NCERT EXCERCISE]

x  sin x x 4x  1
Q.129 Prove that:  dx = x · tan +C
1  cos x 2 Q.145 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
2x 2  x  3
[NCERT EXAMPLAR]
x2
INTEGRATE THE FUNCTION USING Q.146 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
x2  1
SPECIAL FORMULAS
Integrate the following: 5x  2
Q.147 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
3x 2 1  2x  3x 2
Q.130 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
x6  1 6x  7
1
Q.148
 x  5 x  4 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
Q.131 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
1  4x 2 x2
Q.149 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
1 4x  x 2
Q.132
 2  x2  1 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
x2
Q.150 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
1 x  2x  3
2

Q.133 [NCERT EXCERCISE]

9  25x 2 x3
Q.151 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
3x x  2x  5
2

Q.134 [NCERT EXCERCISE]

1  2x 4 5x  3
Q.152 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
x2 x  4x  10
2

Q.135 [NCERT EXCERCISE]

1  x6 dx
x 1
Q.153 x 2
 2x  2
equals [NCERT EXCERCISE]

Q.136 [NCERT EXCERCISE]

x2  1 dx
Q.154  9x  4x 2
equals [NCERT EXCERCISE]
x2
Q.137 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
x6  a6

86
 Integrals

dx 5x
Q.155 Evaluate:  [NCERT EXAMPLAR]
16  9x 2 Q.172  x  1 x 2  4   [NCERT EXCERCISE]

dt
Q.156 Evaluate:  [NCERT EXAMPLAR] x3  x  1
3t  2t 2
Q.173 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
x2  1
3x  1
Q.157 Evaluate:  dx [NCERT EXAMPLAR] 2
x2  9 Q.174 1  x  1  x 2   [NCERT EXCERCISE]
x
Q.158 Evaluate:  dx [NCERT EXAMPLAR]
x 1
4
3x  1
x2
Q.175
 x  2 2 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
Q.159 Evaluate:  dx [NCERT EXAMPLAR]
1 x4 1
Q.176 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
x x 14

Q.160 Evaluate:  dx [NCERT EXAMPLAR]

a 3  x3 1
Q.161 Evaluate:  ta n x d x [NCERT EXAMPLAR]
Q.177

x xn  1  [NCERT EXCERCISE]

sin x
Q.162 Evaluate:  dx [NCERT EXAMPLAR] cos x
3  4 cos 2 x Q.178
1  sin x  2  sin x  [NCERT EXCERCISE]

INTEGRATE THE RATIONAL FUNCTIONS x 2


 1 x2  2 
USING PARTIAL FRECTION
Integrate the following:
Q.179
x 2
 3 x 2
 4
[NCERT EXCERCISE]

x 2x
Q.163
 x  1 x  2 [NCERT EXCERCISE] Q.180
 x  1 x2  3
2
  [NCERT EXCERCISE]

3x  1 1
Q.164
 x  1 x  2 x  3 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
Q.181

x x4  1  [NCERT EXCERCISE]

x
1
Q.165
 x  1 x  2 x  3 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
Q.182 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
e 1x

2x x dx
Q.166
x  3x  2
2 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
Q.183   x  1 x  2 equals [NCERT EXCERCISE]

1  x2
x
x 1  2x   xx
Q.167 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
Q.184 2

 1 equals [NCERT EXCERCISE]
x
Q.168
 2

x  1  x  1 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
Q.185 xx
1
3
dx [NCERT EXCERCISE]

x 5x
Q.169
 x  1  x  2
2 [NCERT EXCERCISE] Q.186   x  1  x 2
 9
dx [NCERT EXCERCISE]

3x  5 ex
Q.170
x  x2  x  1
3 [NCERT EXCERCISE] Q.187  1  e  2  e  dx
x x [NCERT EXCERCISE]

2x  3 1
Q.171
 2

x  1  2x  3 [NCERT EXCERCISE] Q.188  x 2
 1 x 2  4 
dx [NCERT EXCERCISE]

87
Integrals

x2  x  1 1 1 
Q.189   x  1  x  2 dx
2 [NCERT EXCERCISE] Q.212 ex   2 
x x  [NCERT EXCERCISE]

x2  x  3 e x
Evaluate:  4 dx
 x  1 3
Q.190 [NCERT EXAMPLAR] Q.213 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
x  x 2  12
x2 Q.214 e 2x sin x [NCERT EXCERCISE]
Q.191 Evaluate:  dx
(x  a ) (x 2  b 2 )
2 2

 2x 
sin 1 
 1  x 2 
[NCERT EXAMPLAR] Q.215 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
2x  1
Q.192 Evaluate:  dx
(x  1)(x  2) (x  3) x e
2 x3
Q.216 dx equals [NCERT EXCERCISE]
[NCERT EXAMPLAR]
Q.217 e
x
sec 1  tan x  dx equals [NCERT EXCERCISE]
dx 1
Q.193 If  = a log |1 + x2| + b tan–1 x + log |x +
(x  2)(x 2  1) 5
sin 1 x
Q.218 Evaluate:  dx [NCERT EXAMPLAR]
2| + C, then a is equal to [NCERT EXAMPLAR] (1  x 2 )3/ 4

INTEGRATE THE FUNCTIONS USING BY  1 x  x2 

Q.219 Evaluate:  e tan x 
1

 dx
PARTS  1 x 
2

Integrate the following: [NCERT EXAMPLAR]

