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 SPARE FEW MIN TO READ HOW BEST TO USE THIS GUIDE

DEAR STUDENTS…WELCOME BACK!

This is a complete guide for CUET-PF Political science. You need not
read any other book for CUET-PG preparation. Hope it would help all
my students crack the CUET-PG.
What it contains?
Arranged in four parts:
Part I:
More than 50 theme wise fact sheets, in tabular form,
containing key facts & information covering the entire
CUET-PG syllabus in Political Science.
Part II:
Collection of questions, arranged theme wise asked in Past
Year’s PG ETs.
Questions of DUET, JNUEE, HCU, CPET Odhisa,
Puducherry, BHU, AMU, and many other PG ETs
Part III:
5 sets of sample question papers, of 75 MCQs, with Ans
Keys and Addl. Info
Most relevant MCQs for CUET-PG.
Part IV:
Tips and tricks to prepare for and tackle MCQs.

How to use the Guide for the best results?

Read carefully all the key points given in tabular form at least 4-5
times
Watch the related Pol Sc Help videos for more information related
to key points given in the fact sheets.
Highlight the most important information, in your view, and revise
them on daily basis; at least 10-12 times before the exam.
Make a mental map of information; for example: thinkers who
gave theory of Justice –Plato, Aristotle, Rawls, Nozick, Amratya
Sen - how these theries related; similarities and differences, etc

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Read the questions and answers asked in different PG ETs; relate
them to the contents in the guide. Make note of the Important
questions/answers. Revise them 6-7 times.
Try the MCQ sample paper in exam mode- in one go, within 2
hours, without seeing Answer or visiting google. Mark your score-
+ 4 marks for correct ones and -1 for wrong ones. If you score low,
go back to the contents and revise one more time.
Make multiple MCQs from one MCQ. Note: I have purposely
included many MCQs on matching types, from each of them make
3-4 MCQs. From the Answer hints also additional MCQs can be
made.
GOOD WISHES!
TABLE OF CONTENTS
(WHERE IS WHAT?)
Section Content/Fact Sheets
Section Cuet PG Syllabus & Exam Structure 4
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Section Theme Wise Fact Sheets 9
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Fact Sheets- Political Theory 10
Fact Sheets- Constitution 50
Fact Sheets- Indian Polity 71
Fact Sheets- Comparative Politics 98
Fact Sheets- Public Policy 124
Fact Sheets- General Issues of 131
Contemporary Relevance
Fact Sheets- International Relation 143
Fact Sheets: India’s Foreign Policy 211
Fact Sheets- Western Political 216
Thoughts
Fact Sheets- Indian Political Thoughts 252

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Section Fact Sheets PYQA : Theme Wise 260
3 Analysis of Past Year’s PG ET Papers

Section Sample Papers: 5 Sets 328

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Section Answer Keys with Addl. Info 428
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Section Tips & Tricks to crack MCQs 463

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 Syllabus- CUET-PG
Political Science (PGQP42)

1 . a. Western Political Philosophy:

• Plato
• Aristotle
• Machiavelli
• Hobbes
• Locke
• Rousseau
• J.S. Mill
• Karl Marx
• John Rawls

b. Modern Indian Political Thought:

• Ram Mohan Roy
• Gandhi
• Ambedkar
• Savarkar
• Kautilya

c. Political theory:
• Concepts of liberty
• Equality
• Justice
• Sovereignty
• Citizenship and Gender
• Democracy human Rights, State
• Contemporary Issues
• Feminism Ideology

d) International Relations:
• Realism & Liberalism

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• Cold War politics
• NAM, SAARC, UNO, ASEAN, EU

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• India’s foreign policy particularly with China
• Pakistan and USA.
d. Indian Government and Politics:
• Preamble
• Making of the Constituent Assembly
• Constitutional Provisions
• Parliament
• Cabinet
• Prime Minister
• President
• Fundamental Rights
• Fundamental Duties
• Directive Principles of State Policy
• Amendments
• Governor
• State Government
• Federalism
• Political Parties (National and Regional)
• Elections
• Local Government
• Judiciary
• Governance
e. Comparative Government and Politics
• Political Culture

• Political Parties

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• Electoral Systems

• Approaches/ Models

• Types of Regimes

f. Public Policies in India

• Models
• Process
• Types

2. General issues of contemporary relevance.

• Global Justice

• Nationalism

• Climate Change

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 CUET(PG)- 2022: Exam Structure

• Duration: 2 hours- 120 Minutes

• 100 MCQs in two parts
• Part1 : 25 MCQ- Aptitude test
• English- Synonym & Antonym, spelling, phrases, Fill
blanks in sentence with appropriate preposition,
phrases,
• General Awareness(GK and current Events)
• Mathematical Aptitude (Arithmetic- BODMAS,
LCM/HCF, number system, series)
• Analytical Skills- Verbal reasoning- pattern, series,
odd one out, analogy, etc
• Part 2: 75 MCQ- Subject/Domain based ( Pol Sc)
• Marking Scheme- For both Parts
• Correct Answer- 4 Marks
• Incorrect Answer- 1 Marks

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 FACT SHEET: POLITICS AND POWER

Concept/Term Different definitions

Politics Politics is the art of the possible- Otto Von Bismarck
Politics is about who gets what, when and how-
Harold Lasswell
Politics as capacity of acting in concert- Hannah
Arendt
Politics as authoritative allocation of value - David
Easton
politics is an ethical activity concerned with creating
a ‘just society’ and ensuring ‘good Life’ of the
community- Aristotle
Politics is power-structured relationships,
arrangements whereby one group of persons is
controlled by another- Kate Millet
Politics is about ‘attending to the general
arrangements of a set of people whom chance or
choice have brought together’- Oakeshott
How Heywood gave different dimensions of Politics
Politics as that which concerns the state
Politics is conduct of public Life
Politics is conflict resolution in public domain
Politics as conflict (among differing interests) in
public domain

Oft-repeated Harold Lasswell’s politics as

questions from this who gets what, when and how?
theme Who said politics is the study of
influence and influential?
Harold Lasswell
David Easton: Politics as
authoritative allocation of
value

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Power Most popular definition of power: A has power over
B to the extent that A can get B to do something
which B would not have done otherwise- Robert
Dahl
Power as currency/money: Power is to politics as
money is to economy; Like money, power also
circulates in society- Talcott Parsons
Power as creating action in group by
communication to realize the public realm - Hanah
Arendt
‘Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power
corrupts absolutely’- Lord Acton
Power as normalization and subjection through
governable identities- Foucault
Power as Cultural Hegemony- Antonio Gramsci
Power as structural arrangement in which
perceptions of people are shaped to perpetuate
domination without any observable conflict- Steven
Lukes
Extractive vs Developmental Power; Extractive
power- Power over, power to get other do
something; Developmental Power- ability to fulfils
one’s own self-appointed goals- C.B. MacPherson

Oft-repeated questions from this theme PG ETs:

Power as Currency- Talcott Parson
Radical view of power, 3rd dimension of power-
Steven Lukes
Knowledge-power relation- Foucault
Lord Action’s quote : Power tends to corrupt;
absolute power corrupts absolutely
Who defined national interest in terms of power?
Hans Morgenthau

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“the power of man over the minds and actions of
other men”- Hans Morgenthau”
Power is central to Realism in IR
Offensive Neo-realism- maximisation of power

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 FACT SHEET: LIBERTY

Sub- Facts/info
theme/topic
Definitions Freedom is obeying laws reflecting general will of the
political community- Rousseau
It is a positive power of doing or enjoying something
worth doing or enjoying – Moral Freedom ( T.H.Green)
A free man, is he, that in those things, which by his
strength and wit he is able to, is not hindered to do what
he has a will to- Hobbes
freedom is state in which man is not subject to coercion
by arbitrary will of others- Fredrich Hayek
Man is free to act without subject to arbitrary will of
another within allowance of moral law- John Locke
Freedom is the ability to govern one's actions on the
basis of reason, and not desire. Free capacity to choose
between good and evil- Immanuel Kant

Negative Vs Isaiah Berlin’s two conception of liberty

Positive differentiated between negative and positive Liberty
Liberty Negative Liberty:
‘What is the area within which the subject—a
person or group of persons—is or should be
left to do or be what he is able to do or be,
without interference by other persons?’
Thus, negative liberty denotes absence of
external man-made interference, constraints on
one’s thoughts and actions.
Positive Liberty:
“What, or who, is the source of control that can
determine someone to do, or be, this rather
than that?”

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 ‘By whom am I ruled?’ Am I master of my will
or desire?
Thus, Positive Liberty denotes Self-mastery,
self-control, self-direction, self-realization, free
capacity of the self to choose between good
and bad.
Berlin supported negative liberty
To him, positive liberty is like a slippery slope which
may lead to totalitraianism

Other Benjamin Constant diffrentiated between ancient

Concepts on (republican) and modern ( negative) liberty
Liberty • In Ancient times, Liberty was understood as
participation in self-governance, exercising popular
sovereignty, and performing public duties; it was
political liberty
• In modern times, liberty is understood as absence
of constrain by the arbitrary will of one or more
individuals- Individual Liberty
Phillip Petit and Quinton Skinner gave republican
concept of liberty as absence of domination, freedom
from subjection
Gerald McCallum gave triadic conception of
Liberty:
Liberty as triadic relation between agent,
constraints, and purpose, that is, X( agent) is
constrained by Y to do or be Z(purpose)
Bosanquet & Green: freedom of human agents
consists in their having succeeded in realizing an ideal
of themselves- a condition in which someone has
succeeded in becoming something
Charles Taylor
Negative Liberty- Opportunity concept concept of
Freedom-
Positive Liberty- Exercise concept concept of
Freedom

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Thinkers Hobbes, Locke, Berlin, J.S.Mills, Rawls,Nozick, Hayek
supporting and majority of liberal thinkers
negative
Liberty
Thinkers Rousseau, Hegel, Marx, T.H. Green, Bosanquet, Berkar,
supporting and majority of Marxist or socialist thinkers
Positive
Liberty
Important Isaiah Berlin:
facts/info Differentiated negative and positive liberty
asked in Supported negative liberty
PG ETs
Compared positive liberty to slippery slope towards
totalitarianism
Positive liberty- concept of the divided self
Ancient vs Modern Liberty: Benjamin Constant
J.S.Mill
Wrote ‘Ón Liberty’
‘Over himself, over his own body and mind, the
individual is sovereign’
Supported negative liberty
Harm Principle
Self and other regarding actions
Montesquieu’s theory of separation of powers
emphasises primarily on Liberty
Negative Liberty: Night-watchman or minimalist state
Positive Liberty : Welfare state, Interventionist State
Rousseau, Green, Hegel- supported positive liberty

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 FACT SHEET: EQUALITY

Sub- Facts/info
theme/topic
Meaning Equality is the most porous (not solid, spongy),
non-intuitive (not naturally understood), and
controversial of normative political values. It is also
hardest to realize in any socio-political arrangement.
Equality as normative value denotes equal moral
worth and equality of each individual on the basis of
being equal member of the humanity.
Inequality everywhere, in nature, society,
family, international relations. Hence it is not
natural and non-intuitive.
Egalitarianism Doctrine/ideology believing in equality as
cornerstone of political arrangements and public
policy.
Luck Egalitarianism: Just socio-political
arrangement should not allow inequality due to
luck. Good or bad luck may be natural, social,
Brute luck (fortune, misfortune, accidents,
disease, etc).
Ideal egalitarian political system should even
take care of optional luck, that is, individual
choices and preferences. This is called hard
Egalitarianism.
Ronald Dworkin, who gave the theory of
‘equality of resources’ was one of most
prominent Luck Egalitarian thinker.
Richard Arneson, Gerald Cohen, John Roemer,
Eric Rakowski, etc. are other Luck Egalitarians.

Multiple • Formal vs substantive equality

Dimensions of

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equality • Political equality- one person- one vote:
formal equality
• Socio-economic equality- equality in social
status and material resources- substantive
equality
Equality of opportunity vs equality of
Outcome
Equality of opportunity
Equal chance/access to compete for
rewards of life
Can be formal or substantive
Closely linked to Liberalism
Generally, does not support distribution
of resources, more acceptable in liberal
societies
• Equality of outcome
Attempt to equalize results and rewards,
Substantive equality
Linked to socialist/communist ideologies.
Very hard to realize, controversial as it may
lead to authoritarian and totalitarian state
• Equality of resources:
Propounded (put forward) by Ronald
Dworkin in his book ‘Sovereign Virtue: the
theory and practice of Equality’ in 2000
It is a luck egalitarian account of idea of
equality
It envisions (imagine) socio-economic
arrangements to mimic results of an
imaginary market procedure for acquisition
and transfer of resources. It includes fair
market of Insurance to share luck and
compensate for bad luck.
Despite inequalities in outcome because of
different choices/ambitions (option luck), no
one is left behind. The society/state takes
care of those suffered due to bad luck.

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• Complex Equality:
Propounded by Michael Walzer in his book
‘Sphere of Justice- Spheres of Justice: A
Defense of Pluralism and Equality’ in 1983
It is communitarian account of distributive
justice.
It envisions (imagines) society/community
having multiple spheres of justice, having its
own rank ordering.
Each sphere may act like separate domain
for distributive justice.
Distribution of each social good is decided
by rules and reasons specific to the sphere
and interpretation of its social meaning.
Conversion and exchange of goods across
boundary of sphere blocked.
Hence, possession of one good in one sphere
does not affect possession of other goods in
other spheres.
Thus, despite inequalities in a particular
sphere, overall equality of status of each
individual is maintained.

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 FACT SHEET: JUSTICE

Sub- Facts/info
theme/topic
Meaning Out of 4 foundational normative values, Justice is
most intuitive, that is, we as human being have
nature or God given sense of what is right or wrong,
good or bad, just or unjust.
Justice implies something which it is not only right
to do and wrong not to do, but also which someone
can claim from us as one’s moral right.
Justice denotes fair, virtuous and moral act or
arrangement.
In matter of distribution, it implies giving each
person his due- fair share to all

Definitions Justice as harmony of soul and each individual and

class performing its duty to best of their abilities and
aptitudes- Plato
Justice as 'fairness’ in distribution of income, wealth,
rewards, honours, political offices, punishments etc,
based on the principle of equity- proportional and
arithmetic equality- Aristotle
Justice as Fairness in distribution of resources, awards,
honours, and political offices- John Rawl
Entitlement Theory of Justice: distribution of holdings
in a society is just if everyone in that society is entitled
to what he has- Robert Nozick
Justice by practical reasoning; justice as fair procedure
(Niti) vs justice realized (Nyaya)- Amartya Sen
Justice as perfect obligation- J.S.Mill
Justice as mutual advantage- David Gauthier

Types of

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 Justice • Procedural Justice -
• Justice based on just, fair, and transparent
rules/procedure and institutional arrangements
• Formal justice.
• Consistent with liberalism
• Distributive Justice
• Just and fair distribution of goods and services,
benefits and rewards.
• May also imply social justice if equality of
status, dignity of individuals, and minimum
needs of people are ensured by
society/community/state.
• Substantive justice. Also called ‘end-state’
justice.
• Supported by communitarian, socialist, and
communist ideologies.
• Retributive Justice
• Justice is reasonable and proportionate
punishment to crime.
• Restorative Justice
• Repairing the harm caused to the victim and
mend the offender to bring back to mainstream.
• Global Justice
• Pursuing Justice beyond the borders of nation-
states at international/global level.

Rawl vs • John Rawl, an American liberal thinker, gave his

Nozick’s theory in his seminal (very influential) book
theory of ‘Theory of Justice’ (1971)
Justice • His theory is based on Justice as fairness in
distribution of social primary goods.
• It is based on the idea of distributive justice and the
difference principles ( social eqality)
• Difference principle -‘socio-economic inequalities
should be arranged so that they are to the greatest

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 benefit of the least advantaged persons’
• Rawl’s theory is also called end-state theory of
justice, as it proposes a specific end pattern of
distribution brought by socio-political
arrangements.
• Nozick’s theory of Justice was counter to Rawl's
theory of Justice.
• Nozick, an American Libertarian thinker, gave his
theory in his equally influential book ‘Anarchy,
State, and Utopia (1974).
• Basic argument of Nozick is that any attempt to
bring a fixed pattern of distribution by
state/Government is futile (meaningless), utopic,
and infringement to personal liberty.
• He asserted that if acquisition of property in the
initial position was just ( by fair means), and
subsequent transfer/transactions were fair & just
then the resultant distribution pattern is also just and
fair.
• His theory is called entitlement theory of justice.
• It is also a type of procedural justice.
Important • Aristotle was first to give idea of distributive justice
facts/info • Justice as 1st virtue of any social order- John Rawls
for PG ETs • Rawl’s theory of justice: end-state theory, patterned
distribution, welfare state, based on difference
principle, distributive justice, positive or modern
liberalism, normative theory, revived the social
contract tradition
• Plato’s Justice: one man- one work; one class- one
duty
• Nozick’s theory of Justice: Entitlement theory of
justice, procedural theory, libertarian account of
justice, included ‘rectificatory justice’
• Justice as mutual advantage- David Gauthier
• First Virtue of society- Justice- John Rawls
• First virtue of Justice- Fairness- John Rawls

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• Justice is doing one’s own duty as per one’s station
of life- Plato

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 FACT SHEET: RIGHT

Sub- Facts/info
theme/topic
Meaning Rights are claims of individual or group allowed by
matching obligation by others.
Such claims are generally very crucial for
flourished and fulfilled life. It enables and
empower one to live a meaningful life.
Obligations (which allow those claims) may be
moral, customary, based on natural law, or legally
enforced.
Like other normative value, Right is a highly
contested concept. It has multiple conceptions and
connotations. It may mean Claim, Entitlements,
Opportunities, Needs, Empowerments, etc.

