Northern Mindanao Colleges Inc.

Atega St. CabadbaranAgusandel Norte

Research Paper In English

Submitted by: Rheza Rena M. Baylosis

Submitted to: Mrs. MarlenDalanTeodosio

Febraury 6, 2012

Table of Contents
I.

Introduction. ..1 Problems.. .2 Definition of Terms.. ..3 Presentation of Data

II.

III.

IV.

IV.I. Child Abuse Can Cause Permanent Damage to Brain, Body, and Emotional Well Being.....4-5 IV.II. Child Abuse - What Are The Causes andEffects...............6-7 IV.III. Child Abuse and Neglect..8 IV.IV. Treatment of child victims of child abuse..9-10 IV.V. How can child abuse be prevented.11 IV.VI. Types of Child Abuse...12

IV.VII. Effects of Child Sexual Abuse on Victims.13

V.

Summary / Conclusion. ....14 Bibliography 15

VI.

I.

Introduction

Child abuse can take several forms:[5] The four main types are physical, sexual, psychological, and neglect.[6] A Coordinated Response to Child Abuse and Neglect: The Foundation for Practice], Office on Child Abuse and doctor). There are many effects of child neglect, such as children not being able to interact with other children around them.[7] The continuous refusal of a child's basic needs is considered chronic neglect.[8] Child abuse is a complex phenomenon with multiple causes.[34] Understanding the causes of abuse is crucial to addressing the problem of child abuse.[35] Parents who physically abuse their spouses are more likely than others to physically abuse their children.[36] However, it is impossible to know whether marital strife is a cause of child abuse, or if both the marital strife and the abuse are caused by tendencies in the abuser.[36] Children resulting from unintended pregnancies are more likely to be abused or neglected.[37][38] In addition, unintended pregnancies are more likely than intended pregnancies to be associated with abusive relationships,[39] and there is an increased risk of physical violence during pregnancy.[40] They also result in poorer maternal mental health,[40] and lower mother-child relationship quality.[40] Substance abuse can be a major contributing factor to child abuse. One U.S. study found that parents with documented substance abuse, most

commonly alcohol, cocaine, and heroin, were much more likely to mistreat their children, and were also much more likely to reject court-ordered services and treatments.[41] Another study found that over two thirds of cases of child maltreatment involved parents with substance abuse problems. This study specifically found relationships between alcohol and physical abuse, and between cocaine and sexual abuse.[42] Unemployment and financial difficulties are associated with increased rates of child abuse.[43] In 2009 CBS News reported that child abuse in the United States had increased during the economic recession. It gave the example of a father who had never been the primary care-taker of the children. Now that the father was in that role, the children began to come in with injuries.[44] Studies have found that not biologically related parents (like stepparents) are up to a hundred times more likely to kill a child than biological parents. An evolutionary psychology explanation for this is that using resources in order to take care of another person's biological child is likely not a good strategy for increasing reproductive success.[45] See also Infanticide (zoology). More generally, stepchildren have a much higher risk of being abused which is sometimes referred to as the Cinderella effect. 1

II. Problems
The keys to preventing child abuse and neglect are to recognise that all families face some stress and to intervene as early as possible to support vulnerable families. Its easy to think that child abuse and neglect is just a problem for certain families. The reality is that parenting today is complex, challenging and a steep learning curve for many. A third of new parents for example, has never held a baby before; many families are far away from the support of their extended families and old friends; most parents are in the labour force - often working long hours; and 20 per cent are lone-parent families. Many families are also coping with domestic violence, poverty, alcohol or drug addiction, mental illness or a childhood history of abuse. All of these add to the stresses facing parents by intervening early in the life of a child, hopefully these (and other stresses) will not become overwhelming. The importance of the first three years of life Apart from the intuitive wisdom of intervening early to prevent child abuse and neglect we now have solid evidence from a range of disciplines on the importance of the first three years of a childs life. We now know that a human brain is only a quarter of its eventual size at birth and that much brain development occurs during the first years of life. We also know that how a brain develops hinges on a complex interplay between the genes were born with and the experiences we have. Many researchers believe that early experiences have a decisive impact on the architecture of the brain they directly affect the way the brain is wired and on the nature and extent of adult capacities.