Q.194 x sin x [NCERT EXCERCISE]
x
Q.195 x sin 3x [NCERT EXCERCISE] Q.220 Evaluate:  sin 1 dx [NCERT EXAMPLAR]
ax
Q.196 x2ex [NCERT EXCERCISE]
Q.221 Evaluate:  e 3x · cos3 x dx [NCERT EXAMPLAR]
Q.197 x log x [NCERT EXCERCISE]
Prove that:  tan
1
Q.222 x dx = (x  1) tan 1 x  x  C
Q.198 x log 2x [NCERT EXCERCISE]
[NCERT EXAMPLAR]
Q.199 x2 log x. [NCERT EXCERCISE]
x 3 x 1 
Q.200 x sin–1 x [NCERT EXCERCISE] Q.223 Prove that:  ex = e  C
(x  4) 2  x4
Q.201 x tan–1 x. [NCERT EXCERCISE]
[NCERT EXAMPLAR]
Q.202 x cos–1 x [NCERT EXCERCISE]
INTEGRAL THE FUNCTIONS USING
 sin x  1 2
Q.203 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
SPECIAL FORMULAS
x cos 1 x Integrate the following:
Q.204 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
1  x2 Q.224 4  x2 [NCERT EXCERCISE]

Q.205 x sec2 x [NCERT EXCERCISE] Q.225 1  4x 2 [NCERT EXCERCISE]

Q.206 tan–1x [NCERT EXCERCISE]
Q.226 x 2  4x  6 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
Q.207 x (log x)2 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
Q.227 x 2  4x  1 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
Q.208 x 2

 1 log x [NCERT EXCERCISE]
Q.228 1  4x  x 2 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
Q.209 e  sin x  cos x 
x
[NCERT EXCERCISE]
Q.229  x  2 2  4x  5 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
x ex
Q.210
1  x  2 [NCERT EXCERCISE] Q.230 1  3x  x 2 [NCERT EXCERCISE]

e x 1  sin x 
Q.231 x 2  3x [NCERT EXCERCISE]
Q.211 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
1  cos x x2
Q.232 1 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
9
88
 Integrals

/4
Q.233  1  x 2 dx is equal to [NCERT EXCERCISE]
Q.249  sin 2x dx [NCERT EXCERCISE]
0

 x  8x  7 dx is equal to
2
Q.234

2
[NCERT EXCERCISE]
Q.250  cos 2x dx
0
[NCERT EXCERCISE]

Q.235 Evaluate:  5  2x  x 2 dx [NCERT EXAMPLAR] 5

 e dx
x
Q.251 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
Q.236 Evaluate:  2ax  x dx 2
[NCERT EXAMPLAR] 4

/4
DEFINITE INTEGRAL AS LIMIT OF SUMS. Q.252  0
tan x dx [NCERT EXCERCISE]
Integrate the following:

b 4

Q.237  x dx
a
[NCERT EXCERCISE] Q.253  cos ec

x dx
[NCERT EXCERCISE]
6
5

Q.238   x  1 dx [NCERT EXCERCISE] 1

dx
0 Q.254 
0 1 x2
[NCERT EXCERCISE]


3
Q.239 x 2 dx [NCERT EXCERCISE] 1
2 dx
4 Q.255 1 x 2 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
x  x dx 
2 0
Q.240 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
1 3
dx
1 Q.256 x 2
1
[NCERT EXCERCISE]
 e dx
x 2
Q.241 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
1 
2

 cos
4 2

 
Q.257 x dx [NCERT EXCERCISE]
Q.242 x  e2 x dx [NCERT EXCERCISE] 0
0
3
x
x
1
dx
e
2  3x Q.258 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
Q.243 Evaluate dx as a limit of a sum. 2
2
1
0
2x  3

1
[NCERT EXCERCISE]
Q.259 dx [NCERT EXCERCISE]
2 0 5x 2  1
Evaluate: 0 (x  3)dx
2
Q.244
1
[NCERT EXAMPLAR]
 xe
x2
Q.260 dx [NCERT EXCERCISE]
2
Q.245 Evaluate: 0 e x dx 0

2
[NCERT EXAMPLAR] 5x 2
Q.261 1 x 2  4x  3 dx [NCERT EXCERCISE]
DEFINTE INTEGRALS USING FUNDAMENTAL
Dividing 5x2 by x2 + 4x + 3. We obtain.
THEOREM OF INTEGRAL CALCULUS

Integrate the following:
  2sec 
4
1 Q.262 2
x  x 3  2 dx [NCERT EXCERCISE]
Q.246   x  1 dx
1
[NCERT EXCERCISE] 0


 x x
  sin  cos 2
2
3
1 Q.263  dx [NCERT EXCERCISE]
2
Q.247 2 x dx [NCERT EXCERCISE] 0
2

6x  3
2

Q.248   4x
2
3

 5x 2  6x  9 dx [NCERT EXCERCISE] Q.264 x
0
2
4
dx [NCERT EXCERCISE]
1

89
Integrals

/2
 x x 
0  x e  sin 4  dx  sin  cos 5  d .
1
Q.281 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
Q.265 [NCERT EXCERCISE] 0

 2x 
 sin
1
1
3
Q.282   dx [NCERT EXCERCISE]
dx 1  x2 
1 1  x 2 equal
0
Q.266 [NCERT EXCERCISE]


2

2
Q.283 x x  2 dx (Put x + 2 = t2) [NCERT EXCERCISE]
0
3
dx
Q.267  4  9x 2
[NCERT EXCERCISE]
Q.284 
/2 sin x dx
[NCERT EXCERCISE]
0 0 1  cos 2 x
1 dx
Evaluate: 0 dx