Definitions A person has a right to X when if and only if others

have moral obligation to provide or allow him/her X-
Immanuel Kant
Rights are entitlements to act or be treated in a
particular way- Andrew Heywood
One man’s capacity of influencing the act of others, not
by his own strength but by the strength of the society –
Holland
A right is a claim recognized by society and enforced
by the state- Bosanquet
Rights are those conditions of social life without which
no man can seek, in general, to be himself at his best-
Harold Laski
Every state is known by the rights it maintains- Laski
Rights are what we may expect from others and others
from us, and all genuine rights are conditions of social
welfare- Hobhouse

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 Rights are ‘trump’ (of individuals against
society/state)- Ronald Dworkin
rights are the conditions in which individuals are able
to conceive and realize ‘the good’ for themselves and
others- T.H.Green
A person has a right to X when his or her interest in X
is sufficiently important for others to have duty to
provide or allow him/her X- Interest based theory of
Rights

Types of • On the basis of content

Rights • Civil rights: Right to life, liberty of thought,
expression, belief, property, associations, etc.
• Political rights: Right to vote, hold political
offices, etc.
• Socio-economic rights: Right to status, work,
livelihood, etc.
• On the basis of Intent
• Negative rights: No action required by others
• Positive Rights: actions required by
state/society
• On the basis of obligation
• Moral rights
• Rights allowed by moral obligation which
are universally accepted
• Legal Rights
• Rights are claim backed by law and
enforced by state
• Rights only exists in state/society not pre-
given
• Natural Rights
• Inherent and intrinsic Rights to each one
us as per law of nature
• Rights are prior to Society/state
• Historical or Customary Rights

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 • Rights are claim recognised in society
from historical past and based on
historical customs of society/community
• Human rights
• Equal and inalienable (absolute) individual
entitlements/claims against state/society only
because one is human being of equal worth.
• Cultural and group Rights
• Right to protect cultures, language, traditions
and customs of cultural minorities

Three • 1st Generation:

Generations • Civil liberties and political Rights
of right
• Emanate from normative value of Liberty
• Consistent with liberalism
• 2nd Generation:
• Socio-economic and cultural Rights
• Emanate from normative value of Equality
• Supported by Socialism/communism
• 3rd Generation:
• Group and Environmental Rights
• Emante from new Social and Green
movements

Important • Who called natural rights as nonsense upon stilts?

facts/info Bentham
for PG ETs • “Rights properly so-called are creations of law
properly so called”- Bentham
• Legal Rights- Bentham
• Natural Rights: Propounded by John Locke
• 3 generations of Rights- 2nd Gen rights- socio-
economic rights- right to health, education,
housing, etc
• Right to Development- Soft Law

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• Universal Declaration of Human Rights(UDHR)
adopted on 10 Dec, 1948
• “Every state is known by the rights that it
maintains”- Laski
• Rights as Trump – Ronald Dworkin
• Strong rights: which cannot be taken away for
common welfare
• Weak Rights: The rights that can be curtailed to
achieve the common welfare
• Functional theory of Rights- Laski
• Liberal Theory of Minority Rights: Will Kymlicka

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 FACT SHEET: STATE

Sub-theme/topic Facts/info
How Prominent State is the highest form of political
thinkers viewed association aiming at the highest of goods-
State: Aristotle
State is March of God on earth- Hegel
State represent complete and highest Good-
Plato
Political association set up as a result of social
contract to preserve life and maintain peace &
order- Hobbes
Political association or commonwealth set up
as a result of social contract to protect and
further natural rights- Locke
State represented General will of the body
politic set up as a result of the Social Contract-
Rousseau
the state was an artificial means of producing
a unity of interest and a device for maintaining
stability; it is a means for attaining the greatest
happiness of the greatest number-Jeremy
Bentham
state as 'the people' affairs, who are united by
a common agreement about law and rights and
by the desire to participate in mutual
advantage'- Cicero
state as an end in itself existing for its own
preservation
and for its own advantage- Machiavelli
a 'lawful' government of several household s,
and of their common possessions, with
sovereign powers- Jaen Bodin

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 'a partnership in all science, a partnership in
all arts, a partnership in and in all perfection...
a partnership not only between those who are
living, but those who are dead, and those who
are to be born’- Edmund Burke
'a body of persons, recognized by each other as
having rights, and possessing certain
institutions for the maintenance of those
rights’- T.H.Green
‘positive instrument which helps the individual
achieve progress and enjoy liberty’- J.S.Mill
State is the instrument to protect and further
the interest of the whole Bourgeoisie class-
Karl Marx
Human community that claims the monopoly of
the legitimate use of physical force/violence
within a given territory- Max Weber
Theories of State Divine Origin theory of State:
the state was established and governed by
God, the King is the representative of God.
King has the divine right to rule and he is
accountable only to God, none other.
Proponents: Manu, St. Thomas, Bousset,
Robert Filmer
Historical/Evolutionary Theory:
State evolved naturally due to political
nature of humans as long and gradual socio-
natural evolutionary process.
Proponents: Garner, Gettel, J.W.Burgess,
Maclver
Aristotle and Hegel also gave historical,
natural, organic, and integrative theory of
state
Social Contract Theory of Origin of State
State is the result of a social contract among
individuals who surrendered their
individual rights and power into a

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 commonwealth to form a political
community and came out of the state of
nature
Proponents: Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau
Marxist Theory of State
Instrumentalist view: State as the
instrument to protect and further the interest
of the whole Bourgeoisie class
Proponents: Karl Marx, Engels, Ralph
Miliband
Structuralist view: State is a social
mechanism through which capitalist social
structure and relation of productions are
continuously re-produced.
Proponents: Louis Althusser, Nicos
Poulantzas
Pluralist Theory of State
State is associations of associations
State is one among many associations
State like a neutral referee managing
interests of many associations/groups
Proponents: Robert Dahl, R.M. MacIver, David
Truman, Harold Laski, Seymour Martin Lipset
Important State is necessary Evil- Classical Liberalism
perspective/phrases State is unnecessary Evil- Anarchism
about state State is one among many associations-
Pluralism (R.M. MacIver)
State is instrument of class domination-
Marxism
Everything in the State, nothing outside the
State, nothing against the State- Fascism
(Benito Mussolini)
State is March of God on earth- organicism
(Hegel)
State is individual writ large- Plato

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 FACT SHEET: SOVERIGNTY

Sub- Facts/Info
Theme/Topics
Meaning/definitions The principle of absolute and unlimited
: power; the absence of a higher authority
in either domestic or external affairs for a
population of fixed territory.
‘the absolute and perpetual power of a
commonwealth’. Jean Bodin (1530–96).
law reflects the ‘will’ of the sovereign.
”the supreme political power vested in him
whose acts are not subject to any other and
whose will cannot be overridden” –
Grotius
“the supreme irresistible absolute,
uncontrolled authority in which the
supreme legal power reside”. –
Blackstone
“the concept which maintains no more-if
no less-than that there must be an ultimate
authority within the political society if the
society is to exist at all”. – Hinsley
“the political authority within a
community which has the undisputed right
to determine the framework of rules,
regulations and policies within a given
territory and to
govern accordingly”. – David Held
Monopoly of coercive power in hands of
single ruler to protect individuals from
lawlessness : Thomas Hobbes
Sovereignty vested in Monarch vs notion
of popular sovereignty by Rousseau and
John Locke

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 Note: Locke allowed delegation of
sovereignty to people’s
representatives, whereas for Rousseau,
popular sovereignty remains with the
people, cannot be delegated.
John Austin’s Monistic theory of
Sovereignty:
“If a determinate human superior, not in
the habit of obedience to a like superior,
receives habitual obedience from the bulk
of a given society, that determinate
superior is sovereign in that society; and
the society (including the superior) is a
society, political and independent”
sovereignty is the supreme power of the
state that is absolute, permanent, universal,
inalienable, exclusive and indivisible(
hence monistic, that is only one sovereign)
Sovereignty of state
“the commanding power of the state: it is
the will of the nation organised in the
state: it is the right to give unconditional
orders to all individuals in the territory of
the state”.– Duguit
“the supreme will of the state.”–
Willoughly
“the exercise of final legal coercive power
by the state”. – Soltaire
Sovereign statehood is an institution- set
of persistent and connected rules,
prescribing behavioural roles, constraining
activities, and shaping expectations in
international society of state (Robert
Keohane)
“the supreme legal authority of the nation
to give and enforce the law within a
certain territory and in consequence
independence from authority of other

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 nations and equality with them under
international law” (Morgenthau)
Billiard Ball analogy: In the billiard ball
model of world politics adopted by realist
theorists states are the billiard balls that collide
with one another while sovereignty is the hard
and impenetrable outer shell of the ball which
enables it to withstand the impact of the
collision
Nature and Features Absoluteness: there is no legal power within
of Sovereignty the state superior to the sovereign, and there
can be no legal limit to the supreme law
making power of the sovereign.
Indivisibility: there can only be one
sovereign in a state; it cannot be divided
Note: Pluralist thinkers, such as Dahl,
Laski, Maclver, etc, reject this feature; for
them, sovereignty is divided into many
groups/associations.
Universality: sovereign power extends over
every person and every association of persons
in the state. It is also accepted worldwide
Permanence: The sovereignty continues as
long as the state itself exists
Types of Sovereignty Real and Titular (Nominal) Sovereignty
For example: in UK, monarch- titular
sovereign; Parliament- real sovereign
Legal and Political Sovereignty
For example: Legal sovereign- The
Constitution; Political Sovereign- the
people
Behind the legal sovereign lies the
political sovereign to which the legal
sovereign has to bow
Dejure (as per law) and Defacto ( in
reality) Sovereignty

37
 For example: Govt in exile has de-jure
sovreignty; whereas those who actually run
govt enjoy defacto sovereignty
How Globalization Globalization affected the notion of
Affected territoriality: increasingly ‘permeable’
Sovereignty? state boarders; notion of ‘supra-
territoriality’; de-territorialized’
transnational corporations(TNCs)
Regionalization: EU, ASEAN, RCEP,
African Union, NATO; gave rise to Pooled
sovereignty
Multi-lateral Economic organisations:
WTO, G-20, BRICS, IMF- undermined
the capacity of states to operate as
autonomous self governing units
Globalized economic and financial
system- borderless global economy
Collective action Dilemma and emergence
of Risk Society: Climate change,
Pandemic, Terrorism, Migration,
Disruptive technologies, Food and Energy
Security, etc

38
 FACT SHEET: DEMOCRACY

Sub- Facts/Info
theme/Topics
Meaning Literal meaning- power to people or rule of the
people
Idea originated in ancient Greek city states-
Athens; also found mention in early Buddhist
texts- Vaishali in Bihar
For next 2500 years both the idea and meaning
underwent change
Today what we mean by democracy, the liberal
Democracy, is different in many ways from the
original idea
Liberal Democracy is representative Democracy,
in which people don’t rule. They Choose their
ruler through periodic elections in which they
have equal voting rights.
Many critics, such as Rousseau, term liberal
Democracy as false Democracy. They support
direct Democracy, in which people rule
themselves.
Liberal response to this criticism has been to make
representative Democracy more substantive by
having participative and deliberative Democracy

Definitions Government of the people, by the people, for the

of people’- Abraham Lincoln
Democracy ‘Democracy means a form of government in
which, instead of monarchies and aristocracies,
the people rule’- David Held
‘Democracy is best viewed as a competition for
power by means of regular elections. Citizens
should not be expected to play a significant role in

39
 making complex public policy regarding, say,
taxes or missile defence’- Posner
‘Political method by which people elect
representatives in competitive elections to carry
out their will’- Schumpeter
Note: because of such elitist definition of
Democracy, Schumpeter is considered as critic of
classical democracy; he wrote ‘Capitalism,
Socialism and Democracy(1942)’
‘Democracy is not majority rule; democracy is
diffusion of power, representation of interests,
recognition of minorities’- John Calhoun
Critical Democracy as rule of mob or multitude; a
views about perverted form of Government – Aristotle
Democracy Note: all three great Greek Classical
Thinkers, Socreates, Plato, and Aristotle,
considered democracy a bad and perverted
form of Government.
"Democracy is the worst form of government
except all those other forms that have been tried
from time to time."-Winston Churchill
Democracy is "the substitution of election by the
incompetent many for appointment by the corrupt
few." (G.B. Shaw),

Types of Liberal or Representative Democracy:

Democracy This form of democracy is one in which the people
through, periodic elections, vote to choose their
representatives.
Thereafter, the representatives, and not the people
themselves, govern. In fact, not even the
representatives but only small minority of the
representatives are participating in government.
Remaining representatives debate, deliberate, and
ask questions to check the govt’s
actions/decisions.

40
 Hence, J.S. Mill called representative democracy
as two step shifted democracy.
Rousseau was a big critic of Representative
Democracy. He ridiculed Representative
Democracy in England by stating that English
people are free only on the day of voting. He was
supporter of direct democracy.
Direct Democracy:
People as a whole directly govern themselves. In
ancient times, Athenian democracy came close to
direct democracy. Some of Buddhist city states in
ancient India, such as Lichhavi, had direct
democracy.
In modern times, Switzerland has retained many
features of direct democracy, such as, refrendum,
recall, initiation, etc.
Gram Sabha under the Indian Panchayati Raj
system is an example of direct democracy.
Participatory Democracy:
People actively take part in decision making and
their implementation
Substantive Democracy, closer to direct
democracy.
Modes of participation: deliberation before
decision, public debate, local self govt., civil
societies, interest group, initiatives, referendum,
Gram Sabha, Mohalla Sabha, recall, protest,
demonstration, town hall meetings, etc.
Thinkers supporting Participatory Democracy:
C.B.Mcpherson, Carole Patman, Rousseau, Hanah
Arendt, Benjamin Barber, Mansbridge, etc.
Deliberative Democracy:
• Social decisions/public policy by active
participation of citizens
Formation of popular will (consensus in
common interest) by deliberations- exchange of

41
 reasoned arguments among ‘equal’ citizens to
persuade each other and to attain a rational
consensus or a shared solution.
Instead of decisions by aggregation of pre-
existing individual preferences, society’s
common good or preference formed by process
of deliberations.
Against the “aggregative” model of democracy
it is “transformative” and “discursive” model of
Democracy.
Deliberations, and not mere voting, is the source
of legitimacy to public decisions.
Rousseau’s idea of General Will was arrived at
after deliberations among equal citizen driven
by their true or real will and higher self.
Thinkers supporting Deliberative Democracy:
Aristotle, Rousseau, Jürgen Habermas, David
Miller, J.Drysek, Joshua Cohen. Walzer, Bernard
Manin, James Fishkin, ,Amy Gutmann & Dennis
F. Thompson, etc.

Famous Democracy in America(1835)- Alexis de

books on Tocqueville
Democracy- Democracy and Its Critics(1989)- Robert A. Dahl
asked often Models of Democracy(1987)- David Held
The real world of democracy(1965)- C. B.
Macpherson
Democracy, Freedom and Special Rights(1995)-
Carole Pateman
The Spirit of Democracy(2008)- Larry Diamond
How Democracies Die(2018)- Daniel Ziblatt and
Steven Levitsky
Democracy and Discontent(1990)- Atul Kohli
Political Order and Political Decay: From the
Industrial Revolution to the Globalization of
Democracy(2014)- Francis Fukuyama

42
43
 FACT SHEET: CITIZENSHIP

Sub- Facts/Info
Theme/Topic
Meaning Citizenship denotes membership of a political
and features community which confer equal rights and
privilages to all members.
Citizenship define the relation between
individual/group and the State
In in international law Citizenship denote all
persons whom a state is entitled to protect
Citizenship always has been a privilaged status.
During the Greek city states, only a very small
part of people was granted citizenship status
To Aristotle, citizens are those who are being ruled
and also capable to rule. He denied Citizenship to
slave, aliens (foreigners), manual and menial
workers, and women.
In the medieval period, ruled people were treated
as subjects. Concept of citizenship and equal
rights were not in vogue.
Modern concepts of citizenship firmed up in the
18th century during the American and French
Revolutions, when the term citizen came to
suggest the possession of certain rights and
liberties in the face of the coercive powers of
absolutist monarchs.
With the advent of modernity and liberalism,
concept of universal and equal citizenship came
up. Now all members of a political community are
given equal citizenship rights.
The concept of citizenship is closely linked to the
concept of democracy. In non-democratic societies
we have subjects but no citizens. Citizenship
means active participation of the people in the
decision-making, and the process of governance.