It was previously thought that brain development was linear, with our capacity to learn and change growing steadily as an infant progresses towards adulthood. We now know that there are prime times for acquiring different kinds of knowledge and skills and that the first years of life are crucial. Studies of preschool children have shown that vital pathways in the brain are enhanced by the right kind of stimulation at the age of one or two. Our new thinking on brain development is complemented by our knowledge that a positive parent-child relationship in infancy is a prerequisite for healthy emotional, cognitive and psychological development. Good relationships between a parent and child in the first three years of life provide the foundation for a resilient life. If a family is experiencing difficulties that impact on the parent-child relationship a childs ability to thrive socially, psychologically and intellectually will be impeded. 2

III. Definition of Terms

Child abuse is the physical, sexual, emotional mistreatment, or neglect of a child. [1] In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC) and the Department of Children And Families (DCF) define child maltreatment as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent or other caregiver that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child.[2] Child abuse can occur in a child's home, or in the organizations, schools or communities the child interacts with. There are four major categories of child abuse: neglect, physical abuse, psychological/emotional abuse, and child sexual abuse. Different jurisdictions have developed their own definitions of what constitutes child abuse for the purposes of removing a child from his/her family and/or prosecuting a criminal charge. According to the Journal of Child Abuse and Neglect, child abuse is "any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation, an act or failure to act which presents an imminent risk of serious harm".[3] A person who feels the need to abuse or neglect a child may be described as a "pedopath".[4]

A child may be defined as a person under the age of 18. These acts may be committed by a parent or caretaker (including any employee of a residential facility or any staff person providing out-of-home care) who is responsible for the child's welfare.

Abuse is defined in both Federal and State legislation. This legislation also defines what acts are considered child abuse within each category: physical abuse, neglect, sexual abuse or maltreatment. Those who are considered to bemandatory reporters of child abuse are also listed and defined within legislation, these reporters often include teachers, physicians, nurses, and foster parents. The term child abuse refers to the violence, mistreatment or neglect that a child or adolescent may experience while in the care of someone they either trust or depend on, such as a parent, sibling, other relative, caregiver or guardian. Abuse may take place anywhere and may occur, for example, within the child's home or that of someone known to the child. 3

IV. Presentation of Data IV.I Child Abuse Can Cause Permanent Damage to the Brain, Body, and Emotional Well-Being

In the first years of life, a child is especially vulnerable to abuse, not only because of their physical fragility, but also because the early years can be an especially challenging time for even the most well-meaning parents. Many cases of child abuse arent intentional acts of violence committed by violent, uncaring parents--rather, child abuse often occurs in an instant of unthinking frustration and anger. An instant of uncontrolled anger is all it takes to shake a baby and inflict permanent brain damage, to yank a small arm out of its socket, or to inflict alarming physical pain and longlasting emotional injury. Abuse During Childhood Can Permanently Rewire and Restructure the Brain Researchers at McLean Hospital, the largest psychiatric affiliate of Harvard Medical School, have found that child abuse and neglect can "rewire" the developing brain. When brain circuitry is altered during the formative years it may eventually cause such disorders as anxiety and depression to more readily surface in adulthood.

According to Martin Teicher, MD, PhD, director of the Developmental Biopsychiatry Research Program, "science shows that childhood maltreatment may produce changes in both brain function and structure. These changes are permanent. This is not something people can just get over and get on with their lives."During the course of their studies, the researchers found that four abnormalities are more likely to be present in victims of child abuse and neglect: Changes to the Limbic System, the area of the brain that, together with the hypothalamus, controls hunger, thirst, emotional reactions and biological rhythms.

In addition, it coordinates complex activities requiring a sequence of performance steps. Changes to the limbic system can result in epileptic seizures and abnormal electroencephalograms (EEG), usually affecting the left hemisphere of the brain, which is associated with more self-destructive behavior and more aggression. Deficient Development of the Left Side of the Brain, which can contribute to depression and impaired memory. Impaired Corpus Callosum, the pathway integrating the two hemispheres of the brain, which can result in dramatic shifts in mood and personality. Increased Blood Flow in the Cerebellar Vermis, the part of the brain involved in emotion, attention, and regulation of the limbic system, which can disrupt emotional balance. Animal studies have shown that neglect and emotional trauma triggers changes in hormones and neurotransmitters within parts of the brain that are responsible for regulating fear and anxiety. The researchers suggest that this may also occur in children. As Teicher emphasizes, "We know that an animal exposed to stress and neglect early in life develops a brain that is wired to experience fear, anxiety and stress. We think the same is true of people." In July 2000, the Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry reported that early emotional abuse can distort the processes of attachment and affective development.