2
Q.268 [NCERT EXAMPLAR]
e x  e x Q.285 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
0 x  4  x2
/ 2 tan x
Q.269 Evaluate: 0 dx [NCERT EXAMPLAR] dx

1
1  m 2 tan 2 x Q.286 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
1 x  2x  5
2
2 dx
Q.270 Evaluate: 1 [NCERT EXAMPLAR]
(x  1)(2  x) 1 1  2x

2
Q.287   2  e dx [NCERT EXCERCISE]
x
1 x 2x
Evaluate: 0
1
Q.271 dx [NCERT EXAMPLAR]
1 x2
x  x 
3 1/ 3


1
1/ 2 dx Q.288 The value of the integral dx is
Evaluate: 0 x4
1/ 3
Q.272 [NCERT EXAMPLAR]
(1  x 2 ) 1  x 2 [NCERT EXCERCISE]

If f  x   
x
2
1  cos x Q.289 t sin t, them f' (x) is
Q.273 Evaluate:  (1  cos x)

5
2
dx [NCERT EXAMPLAR] 0

3 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
/ 2 dx   1  sin x 
Q.274 Evaluate: 0
(a cos x  b 2 sin 2 x) 2
2 2 Q.290  /2
ex   dx
 1  cos x 
[NCERT EXCERCISE]

[NCERT EXAMPLAR]
/4 sin x cos x
Q.275
1
Evaluate:  x log(1  2x)dx [NCERT EXAMPLAR]
Q.291 0 cos 4 x  sin 4 x
dx [NCERT EXCERCISE]
0

/ 4
dx
Q.276 Prove that:  1  cos 2x =1 [NCERT EXAMPLAR] Q.292 
/2 cos 2 x
dx [NCERT EXCERCISE]
 / 4 0 cos 2 x  4sin 2 x
/2
dx

1
Q.277 Prove that:  1  sin 2x dx = 2( 2  1) Q.293 0
1 x  x
[NCERT EXCERCISE]
0
[NCERT EXAMPLAR] /4 sin x  cos x
/4 Q.294 0 9  16sin 2x
dx [NCERT EXCERCISE]

sin x
Q.278 Prove that: cos xe dx = e – 1
/2
0
Q.295  sin 2x tan 1  sin x  dx [NCERT EXCERCISE]
0
[NCERT EXAMPLAR]
/3 sin x  cos x

a
1  dx
Q.279 If  1  4x 2 dx 
8 , then a is equal to
Q.296 /6
sin 2x
[NCERT EXCERCISE]
0
/4
[NCERT EXAMPLAR] Q.297 Prove  0
2 tan 3 x dx  1  log 2

INTEGRALS USING SUBSTITUTION [NCERT EXCERCISE]

Integrate the following: dx 2 2

3
  log
x Q.298 Prove 1 x  x  1 3
2
3

1
Q.280 dx [NCERT EXCERCISE]
0 x 12
[NCERT EXCERCISE]
90
 Integrals

sin x  cos x

1 /2
x  e x dx  1
Q.299 Prove
0
[NCERT EXCERCISE] Q.317  0 1  sin x cos x
dx [NCERT EXCERCISE]
/2 2


Q.300 Prove sin 3 x dx  [NCERT EXCERCISE] Q.318  log 1  cos x  dx [NCERT EXCERCISE]
0 3 0


 sin
1
1
x dx   1 [NCERT EXCERCISE] x

a
Q.301 Prove Q.319 dx [NCERT EXCERCISE]
2 x  ax
0 0

 xf  x  dx is equal to
4

Q.302 If f(a + b – x ) = f(x) then

a
Q.320  x  1 dx
0
[NCERT EXCERCISE]

[NCERT EXCERCISE] a a

Q.321 Show that  f  x  g  x  dx  2  f  x  dx, if f and g are

INTEGRALS USING PROPERTIES OF 0 0

DEFINITE INTEGRATION defined as f(x) = f(a – x) and g(x) + g(a – x) = 4.

Integrate the following: [NCERT EXCERCISE]
/2

 x  x cos x  tan 5 x  1 dx is
 3

 2 2 Q.322
Q.303 cos x dx [NCERT EXCERCISE]
/ 2
0
[NCERT EXCERCISE]
/2 sin x
Q.304  dx [NCERT EXCERCISE] / 2
 4  3sin x 
0
sin x  cos x Q.323  log  4  3cos x  dx is
0
[NCERT EXCERCISE]

sin 3 / 2 x dx
Q.305 0
2
sin 3 / 2 x  cos3/ 2 x
[NCERT EXCERCISE]
Q.324 
 x tan x
dx [NCERT EXCERCISE]
0 sec x  tan x

cos5 x dx
 
4
Q.306 2
[NCERT EXCERCISE] Q.325 [ x  1  x  2  x  3 ]dx
0 sin 5 x  cos5 x 1
[NCERT EXCERCISE]

5
Q.307 x  2 dx [NCERT EXCERCISE]

1
5
Q.326 Prove x17 cos 4 x dx  0 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
1


8
Q.308 x  5 dx [NCERT EXCERCISE]
 2x  1 
 tan
2 1
1
Q.327 The value of   dx is
1  x  x2 
 x 1  x 
1 n 0
Q.309 dx [NCERT EXCERCISE]
0 [NCERT EXCERCISE]
/4 
Q.310  log 1  tan x  dx [NCERT EXCERCISE] Q.328 Evaluate: 0 x sin x cos xdx