44
 But even today, issue of inclusion and exclusion
and eqaul citizenship rights exist.
Under the ambit of multiculturalism, concept of
group differentiated citizenship against a
conception of citizenship based on individual
rights came up.
In the globalised era, concept of global
citizenship, cosmopolitianism, and universal
conception of
human rights have been gaining ground.
Principal grounds for acquiring -birth within a
certain territory, descent from a citizen parent,
marriage to a citizen, and naturalization.

Definitions ‘full and equal membership in a political

community’- T.H. Marshall
Citizenship is a relationship between an individual
and a state to which the individual owes
allegiance and in turn is entitled to its protection-
Wikpedia
It is the recognition of an official position by a
government and the ability to enjoy the rights and
privileges following from that position by an
individual- Science Direct
A legal status and relation between an individual
and a state that entails specific legal rights and
duties.
T.H. citizenship as a status, which is enjoyed by a
Marshall’s person who is a full member of a community.
theory of Citizenship has three components: civil,
citizenship political, and social.
Civil rights -necessary for individual freedoms and
are institutionalised in the law courts.
Political citizenship guarantees the right to
participate in the exercise of political power in the
community, either by voting, or by holding
political office.

45
 Social citizenship is the right to participate in an
appropriate standard of living; this right is
embodied in the welfare and educational systems
of modern societies.
permanent tension between the principles of
citizenship and the capitalist system.
Capitalism inevitably involvesinequalities
between social classes, while citizenship involves
some redistribution of resources, because of rights,
which are shared equally by all.

Few Jus Soli- citizenship is acquired by birth within the

Important territory of the state, regardless of parental
terms citizenship;
related to Jus Sanguinis- a person, wherever born, is a
Citizenship citizen of the state if, at the time of his or her birth,
his or her parent is one.
Note: USA and the countries of the British
Commonwealth adopt the Jus Soli as their basic
principle.
Dual Citizenship:
Denotes holding citizenship of more than one
country at the same time. Mnay countries,
including India, do not allow dual citizenship
In a federal state, it also denotes people
holding citizenship of pronives/federal units
and the federal or central entity. USA and
Switzerland allow such dual citizenship, but
India does not.

46
 FACT SHEET: HUMAN RIGHTS

Sub-topic/theme Facts/Info
Meaning • Equal and inalienable individual entitlements
against state/society only because one is
human being of equal worth
• Rights listed in the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights and the International Human
Rights Covenants

Basis/Justification Human rights are based on human nature, human

of universality of nature is universal, hence human rights are
human rights universal across all cultures
Basis of justification
1. Natural law and supreme moral principle
2. Rationality- logical, reasoned, rational
3. Positivism-justified on the basis of experience
Consistent with idea of democracy, and normative
conception of justice
Directly linked to natural right theory contained
in the Social Contract Theories
Hence, human rights are linked to individualism,
liberalism, and democracy

International 1948: UN declaration of universal human rights

treaties on Human (UDHR)
Rights Adopted on 10 Dec, 1948
Has 30 Articles
1966: International Covenant on Civil and
Political Rights (ICCPR)
1st Generation Rights
1966: International Covenant on Economic,
Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR)
2nd Generation Rights

47
 1979: Convention on the Elimination of All
Forms of Discrimination against Women
(CEDAW)
1984: Convention against Torture and Other
Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or
Punishment (CAT)
1989: Convention on the Rights of the Child
(CRC)
2003: International Convention on the Protection
of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and
Members of Their Families (ICRMW)
2006: International Convention for the Protection
of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance
(CED)
2007: Convention on the Rights of Persons with
Disabilities (CRPD)

International UN System
Organisations for UN Human Rights Council
monitoring 47 UN members makes the council
Human Rights United Nations High Commissioner for
Human Rights(OHCHR) acts as CEO and
Secretariat to UN Human Rights Council
OHCHR was set up in 1993
National System
National human rights commission in member
states
NHRC in India set up in 1993 under
Protection of Human Rights Act (PHRA),
1993
NHRC has a Chairperson, five full-time
Members and seven deemed Members.
International NGOs(INGOs):
Amnesty International- Headquarter in
London

48
 Human rights watch- Headquarter in New
York
Important Previous name of UN Human Rights Council-
facts/info asked in United Nations Commission on Human Rights
PG ETs till 2006
NHRC is a statutory organisation
When NHRC set up? 1993
When UDHR adopted? 10 Dec, 1948
Which article is common between ICCPR and
ICESCR? Article 1 which is right of self-
determination
Which USA president based his foreign policy
on human rights? Jimi Carter
Universality of Human Rights is related to?
Liberalism
Which concept contest the Universality of
Human Rights? Cultural Relativism
Which Asian leader gave the concept of
‘Asian Value’ contesting Universality of
Human Rights? Mahathir bin Mohamad
Which year Convention on the Rights of
Persons with Disabilities was adopted? 2007

49
 FACT SHEET : MAJOR POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES

Ideologies Core Theme and Features Main

Thinkers
Liberalism Individual freedom (of Classical vs Classical:
choice) and autonomy, modern Locke,
Individualism liberalism Hobbes,
Prefer ‘Rights’ over Classical- Aadam Smith,
‘Common Good’: Moral minimal state ( Thomas Paine
primacy of claim of state as Modern: John
individual against claims necessary evil), Rawl,
of society/state Inviolable T.H.Green,
Inviolable natural rights of property rights, Laski,
Life, Liberty, Property universalism Dworkin,
Melioristic: social Modern: Welfare Hobhouse,
institutions and political state, R.H.Tawany,
arrangements can be distributive G.D.H Cole,
improved justice, J.S.Mill,
Tolerance multiculturalism Bentham
Universalism: universal Modern Libertarian-
nature of human, equal Liberalism also Robert
human worth, universal called Positive Nozick,
human rights liberalism. Fredrich
Libertarianism- Hayek, Milton
revival of Friedman
classical
liberalism- neo-
liberalism : Free
market
Economy, Low
taxation,
Nightwatchman
state, Market
over
state,Individual
freedom is prime

50
Marxism Analyse political Multiple strands Classical:
phenomenon from class Classical Lenin, Mao
lens Marxism Zedong, Rosa
Historical Materialism: Neo-Marxism Luxemburg,
Changes in economic base Neo-classical Alexandra
(mode of production) of Gramscianism Kollontai,
society brings about M.N.Roy
changes in its socio- Neo- Marxist:
political-cultural Louis
(superstructure); Althusser,
civilization progresses Justin
through this dialectical Rosenberg,
process Immanuel
Perpetual class struggle- Wallerstein,
exploited vs exploiter; Andre Gunder
change in mode of Frank
production changes the Neo-classical
class characteristics Marxism-
master/slave, Gerald A.
lord/serf, capitalist/labour Cohen, Adam
Capitalist system is Przeworski,
exploitive, keep surplus John E.
labour as profit, alienate Roemer and
workers, and faces regular Erik Olin
crisis Wright
Vision of state less, class Gramscianis
less, property less m ( Post-
communist society Marxism):
‘From each according to Ernesto Laclau
his ability, to each , Robert W.
according to his needs’- in Cox , Chantal
final stage of Communism Mouffe
Critical
Theory-
Frankfurt
school
thinkers-
though they
are against
both Marxism
and Liberalism
but Neo-
Marxism may

51
 be included
under the
umbrella of
critical theory
Conservatism Preserving ideas, Branch of David Hume
institutions and socio- classical Edmund Burke
cultural traditions. liberalism Hobbes
Belief in Hierarchy, order, In economy- Locke
and authority, social conservatives Michael
traditions, customs, norms are quite liberal Oakeshott
Organicism: Society as But conservative Joseph de
organic entity- has evolved in socio-cultural Maistre
over centuries of social domain Metternich
customs/practices/tradition More popular Benjamin
s and electorally Disraeli
State required for social successful than Karl Popper-
order liberal parties piecemeal
Only gradual and Called right social
calibrated change in social wing ideology engineering
practices/traditions Contemporary
Pragmatism- Truth lies in times- Quintin
concrete experience than Hogg, Margret
moral preposition Thatcher,
…prefer the familiar to the Angela
unknown, to prefer the Merkel,
tried to the untried, fact to Marine Le
mystery, the actual to the Pen, Ronald
possible, the limited to the Reagon
unbounded, the near to the
distant…( about
conservativism by
Oakeshott)
Post- No objective truth, against Post- Richard Asley
modernism the Binary ( good vs bad) structuralism Jenny Adkins
Knowledge is not simply a De- Foucault
cognitive factor, it is also constructivism (Post-
normative and political Critical theory structuralism)
Power & knowledge Subjectivity Derrida (De-
linked and Truth is constructivism
support/constitute each subjective, )
other depends on the Lyotard-
perspective of against meta-

52
 Reality socially the narratives
constructed subject(observer Baudrillard
Rejects meta narratives ) Richard Rorty
(grand narratives or Timeline- Slavoj Žižek
narratives of narratives) beginning 1970s Gilles Deleuze
Critical of classical Nietzsche
liberalism, and positivism, (Nihilism)
superiority of science,
modernity discourse
Anarchism Against any form of Utopic William
formal, external, and ideologies Godwin-
hierarchical authority in Stateless, Philosophical
managing socio-political authority less Anarchism
arrangements blissful social Peter
Organisation of society on life Kropotkin-
a voluntary cooperative Gandhiji- communal
basis without enlightened anarchism
force/coercion Anarchism Pierre-Joseph
Belief in virtuous(good) Proudhon -
human nature, which can Mutualism
manage both individual & Mikhail
social life without any Bakunin
external formal authority revolutionary
State is unnecessary evil Anarchist
Accept authority of experts Leo Tolstoy-
and moral authority of Pacificist
collective decision Anarchist
Mutualism : socialist, Gandhiji-
federated, and non- enlightened
hierarchical authority-less Anarchism
society holding property
for common use and
earnings; individuals enjoy
rights and oblige to allow
others the same-
reciprocity

Feminism Given in separate fact

sheet.

53
FACT SHEET : APPROACHES TO POLITICAL THEORY

Approaches Important facts/meaning Main

thinkers/activists-
their contributions
Normative Also called philosophical Plato- Ideal State
Approach approach Saint Augustine-
Raises normative question- ‘City of God’
‘Why should I obey the state?’, Thomas Aquinas: 5
‘How should rewards be proofs of God
distributed?’ and ‘What should John Rwal-
the limits of individual Normative theory of
freedom be’? ‘How good life Justice
of community be ensured?’ Robert Nozick-
Focus: moral, ethical, just Entitlement theory of
political arrangements Justice
What ‘should be’ rather than Leo Strauss: brought
what ‘is’ value back in Political
Value loaded, prescriptive, theory
political philosophy Hanah Arendt
Rationalism: sources of Macheal Sandel-
knowledge transcendental Communitarian
(other worldly), based on logic T.H.Green- moral
and abstract reasoning freedom
Deductive or top down Charles Taylor-
approach of Communitarian
investigation/theorising
Vision of an ideal society and
political arrangements
Empirical Analyse and describe political Aristotle- 1st
Approach phenomenon ‘as it is’, factual empirical analysis of
Uses methods of scientific Constitutions
observation, quantitative David Hume:
analysis, testing hypothesis philosophy as the
2 pillars: Behaviouralism and inductive,
Logical Positivism experimental science
of human nature

54
 Objective, factual, value-free, Francis Bacon: father
scientific of empiricism
Attempt to build scientific Auguste Comte-
political theory (science of father of Positivism
politics) and inventor of the
Empiricism: Sensory term sociology
experiences the only source of John Locke: Tabula
knowledge Rasa- human brain at
Inductive or bottom up birth like white slate
approach of David Easton- father
investigation/theorising of empirical
approach- gave
system theory
Karl Popper-
scientific theory are
falsifiable
Robert Dahl- Pluralist
thinker
Seymour Lipset
Gabrieal Almond-
structural-functional
approach
Jean Blondel
Peter Laslett
Herbert Simon

Historical Genealogy: Uses history as Karl Marx- Historical

Approach: genetic process of evolution of Materialism
political phenomena. Hegel: historical
History used as vast repository evolution of idea
of test cases to be used to Machiavelli- used this
theorizing for present and approach in ‘the
future. Prince’
Studying past to understand Skocpol- ‘States and
the causes of political Social Revolutions: a
phenomenon in present. Comparative Analysis

55
 More weightage to individual of France, Russia and
human agency than societal China’
structure and institutions Ram Manohar Lohia
Adopts normative –‘Wheels of History’
philosophical approach Vivekanand- ‘Cycle
of Caste rule’
Oakeshott- ‘What Is
History?’

Critical Critical of the mainstream All post-modernist

Approach thinking and theories thinkers- Foucault,
Want to overturn existing Derrida, Lyotard,
socio-political Baudrillard, Nietzsche
arrangements/structures. All thinkers of
Aim for societal Frankfurt School
transformation, human (Neo-Marxism): Ernst
emancipation, decreasing Bloch, Walter
domination and increasing Benjamin, Max
freedom Horkheimer, Erich
Emerged in connection with Fromm, Herbert
the many social movements- Marcuse, Habermas
feminist, environmentalist, All radical feminists-
anti-domination, Subaltern, Kate Millet, Rebecca
etc. Walker, Eve Ensler,
Include radical feminism, Shulamith Firestone,
green politics, eco-feminism, Sandra L Whitworth
constructivism, post- etc.
structuralism, deconstructivism Post-colonial
and postcolonialism, etc. thinkers- Samir Amin,
Adopt post-positivist Edward said, Andre
approaches, discourse analysis, Gunder Frank, Franz
and deconstruction Fanon, Chandra
Align itself with sub-altern, Mohanty
marginalized and oppressed Subaltern thinkers:
groups Ranajit Guha, David
Reveal inequalities, injustice, Arnold, Dipesh
and asymmetries that Chakrabarty.Partha
Chatterjee, Sudipta

56
mainstream approaches intend Kaviraj, Gayatri
to ignore Spivak
Ecofeminism:
Vandana Shiva, Maria
Mies, Ariel Salleh,
Mary Mellor, Ana Isla

57
FACT SHEET : FEMINISM- IN MULTIPLE WAVES

Feminist Important facts Main

wave thinkers/activists-
their
contributions
1st wave Also called Liberal Feminism Marry
Timeline: 19th & early 20th century Wollstonecraft:
It demanded Equal rights for women ‘Vindication of the
in public sphere/political rights of women-
Focus- education, job, equal pay, 1792’
voting rights, property rights, legal Fanny (Frances)
rights, equality in marriage, family, Wright
society J.S.Mills:
‘Subjugation of
women-1869’
Harriet Taylor
Raja Ram Mohan
Roy
Pandita Ramabai-
‘the high caste
Hindu women’-
1887

2nd Wave Also called radical feminism Simone de

Timeline: 1960s-70s Beauvoir: ‘the
Questioned socially constructed second sex’ –
gender notions of masculinity and women are not
femininity, patriarchy, and born but made-
reproductive role 1949
Reshape society and restructure its Shulamith
institutions Firestone: ‘The
Slogan- ‘Personal is political’; Dialectic of sex-
‘women are made, not born’ 1970’
Universal sisterhood, included Kate Millet:
black/coloured women ‘Sexual politics-
1971’

58
 Germaine
Greer- ‘The
Female
Eunuch’-1972

3rd May be called post-modern Rebecca Walker-

Wave feminism, eco-feminism, ‘Becoming the
transfeminism, etc. Third Wave’
Timeline: 1990s-2010 Eve Ensler-
Demanded freedom to control their ‘Vagina
bodies and their lives Monologues’
Intersectionality- women experience Amy Richards-
"layers of oppression" – caste, class, ‘Opting In’
colour, gender, race Naomi Wolf- ‘The
Fighting classism, racism, sexism by Beauty Myth’.
overturning the notions of gender, Susan Faludi-
race, class, and structure & symbols ‘Backlash’
supporting them. Germaine
Raised issues of violence against Greer-‘The Whole
women, women's reproductive rights, Woman’
sexual liberation, derogatory terms Carol Ann Duffy-
for women, transgender rights, etc. ‘The World's Wife’

4th Wave Timeline- since 2012 Rebecca Solnit-

Focus: focus on empowerment of ‘Men Explain
women, against sexual harassment, Things to Me
body shaming, and rape culture, etc. (2014)’
Use of social media Jessica Valenti-
Me Too movement ‘Sex Object: A
Memoir (2016)’
Laura Bates-
‘Everyday
Sexism (2016)’
Marxist Class and private property, and not Friedrich Engles:
or gender discrimination, are the main ‘the origin of
Socialist issues family, private
Feminism