Child abuse and neglect could also impair the individuals capacity to develop appropriate emotional responses, leading to lifelong emotional and social difficulties. Every one of us can help stop child abuse Help out a parent under stress with a few hours of child care or assistance with other chores. Lend an ear to a parent or child in crisis. Support programs that offer child care, parent education, family counseling, and child safety. Call a Parental Stress program for resources and support. 5

I.

II. Child Abuse - What Are The Causes and Effects?

Children have that right to be loved. But there are those who suffer child abuse in the very sense of the word. Child abuse could either be physical, mental or sexual abuse to children. This might have certain adverse effects on the child so they must be given extra support and attention. Physical abuse concerns maltreatments of children in a physical way. This means hurting the children physically, or not giving them proper nutrition. Emotional abuse or mental abuse, on the other hand, is about abuse in children which affects primarily their emotions. This includes saying hurtful words to children, as well as scolding them often that lower their self esteem. Sexual abuse, however, is abuse that concerns the sexual attributes of a child. This is one of the worst cases of child abuse. Causes of Child Abuse Like any other abuse, child abuse also has a cause. There are many causes of child abuse. The most prominent one among the causes is mental illness, as well as psychological problems. The tendency is that people who are not in their right minds, could easily do harm to children, whether intentional or not. Also, family problems are major causes of child abuse. Parents under the power of drugs could easily hurt their children. Plus, financial problems could invoke parents or other members of the family to abuse children as an outlet of their emotions. Stress could also be a root cause of child abuse. It is good to know the cause of abuse on a certain child so that the treatment and the actions could be well defined. Effects of Child Abuse in Children

Children who have experienced child abuse are likely to have some emotional and psychological problems whether they display them or not and in worse cases, a child might have suicidal tendencies because of this. The effects of child abuse on a child depends on how great the abuse is, the greater the abuse, the greater the effect on the overall state of the child. Depression, stress and trauma are also some of the effects of child abuse in children. Abused children also exhibit conditions like difficulty in building up relationships in people, low self image, eating disorders, as well as physical disabilities. Child abuse could also lower the self worth of the child who experienced it. 6 Child Abuse Treatments Most of the children who have experienced child abuse have traumas, especially those who were involved in sexual abuse. For cases like this, psycho therapies are being done to address the problem of the concerned child. Teaching proper parenting to children is also a program involved in treating, as well as preventing child abuse. Child abuse is a matter that needs utmost attention since it involves the future generation of this world. This could be prevented by having family planning seminars to parents which would invoke them to take care of their children more. There are also certain organizations like UNICEF which specializes in treating such problems. Children are important part of the society, so utmost love and care should be given to them.

Raising a child is not easy. Everyday stresses, strains, and sporadic upheavals in family life, coupled with the normal burdens of child care, cause most parents to feel angry at times. People who would not dream of hitting a colleague or an acquaintance when they are angry may think nothing of hitting their children. Some feel remorse after hitting a loved one; nevertheless, when they are angry, they still resort to violence. The deeper intimacy and greater commitment in a family make emotionally charged disagreements more frequent and more intense. Murray A. Straus and Richard J. Gelles, experts in child abuse research, believe that cultural standards permit violence in the family. The family, which is the center of love and security in most children's lives, is also the place where the child is punished, sometimes physically. The 1975 National Family Violence Survey and the 1985 National Family Violence Resurvey, conducted by Straus and Gelles, are the most complete studies of spousal and parent-child abuse yet prepared in the United States. The major difference between these two surveys and most other surveys

discussed in Chapter 4 is that the data from these surveys came from detailed interviews with the general population, not from cases that came to the attention of official agencies and professionals. Straus and Gelles had a more intimate knowledge of the families and an awareness of incidences of child abuse that were not reported to the authorities. (Straus and Gelles incorporated research from the two surveys and additional chapters into the book Physical Violence in American Families: Risk Factors and Adaptations to Violence in 8,145 Families, New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1990.)