[NCERT EXAMPLAR]
0


2 x
Q.311 x 2  x dx [NCERT EXCERCISE] Q.329 Evaluate:  dx [NCERT EXAMPLAR]
0
0
1  sin x
/2
Q.312   2log sin x  log sin 2x  dx 

Evaluate:  x log sin x dx

0
Q.330 [NCERT EXAMPLAR]
[NCERT EXCERCISE] 0
/2
Q.313  / 2
sin 2 x dx [NCERT EXCERCISE]

 x dx
Q.314 0 1  sin x
[NCERT EXCERCISE]

/2
Q.315  / 2
sin 7 x dx [NCERT EXCERCISE]

2
Q.316 0
cos 5 x dx [NCERT EXCERCISE]

91
Integrals

ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE 1
INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
2 3/2 2 5/2 x3 x2 1
Q.1 2(x 3/2  x1/2 )  C Q.2 x  x C Q.3 +x+C Q.4 + +C
3 5 3 2 x

2x tan 7 x
Q.5 C Q.6 log |sec x . cosec x| + C Q.7 tan x + cot x + C Q.8 C
log 2 7

 x2
Q.9 tan x – cot x + C Q.10 x C Q.11 sec x Q.12 tan x + C
2 2
1
Q.13 [log |(3x2 + sin 6x)|] + C Q.14 tan x  x  C Q.15 2 tan x – 3 sec x + C
6

(log x)3 (log x)2 1

Q.16 tan x + sec x + C Q.17 C Q.18 C Q.19 e tan x
C
3 2

(ax  b) 4 (1  log x)3 1

Q.20 C Q.21 C Q.22 log |e2x + e–2x| + C Q.23 2 sin t + C = 2 sin x C
4a 3 2
2
Q.24 2 tan x C Q.25 –2 cos x C Q.26 C Q.27 –2 cosec x + C
3sin x
tan(7  4x) {log | sin x |}2 1  tan x 
Q.28 tan x – sec x + C Q.29 – C Q.30  C Q.31 tan 1  C
4 2 3  3 
1 cos 3x 
Q.32 |x3| + C Q.33  3cos x    C Q.34 log | sec x |  C Q.35 ln | f (x) |  c
4 3 
Q.36 x cos 2a – sin 2a ln |sin (x + a)| + c Q.37 tan x  C
1 1 sin  2
Q.38 tan  tan 1 2 sin + C
30 2 15
2 (2x  1) 9  2x  1 
Q.39 (2  x  x 2 )3/ 2  2  x  x 2  sin 1   C
3 2 4  3 
Q.40 x cos 2a – sin 2a log |sin (x + a)| + C, where, C = a cos 2a + C1
Q.41 tan x – cot x – 3x + C Q.42 2  sin x  x cos    C

1 x5 1 x3
Q.43 log 5 C Q.44 log 3 C
15 x 3 3 x 1

1 x  cos 2x cos6x cos 4x

log C   C
Q.45
  Q.46
1/3
8 x3  8 8 24 16

1 x 1 –1  x  2  1 21  x  4
Q.47 tan 1  C Q.48 sin–1 x + C Q.49 tan   + C Q.50 log C
4 4 2  2  2 21 21  x  4

2  x3 
sin– 1 3  + C
Q.51 3  a 
 
92
 Integrals

1 5 C1 C 2
Q.52 I  x 2  5x  6  log x   x 2  5x  6  C where, C =  .
2 2 2 2

Q.53 x 2  2x  3  log |  x  1  x 2 2x  3 |  C Q.54 3 x 2  8x  7  17 log | (x  4)  (x  4)2  9 | C

 5
Q.55 5 x 2  4x  10  7 log | x  2  x 2  4x  10 |  C Q.56
9
x 2  5x  6  log |  x     x  2  x  3 | C]
2  2

2
9  9 1
Q.57 6 x 2  9x  20  34log x    x     C
2  2 4

5 11  3x  1 
Q.58 log |1  2x  3x 2 |  tan 1    C 2 where C = C1 – C2
6 3 2  2 

1  x2  4  1  x 2 1 
tan 1  C tan 1 
Q.59  2 2x  Q.60  x 2 
2 2   2  

Q.61.  log | sin x  cos x)  sin 2x |  x Q.62 sin-1(sinx- cos) + c

 x 3 1  2  x  1 
Q.63 2 7  6x  x 2  sin 1   +C where C = –C1 – C2 Q.64 sin 1   C
 4  2  7 

 ex  2  1  tan 2 x  1 
sin 1  C   C
Q.65  3  Q.66 tan–1 
  3  3 tan x 

 tan x  1  1  tan 2 x  1 
Q.67 2 tan –1  C Q.68 tan 1    C
 2 tan x  2  2 tan x 

1  sin 2 x  1  1  sin 2 x
Q.69 In  2  Q.70 –1
tan (sin x) + log 1  sin x + C
2  sin x  3 

1 1 1 1 1  x 2  
 log | x  4 |  tan     C
1 4
Q.71 2 2
log|x + 1| – log|x + 2| + +C Q.72 log | x 2  1| 
(x 2  2) 5 5  2 2  2  
1 1 sin  2
Q.73 tan  tan 1 2 sin + C
30 2 15
2 (2x  1) 9  2x  1 
Q.74 (2  x  x 2 )3/ 2  2  x  x 2  sin 1   C
3 2 4  3 

3 1 1 1  x  27 x 5
Q.75 log | x  2 |  log | x 2  1|  tan 1 x  C Q.76 x+ tan 1   log C
5 5 5 4 3  3 8 5 x 5