59
 Consider mainstream feminism as property, and
capitalist or Bourgeoise feminism- state-1884’
limited to white women Alexandra
Kollontai- ‘Sexual
relation and the
class struggle’
Sheila
Rawbatham:
‘Women,
resistance,
revolution and
hidden form of
history-1943’
Martha
Nussbaum-‘Sex
and Social
Justice’
Eco- Examine socio-political arrangements Susan Griffin-‘
Feminism from the perspective of connections Woman and
between women and nature Nature’
Gendering Nature Maria Mies-‘
Eco-Feminism was coined by French Ecofeminism’ (
feminist Françoise d’Eaubonne in with Vandana
1974 Shiva
Feminist perspective of Green politics Mary Mellor:
that calls for an egalitarian, non- ‘Feminism &
patriarchal, non-exploitative, ecology’
collaborative social order. Sallie McFague
Vandana Shiva
Greta Gaard
Judi Bari- Earth
First!
Feminism Post Colonialist feminist – Chandra Mohanty
in PG ET Susan Miller Okin- Feminist conception of Justice
Past year J. Ann Tickner- Re-formulation of 6 Principles of
Papers Morgenthau

60
Feminists argue that women’s values are based primarily
on prescribed social role
Vandana Shiva- Ecofeminist
Feminist Authors & Books

61
62
FACT SHEET CONST 1: CONSTITUTION OF INDIA- IN 6 TABLES
TABLE 1: BASIC FACTS: PARTS & SCHEDULES
Aspect Facts
Content 25 Parts, 448 Articles, 12 Schedules, 5 Appendices, and 105
Amendments.
Parts & Part Subject Articles
Articles- matter
subjects I The Union 1 to 4
and its
territory
II Citizenship 5 to 11
III Fundamental 12 to 35
Rights(FR)
IV DPSP 36 to 51
IV A Fundamental 51 A (inserted 42nd Amendments-
duties 1976)
V Union or 52-151
Central
Government
President 52-72
Council of 74-75
Minister and
PM
The Union 124- 147
Judiciary
Comptroller 148-151
and Auditor-
General of
India(CAG)
Union 79-122
Parliament
VI State 152-237
Government
Governor 153-162
Council of 163-164
Minister and

63
 CM
The State 168-212
Legislature
High Courts 214-232
VII No Part VII,
yes; it was
related to
States in the
B part of the
First
schedule, was
repealed by
7th
Amendment
VIII The Union 239-242
Territories
IX Panchayati 243 to 243-O
Raj
System(PRI)
IX A The 243-P to 243-ZG
Municipalities
X The 244 to 244-A
Scheduled
and Tribal
Areas
XI Relations 245 to 263
between the
Union and the
States
XIV Services 308 – 323
Under the
Union and the
States
XV Election- 324 to 329-A
Election
Commission
XVII Official 343 to 351
Language

64
 (Hindi)
XVIII Emergency 352 to 360
Provisions
National 352
Emergency
State 356
Emergency
Financial 360
Emergency
XX Amendment 368
of the
Constitution
Schedules First States and UTs
Schedule
Second Salaries of Presidents and other high offices
Schedule of Union of India
Third Forms of Oaths or Affirmations for
Schedule union/state ministers, Legislature(MP/MLA),
candidate for election, Judges of SC/HC,
CAG etc.
Note: Forms of Oaths or Affirmations for
President, Vice president, Governor are in
specific articles- 60, 69, 159 respectively.
Fourth Allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha to the
Schedule states and UTs.
Fifth Administration of scheduled areas and
Schedule scheduled tribes- 10 states
Sixth Administration of tribal areas in the states of
Schedule Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram.
Seventh Division of powers between the Union and
Schedule the States
List I (Union List), List II (State List) and List
III (Concurrent List).
Presently, the Union List contains 100
subjects (originally 97), the state list contains
61 subjects (originally 66) and the concurrent
list contains 52 subjects (originally 47).

65
Eighth Languages recognized by the Constitution
Schedule Originally, 14 languages but presently there
are 22 recognized languages
Ninth Acts and Regulations (originally 13 but
Schedule presently 282) related to Land reforms and
other matters which cannot be challenged in
court
Inserted by 1st Amendment, 1951
For implementation of Land Reforms after
abolition of Zamindari System
Now, it has also come under Judicial Review
Tenth Anti-Defection Laws- disqualification of the
Schedule MPs/MLAs on the ground of defection
added by the 52nd Amendment Act of 1985
Eleventh Panchayati Raj System
Schedule added by the 73rd Amendment Act of 1992
Twelfth Municipalities
Schedule added by the 74th Amendment Act of 1992

66
 TABLE 2: CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS
Amendments Important Main changes/facts/related to
Amendments
1st- 1951 Reasonable restrictions on freedom of
speech (Public order, Friendly relations
with foreign states, Incitement to an
offence)
Ninth Schedule added- Land Reforms
Acts
Inserted Article 31A: acquisition of Pvt.
property by Govt
17th Amended 31 A and 9th schedule
Amendment- Golaknath case was against these
1964 amendments
24th Parliament got right to amend any part
Amendment- of Constitution including Fundamental
1971 Rights (article 368)
To counter SC ruling in the Golaknath
case-1967
25th Inserted 31 C: exempted any law giving
Amendment- effect to the article 39(b) and 39(c) of
1971 DPSP from judicial review, even if it
violated the Fundamental Rights
Both 24th & 25th SC struck down a part of the amendment
amendment was in ‘Kesavananda Bharati’-1973- case.
attempt by Indira
Gandhi Govt to
make India a
socialist state.
They, however,
culminated into
‘Basic Structure’
Doctrine
26th Abolition of privy purse paid to former
Amendment- rulers of princely states
1971

67
31st Increase size of Parliament from 525 to
Amendment- 545 seats
1973
35th and 36th Sikkim incorporated into India and
Amendment- became a State
1975
39th Placed restrictions on judicial scrutiny of
Amendment- post of Prime Minister.
1975 In 1976, SC struck it on violation of
basic structure.
42nd Passed during Emergency
Amendment- Called mini-Constitution- so many
1976 changes
Curtailment of fundamental rights
SC, in Minerva Inserted 51 A: fundamental duties
Mills case, Inserted "Socialist, Secular, Integrity" in
quashed the Preamble.
amendments to Most of changes were reverted by 44th
Articles 31C and amendment-1978
368 on basic
structure
doctrine.
44th After emergency by the Janata Govt
Amendment- Reverted most of changes of 42nd
1978 amendments
Tighter conditions for emergency,
protection of Fundamental Rights and
human rights
52nd Anti-defection laws- disqualification on
Amendment- ground of change of party (defection)
1985 Added 10th Schedule
56th Formation of Goa State
Amendment-
1987
61st Reduced voting age to 18 years
Amendment-
1989

68
69th legislative assembly and council of
Amendment- ministers for National Capital Territory
1991 of Delhi.
Inserted articles 239AA- Governance of
NCT of Delhi
73rd Panchayati Raj System
Amendment- Inserted 243 to 243-O
1992
74th Constitutional status to Municipalities
Amendment- Inserted 243-P to 243-ZG
1992
86th Right to Education- 6-14 year children
Amendment- Inserted article 21-A
2002
91st Restrict the size of council of ministers
Amendment- to 15% of legislative members
2004
93rd provision of reservation (27%) for Other
Amendment- Backward Class (OBCs) in govt and
2006 educational institutions
99th National Judicial Appointments
Amendment- Commission (NJAC)for Judge’s
2015 appointments
Was struck down by SC on violation of
basic structure of Constitution.
101st GST (Goods and Services Tax)
Amendment- introduced
2017
103rd 10% reservation to Economically
Amendment- Weaker Sections (EWSs)
2019
104th Abolished nomination of 2 Lok Sabha
Amendment- seats to Anglo-Indians
2020 Extended reservation for 10 years

105th Latest Amendment

Amendment-

69
2021 Restores the power of the State
Governments and Union Territories to
identify and specify Socially and
Economically Backward Classes
(SEBCs)
Note:
1. G. Rohini Committee is related to this
matter (issue of sub-categorisation of
OBCs)
2.by using this power, many states, such
as Bihar, are intending to do caste
survey to know numbers of different
caste

70
 TABLE 3: THE CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY

The Aspect Fact/features

Constituent Constituted The Cabinet Mission Plan 1946
Assembly under
How its by indirect election by the members of
members were the Provincial Legislative Assemblies
elected? under the Government of India Act, 1935
How many 389 (292- British Provinces; 93 -
members? princely states; 4 from the chief
commissioner provinces)
After partition, 299
how many
members?
When first 9 December 1946
meeting?
Last Meeting? 24 January, 1950; the signing day
Adopted on 26 November 1949
Implemented on 26 January 1950
How many to 11 sessions; two years, eleven months and
total sittings and seventeen days
time?
Important Drafting Committee – B. R. Ambedkar.
Committee Union Power Committee – Jawaharlal
Nehru.
Union Constitution Committee –
Jawaharlal Nehru.
Provincial Constitution Committee –
Vallabhbhai Patel.
Advisory Committee on Fundamental
Rights, Minorities and Tribal and
Excluded Areas – Vallabhbhai Patel.
Steering Committee: Rajendra Prasad
Order of Business Committee - K M
Munshi

71
 The Oligarchy (by Granvile Austin):
Nehru, Azad, Rajendra Prasad, Patel
President Provisional: Dr. Sachchidanand Sinha
Permanent: Dr. Rajendra Prasad
Objective Was presented by Nehru on 13 December
Resolution 1946; was adopted on 22 January 1947
Famous quotes Article 356 is like ‘safety valve’ and
would reamin a dead letter- Ambedkar
Article 32 is the heart and soul of the
Constitution – Ambedkar
“If things go wrong in the new
Constitution, the reason will not be that
we had a bad Constitution, what we will
have to say that Man was vile”-
Ambedkar
“Constitutional morality must be held
higher than public morality”- Ambedkar
Indian constitution as a ‘seamless web’-
Granville Austin
Indian Constitution as a social
Document- Granville Austin
‘India’s Constitution was born more in
fear and trepidation than in hope and
inspiration’- Paul Brass
“ But in the long run, it would be in
interest of all to forget that there is
anything like majority or minority in this
country and that in India there is only one
community…”- Patel
Directive Principles of State Policy are
like “pious aspirations”- Ivor Jennings

72
 TABLE 4: IMPORTANT ARTICLES

Very Article 1 India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of

Important State
Articles 14 Right to equality
19 Right to Freedom
21 Right to Life & Personal Liberty
22 Protection against arrest and preventive
detention in certain cases
Called ‘the necessary evil’
25 Right to freedom of religion
31 B shields legislation from being declared
unconstitutional and void by putting them
into ninth schedule
32 Right to constitutional remedy, filing writ
petition in SC if FR are violated
51A Fundamental Duties
74 President to act in accordance with of
advice Council of Ministers with the
Prime Minister at the head.
78 PM: role, function, duties
76 Attorney General( AG) of India
109, 110 Money Bills
110-Definition of “Money Bills”.
109-Special procedure in respect of
Money Bills
112 Budget-Annual financial statement
124 Establishment and constitution of Supreme
Court- judges appointment, removal
143 Power of the President to consult and take
advise from the Supreme court

73
148 Comptroller and Auditor-General ( CAG)
153 Governor (in each State)
243- PRI 243 A-Gram Sabha
243K. Elections to the Panchayats.
Note : Panchayats- 234A to 243 O
Municipilaties-243P to 243 ZG
226 Writ petition in HC for violation of FR
and legal rights
280 Finance Commission
312 All India Services
315 Public Service Commission (UPSC)
324 Election Commission of India
352 National Emergency
356 State Emergency
360 Financial Emergency
359 Suspension of Fundamental Rights, except
20 & 21, during emergencies
257, 365 257: centre can give directions to State
365: failure to comply with the direction
mean constitutional breakdown, article
356 may be invoked
368 Amendment: Power of Parliament to
amend the Constitution
370, 371, 371 Special provisions for many states
(A-J) Article 370: J&K ; now repealed
Article 371 – Maharashtra and Gujarat
371 A: Nagaland; 371 B : Assam ; 371 C:
Manipur; 371D & E – Andhra Pradesh;
371 F-Sikkim; 371G – Mizoram; 371H –
Arunachal Pradesh; 371 I – Goa ; 371J-
districts of Hyderabad-Karnataka region

74
TABLE 5: SOME LESS KNOWN ARTICLES WHICH MAY
BE ASKED
Odd Articles which were asked- better to remember them
Odd 50 Separation of judiciary from executive
Articles 60 Oath or affirmation by the President
which
were 61 Impeachment of the President
asked 69 Oath or affirmation by the Vice-President
72 Power of President to grant pardons, etc.,
and to suspend, remit or commute
sentences
Note Art.161: Pardoning power of
Governor
86 Right of President to address and send
messages to Houses.
102 Disqualifications for membership of the
Parliament/house
Note: Article 103: President is the final
authority to decide on this matter
108 Joint sitting of both Houses in certain
cases
Note: No joint sitting for amendment Bills
122 Bar the courts to inquire into proceedings
of Parliament
123 Ordinance: Power of President to
promulgate Ordinances during recess of
Parliament.
Note: Art. 213: Ordinance by Governor
141 Law declared by Supreme Court to be
binding on all courts.
142 provides discretionary power to the
Supreme Court as it states that the
Supreme Court in the exercise of its
jurisdiction may pass such decree or make
such order as is necessary for doing

75
 complete justice in any cause or matter
pending before it.
Recently, the SCI used this power to
release A G Perarivalan, who had served
over 30 years of life term in the Rajiv
Gandhi killing case.
144 Civil and judicial authorities to act in aid
of the Supreme Court
159 Oath or affirmation by the Governor
165 Advocate-General for the State.
201 Bills passed by State Legislature is
reserved by a Governor for the
consideration of the President,
214 High Courts in states
231 Establishment of a common High Court
for two or more States
233 Appointment of district judges
239 Administration of Union territories
Note Art. 239AA: Special provisions with
respect to Delhi
243 ZH to 243 Co-Operative Societies
ZT
244 Administration of Scheduled Areas and
Tribal Areas.
249 Power of Parliament to legislate with
respect to a matter in the State List in the
national interest
250 Power of Parliament to legislate with
respect to any matter in the State List if a
Proclamation of Emergency is in
operation
253 Legislation for giving effect to
international agreements
263 Inter-State Council.
300A Right to Property: Persons not to be

76
 deprived of property save by authority of
law.
312 All-India services
323A Administrative tribunals.
329 Bar to interference by courts in electoral
matters.
330 Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes
and Scheduled Tribes in the House of the
People.
331 Representation of the Anglo-Indian
community in the House of the People.
Now repealed by 104th amendment
338 National Commission for Scheduled
Castes
338A National Commission for Scheduled
Tribes.
338B National Commission for Backward
Classes
340 Appointment of a Commission to
investigate the conditions of backward
classes.
343 Official language of the Union.

77
 TABLE 6 : CONSTITUTIONAL GK AND TRIVIA

Constitutional Special Majority Majority of 2/3rd members present and

GK and voting supported by more than 50% of
Trivia the total strength of the house.
This type of majority is used for most
of the Constitutional amendment and
impeachment of Judges.
Very special Two thirds of the total membership of
majority the House
required for impeachment of President
Grounds of President: violation of the Constitution
Impeachment Judges: ground of proved
misbehaviour or incapacity.
President hands Vice President and vice-versa
over resignation
to?
Speaker hands Dy. Speaker and vice-versa
over resignation
to?
SC/HC Judges President
hands over
resignation to?
FR vs DPSP; In general FR but DPSP 39(b) and
which is 39(c) is superior to FR 14, and 19.
superior?
Which case gave Keshavnanda Bharti case- 1973
‘Basic Structure’ Parliament cannot change the Basic
doctrine? Structure or basic feature of the
constitution.
In Which case Sajjan Singh v. State of Rajasthan
first mention of -1964
‘Basic
Structure’?