IV.III. Child Abuse and Neglect

Fatal child abuse or neglect is the fatal physical injury or negligent treatment of a child by a person who is responsible for the childs welfare. It is reported that more than 2,000 children in the U.S. die of child abuse and neglect each year, and the actual number of abuse and neglect deaths is estimated to be much higher than that reported by vital statistics data. Most child maltreatment deaths result from physical abuse, especially children receiving injuries to their heads. Known as abusive head trauma, these injuries occur when a childs head is slammed against a surface, is severely struck or when a child is violently shaken. There have been major improvements in the ability to diagnose abusive head trauma and in investigators abilities to recognize when a caregivers explanation for injuries do not match the severity of the injuries. For example, it is now widely accepted that falls from short heights or a child being accidentally dropped rarely cause extensive and severe head injuries. The next most common cause of physical abuse deaths is punches or kicks to the abdomen, leading to internal bleeding. Other forms of fatal physical abuse include immersion into hot water, drowning and smothering. Many children who die from physical abuse have been abused over time, but a one-time event often causes a death. The most common reason given by caretakers who fatally injure their children is that they lost patience when the child would not stop crying. Other common reasons given by the abusers include bedwetting, fussy eating and disobedient behavior. Fatalities from neglect include a number of different ways in which caregivers fail to adequately provide for or supervise their children. Caregivers may fail to provide food and nurturing to their child, leading to malnutrition, failure to thrive, starvation or dehydration. Caregivers may fail to seek medical care when their child is ill, leading to more serious illness and death. Neglect cases can also result from intentional or grossly negligent failure to adequately supervise a child, resulting in bathtub drowning, suffocations, poisonings and other types of fatal incidents.Young children are the most vulnerable victims. National statistics show

that children under six years of age account for 86% of all maltreatment deaths and infants account for 43% of these deaths. Fathers and mothers boyfriends are most often the perpetrators in the abuse deaths; mothers are more often at fault in the neglect fatalities. Fatal abuse is interrelated with poverty, domestic violence and substance abuse. National studies report that it is difficult to predict a fatal abuse event. In the U.S., studies find that the majority of child victims and their perpetrators had no prior contact with Child Protective Services (CPS) at the time of the death, yet many children had previous injuries that were not reported to CPS systems. 8

IV.IV. Treatment of child victims of child abuse

Child Sexual Abuse Child sexual abuse is a social problem of significant magnitude. Estimates suggest that approximately 20,000 new cases of CSA are reported in South Carolina each year. 1Prevalence rates, obtained from studies of adults indicate that as many as one in three women and one in six men have experienced sexual abuse in childhood. 2,3 Child sexual abuse has been found to be associated with the development with a wide variety of mental health and social problems in childhood and adulthood 4-6 : Short-Term Problems Long-Term Problems fear and anxiety sexualized behaviors nightmares social withdrawal or isolation sleep problems anger/acting out somatic difficulties school difficulties Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) traumatic sexualization betrayal stigmatization powerlessness difficulty regulating emotional responses interpersonal problems effects on self-perception depression anxiety disorders

 substance abuse suicidality sexual dysfunctions interpersonal difficulties Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 9 The experience of child sexual abuse varies from individual to individual. Severity, intensity, and frequency, age of the child, relationship between the child and perpetrator, degree of support from non-offending parents, level of acknowledgment by the perpetrator, quality of family functioning, extent of violence, and specific nature of the abuse all affect the type and severity of effects seen in the child victim. Thus, it is important to note that no one symptom profile is unique to children who have been sexually abused, nor do all (or even the majority of) children who have been sexually abused display any one symptom. 6-8. Logically, therefore, each child victim should be assessed carefully and a treatment plan should be developed that is specific to that childs response to the abuse and living context.It is interesting to note that research suggests that a minority of children (roughly 20 - 40%) who have been sexually abused appear to suffer few dramatic psychological or social symptoms of distress. 6-8. It may be difficult to determine whether a child who is not displaying symptoms is coping adequately with his/her experience or is denying, suppressing, or avoiding difficulties. 7.Some children may display what are thought of as "sleeper effects" or the development of serious symptoms some time after termination of the abuse. 9. It is not clear whether these individuals would benefit from some type of treatment immediately after disclosure of the abuse, even though there may be an absence of symptoms at that time. Many practitioners believe that it is important to provide support and education to children who have been sexually abused but who show few overt symptoms in order to prevent the development of difficulties in the future. Assessment It is difficult to make a general statement regarding the treatment needs of child victims of abuse or neglect, since, as noted above, the effects of such experiences, the contexts in which these experiences occur, and the nature of the family's response to disclosure are so varied. The timing of the assessment in relation to when the disclosure occurred may also affect the child's immediate treatment needs. In addition, children may have difficulty expressing their

concerns, fears, or questions directly to a professional. 19Young children may lack the ability to communicate clearly about their emotional responses. Older children may be mistrusting of professionals. Finally, parents may be poor reporters of their children's reactions. That is, an abuse offender may have a motivation to minimize the child's emotional reactions. A neglectful mother may have a psychiatric impairment which would also distort her perception of her child. 10

IV.V. How can child abuse be prevented?