1 1 2 3 1  x  2 1  x 
Q.77 log |1  cos x |  log |1  t cos x |  log |1  2cos x | C Q.78 tan    tan    C
6 2 3 5 3 5 2

1 2 x x2  2
Q.79  tan 1 x  tan 1  C Q.80 log C
3 3 2 x2 1

x 1 1 1 7 x
2log  C   tan 1    C
Q.81 x  3  x  1 Q.82
4x 8 2

93
Integrals

1 x 8 x 1  x 
Q.83  tan 1    tan 1    C Q.84 tan 1 x  tan 1  C
14  2  35 5 2  2
1 x 1 4 1
Q.85 log  C Q.86  log |1  x |  log |1  x 2 | tan 1 x  C
2 x 1 x 1 2

1 1 x2 1 3
Q.87 log C Q.88 x  log | x |  log |1  2x | C
2 3  x2 2 4

1 3 1 5
Q.89 – 2log|x + 1| – + 3log |x + 2| + C Q.90 log | x  1|   log | x  3 | C
x 1 8 2(x  1) 8

1 1 1  2 tan x  1 
Q.91 – log|1+ tanx| + log |tan2x – tanx + 1| + tan–1  C
3 6 3  3 
Q.92 sec x Q.93 – ex cot x + C Q.94 x (log x)2 – 2(x log x – x) + c
e2x (2x  3) 2  log | x | x
Q.95  C Q.96 – sin–1 x 1  x 2 + x + C Q.97  log C
2 x 1 x 1
Q.98 x cos 2a – sin 2a log |sin (x + a)| + C,where, C = a cos 2a + C1
 x 1  x x  x sec x
Q.99 ex   +C Q.100 e x/2 sec C Q.101 e x tan C Q.102 tan x  C
 x 1 2 2 x sin x  cos x
x 1
log (log x)  C ex . C
Q.103 log x Q.104 e x cot 2x  C Q.105   2
x

2 4
Q.106. [(2x  1)sin –1 x  x  x 2 ]  x  C, where C = C1
 
3/ 2
1 1   1 2
Q.107  1  2   log 1  2  3   C
3 x   x 
1 1 7 –1  x  2 
Q.108 –
3
(3 – 4x – x2)3/2 + (x + 2)
2 3  4x  x 2 + 2 sin    C where, C = C1 + C2.
 7 
2 (2x  1) 9  2x  1 
Q.109 (2  x  x 2 )3/ 2  2  x  x 2  sin 1   C
3 2 4  3 
3
2 11 3  2  34  2  34  3x  2  C1 11
(10  4x  3x 2 ) 2  x    x    sin 1   C where, C =  C2
6  
Q.110
9 3 9  3 9  34  3 3
3 –1 x
Q.111
2
sin (x) –
2 1  x 2 + 3 1  x 2 + C where, C = – C1 – C2

9
1 2 729 2x  3 C C2
Q.112 (x + 3x – 18)3/2  9 (2x  3) x 2  3x  18  log  x 2  3x  18  C where, C = 1  .
3 8 16 2 2 2
7 21 (2x  1)
Q.113 (x2 + x + 1)3/2 – (2x + 1) x 2  x  1 – log  x2  x  1 + C
8 16 2

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
e 1  e 6  1
 e  e 2  1
62 32 70
Q.1 Q.2  Q.3 28 Q.4 4 Q.5
3 3 3 3
112 59 27
Q.6 102 Q.7 . Q.8 Q.9 34 Q.10
3 6 2

94
 Integrals

2 18 1 1 1
Q.11 Q.12 Q.13  log 2 Q.14 [e  1] Q.15
3 log 3 2 2 2
 
Q.16 Q.17 Q.18 2 Q.19 cos x + x sin x – cos x = x sin x
2 4
1  17  
Q.20 log   Q.21 log 2 Q.22 Q.23 1 Q.24 log2
2 5 12

2 3 
Q.25 Q.26 1 Q.27 log Q.28 2 
32 2 2

 e 1      
Q.29 tan 1   Q.30 tan 1  tan   tan 1  tan  Q.31 Q.32 –2
Ie  3  4 4

1  2  6  3 1  3  4
 e  1 Q.34 2sin 1   Q.36 – 2
5 2
Q.33 Q.35 Q.37
5  2  6

 45 5 5 3 1 1
Q.38 Q.39 5 log  log Q.40 log 4 Q.41 log 3
2 2 4 2 2 30 20
  1  23
Q.43 log 2   Q.44 – 1. Q.45 0 Q.46 0 Q.48
4 8 4 2 2
 11 8 5  2   
Q.49    2 Q.51 Q.52 Q.53 Q.54
cos   2
 
2 4 3 22 
sin 2 sin 2b  23
Q.55 2 +  Q.56 1 Q.57 log 2 Q.59
2a 2b 8 2

Q.60 5 Q.61 20 Q.62  Q.63 log 2 Q.64 0
8

2  2  
Q.65 Q.67 (  2) Q.68 Q.69 Q.70
2ab 2 16 12 12

2  
Q.71 Q.72 Q.73  log 2
4 2 2

EXERCISE 2
 ax  b 
3
cos 2x sin 3x e 2x
Q. 1  C Q. 2 C Q. 3 C Q. 4 C
2 3 2 3a

cos 2x 4e3x 4 3x x3
Q. 5   C Q. 6 e xc Q. 7 xC
2 3 3 3

ax 3 bx 2 2x 3 x2 x2 4
Q. 8   cx  c Q. 9  ex  c Q. 10  log x  2x  C Q. 11  5x   c
3 2 3 2 2 x