78
Which case Berubari case (1960)
decided But SC, in Keshavnanda Bharti case-
‘preamble Not 1973, overturned earlier decision and
part of stated that preamble is part of
Constitution’? Constitution.
In the 1995 case of Union Government
Vs LIC of India also, the Supreme
Court has once again held that
Preamble is the integral part of the
Constitution but is not directly
enforceable in a court of justice in
India
Which article is Article 13(2) – “The State shall not
used by the make any law which takes away
courts for Fundamental Rights and any law made
Judicial Review? in contravention of this clause shall, to
the extent of the contravention, be
void”
Which article Article 31(c) inserted by 25th
became battle Amendments-1971- this gave primacy
between FR and to DPSP over FR
DPSP? This article led to long battle between
SC and Government.
Which article Article 21- Right to Life ( Right to
saw most education, Right to privacy, right to
Judicial shelter, right to pollution free
Activism environment, etc. all were declared FR
under article 21)
Lok Sabha Vs Both have equal powers Except in:
Rajya Sabha 1. Money Bill- can only be introduced
in LS, RS very limited power of
amendments
2. No confidence motion can only be
presented in LS
Special powers 2 powers- not available to LS
of Rajya Sabha 1. It can allow legislation by
parliament on State list subjects

79
 2. It can pass resolution to create All
India Service
Who The Speaker of Lok Sabha
declares/certify a
bill as Money
Bill?
Who is the The Vice President
chairperson of
Rajya Sabha?
Important DPSP Distributive Justice, social control of
production: article 39(b), 39(c)
Organisation of village panchayats- 40
Right to work- article 41
Provision for just and humane
conditions of work and maternity
relief- 42
Living wages for workers, Worker’s
participation in management: article 43
Participation of workers in
management of industries- 43A
Promotion of co-operative societies-
43B
Uniform civil code: 44
Organisation of agriculture and animal
husbandry-48
Environmental protection: 48A
Protection of monuments and places
and objects of national importance-49
Separation of judiciary from
executive- 50
Promotion of international peace and
security: 51
6 FR Right to equality : article 14 to 18
Right to Freedom : article 19 to 22
Right against exploitation : article 23
to 24
Right to freedom of Religion: article
25 to 28

80
 Cultural & Educational Rights: article
29 to 30
Rights to constitutional remedies :
article 32
Article 32 vs 32: writ petition in SC against
226 violation of FR
226: writ petition in HC against
violation of FR as well as any other
constitutional/legal rights
Hence, scope of 226 is wider than 32
Constitutional GOI Act 1909: Morley-Minto reform-
reforms before separate electorate for Muslims
1947 Government of India Act 1919-
called Montague-Chelmsford reform-
Dyarchy in provinces ; Sikhs got
special electorates
GOI Act 1935: Mini Indian
Constitution- Provincial Autonomy ;
created the Federal Court
Cabinet Mission Plan 1946-
Constituent assembly
Which article Article 31B
protect 9th
Schedule from
Judicial
Scrutiny?
Emergency Many of the emergency provisions
taken from the Weimer Constitution,
Germany
National Emergency-352- 3 times-
1962, 1971, 1975
Can be extended by 6 months at a
time by Parliament
Maximum duration- unlimited
Financial Emergency-360- never
invoked
Maximum duration- unlimited

81
 State Emergency-356- more than 100
times!
• Maximum duration- 3 years
Which landmark SR Bommai case (1994)- after that
case restricted invoking 356 came under strict judicial
use of article scrutiny
356?
What name India and Bharat ( Article 1)
constitution give
to India?
When preamble 1976-42nd amendments- ‘Secular,
was amended? Socialist, Integrity’ were added.
When In 2002, through 86th amendments,
Fundamental 11th duty was added.
duty was
expanded?
FR available to Right to equality before law (14), right
both citizens and to life (20, 21), right to freedom of
foreigners religion (25,26,27,28)
On which On grounds of sovereignty and
grounds right to integrity of India, the security of the
freedom is State, friendly relations with foreign
restricted? States, public order, decency or
morality or in relation to contempt of
court, defamation or incitement to an
offence
Which FR are Article 29, 30: Rights to Minorities to
group rights? protect their language, Script, culture
and establish and administer
educational institutions.
What are Not well defined; includes:
‘Basic The supremacy of the constitution.
Structure A republican and democratic system.
/feature’ The secular character of the Constitution.
Separation of powers among 3 organs of the state
Independence of Judiciary
The federal character of the Constitution.

82
83
 FACT SHEET CONST 2: CATCHY AND IMPORTANT
TERMINOLOGIES IN CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRACY

Term Meaning Addl. Info

Filibuster A filibuster is a tactic Though originated in
employed in the United Senate in USA, used in
States Senate to prevent all democracies.
or delay voting on any
bill/proposal.
Most common form of
filibuster is unnecessary
lengthy debates by the
Senators.
Gerrymandering Gerrymandering is a While demarcating
practice intended to gain (called delimitation)
an unfair electoral constituencies, some
advantage for a particular areas may be
party by manipulating included/excluded
the geographical intentionally to suit
boundaries of electoral caste/religion
constituencies. arithmetic of the
constituency.
Guillotine Guillotine refers to the 1. It is a French word
exercise of passage of faster way of
bills/proposals en- masse execution.
(in a block) due to time 2. Generally used by
limit. the Speaker of the
House, to pass
Demands for Grants, as
part of Budget, at the
last allotted day, in
block, without any
discussion.
Zero Hour It is the time gap 1. It is entirely Indian
between the end of Parliamentary
Question Hour (which Innovation.
is of 1 hour from 11

84
 am to 12) and the 2. It may last for about
beginning of the one hour, from 12 to 1
regular business of the PM, before the House
House. breaks for lunch.
MPs can ask any
question of public
importance during the
zero hour at short
notice.
Whip Official directions Members voting
issued to members of against party line may
Legislature to vote on lose their membership
party line
No Confidence To remain in power If passed, the
Motion the Government loses
Cabinet/Government confidence of the house
must obtain the and has to resign
confidence of the Lok
Sabha
May be moved by
opposition
Cut Motion It is the proposal in the If the motion is
Lok Sabha to cut adopted(passed), it
(reduce) the Demands for amounts to a no-
grants by Government confidence vote, and
ministries during the Government will fall.
Budget session.
Adjournment Normal business of the
Motion House is suspended to
discuss urgent matter of
public interest
Yield the floor Stopping one’s speech to Popular in US Senate
allowe other speakers to where the members
speak may speak for indefinte
time.
Laid on the floor Denote submission of CAG, CEC, Finance
of house important reports, and Commission, etc.

85
subordinate legislation in submit its annual report
the Parliament by the to te President, who get
executive. them laid on te floor of
the house

86
87
 FACT SHEET IND POL.1: POLITICAL PARTIES: 7 NATIONAL
PARTIES

Name Founded Founder Prominent Interesting

in leaders- Facts
current
Congress 1885 A.O.Hume Sonia Gandhi, Congress
Rahul Gandhi dominance-
1951-1967
Divided 1969-
Congress (O)
and
Congress(R)
NCP, TMC,
YSR congress,
etc split from
Congress

BJP 1980 Atal Bihari Narendra New Avtar of

Bajpai and Lal Modi, Amit Bhartiya Jan
Krishna Sah, Rajnath Sangh, founded
Advani Singh, Nitin in 1951 by
Gadkari Syama Prasad
Mukherjee

Communist 1925 SA Dange, D.Raja, Symbol: Ears

Party of M.N.Roy, SV Binoy of Corn and
India(CPI) Ghate, and Viswam, K. Sickle
others. Subbarayan Largest
opposition
party to
Congress in 1st
Lok Sabha
M.N.Roy
formed CPI in
Tashkent in
1920

CPI-M 1964 A. K. Gopalan Sitaram Symbol:

Jyoti Basu, E. Yechury, Hammer,
Prakash Karat, Sickle and Star

88
 M. S. Manik Sarkar, Split from CPI
Namboodiripad Pinarayi on issue of
Vijayan Indo- China
war
CPI- pro
Soviet, pro-
congress

Bahujan Samaj 1984 Kanshi Ram Mayawati Symbol-

Party( BSP) Elephant

Trinamool 1998 Mamta Mamta Symbol-

Congress(TMC) Banerjee Banerjee, Flower and
Derek O’Brien Grass
Split from
Congress
Ruling West
Bengal since
2011

National 1999 Sharad Pawar, Sharad Pawar, Symbol: Clock

Congress P.A. Sangma, Supriya Sule, Split from
Party(NCP) Tariq Anwar Praful Patel Congress on
issue of foreign
origin person as
PM
Note: National People’s Party(NPP) was recogbised by the ECI as 8th national
Party in 2019, but still on ECI website only 7 national parties are shown. You
may decide if MCQs asked about NPP or nos. of recognised national parties.

89
 FACT SHEET IND POL. 2: REGIONAL AND STATE PARTIES

Name Founded Founder Prominent Interesting

in leaders- Facts
current
Telugu 1982 N. T. Rama Rao Chandrababu Symbol:
Desam Party (NTR) Naidu hut, wheel
(TDP) and plough
Colour:
Yellow
Was largest
opposition
party in 8th
Lok Sabha(
1984 to
1989)
Dravida 1949 C. N. Annadurai M.K.Stalin, T. Symbol:
Munnetra Karunanidhi- long R. Baalu rising sun
Kazhagam serving leader Split from
(DMK) DK,
founded by
Periyar E.
V.
Ramasamy
All India 1972 M. G. O. Symbol:
Anna DMK Ramachandran(MGR) Panneerselva two-leaves
(AIADMK) J. Jayalalithaa- long m (OPS), E. Split from
serving leader Palaniswami DMK
( EPS)
Samajwadi 1992 Mulayam Singh Mulayam Symbol:
Party (SP) Yadav Singh Yadav, cycle
Akhilesh
Yadav
Rashtriya 1997 Lalu Prasad Yadav Lalu Prasad Symbol-
Janata Dal( Yadav, Tejaswi Lantern
RJD) Yadav
Shiromani 1920 SGPC, Master Tara Prakash Singh Symbol-
Akali Dal Singh, Sardar Badal, Sukhbir Flower and
(SAD) Sarmukh Singh Singh Badal, Grass
Chubbal, etc.

90
 Harsimrat Second-
Kaur Badal oldest
party in
India
Rashtriya 1996 Ajit Singh, son of Jayant Symbol:
Lok Dal legendary farm leader Chaudhary hand pump
(RLD) Charan Singh
Indian 1996 Devi Lal Om Prakash Symbol:
National Lok Chautala, Spectacles
Dal (INLD) Abhay Currently
Chautala ruling
Haryana
with BJP
Jharkhand 1972 Binod Bihari Mahato Sibu Soren, Symbol:
Mukti Hemant Soren Bow &
Morcha Arrow
(JMM) Currently
ruling
Jharkhand
state
Janata Dal 1999 H. D. Deve Gowda H. D. Deve Symbol:
(Secular) Gowda, H. D. Lady
Kumaraswamy Farmer
Carrying
Paddy on
her Head
Telangana 2001 K. Chandrashekar K. Symbol:
Rashtra Rao Chandrashekar Motor car
Samith(TRS) Rao , K. T. Led the
Rama Rao Telangana
state
formation
movement
Ruling
Telangana
since its
formation
Justice Party 1916 Dr C. Natesa E. V. Oldest of
Mudaliar Ramasamy; T. the regional
M. Nair, P. parties
Theagaraya

91
 Chetty and E. V.
Alamelu Ramasamy
Mangai ,in 1944,
Thayarammal converted
Justice
Party into
DK

92
 FACT SHEET IND POL.3: PRESIDENTS AND VICE
PRESIDENTS OF INDIA
Name Tenure Vice Unique facts
President
Dr Rajendra 1950- Dr. Differed on many issues
Prasad 62 Radhakrishnan with Nehru Govt, especially
on Hindu code bill and
suggested that president is
not entirely bound by
advice of council of
minister

Dr. 1962- Dr. Zakir Teachers' Day is celebrated

Radhakrishnan 67 Hussain on his birth anniversary (
5th Sept)
Dr. Zakir 1967- V.V. Giri 1st President to die in office
Hussain 69 Was VC of Jamia Millia
University
V.V. Giri 1969- Gopal Swarup He won president election
74 Pathak by defeating official
Congress candidate as
Indira Gandhi called for
‘Conscience Vote’.
Congress split into
Congress(R) and Congress
(O) on this issue in 1969
Fakhruddin 1974- B.D.Jatti 2nd President to die in office
Ali Ahmed 1977 He signed Emergency in
1975
Neelam 1977- 1. B.D.Jatti President during Janata
Sanjiva Reddy 82 2. Mohammad Government
Hidayatullah He was the official
Congress president defeated
by V.V.Giri in 1969
In 1979, accepted Charan
Singh, PM’s advice on

93
 dissolution of Lok Sabha
even when the PM had no
majority in the Lok Sabha
Giani Zail 1982- R. In 1986- refused assent to
Singh 87 Venkataraman postal bill, which allowed
Government to read private
letters/mails.
R. 1987- Shankar Dayal Worked with four PM(
Venkataraman 92 Sharma Rajeev Gandhi, V.P. Singh,
Chandra Shekhar and P V
Narasimha Rao) and
appointed three of them.
Start of Coalition
Governments
Shankar Dayal 1992- K. R. Returned two executive
Sharma 97 Narayanan orders to the cabinet
13 days Bajpai Government
in 1996
K. R. 1997- Krishan Kant Most assertive President
Narayanan 2002 Returned proposals of
cabinet for imposition of
emergency in UP and Bihar
Made mandatory to produce
letters of support from
alliance partners as proof of
majority for PM claimant
Dr. A.P.J. 2002- Bhairon Singh Missile man, DRDO
Abdul Kalam 2007 Shekhawat scientist, architect of 2nd
Pokhran Test
Returned office of profit
bill to cabinet
His birthday, 15 Oct, is
celebrated by UN as ‘World
Students Day’
Pratibha Patil 2007- Hamid Ansari 1st Women President of
2012 India

94
Pranab 2012- Hamid Ansari Refused to sign ordinances
Mukherjee 2017 on anti-corruption law
commuted death sentences
of four convicts against the
advice of the cabinet
Ram Nath 2017- Venkaiah
Kovind Naidu

95
 FACT SHEET IND POL.4: DY. PMS OF INDIA

Name Tenure PM, Party

Sardar Patel 1947-50 PM- Nehru, Congress party
Morarji Desai 1967-69 PM-Indira Gandhi, Congress
Charan Singh 1979` PM- Morarji Desai, Janata Party
Jagjivan Ram 1979 PM- Morarji Desai, Janata Party
Y.B. Chavan 1979-80 PM- Charan Singh, Congress Party
Devi Lal 1989-91 PM: V.P.Singh, Janata Dal
Note: Devi Lal became Dy. PM twice
L.K.Advani 2002-2004 PM- Atal Bihari Bajpai, BJP

Note: Constitution does not mention the post of Dy. PM; hence, Dy.
PM takes oath as union minister.

96
 FACT SHEET IND POL. 5 : IMPORTANT COMMISSION AND
COMMITTEE

Name Formed Issue Findings/

in recommendation
Gorwala 1951 Report on Public
Committee Administration in
India
Balwant Rai 1957 To examine the Recommended 3-tier
Mehta working of the Panchayati Raj System for
Committee Community Rural India
Development
Programme (CDP)
Santhanam 1962 Anti- corruption Setting up Central
committee Vigilance
Commission(CVC)
CVC was set up in 1964
Kothari 1964 Advise guidelines 10+2+3 pattern
Commission and policies for the Women’s education
development of Neighbourhood school
education in India. system
Establishment of Indian
Education Service
Sadiq Ali 1964. Panchayati Raj Was set up by Rajashthan
Committee Institutions in state Govt
Rajashthan
Kapur 1966 Killing of Gandhiji Role of Savarkar and his
Commission associates
Khosla Death of Subhash Both commission rejected
Commission- Chandra Bose any conspiracy and
1970 rumours of activities of
Mukherjee Bose after the plane crash
Commission
2005
Rajamannar 1969 Centre-state Set up by DMK Govt in
Committee Relation Tamil Nadu
Tarkunde 1974 Election reforms Election Commission- 3
Committee member
minimum age for voting-
18 yrs

97
Shah 1977 To probe the Misuse of MISA, and
Commission excesses committed Defence of India rules
during the during emergency
emergency Excess in sterilization
program
Poor role of Bureaucracy
Ashok Mehta 1977 Panchayati Raj 2-tier Panchayati Raj
Committee System Institutions
1st committee to
recommend Constitutional
status to PRI
Sarkaria 1983 Centre-state Far reaching suggestions
Commission relationship on role of Governors and
use of Article 356
M.P. Thakkar 1984 Killing of Indira Conspiracy and persons
Commission Gandhi responsible for the killing
G.V.K. Rao 1985 Various aspects of Set up Planning
Committee PRI commission
District as the basic unit of
planning
P.K.Thungan 1989 Various aspects of to consider the type of
Committee PRI political and
administrative structure
needed in the District
Planning.
Dinesh Goswami 1990 Election reforms Increasing security
Committee deposits for candidates;
lowering age bar for
fighting election
Not more than 2 seats one
can contest
DPSP to PR
Anti-defection law
Government funding of
election expenses
M.C.Jain 1991 Killing of Rajeev Conspiracy and persons
Commission Gandhi responsible for the killing
Liberhan 1992 Babri Masjid Causes and persons
Commission demolition responsible for the Mosque
demolition