This, too, is a very complex matter and includes these measures: A support-group structure is needed to reinforce parenting skills and closely monitor the child's well-being. Visiting home nurse or social-workervisits are also required to observe and evaluate the progress of the child and his/her caretaking situation. The support-group structure and visiting home nurse or social-worker visits are not mutually exclusive. Many studies have demonstrated that the two measures must be coupled together for the best possible outcome. Children's school programs regarding "good touch...bad touch" can provide children with a forum in which to role-play and learn to avoid potentially harmful scenarios.

Parents should make sure that their child's daycare center is licensed and has an open-door policy regarding parental visitation. Public-awareness programs regarding child abuse and neglect can be informative. Developing free and anonymous support systems (for example, "hot lines") encourages the reporting of potential instances of child abuse. What more can be done to prevent child neglect? As children's advocates, we wish to remind parents about the importance of preventative child health care, including: proper use of car seats and seat belts;

consistent use of helmets for bicycling, skateboarding, and skiing/snowboarding; pool and water safety; firearm safety;

preventing community violence; and

poisoning prevention. 11

IV.VI. Child Abuse

Child abuse is harm to, or neglect of, a child by another person, whether adult or child. Child abuse happens in all cultural, ethnic, and income groups. Child abuse can be physical, emotional - verbal, sexual or through neglect. Abuse may cause serious injury to the child and may even result in death.Signs of possible abuse include: Physical Abuse Unexplained or repeated injuries such as welts, bruises, or burns. Injuries that are in the shape of an object (belt buckle, electric cord, etc.) Injuries not likely to happen given the age or ability of the child. For example, broken bones in a child too young to walk or climb. Disagreement between the child's and the parent's explanation of the injury. Unreasonable explanation of the injury. Obvious neglect of the child (dirty, undernourished, inappropriate clothes for the weather, lack of medical or dental care). Fearful behavior.

Emotional - Verbal Abuse Aggressive or withdrawn behavior. Shying away from physical contact with parents or adults. Afraid to go home.

Sexual Abuse Child tells you he/she was sexually mistreated. Child has physical signs such as: difficulty in walking or sitting. stained or bloody underwear. genital or rectal pain, itching, swelling, redness, or discharge bruises or other injuries in the genital or rectal area. Child has behavioral and emotional signs such as: difficulty eating or sleeping. soiling or wetting pants or bed after being potty trained. acting like a much younger child. excessive crying or sadness. withdrawing from activities and others. talking about or acting out sexual acts beyond normal sex play for age. Abuse can happen in any family, regardless of any special characteristics. However, in dealing with parents, be aware of characteristics of families in which abuse may be more likely: Families who are isolated and have no friends, relatives, church or other support systems.

Parents who tell you they were abused as children. Families who are often in crisis (have money problems, move often). Parents who abuse drugs or alcohol. Parents who are very critical of their child. Parents who are very rigid in disciplining their child. Parents who show too much or too little concern for their child. Parents who feel they have a difficult child. Parents who are under a lot of stress. 12

IV.VII. Effects of Child Sexual Abuse on Victims

All abuse is traumatic and harmful to victims. However, most sexual offenders leave no easily visible physical signs or evidence of their abuse. Whatever signs the child shows will depend further on their age, their own mental health, coping mechanisms, social support and gender. Although girls are more vulnerable to sexual abuse, boys are also victimized. Physical effects of sexual abuse include: Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI); Urinary tract infections; Pregnancy at a young age; Unusual smells or bleeding; Difficulty walking or sitting; and, Bruises or wounds on the genitalia and mouth. Children victimized by sexual abuse are more often affected psychologically and emotionally, manifesting in their behavior. Child abuse will have a variety of effects on children, depending on the childs age, gender, the type of abuse, duration of abuse, who the offender is, degree of violence used, among others. ANGER is a behavioral effect generally manifested differently with males and females. Females tend to internalize their anger, even turning it onto themselves. At times their anger turns into depression. Males tend to externalize their anger, as they are socialized to be more aggressive. Their anger turns into blaming others or into destructive behavior against people and things. POWERLESSNESS or LEARNED HELPLESSNESS occurs most often when the offender is close to the child and family, and exerting power over the child. The child feels there is nothing he/she can do. Thus they become compliant, not only in the relationship, but often in other aspects of

life.