2 7/2 x3 2 3/2 2 5/2

Q. 12 x  2x 3/2  8 x  C Q. 13 x C Q. 14 x  x C
7 3 3 5

6 /2 4 5/2
Q. 15 x  x  2x 3/2  C Q. 16 x 2  3sin x  e x  C
7 5
95
Integrals

2 3 10
Q. 17 x  3cos x  x 3/2  C Q. 18 tan x  sec x  c Q. 19 tan x  x  C
3 3

2 3/2 1 129
Q. 20 2 tan x – 3 sec x +C. Q. 21 x  2x1/2  C Q. 22 x4  
3 x3 8

2
 (x  a)3/2  (x  b)3/2   c x2 x2
c  x  3log | (x  1) |  C
3(a  b) 
Q.23 Q.24 Q.26
3 2

 log t  C  log 1  x 2   C
x3 x3 x 2 dt
Q.27  x dx 
2
3
 C Q.28
3

2
 x  log | x  1 | C Q.29  t

t3 1 1
 t dt   C   log x   C  t dt  log t  c  log 1  log x  c
2 3
Q.30 Q.31
3 3

1 2
sin 2  ax  b   C  ax  b   C
3/ 2
Q.32 cos (cos x) + c Q.33 Q.34
2a 3a

2 4
 x  2   x  2  C 1
1  2x 2   C Q.37 
4 2
x  x  1  C
5/ 2 3/ 2 3/ 2 3/ 2
Q.35 Q.36
5 3 6 3

Q.38 2log  
x 1  C

2 1
x  4 (x  8)  C 
1 3
x  1   x 3  1  c
1  C
7/3 4/3
Q.39 Q.40 Q.41
18  2  3x 3 
2
3 7 4

 log x 
1 m
1 1 2x 3
Q.42  C Q.43  log 9  4x 2  C Q.44 e C
1 m 8 2

1 1
Q.45  2 c Q.46 etan
1
x
C Q.47 log e x  e  x  C Q.48 log  e2x  e 2 x  c
2e x 2

tan  7  4x 
1
tan  2x  3  x  C
1
 sin 1 x   C
2
Q.49 Q.50  C Q.51
2 4 2

1 1
log 2sin x  3cos x + C  C Q.54
Q.52
2
Q.53
1  tan x  2sin x  C

 sin 2x 
3/ 2
1
 C Q.56  logsin x   C Q.58  log 1  cos x   C
2
Q.55 2 1  sin x  C Q.57
3 2
1 x 1 x 1
Q.59 C Q.60  log sin x  cos x  c Q.61  log  cos x  sin x   C
1  cos x 2 2 2 2
 x  log x 
3
1
1  log x   C
3
Q.62 2 tan x  C Q.63 Q.64 C
3 3

 cos  tan 1 x 4   c log  x10  10x   C

1
Q.65 Q.66 Q.67 tan x  cot x  C
4

96
 Integrals

1/ 4
2 a  x  1 
Q.68 c Q.69  1  4  c Q.70 2 x  3x1/ 3  6x1/ 6  6 log x1/ 6  1  c
a x  x 

tan 1  e x   c
1 1 4 1
Q.71 Q.72 sin x  c Q.73  cos 4 x  c
4 4
n 1
1  sin x   f  ax  b  
log x 4  1  c 1
sin  c c
a  n  1
Q.74 Q.75 Q.76
4  2 

  1  2
3/ 2
1 1 
Q.77 2 1  x  cos 1
x  xx c2 Q.78   1   log 1  x 2   3   c
3 x2     
tan 5 x tan 3 x x x x 
Q.80 log | (x  sin x) |  C Q.81  C Q.82 2   x  log | ( x  1) |  C
5 3  3 2 
 x x2  4 3/ 4
Q.83 a  cos 1    1  2   C Q.84 x  log | (1  x 3/ 4 ) |  C [ C  C1  C 2 ]
 a a  3

3/ 2
1 1  1 1 2
Q.85  x  2  C Q.86 sec (x )  C
3 x  2

1 1 1
Q.88 a= and b = -1 Q.89 x  sin(4x  10)  C
3 2 8
1 1 1 1 1 1 
Q.90  cos 7x  cos x  C Q.91  x  sin12x  sin8x  sin 4x   c
14 2 4  12 8 4 
1 1 cos6 x cos 4 x
Q.92  cos  2x  1  cos3  2x  1  c Q.93  C
2 6 6 4
1  cos6x cos 4x  1  sin 4x sin12x 
   cos 2x   C  C
2  4 12 
Q.94 Q.95
8 3 2 
x x
Q.96 2 tan xC Q.97 x  tan C
2 2
3 1 1 3 1 1
Q.98 x  sin 4x  sin 2x  c Q.99 x  sin 8x  sin 4x  C
8 32 4 8 64 8
Q.100  1  cos x  dx  x  sin x  C Q.101 2(sin x + x cos ) + C

1 (sec 2x)3 sec 2x

Q.102 C Q.103  C
sinx  cos x 6 2
1 3
Q.104 tan x  tan x  x  C Q.105 sec x – cosec x + C.
3

1
 sec x dx  tan x  C log tan x  tan 2 x  C
2
Q.106 Q.107
2
x x 2
Q.108 log |cos x + sin x| +C Q.109  C
2 2