98
Srikrishna 1993 1992-93 Bombay Conspiracy and persons
Commission riots responsible for the riots
Ram Nandan 1993 OBC reservation Creamy layers among
Prasad Backward Castes for being
Committee eligible for reservation
Swaminathan 1994 Population policy Stabilizing population,
Committee restructuring family
welfare program
Bhuria 1995 Panchayati Raj Extension of PRI in tribal
Committee Institution(PRI) areas
Indrajit Gupta 1998 Election reforms political funding and
Committee measures to discourage
criminals from helping
candidates during
elections.
Nanavati 2000 1984 anti-Sikh riots Persons responsible for the
Commission riot.
Nanavati-Mehta 2002 Godhra train Causes of both the
Commission burning and Gujarat incidence and persons
Riot-2002 responsible.
Kelkar 2002 direct tax reforms increasing the income tax
Committee exemption limit,
rationalization of
exemptions, abolition of
long term capital gains tax,
abolition of wealth tax etc
Phukan 2003 Tehelka Tape Persons involved in the
Commission scandal- fake corruption incidence
defence deal &
corruption caught
on camera
Jeevan Reddy 2004 Election reforms Anti-defection measures
Committee 10-fold increase in
security deposits
Barring criminals from
contesting election.
Swaminathan 2004 Farmer’s issues Minimum support
committee price(MSP) formula
Sachar 2005 Socio-economic and Very poor Socio-economic
Committee educational and educational condition

99
 condition of of Muslims in India. They
Muslims in India. are worse off than Dalits.
M.M. Punchhi 2007 Centre-state Misuse of 356
Commission relationship National integration
council
Concurrent list changes
only with State’s
consultation, etc.
Srikrishna 2010 Situation in Andhra Related to formation of
Committee Pradesh Telangana state
Srikrishna 2017 Personal Data The committee submitted
Committee Protection its report and Draft
Personal Data Protection
Bill, 2018;
The bill is yet to be
enacted.
G Rohini 2017 Issue of sub- By 105th amendments
Commission categorisation of powers of the State
OBCs Governments and Union
Territories was restored to
identify and specify
Socially and Economically
Backward Classes
(SEBCs)

100
FACT SHEET IND POL. 6: BOOKS AND AUTHORS ON INDIAN
POLITY AND POLITICAL PROCESS
Book Author Theme
Democracy and Atul Kohli Political change in India
Discontent: India's from the late 1960s to the
Growing Crisis of late 1980s.
Governability How declining dominance
His other books: of Congress challenged
• Poverty Amid Plenty in political order and stability.
the New India
• Democracy and
Development in India
• State-Directed
Development
• The Success of India's
Democracy

The Child and the State Myron Weiner Issue of child labour,
in India migration, state politics
His other books: Initiated the study of State
• Party politics in India Politics in India
(1957)
• State Politics in India
(1968)
• Sons of the Soil:
Migration and Ethnic
Conflict in India(1978)
Religion, Caste, and Christophe
Politics in India Jaffrelot
Hindu nationalist
Movement and Indian
Politics
The Politics of India Paul Brass
Since Independence

101
 Caste, Faction, and
Party in Indian Politics
•‘Factional Politics in
an Indian State(1965)’
•‘The Politics of India
Since
Independence(1990)’
•‘Ethnicity and
Nationalism(1991)’
•‘The Production of
Hindu-Muslim Violence
in Contemporary India
(2004)’
•‘An Indian Political
Life: Charan Singh and
Congress Politics, 1937
to 1961 (2011)’
Coalition Politics and E. Sridharan
Democratic
Consolidation in Asia
1.The government and Morris-Jones Explained single party
politics of India dominance (Congress)
2. Parliament in India Adopted structural-
3. Politics Mainly functional approach
Indian
1. Nationalist Thought Partha Indian nationalism as not
and the Colonial Chatterjee main but derivative
World: A Derivative discourse among many sub-
Discourse national
2. The Nation and its groups/communities, which
Fragments he called fragments of
Indian Nation.
Subaltern thinker
1. The Modernity of Lloyd and How in India traditional
Tradition Sussane structures and norms have
2. In Pursuit of Lakshmi Rudolph been adapted or
transformed to serve the

102
3. Explaining Indian needs of a modernizing
Democracy: A Fifty society
Year Perspective Study of political economy
of the Indian state
Working a Democratic Granville working of the Indian
Constitution: A History Austin Constitution from 1950 to
of the Indian 1985
Experience
1.Gandhi's Political Bhikhu Parekh Also wrote “Rethinking
Philosophy Multiculturalism: Cultural
2. Colonialism, Diversity and Political
Tradition and Reform: Theory”
An Analysis of Gandhi's
Political Discourse
1. Understanding Gail Omvedt She wrote many books on
Caste: From Buddha Ambedkar, Buddhism,
To Ambedkar And Indian women’s struggle
Beyond Also wrote “Seeking
2. Reinventing Begumpura”
Revolution: New
Social Movements in
India
The Intimate Enemy Asish Nandy
Political, economic, and
cultural domination under
colonialism
Caste in Modern India M. N. Srinivas Concepts: Dominant Caste,
Sankritisation
Rajni Kothari Books: Rajni Kothari Coined’ the Congress
•Politics in India(1970) System’
•Caste in Indian Polticisation of Caste
Politics(1970) Indian State as ‘incremental
•State Against democratic modernization’
Democracy(1988) Indian Society as ‘political
•Rethinking society’
Development(1988) Used structural-functional
•Rethinking approach
Democracy(2005)

103
•Communalism in
Indian politics(1998)
Achin Vanaik Books Achin Vanaik Wrote profusely on issues
•‘Communalism concerning religion,
Contested: Religion, communalism and
Modernity and secularism
Secularization(1997)’
•‘Hindutva Rising:
Secular Claims,
Communal
Realities(2017)’
•‘India in a Changing
World1995)’

104
FACT SHEET IND. POL. 7: COMMENTS/QUOTE ON INDIAN
POLITY BY THINKER/AUTHORS

Comment/quote Thinker/author Addl. Information

Indian economy as Lloyd and They also said that caste
“Bullock Cart Sussane in India fosters
Capitalism” Rudolph democracy
Indian politics as tussle Lloyd and In their book ‘In Pursuit
between a “demand Sussane of Lakshmi’
polity” and a “command Rudolph
polity”
India as ‘weak-strong Lloyd and ‘Explaining Indian
state’ Sussane Democracy’- by
Rudolph Rudolph & Rudolph
Indian federalism as Morris Jones Theory of single party
“bargaining federalism” dominance in India
Constitution KC Wheare
of India is federal in
structure and unitary in
spirit
Indian Politics as Myron Weiner Initiated the study of
“Politics of Scarcity” State Politics in India
India as a “polycentric Aseema Sinha Wrote “The regional
hierarchy roots of developmental
politics in India”
Indian state as Atul Kohli Author of “Democracy
interchangeably “weak” and Discontent: India's
and “captured” Growing Crisis of
Governability”
Indian nationalism as Partha Wrote: “Nationalist
“Derivative Discourse” Chatterjee thought and the colonial
world- A Derivative
Discourse”
Indian democracy as Pradeep Wrote : “Democracy
‘Democracy Without Chhibber without Associations:
Associations’ Transformation of the

105
 Party System and Social
Cleavages in India ”
India as a Patronage- Kanchan
Democracy Chandra
describes Indian Pranab Bardhan
federation as a “holding
together federation and
not a ‘coming together
federation”
Calls India a “flailing Lant Pritchett flailing : wave or swing
state.” wildly, un steady, not
settled
Indian party system as Giovanni until the 1960s in terms
"predominant party Sartori of this model, Congress
system" was the predominant
party
Indian Party System as Morris Jones Rajni Kothari called it
‘one party dominant ‘the Congress System’
system’
Indian State as Rajni Kothari ‘Politics in India’ ;
‘incremental democratic ‘Caste in Indian
modernization’? Politics’; ‘State Against
Democracy’: books by
Rajni Kothari
Three democratic Ashutosh Varshney in his work ‘Is
upsurges in the Varshney India becoming more
democratic politics in Democratic’ discussed
India the three democratic
upsurges in the
democratic politics in
India
‘India’s Constitution was Paul Brass ‘The Politics of India
born more in fear and since Independence’- by
trepidation than in hope Paul Brass
and inspiration’
India as a Democratic James Manor ‘Politics and State-

106
Developmental State Society Relations in
India’- James Manor
India as an example of Anthony D. ‘Nationalism’ – by
“Polycentric Smith Anthony D. Smith
Nationalism”
Indian constitution as a Granville
‘seamless web’ Austin

107
 FACT SHEET IND. POL. 8 : LANDMARK SC CASES WHICH
CHANGED INDIAN POLITY

Case Year Decision and effect

State of Madras v. Champakam 1951 SC struck caste-based
Dorairajan reservation;
FR is superior to DPSP.
Led to 1st amendment

Shankari Prasad case 1951 No judicial review to

Amendments as
Amendments under article
368 is not ‘law’ under article
13(2)

Balaji v/s State of Mysore 1962 Reservation cannot be more

than 50%

Sajjan Singh vs State of 1964 First case in which mention

Rajashthan of ‘Basic Structure’ was
made.
Golaknath Case 1967 Amendments under article
368 are ‘law’ under article
13(2) and hence can be struck
down if they violate
Fundamental rights

Kesavananda Bharati case 1973 ‘Basic Structure Doctrine’-

Parliament can amend any
part of constitution provided
basic structure/feature of the
constitution is not changed.

ADM Jabalpur Case 1975- SC ruled that even Right to

76 Life can be suspended during
emergency as per article 359

108
Minerva Mills case 1980 Further established ‘Basic
Structure Doctrine’
Power of Parliament to
amend the constitution was
limited
Restored balance between FR
and DPSP

Maneka Gandhi v. Union of 1978 ‘Due Process’ Doctrine :

India Right to life( article 21) gave
SC power to judicial review
of not only ‘procedure
established by law’ but also ‘
due process of law’

Bachan Singh vs State Of 1980 SC gave ‘rarest of rare’

Punjab doctrine for capital
punishment
Three Judges Cases: 1. SP 1981- Gave ‘Collegium system’ of
Gupta v Union of India (1981) 98 Judges appointment
2. Supreme Court Advocates‐
on‐Record Association v Union
of India (1993)
3. Re Special Reference No 1
of 1998
Sheela Barse v. State of 1983 Right against violence in
Maharashtra police custody

Olga Tellis vs. Bombay 1985 ‘Right to Livelihood’ FR

Municipal Corporation under article 21

Shah Bano case 1985 SC decided ‘Right to

alimony( living support from
divorced husband)’ to
Muslim women

109
 But the central Government
enacted law to nullify SC
decision.
Generated heated debate on
Secularism

Attorney General of India v. 1988 Public hanging violates

Lachma Devi article 21- hence should be
banned.

Shantistar Builders v. N.K. 1990 ‘Right to Shelter’ under

Totame article 21

Subhash Kumar v. State of 1991 ‘Right to pollution free

Bihar environment’ FR under
article 21

Indra Sawhney v. Union of 1992 Creamy layer policy:

India creamy layer among OBC,
SC/ST be excluded from
reservation.

S.R. Bommai v/s Union of 1994 Application of article 356 to

India dismiss state Government
was made tough
Profoundly affected centre-
state relation

Vishaka v. State of Rajasthan 1997 Vishaka Guidelines: against

sexual harassment of women
at work place

Lily Thomas v. Union of India 2013 Disqualification on

conviction for certain
offences: convicted person

110
 disqualified for 6 years from
contesting election.

Justice K.S. Puttaswamy vs. 2017 ‘Right to Privacy’ under

Union of India article 21
Maneka Gandhi vs the
Union of India; R Sukanya
vs R Sridhar; Kharak Singh These cases helped bring
vs State of Uttar Pradesh; ‘Right to Privacy’ under
Govind vs State of Madhya article 21
Pradesh
Navtej Singh Johar vs. Union 2018 Decriminalised
Of India homosexuality by striking off
parts of Section 377 of the
Indian Penal Code (IPC).

111
 FACT SHEET IND. POL. 9: LANDMARK ACTS

ACT Year Addl. Info

The Delhi Special Police 1946 CBI was set up under this law
Establishment Act
The Representation of the 1951 Rules for election for Parliament
People Act and State Legislature
Amended many times
Protection of Civil Rights 1955 To implement article 17 (
Act abolition of untouchability) and
protect rights of SC/ST
Essential Commodities Act 1955 Uninterrupted supply of essential
goods; to stop hoarding or black
marketing
In 2020, the Act was modified
along with 2 Farm Acts
The Citizenship Act 1955 Rules for acquiring Indian
citizenship
States Reorganisation Act 1956 Reorganisation of States on
linguistic basis- 14 State, 6 UTs
Unlawful Activities 1967 Give powers to Govt to deal with
(Prevention) Act (UAPA) people for protecting integrity and
sovereignty of India
The Water (Prevention and 1974 Control and prevent water
Control of Pollution) Act, pollution
The Air (Prevention and 1981 Control and prevent air pollution
Control of Pollution) Act,
The Forest (Conservation) 1980
Act
The Environment 1986 Protection and improvement of
(Protection) Act the environment
The Muslim Women 1986 This Act was brought by Govt to
(Protection of Rights on nullify the SC judgement on Shah
Divorce) Act Bano case

112
Prevention of Corruption 1988 To minimize corruption in
Act government agencies and public
sector
Scheduled Caste and 1989 To prevent discrimination,
Scheduled Tribe atrocities and hate crimes against
(Prevention of Atrocities) SC/ST
Act, It was felt that Protection of Civil
Rights Act 1955 was not
adequate for SC/ST
The Wildlife Protection Act 1972 Protection of wild animals, birds
and plants
Energy Conservation Act 2001 To conserve energy and promote
clean energy.
The National Green 2010 NGT was set up quick disposal of
Tribunal Act the cases pertaining to
environmental issues
To implement ‘Right to clean
environment’ under article 21
Maintenance of Internal 1971 Govt might arrest anyone on
Security Act (MISA) suspicion of threats to national
security
MISA was used during
Emergency (1975-77) to arrest
opposition leaders, journalists,
etc
Janata Govt abolished MISA in
1977
Persons With Disabilities 1995 Special provisions, special quota
(Equal Opportunities, for disable persons
Protection of Rights and Was amended in 2016- ‘Rights of
Full Participation) Act Persons with Disabilities Act,
2016’
Foreign Exchange 1999 Orderly development and
Management Act, (FEMA) maintenance of foreign exchange
market in India

113
 Replaces Foreign Exchange
Regulation Act (FERA)
Information Technology 2000 To regulate ICT in India
Act Also called cyber Act
The Competition Act 2002 Competition Commission of
India(CCI) was set up under this
Act
Replaced MRTP Act
Right to Information Act 2005 Landmark Act to implement
‘Right to Information’
National Rural 2005 MG NAREGA is implemented
Employment Guarantee Act under this Act
Protection of Women from 2005 The Act provides a definition of
Domestic Violence Act "domestic violence" for the first
time in Indian law
Disaster Management Act 2005 Corona Pandemic was dealt in
under this Act
Commission for Protection 2006 constitution of a National
of Child Rights Act Commission and State
Commissions for Protection of
Child Rights and Children's
Courts for providing speedy trial
of offences against children
Right of Children to Free 2009 Also called RTE Act
and Compulsory Education Right to Education( under article
Act 21) is implemented under the Act
Sexual Harassment of 2013 ‘Visakha Guideline’ came out of
Women at Workplace this Act
(Prevention, Prohibition
and Redressal) Act
National Food Security Act 2013 National Food Security Mission is
implemented under this Act
The Lokpal and 2013 Lokpal and Lokayuktas were
Lokayuktas Act appointed under the Act
Whistle Blowers Protection 2014 To protect those who disclose

114
Act 2011 corruption in Govt organisation
Goods and Services Tax 2017 GST was implemented under this
(Compensation to States) Act
Act
Jammu and Kashmir 2019 State of J&K was made 2 UTs-
Reorganisation Act J&K and Ladakh
Consumer Protection Act 2019 New and more stronger Consumer
protection Act in which many new
services added
Muslim Women (Protection 2019 Made triple talaq unlawful
of Rights on Marriage) Act Called anti- triple talaq Act
Transgender Persons 2019 To protect the rights of
(Protection of Rights) Act, Transgender Persons
Citizenship (Amendment) 2019 Provide Indian citizenship for
Act persecuted religious minorities
from Afghanistan, Bangladesh
and Pakistan who are Hindus,
Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, Parsis or
Christians, and arrived in India
before the end of December 2014
1.The farmers' produce 2020 These are 3 Farm laws which
trade and commerce provide for market reforms in
(promotion and facilitation) Indian Farming sector, contract
act, 2020. farming, and liberalisation of
2.The farmers trade in farm produce
(empowerment and Farmers of Punjab, Haryana, and
protection) agreement on UP are agitating against these
price assurance and farm Farm Law, which are on hold by
services act, 2020. the order of SC.
3. The essential
commodities (amendment)
act, 2020.