13

I.

Summary/Conclusion

Child abuse is a complex phenomenon with multiple causes.[34] Understanding the causes of abuse is crucial to addressing the problem of child abuse.[35] Parents who physically abuse their spouses are more likely than others to physically abuse their children. [36] However, it is impossible to know whether marital strife is a cause of child abuse, or if both the marital strife and the abuse are caused by tendencies in the abuser.[36]Children resulting from unintended pregnancies are more likely to be abused or neglected.[37][38] In addition, unintended pregnancies are more likely than intended pregnancies to be associated with abusive relationships,[39] and there is an increased risk of physical violence during pregnancy.[40] They also result in poorer maternal mental health,[40] and lower mother-child relationship quality.[40] Substance abuse can be a major contributing factor to child abuse. One U.S. study found that parents with documented substance abuse, most commonly alcohol, cocaine, and heroin, were much more likely to mistreat their children, and were also much more likely to reject court-ordered services and treatments.[41] Another study found that over two thirds of cases of child maltreatment involved parents with substance abuse problems. This study specifically found relationships between alcohol and physical abuse, and between cocaine and sexual abuse.[42]Unemployment and financial difficulties are associated with increased rates of child abuse.[43] In 2009 CBS News reported that child abuse in the United States had increased during the economic recession. It gave the example of a father who had never been the primary care-taker of the children. Now that the father was in that role, the children began to come in with injuries.[44]Studies have found that not biologically related parents (like stepparents) are up to a hundred times more likely to kill a child than biological parents. An evolutionary psychology explanation for this is that using resources in order to take care of another persons biological child is likely not a good strategy for increasing reproductive success. [45] See also Infanticide (zoology).
Child Abuse Signs and Symptoms Although these signs do not necessarily indicate that a child has been abused, they may help adults recognise that something is wrong. The possibility of abuse should be investigated if a child shows a number of these symptoms, or any of them to a marked degree: Emotional Abuse Physical, mental and emotional development lags Sudden speech disorders

Continual self-depreciation (Im stupid, ugly, worthless, etc) Overreaction to mistakes Extreme fear of any new situation Inappropriate response to pain (I deserve this) Neurotic behaviour (rocking, hair twisting, self-mutilation) Extremes of passivity or aggression 14

I. Bibliography
http://www.cacscc.org/awareness.htm http://www.childdeathreview.org/causesCAN.htm http://childlaw.sc.edu/frmPublications/treatment_114200441012.pdf http://ezinearticles.com/?Child-Abuse---What-Are-The-Causes-and-Effects? &id=1149170 http://www.freeonlineresearchpapers.com/child-abuse-research http://www.findcounseling.com/journal/child-abuse/abuse-survivorscounseling.html http://www.google.com.ph/#hl=fil&cp=14&gs_id=1g&xhr=t&q=what+is+child+a buse&pf=p&sclient=psyab&site=&source=hp&pbx=1&oq=what+is+child+&aq=0&aqi=g4&aql=&gs_sm =&gs_upl=&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.,cf.osb&fp=59af91458e55dfc3&biw=1360&b ih=677 http://www.google.com.ph/#sclient=psyab&hl=fil&source=hp&q=child+abuse+can+cause+schizophrenia&pbx=1&oq=chi ld+abuse+can&aq=3L&aqi=gL4&aql=&gs_sm=c&gs_upl=0l0l2l1497l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0ll0l0&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_ pw.,cf.osb&fp=59af91458e55dfc3&biw=1366&bih=641 http://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/pi/fv-vf/facts-info/child-enf.html http://www.keepkidshealthy.com/welcome/commonproblems/child_abuse.html http://www.libraryindex.com/pages/141/Causes-Effects-Child-Abuse.html http://www.stairwayfoundation.org/stairway/resources/online-resources/effects-ofchild-sexual-abuse-on-victims http://www.4therapy.com/news/also-news/child-abuse-can-cause-permanentdamage-brain-body-and-emotional-well-being-2457

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_abuse

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