97
Integrals

1  cos  x  a  
log c tan x  cot x  C
Q.110 sin  a  b   cos  x  b   Q.111

Q.112 tan  xe x   C Q.113 e x tan x  c

Q.114 log sin x  cos x  c Q.115 x cos a + sin a log | sin (x – a)| + C

1 1 cos  x  b 
 sin 2x  c log c
Q.116
2
Q.117 sin  a  b  cos  x  a 

2 sin  x    2(x  1) 1 2
Q.118 c Q.119 sin x x  x2  x  C
sin  sin x  

Q.120
1
2

x cos 1 x  1  x 2  C  Q.121 tan  C
x
2
Q.122 x  C

x x 1
Q.123 2 cos  2sin  C Q.124  sin 2x  sin x  C Q.125 tanx – cot x – 3x + C
2 2 2

tan 1  x 3   C
1
Q.126 2 sin x  x  C Q.130 Q.131 log 2x  1  4x 2  c
2

1
c 1 1  5x 
log sin    C
2  x 
Q.132 Q.133
x  4x  5
2
5  3 

1  x3
 
3 1
Q.134 tan 1 2.x 2  C Q.135 log C
2 2 6 1  x3

1
Q.136 x 2  1 + c  c  c1  c2  Q.137
3
log x 3  a 6  x 6  c

Q.138 log tan x  tan 2 x  4  C Q.139 log  x  1  x 2  2x  2  C

1 1  3x  1   x 3
Q.140 tan  C Q.141 sin 1  C
6  2   4 
3  2x  3 
Q.142 log x   x 2  3x  2  C Q.143 sin 1  C
3  41 

 ab
Q.144 log  x    x  a  x  b  C Q.145 2 2x 2  x  3  C
 2 

Q.146 x 2  1  2log x  x 2  1  C

3x  1
log  3x 2  2x  1  
5 11 1
Q.147 tan 1  c where c = c1 + c2
6 3 2 2

 9
6 x 2  9x  20 34log  x  2   x  9x  20  C
2
Q.148

x2
 4   x  2  4sin 1 C
2
x 2  2x  3  log (x  1)  x  2x  3  C.
2
Q.149 Q.150
2
98
 Integrals

1 2 x 1  6
Q.151 log x 2  2x  5  log C Q.152 5 x 2  4x  10  7 log | x  2  x 2  4x  10 |  C
2 6 x 1 6

 9
x 
1 1  8  C  1 sin 1  8x  9   C
sin    
Q.153 tan–1 (x + 1) + C Q.154 2  9  2  9 
 8 

1 1  3x  1  4t  3 
Q.155 sin    C Q.156 sin 1  C
3  5  2  3 

1
Q.157 3 x 2  9  log x  x 2  9  C [ C  C1  C 2 ] Q.158 [log | x 2  1 |  log | x 2  1 |]  C
4
1 1 x 1 2 1 x 3
Q.159 log  tan 1 x  C [ C  C  C ] Q.160 sin C
4 1 x 2 1 2
3 a3

 tan x  1  tan x  2 tan x 1 1  2 cos x 

1
tan 1 
1  tan 1  C
Q.161  log  C Q.162
2 3  3 
2  2 tan x  2 2 tan x  2 tan x 1

1 x 3
Q.163 log C Q.164 log |x – 1| – 5 log | x – 2 | + 4 log |x – 3| +C
6 x 3

1 3
Q.165 log x  1  2log x  2  log x  3  C Q.166 – 2 log | x + 1| + 4 |x + 2 | + C.
2 2

1 3 1 1 1
Q.167 x  log x  log 1  2x  C Q.168 log | x  1|  log | x 2  1|  tan 1 x  C
2 4 2 4 2

2 x 1 1 1 x 1 4
log  C log  C
Q.169 9 x  2 3  x  1 Q.170
2 x 1 x 1

5 1 12 5 5 5
Q.171 log x  1  log x  1  log 2x  3  C Q.172 log x  1  log x  2  log x  2  C
2 10 5 3 2 6

x2 1 3 1
Q.173  log x  1  log x  1  c Q.174  log 1  x  log 1  x 2  tan 1 x  C
2 2 2 2

7 1 x 1 1
Q.175 3log x  2  C Q.176 log  tan 1 x  C
x2 4 x 1 2

1 xn 2  sin x
Q.177 log n c Q.178 log C
n x 1 1  sin x

2 x x 1 x2  1
Q.179 x tan 1  3tan 1  c Q.180 log 2 C
3 3 2 2 x 3

99
Integrals

1 x4 1 ex  1   x  2 2 
Q.181 log C Q.182 log x  C Q.183 log  C
4 x4 e  x  1 

1 1 x 1 1 3 x
Q.184 log x  log | x 2  1| C Q.185 log  c Q.186  log x  1  log x 2  9  tan 1    c
2 2 1 x2 2 4 2 3

1  ex 1 1 1 x
Q.187 log c Q.188 tan x  tan 1  c
2  ex 3 6 2

1 1 x2 3 x
Q.189 3log x  2  2log x  1  c Q.190 log  tan 1 C
x 1 7 x2 7 3

1  1  x  1  x   x 3
Q.191
a 2  b2  a tan  a   b tan  b   . Q.192 log 1 1
+ C.
     (x  1) 6
(x  2) 3