115
 FACT SHEET IND. POL. 10: STATE RE-ORGANISATION

Year Event/state created Unique

facts
1950 Constitution arranged Indian State into A, B,C,D A: former
groups British
provinces
B and C:
Princely
states
D: A&N
Islands
1952 Potti Sreeramulu, A Revolutionary leader, died
after 56 days of hunger strike for creation of
Andhra Pradesh( from Madras presidency)
1953 Andhra Pradesh created 1st State on
the basis of
Language
1956 States Reorganization Act 14 states, 6
Abolished A,B,C,D groupings UT
1960 Bombay was divided into Maharashtra and Gujrat Gujrat
becomes the
15th State.
1961 Dadra and Nagar Haveli becomes the 7th UT
1962 Goa, Daman and Diu acquired from Portuguese Goa,
Daman and
Diu- 7th &
8th UT
1963 Nagaland carved out from the state of Assam Nagaland-
16th State
1966 Punjab and Haryana created Punjab- last
Chandigarh also created as UT and common state on
capital language
basis
1971 HP was created HP was UT

116
1972 Meghalaya, Tripura, and Manipur became state NE re-
organisation
1975 Sikkim merged in India Sikkim-22nd
state
1987 Goa, Mizoram, and Arunachal Pradesh became 25 states
State from UTs
2000 Chhattisgarh( from MP), Jharkhand( from Bihar), 28 states
and Uttarakhand( from UP) became states
2014 Telangana ( from Andhra Pradesh) became state 29th State
Note:
1. 14 states and 6 UTs were created as per the SRA-1956
2. Zonal councils were created, Home minister as chairperson, as
per SRC

117
FACT SHEET IND. POL 11: MAJOR CENTRAL GOVERNMENT
SCHEMES/MISSIONS/PROGRAMS

Scheme name Purpose/sector Unique facts/features

PM Jan Dhan Financial inclusion Opened 42 crore new
Yojna accounts in name of
poor
PM Mudra Loan for self-employment About 30 cr loan of Rs
Yojna 15 lakh cr given
Swachh Bharat Cleanliness, hygiene at 11 cr toilets made
Mission public places
Smart City Improved urban living 100 smart cities
Mission
Ayushman Universal Health Insurance Insurance cover of 5
Bharat Mission Scheme for poor lakh per family per
year
Mission Universal Immunization
Indradhanush program
Ujjwala Yojna Free LPG connection to
rural poor
Ujala Scheme Cheap LED bulbs in all
homes
Soubhagya Electricity connections to all Pradhan Mantri Sahaj
Yojna remaining un-electrified Bijli Har Ghar Yojana -
households Saubhagya
Pradhan Providing affordable PMAY-G: Rural areas
Mantri Awas housing to the poor PMAY-U: Urban areas
Yojana households About 1.8 cr houses
(PMAY) provided
UDAN Affordable air travel for Ude Desh ka Aam
Scheme common man Naagrik-UDAN
Atal Pension Social security for poor in Poor need to subscribe
Yojna form of Rs 1000 to 5000 Rs to the pension fund;
monthly pension Government

118
Atal Mission Strengthen urban
for Infrastructure- sewage,
Rejuvenation street lights, transport, etc
and Urban
Transformation
(AMRUT)
Atal Tinkering To provide students
Labs experience in creating and
modifying 3D designs
Fasal Bima Government sponsored and
Yojna subsidized crop insurance
Soil Health Free soil testing for farmers
Card Scheme
Kisan Samman Direct cash transfer of Rs Direct Income Transfer
Nidhi Yojana 2000 per 4 months to Scheme for farmers
Farmers
Agnipath Indian youth(17-23 years) They would be called
scheme may join Indian Armed ‘Agneeveers’ and will
Forces without any long- get many benefits and
term commitments with assistance after leaving
attractive salary packages armed forces

119
120
FACT SHEET: TRADITIONAL APPROACHES TO
COMPARATIVE POLITICS

Approaches Facts/features Main thinkers/theorists

Normative Oldest one : Since pre- Aristotle, Rousseau, Kant,
Philosophical political science era Hegel, T.H.Green, Leo
Method: Abstract Strauss, Isaiah Berlin
reasoning, moral
arguments, Formal logic
and analytic philosophy
Prescriptive, deductive,
value loaded, idealistic,
speculative
Historical Genealogical – treating Machiavelli: used this
Approach history as a genetic approach in ‘ the Prince’
process – how a political Oakeshott, Hobbes, Locke,
phenomenon evolved Rousseau, Marx, Laski
over time
Studying past to Hegel and Marx also used
understand the causes of Historical approcah (
political phenomenon in evolution of ideas/matter
present through Historical
Example : comparative Dialecticism)
analysis of the French,
Russian and Chinese
Revolutions, by Skocpol
Institutional Focus on Institutions and Aristotle: 6 types of
Approach structures of political constitution/Government
system Polybius: division of
Formal, legal, powers among organs of
state/Government and its state
organs Bryce: study of American
Eurocentric, prescriptive, government in comparative
normative, speculative perspective
Evolved as Comparative Edward Finer: wrote’ The
Government History of Government’-

121
 Comparative analysis of
Government from earliest
time
Duverger, Sartori:
Comparative study of
political party and party
system
Herman Finer and Carl
Fredrich- other proponents

FACT SHEET: MODERN APPROACHES TO

COMPARATIVE POLITICS

Approaches Facts/features Main thinkers/theorists

Behavioural Focus on observing, Charles Merriam: ‘New
Approach recording, and analysing Aspects of Politics’ :
human behaviour to founder of behavioural
understand politics approach in Comparative
Systematic collection Politics
and examination of facts Graham Wallas wrote
Empirical and positivist ‘Human Nature in
approach Politics’
Scientific testable Arthur Bentley wrote
hypothesis ‘The Process of
Value-fact Separation Government’
Attempt to make pure Both these books help
science of politics usher behavioural
approach in political
science
The eight
characteristics features
of behaviouralism as
given by David Easton:
(1) Regularities; (2)

122
 Verification; (3)
Techniques; (4)
Quantification; (5)
Values; (6)
Systematisation; (7) Pure
Science; and (8)
Integration.

Political Political system: Inter- David Easton- father of

System related institutions, the system approach –‘ A
Approach political activities, system Analysis of
actors and processes Political Life’
which continuously Gabriel Almond:
interact with each other ‘Comparative Politics: A
and to larger society Developmental
Derived from Biology Approach’
and General System Morton Kaplan: used
Theory system approach in IR
Input, Output, David Apter:
Environment, Feedback ‘Introduction to Political
'system' replaced ‘state’ Analysis’
as item of comparison Karl Deutsch: ‘Nation
Easton’s definition:” and World’
behaviour or set of Features/facts of the
interactions through System Approach:
which authoritative Developed from the
allocations of values are general systems theory
made and implemented by Ludwig Von
in society” Bertallanfy
Inputs to the system : Structural functionalism
• Demands : claims for was built on the system
actions that people approach
make to satisfy their Called the ‘Balck Box’
interests and values approach as it does not
• Support: political go deeper inside the
obligation – Consent, system
obey law, pay taxes David Easton gave a
‘flow model’ of political

123
 Input functions by system
Almond: Good for genralisation
political socialization, and borad comparison
political interest across culture/region but
articulation political weak in details
interest aggregation
political communication
Outputs : Laws, rules,
regulations, judicial
decisions
Easton identified 4 types
of Input functions as
demand: Participation in
political system,
Allocation of goods and
services,
Communication and
information, Regulation
of behaviour
The sequence of
regulatory mechanism
by Easton is: Gate-
keeping at the
boundary, Socio-
Cultural norms,
communication channels
and reduction processes
Structural- Derived from system Gabriel Almond and G
Functional approach C Powell : used Easton’s
approach Study political system approach to give
structures and functions structural-functional
carried out by them in a approach
political system Almond borrowed most
Input functions( of the terminology of his
Almond): political structural-functional
socialization, approach from Talcott
recruitment, interest Parsons
articulation and

124
 aggregation, and Structural functionalism
political communication as a method was
Output functions: Rule developed to study the
making, application, and politics of Politics of
adjudication developing countries
Rajni Kothari and Morris
Jones used this approach
to study Indian politics
Fred Riggs also used
this approach

Political Political Culture: pattern Gabriel Almond: father

Culture of orientation and basic of political culture
Approach attitude in a society approach
towards political system Gabriel Almond and
Sidney Verba: ‘The
Almond & Verba: Civic Culture’
3 aspects: Cognitive, comparative study of
Affective, Evaluative Political Attitudes and
3 types: Parochial, Democracy in 5
subject, participative Nations- USA,
Germany, Mexico, Italy,
Almond- homogeneous and UK
culture in developed Talcott Parsons:
nations Influenced Almond &
Verba through his
Edward Finer: matured, definition of culture-
developed, low, and sets of norms, values,
minimal and attitude
political culture Rajni Kothari and
Morris Jones used this
approach also in
studying Indian politics
Almond and Verba
suggested a ‘sleeping
dogs’ theory of
democratic culture that
implies that low

125
 participation indicates
broad satisfaction with
government
New Both ‘hard’ and ‘Soft’ James March & Johan
Institutionalism Institutions- norms, Olsen: founders of New
rules, behaviour pattern Institutionalism –‘ The
Linked Institutions to New Institutionalism:
macro socio-economic (1984)’
structure and individual Douglous C North-
behavior Rational Choice New
Analytical, explanatory Institutionalism
& Empirical William Scott: ‘
institutionalism Sociological New
3 new Institutionalism: Institutionalism’
Rational Choice, Paul DiMaggio and
Cultural( sociological), Walter W. Powell-
Structural ‘Institutional
isomorphism’ ; ‘The
New Institutionalism in
Organizational
Analysis(1991)’

Political Emerged in 1960-70s Lucian Pye: ‘Political

development Harry Truman the US culture and political
and President: gave special development’ ; political
Modernization meaning to development development 3 aspects-
theory in his famous speech equality, capacity,
after WWII, this started Differentiation
modernisation theory ‘Aspects of political
development’
There is a fixed path of Lucian Pye identified 6
development & crises in political
modernization as development: 1. Identity
traversed by western 2. Legitimacy 3.
nations; by following Penetration 4.
the same path, poor 3rd Participation 5.
Unification 6.
Distribution

126
world nations would David Apter:’ The
also become developed. politics of
modernization’-
These theories were technocratic approach
claimed to be applicable Gabriel Almond:
across cultural, and were ‘Political Development’
able to explain political James Coleman, and
processes everywhere Sidney Verba also gave
theory of political
Closely linked to US development
foreign policy towards James Coleman: ‘The
developing countries Development Syndrome-
and its attempt to check Differentation-Equality-
the tides of Capacity’
socialism/communism Samuel Huntington:
(containment policy- ‘Political Development
Truman Doctrine) and Political Decay’
Huntington identifies
To help 3rd world political development
countries become with the
developed & modern by institutionalisation of
following similar path as political organisations
travelled by and procedures
USA/western Europe He challenged the idea
Approaches: political of political development
culture, as an unilinear process-
developmentalism, rather it is cyclic
corporatism, Edward Shils: ‘Political
democratization, etc. Development in the New
States’ ; ‘Center and
Thinkers supporting periphery’
modernisation theory Edward Shils’
were considered categories of political
traditional system: (i)Political
comparativists; those Democracy (ii) Tutelary
opposing it progressive Democracy (iii)
comparativists. Modernizing Oligarchy
(iv) Totalitarian

127
 Oligarchy (v)
Traditional Oligarchy
Organski: ‘The stages of
political development’ –
1. political unification,
2. industrialisation, 3.
national welfare, and 4.
affluence.
W.W.Rostow: ‘Politics
and the stages of
growth’ : 5 stages of
modernization - 1)
traditional society, 2)
preconditions to take-
off, 3) take-off, 4) drive
to maturity and 5) age of
high mass consumption
Max Weber, Talcott
Parsons, A.M.
Henderson and Joseph la
Palombara: political
development is linked
with legal and
administrative
development
Fred Riggs: balance
between the principles
of equality and capacity
in political
development;
Development Trap-
imbalance between
equality and capacity
Halpern: ‘will and
capacity’ approach to
the study of political
development
Dependency Challenges to Raúl Prebisch-

128
Theories Modernisation Theory: ‘Doctrine of unequal
Dependency Theory exchange’ : Father of
Dependency theory dependency theory
criticized the dominant Theotonio Dos Santos-
model of development ‘The Structure of
as ‘Eurocentric’, Dependence’
furthering the capitalist Dos Santos: 3 types of
interests of the ‘West’. dependency: colonial,
They were influenced by financial-industrial,
Neo-Marxism, which technological-industrial
visualised International Fernando Henrique
state system as global Cardoso- Associated-
capitalist system in development-dependent
which the developed -was also president of
capitalist nations ( core) Brazil
dominated and exploited Andre Gunder Frank-
underdeveloped 3rd ‘Development of
world( Periphery) Underdevelopment’
Latin America became Immanuel Wallerstein-
the fertile ground of World System Theory;
dependency theorists Core, Semi-periphery,
They were called periphery
progressive Johan Galtung:
comparativists structural theory of
imperialism
Samir Amin: global
law of value -a system of
unequal exchange

Elites Theory It was critique of Gaetano Mosca:

democracy, pluralism, all societies ruled by a
and socialism numerical minority,
First developed in the the political class.
context of polity of Elites- superior
western Europe organizational skills.
In any organisation, Circulation of Elites:
Government (of any constant competition
form- democracy or between elites, with

129
dictatorship) only a one elite group
small minority- Elites- replacing another
occupy top positions, repeatedly over time
take decisions and rule He wrote: ‘The Ruling
Remaining people are Class’
mere masses who are Mosca’s Elite theory
mostly bystanders is more liberal than
Elite Theory appeared Elite theory of
against the Pluralist Vilfredo Pareto
theory, which believed Vilfredo Pareto-
that in democratic form Circulation of Elites-
of Government, political the ruling class replaced
power is widely by another
disbursed among ruling/aristocratic class
multiple through revolution
groups/communities ‘History is
Robert Dahl called it ‘ graveyard of Elites’
Polyarchy’ 2 types of Elites: Lion
& Fox
He also gave the
concepts of “residues”
and “derivations.”

C Wright Mills: ‘
‘The Power Elites’
Nexus of the leaders
of the military,
corporate, and
political class and
how the ordinary
citizen is a relatively
powerless subject of
manipulation by the
power elites
Robert Michels
‘Iron Law of
Oligarchy’

130
 Bureaucratic
organization as rule of
elites; not Democratic
Theory of mass mind
formulated on the
basis of the study of
German Social
Democratic Party
Schumpeter:
“Democracy as a
political Method “
democracy as nothing
more than periodic
elections and ordinary
citizens, beyond the
act of voting, should
have no role in
shaping policy.
Ortega Gasset
Theory of the Masses,
Political Formula
Karl Mannheim
Organising and
directing Elites;
informally organised
and diffused Elites
Burnham
Economic Approach
to Elitism

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 FACT SHEET: POLITICAL CULTURE

Sub- Facts/Info
topic/theme
Meaning • Norm, value, belief, attitude, and orientation of
people towards politics and political system
• How people make meaning of ‘the political’,
identify themselves and others politically
• patterns of political behaviors that result from the
political beliefs, values, and attitudes of individuals.