2 1
Q.193 b= and a = Q.194  x cos x   cos x dx   x cos x  sin x  C.
5 10

e x  x 2  2x  2   C
1 1
Q.195  x cos3x  sin 3x  C Q.196
3 9

x2 1 x2 x2
Q.197 log x  x 2  C Q.198 log 2x  C
2 4 2 4

x3 x3 x 1 x2
Q.199
3
log x   C
9
Q.200
1
4
 sin 1
x 
 2x 2
 1 
4
c

x2 cos 1
Q.201
2
1
2
1
tan 1 x  x  tan 1 x  C
2
Q.202
4
 2x 2  1 
x
4
1  x2  C

x  sin 1 x   2sin 1 x. 1  x 2  2x  C  cos 1 x. 1  x 2  x   C

2
Q.203 Q.204
 

1
Q.205 x tan x + log |cos x| + C Q.206 x tan 1 x  log 1  x 2  C
2

x2 x2 1  x3  x3
 log x   log x  x 2  C     xC
2
Q.207 Q.208 x log x
2 2 4  3  9

ex x
 dt  t  C  e sin x  C c e x tan
x
Q.209 Q.210 Q.211 +C
1 x 2

ex ex e 2x
C C  2sin x  cos x   C
Q.212 Q.213
 x  1 Q.214
2
x 5

1 t 1 1 3
Q.215 2x tan–1 x – log (1 + x2) + c Q.216
3  e dt  e t  C  e x  C
3 3

100
 Integrals

x
Q.217 ex sec x + C. Q.218 sin 1 x ·  log 1  x 2  C
1 x2

x 1 x x
 tan 1
1
Q.219 tan t · et + C = x e tan x
+ C. Q.220 a  tan  + C.
a a a

e3x 3e 3x x 4  x2  x
Q.221 [sin 3x  cos 3x]  [sin x  3cos x]  C Q.224  2sin 1    C
24 40 2  2

x 1 x2 2
Q.225 1  4x 2  sin 1  2x   C Q.226 x  4x  6  log  x  2  x 2  4x  6  C
2 4 2

x2 2 3
Q.227 x  4x  1  log  x  2  x 2  4x  1  C
2 2

x2 5 x2 x2 2

5   x  2   sin 1 
9
C
2
Q.228 Q.229 x  4x  5  log x  2  x 2  4x  5  C
2 2  5  2 2

2x  3 13  2x  3  (2x  3) 2 9  3
Q.230 1  3x  x 2  sin 1  c Q.231 x  3x  log  x    x  3x  c
2

4 8  3  4 8  2

Q.232
x 2
6
3
x  9  log x  x 2  9  c
2
Q.233
x
2
1
2

1  x 2  log x  1  x 2  C 
x4 2 9
Q.234 x  8x  7  log  x  4  x 2  8x  7  C
2 2

x 1 x a a2  x a 
Q.235 5  2x  x 2  2log x  1  5  2x  x 2  C Q.236 2ax  x 2  sin 1  C
2 2 2  a 

 (2a  b  a)  1 2   5  h  5   5  25  35 .
Q.237 (b  a)    2 (b  a ) Q.238  hLt 5
2

 2 0 
 2  2 2

1 1 19 27
Q.239 4   2  6   sq. units. Q.240
3 3 3 2


 1 1 e  1
nh
 1
 nh  2  e  e
Lt   . h
h  0  e   e  1
e8  15
Q.241 Q.242 
 h  2

 x  1 1
 lim
16 8 26
Q.243  1  .  e 2   Q.244 = 6 +  6 
x0 ex  1
 3  e 6 3 3

3 64 1
Q.245 e2 – 1 = e2 – 1 Q.246 2 Q.247 log Q.248 Q.249
2 3 2

1  2 1  
Q.250 0 Q.251 e4 (e  1) Q.252 log 2 Q.253 log   Q.254
2 2 3 2
101
Integrals

 1 3  1
Q.255 Q.256 log Q.257 Q.258 log 2
4 2 2 4 2
1 3 1 1
Q.259 log 6  tan 1 5 Q.260 e' e0   e  1
5 5 2 2
4  4  3
Q.261  2 Q.262  2 Q.263 0 Q.264 3log 2  
1024 2 1024 2 8
4 2 2   
Q.265 1  Q.266 Q.267 Q.268 tan–1 e –
  12 24 4

1  2
m tan 1  1
Q.269 log
m2  1
Q.270 p Q.271 2 1 Q.272  3  Q.273
2   3

  a 2  b2  3 1 1 64
  log 3
4  a 3 b3
Q.274 Q.275 Q.279 a= Q.280 log 2 Q.281
 8 2 2 231

Q.282

 log 2 Q.283
16 2  
2 1
Q.284

Q.285
1
log
21  5 17
2 15 4 17 4

 e 2 (e 2  2)
Q.286 Q.287 Q.288 6 Q.289 x sin x
8. 4

  4 2 1
Q.290 – 0 + e/2. 1 = e/2 Q.291 Q.292 Q.293 Q.294 log 9
8 6 3 40

  3 1   a  b
b
 
Q.295 1 Q.296 2sin 1 
2
 .Q.302 
   f  x  dx Q.303 Q.304
2   2 a 4 4

 
Q.305 Q.306 Q.307 29 Q.308 9
4 4
 1   16 2  1 
  Q.310 log 2
Q.309
  n  1 n  2   8
Q.311
15
Q.312
2
log
2
Q.313
2
Q.314  Q.315 0 Q.316 0 Q.317 0 Q.318  log 2
a 
Q.319 Q.320 5 Q.322  Q.323 0 Q.324    2
2 2

Q.325 19 / 2 Q.327 0 Q.328 Q.329 p
3

2 1  1
Q.330 log   Q.331 log   . Q.332 0
2 2 8 2

102