Definitions • Set of values, beliefs, and attitudes within which a

political system operates. (Kavanagh)
• A structure of value and belief in the political
system (Macridis)
• Pattern of orientations to political objects among
the members of the nation (Almond & Verba)
• political objects: both tangible political
aspects- Institutions, political parties and
intangible aspects- authority, legitimacy,
conventions, etc
• “political culture involves attributes including
attitudes, feelings, sentiments, beliefs, and values
which concern the nature of politics that give form
and substance to political processes” (Lucian Pye)
• Set of attitudes, beliefs and sentiments that give
order and meaning to a political process and which
provide the underlying assumptions and rules that
govern behavior in the political system
(International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences)
• The activity through which individuals and groups
in any society articulate, negotiate, implement, and
enforce competing claims they make upon one
another and upon the whole. Political culture is, in
this sense, are the set of discourses or symbolic

132
 practices by which these claims are made” (Baker
1990)

Political Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba compared the

Culture as political culture of 5 nations and wrote in 1963
per Almond ‘The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and
& Verba Democracy in Five Nations’
5 nations were: UK, USA, Italy, Germany, Mexico
It was first empirical study and analysis of Political
Culture
3 Aspects of Political Culture :
• Cognitive aspect: How much people are aware
about Political system, processes- Motives, interests
& power, Identities, and Institutions
• Affective Aspect : What are their feelings and
attachments towards politics and Political Processes
• Evaluative Aspect : And How they evaluate or
assess the outcomes( policies/decisions) of political
system
3 Ideal or pure Types of Political Culture
• Parochial
• General ignorance about political objects and a
consequent lack of involvement in political
activities
• Ex: Political culture in poorly developed states
in Africa- Somalia, Sierra Leone
• Subject
• Widespread knowledge about political
objects/processes but a disinclination to
participate in political activities, often because
of feeling of powerlessness
• Ex: Political culture in rural India during
Mughal and British colonial period
• Participative
• People have both knowledge about politics and
willingness to participate in the political

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 process
• Ex: Political Culture in USA

Civic Culture: mix of all three types of Political

Culture

Other Talcott Parsons (1902–1979)- American sociologist;

prominent Almond & Verba were influenced by Parson’s
thinkers thoughts about Political Culture
related to Samuel Edward Finer ( 1915 – 1993): he categorized
Political political culture as matured, developed, low, and
Culture minimal
approach W. H. Morris-Jones(1918): He used Political Culture
approach; wrote extensively on politics and political
culture of India The Governments and Politics in
India(1971), Politics mainly India(1978)
Rajni Kothari (1928-2015) : Politics in
India (1970), Caste in Indian Politics (1973), and
Rethinking Democracy (2005)
Rousseau,-Durkheim ,Montesquieu, -Weber also
deeply influenced Cultural discourse on socio-political
organization

Often Political culture approach is Modern approach in

repeated Comparative Politics
facts in PG Definitions of Political Culture by Lucian Pye,
ETs Almond & Verba
The book ‘Civic Culture’ by Almond & Verba
5 nations studied by Almond & verba
3 aspects and 3 ideal types of Political Culture
First empirical study of Political Culture by
Almond & Verba
Who influenced Almond & Verba? Talcott Parsons
Civic Culture- mix of all 3 ideal types

134
135
 FACT SHEET: POLITICAL PARTIES

Sub-topic/theme Facts/Info
Meanings/Definition Political Party is an organized group, often
with common ideologies, political aims and
opinions, which aims to acquire and
exercise political power to influence public
policy.
As per Leon D. Epstein, Political Party is a
group that “seeks to elect governmental
office holders under a given label”.
As per Maurice Duverger, Political Party is
a class, a doctrine (set of ideologies).

Role & functions of Political Parties articulate and aggregate

Political parties: societal interests, public opinion, and policy
demands.
Political socialisation is mainly done by
political parties
They offer choice to people in choosing
political ideologies, policy options, and
governing vision.
They form Government and help implement
public policies for socio-economic
development as per their political belief and
ideologies
Political Parties recruit, train, and nominate
political leaders as representatives of
people.
Political Parties are essential channel for
representation in democratic politics.
Governments in modern era, democratic,
authoritarian, or totalitarian, cannot be
imagined without political parties.

136
Types of Parties: • On the basis of ideology or position on
ideological spectrum
Left parties
• Communist, Socialist, Social
Democrats (center-left), Green,
Liberals (center-left on Social
issues)
Right Parties
• Conservatives,
Liberals(economy),Fascist, Christian
Democrats (centre-Right),
Nationalist
• On the basis of organization and target
voters
Cadre, Mass, Catch-all, Party
• Cadre party: elite parties in the
beginning of democracy in UK and
USA. Small size of membership
limited to few, those having
property, social status, personality,
etc.. For example, the Whigs and the
Tories in UK and the Federalists and
the anti-federalists in USA.
• Mass party: Parties offering
membership to masses, raises
national issues, and have wide
electoral base; for example, Socialist
Parties in 20th century Europe;
German Social Democratic Party
(SPD) and the UK Labour Party
• Catch-all party: Parties which aim
to get votes from all class/sections/
interests; for example, the Congress
and the BJP in India
• Ideological attachment ( by Hitchner &
Levine)

137
 Pragmatic parties, Doctrinal parties and
Interest parties.
• Pragmatic parties: don’t have any
fixed ideology; quite flexible in
making alliances to gain power. For
example, SP, BSP, & RJD in India
• Doctrinal parties: Have fixed party
ideology; for example, CPI in India
• Interest parties: Representing
specific interests of a
section/segment of population; for
example, Farmers' League in
Sweden;
• Constitutional vs. Revolutionary parties
Constitutional parties: who believe in
constitution and work within its
framework: Congress, BJP, and all
mainstream parties in the world
Revolutionary party: Hindustan
Socialist Republican Army by
C.S.Azad; Revolutionary Socialist Party
; currently many political parties uses
the tag ‘revolutionary’, world over, but
they don’t reject the constitution
completely.
• Representative and Integrative parties (by
Sigmund Neumann (1956))
Representative: reflect, represent, and
channelize public opinion- Catch all
parties
Integrative: shape public opinion by
political mobilization- Socialist Parties
• Party of Government vs Party of Opposition
Liberals, Conservatives, Christian
Democrats and Social Democrats-
habitually governing parties

138
 Communist, Regionalists,
Environmentalists and Nationalists -
habitually opposing parties

Party System: Party System denotes number, nature,

ideological make up, interactions, and inter-
relationships among political parties in a
political system at a given time.
As per Heywood, party system is a
relatively stable network of relationships
between parties that is structured by their
number, size and ideological orientation.
As per Duverger, Party systems are
described by the number of parties within a
political system during a given time, along
with their internal structures, their
ideologies, their respective sizes, alliances,
and types of opposition, competitions, etc.
As per Sartori , party system is a system of
interaction between political parties in a
political system.

Factors determining • Electoral Rule

types of Party • Duverger’s Law: FPTP- two party
System: system
• Proportional Representation - multi-
party system
• Social Cleavages (Societal fault lines) by
Rokkan & Lipset
• European Societies: Rural/urban;
center/periphery; worker/owner;
church/state
• Asian & African post-colonial States:
Caste, ethnicity, language, Religion
• Institutional structure or design of the
State/Government
• Federal or Unitary;

139
 • Presidential or Parliamentary
• Time: Maturity of political system
• Larger Socio-political context; political
culture; major political events- partition,
Constitutional changes, etc.
Types of party • Single party system
system: • Pseudo(false) party system- as at least
two parties required to form a party
system.
• Hegemonic- hegemony of single party
• Single party dominance
• Two Party system
• Distinct vs Indistinct Bi-partisan system
• Two plus half party ( 3rd party) system
• Prolonged Dominance of one party
• Multi- party system- by Sartori
• Moderate Pluralism
• Polarized Pluralism
• Fragmented party system
• Two broad coalition System
Related Thinkers, Maurice Duverger (1917 – 2014): gave
Books & Concepts Duverger law- FPTP favours two party system.
Also, types of Party System
His book ‘Political Parties(1954)’
Giovanni Sartori (1924 – 2017): gave the most
widely used classification method
for party systems ;
his book ‘Parties and Party Systems: A
Framework for Analysis (1976)’
Stein Rokkan (1921 – 1979): with Martin Lipset
he postulated the theory of social cleavages
His book ‘ Party Systems and Voter
Alignments(1967)’
Seymour Martin Lipset (1922 – 2006)- a
pluralist thinker; with Rokken gave social
cleavages theory

140
 Other Important books on political party:
‘Political Parties: A Sociological Study of the
Oligarchial Tendencies of Modern
Democracy(1962)’- Robert Michels
‘Political Parties and Party Systems(2003)’-
Alan J. Ware
‘Party politics in India(1957)’- Myron Weiner
‘Party building in a new nation(1967)’- Myron
Weiner
Often repeated facts Duverger Law: FPTP results into two party
asked in PG ETs system
Difference between Interest/pressure group and
political party- Interest/pressure group don’t
participate in electoral politics and contest for
political power
Catch all party coined by Otto Kirchheimer
Cleavage theory- Rokken & Lipset
Iron law of Oligarchy- Robert Michels in his
book Political Parties

141
 FACT SHEET: ELECTORAL SYSTEMS

Sub- Facts/Info
topic/theme
Meaning • Set of rules that structure how votes are cast at
election and how these votes are then converted
into seats (Gallagher,2014)
• Institutional rules, norms, and structure by
which representation are decided in democratic
political system
• Electoral System includes Electoral Rules
(franchise rule, eligibility rule for candidates,
rules for party, election campaign rules, etc) ,
Electoral Formula( How votes are converted
into seats), District(Constituency) Magnitude(
Numbers of seats per constituency), and Ballot
rules( Ballot box or EVM, how vote are casted,
etc)

Factors • Size & Socio-cultural diversity of the political

affecting system
choice of • Literacy- Democratic and political
Electoral • Political Culture
System: • Nature of the party system
• Socio-economic context
• Power politics, consensus and compromise
among ruling elites
• Historical experiences, traditions, practices,
lesson learnt

Effects of • Voter- representative link- clear in FPTP, not

Electoral clear in PR
System on • Govt formation
• Multi-party coalition govt in PR system

142
political • Strong single party govt in Majoritarian
system: (FPTP) system
• Party System format
• Duverger’s Law: Majoritarian system- two
party system and PR system: multi-party
system
• Ideological effects: FPTP: less
polarization; PR: multi-polar party system
• More political and societal consensus in PR
system
• Under representation of marginalized
communities (minorities, women, indigenous
people) in majoritarian (FPTP) system

Main types Majoritarian system

of Electoral • Also called Plurality System
System: • Winning formula: on getting more than 50%
votes or more votes than any other candidate
• District magnitude: generally single member
constituency
• Variants of Majoritarian system
• First Past the Post system ( FPTP)
• Other names of FPTP
• Single member simple plurality(SMP)
system
• Block vote system
• Simple Majoritarian system
• Alternate Vote (AV) or instant runoff
• voters rank candidates in order of
preference
• Winning candidate must secure 50% of
preferences
• Single member district
• Supplementary Vote ( SV)
• Variant of AV, voters rank only two
candidate

143
 • 2nd Ballot system or 2nd runoff voting
• 2nd round of voting between top two
candidates in the 1st round
Proportional Representation (PR) System
• Seats allotted to parties in proportion of votes
obtained using complex mathematical formula
• District magnitude: Multi-member
districts/constituency
• Variants of PR system
• Party List PR:
• Voters chose party which nominate
representative on seats won by it.
• Seats allotted to party in proportion to
votes obtained by it.
• Single-Transferable-Vote( STV) system
• The winning candidate needs to obtain
more than a fixed quota of votes which is
calculated through a mathematical
formula.
• Voters give rank preferences to competing
candidates.
• In the first round of voting only the first
preference votes of each candidate are
counted and those candidates who obtain
more than the fixed quota of votes are
declared winners.
• In case no candidate gets the required
quota of votes then the bottom most
candidate is struck out and his/her second
preference votes are allocated to remaining
candidate. This process is repeated until all
the seats of the constituencies are filled.
• Same rule is followed in AV system under
majoritarian system but with 2 difference
1. Single member Constituency and 2.

144
 Requirement of more than 50% votes to
win the seat in AV
Mixed Representation System
• Hybrid system mixing FPTP and PR
• Total seats divided in 2 parts
• One part elected as per FPTP another part
through Party List PR system
• Voters cast 2 votes- one for candidate as per
FPTP for their constituency and 2nd for party as
per party list PR
• District magnitude: Single member constituency
(FPTP) and Multi-member districts/constituency
for Party List PR

Important Countries and their electoral system

facts asked India, UK, and USA- FPTP for general or major
in PG ETs election
Most of the Commonwealth nation- FPTP
France: 2nd Ballot system or 2nd runoff voting for
presidential election
Australia: AV system for Parliamentary election
Switzerland: Party list system of PR
Germany: Mixed Representation System( FPTP
plus Party List)

Multiple names of FPTP: Block vote system, Single

member simple plurality, majoritarian, simple majority
system, etc.

145
 FACT SHEET: TYPES OF REGIMES

Sub- Facts/Info
topic/theme
Meaning • Political regime denotes principles, norms,
rules, decision-making procedures, institutional
arrangements, etc. following which the governance of
a country is carried out.
• Regime, therefore, denotes how political
relationships are structured, and organised in a given
society.
• As per Roy Macridis, famous comparative
thinker, a political regime embodies the set of rules,
procedures, and understandings that formulate the
relationship between the governors(rulers) and the
governed(ruled).
•

Types of • Democratic Regime

Regimes • Rulers are chosen by the people through free
fair, and periodic election
• legitimate Govt having people’s consent and
mandate to rule
• Civil and Political Liberties: Rights &
Freedom to Citizens protected by constitution
and courts, which limit the powers of the state
• Rule of Law: Constitutional Government
• Presence of strong & autonomous Civil
Society (NGOs, interest groups, social
movements, opinion leaders)
• Free participation of citizens in political
processes
• Strong, Independent, and Autonomous
Institutional arrangement based on rule of law.

146
• Populism: Populist Regimes
• Populism denotes democratic politics for
protecting and furthering the interests of ‘the
people’, ‘the real and pure people’, against the
‘corrupt elites’, and entitled class.
• Populist leaders, party, and movements claim
to represent ‘the real and pure people’.
• In Populism, ‘the real people’ are generally
the majority ethnic, racial, religious
community. In the populist ideology, they are
the true and real people of that nation.
• Populist ideology don’t believe in minority
rights, pluralism, and multi-culturalism.
• Populism is anti-elitist, anti-establishment,
anti-system, anti-institutionalist, and illiberal.
Populism denotes majoritarianism, as the ‘the
people’ are always in majority.
• It also denotes identity politics. Cultural
Nationalism is the most common identity used
in Populism. ‘the people’ are considered as
true and pure member of the nation and
political community as defined by the Populist
leader/party.
• Authoritarian Regime:
• Authoritarianism denotes any political system
that concentrates power in the hands of a
supreme leader or a small elite that are neither
chosen by nor responsible to the people.
• A form of government characterized by the
rejection of political plurality ( diversity of
culture, political ideologies), the use of a
strong centralised power to preserve the
political status quo, and dilution in the rule of
law, separation of powers, and democratic
values.
• It denotes blind submission to a central
authority, as opposed to individual freedom of

147
 thought, belief, and action.
• Personalistic: Headed by supreme leader
wielding great amount of individual power-
Hitler in Nazi Germany, Francisco Franco
Spain, Saddam Hussein- Iraq, Zia-ul-Haq-
Pakistan, Mobutu in Zaire
• It also denotes arbitrary use of power by the
ruler, who is not bound by rule of law or
constitution. People have no choice in
replacing the ruler by voting.
• Individuals and groups have very few civil &
political rights.

• Totalitarian Regime
• Oppressive Rule by single political party
following distinct political ideology.
• Total control of State/Govt of almost all
aspects of public and private life.
• State/Government interfere in both public
and private domain to decide for the
people the right way of life- food, dress,
entertainment, travel, moral standards,
education, etc.
• For the ruling party the totalitarian
regime is project for social
transformation- bringing in new
civilisation.
• All these actions are guided by the state
ideology. The party becomes the vehicle
to implement the ideology. Difference
between the party and state are diluted.
• Thus, it denotes subordination of all
aspects of individual life to the authority
of the state.
• Denotes most extreme and complete form
of authoritarianism.

148
 • Benito Mussolini coined the term ‘totalitario’
in the early 1920s to characterize the new
fascist state of Italy, which he further
described as “all within the state, none outside
the state, none against the state.” This
became the defining feature of totalitarian
regime.

Parliamentary Presidential form of government

vs • President is directly elected by the people and acts
Presidential as both head of the State and head of the
form of Govt Government.
• President is not accountable to the legislature,
which is also directly elected by the people.
• Thus, in Presidential form of government there is
clear separation of power between the executive
(president) and the legislature
• In Presidential form of government head of state
and head of Govt is same person
• Executive is selected by President; the executive
is accountable to the President and Not to the
Legislature
• Not very rigid party discipline; Legislatures may
vote on principles on specific issues cutting
official party line
• Example: USA is the best example
Parliamentary form of government
• In parliamentary form of government, executive
comes out the legislature(parliament).
• Leader of the majority party in parliament forms
Government and becomes Prime minister.
• PM heads the cabinet (council of minister), which
is responsible and accountable to parliament.
• President is nominal head of the State. President
has very little discretion to act of his own choice.
President is bound to act on the advice of cabinet
headed by PM.

149
 • Hence, parliamentary form of government is also
called cabinet form of Government.
• There is no clear separation between executive
and legislature
• Rigid party discipline and loyalty to official party
line. Party can issue ‘Whip’ to vote on party line
on specific issues.
• Example: UK, India, Canada, Australia, and most
of the European nation-states
Semi-presidential system
There are both a directly elected president, as head
of state and with substantial executive powers and
a presidentially appointed prime minister, who
heads the Government and his cabinet, which is
responsible to the legislature.
Example: France, Russia, Sri-Lanka, Congo, etc.
follow this hybrid form of Government.

Important Difference between Authoritarian and Totalitarian

facts/info regime? Authoritarian regime, unlike Totalitarian
asked in PG regime, is not an ideological project; it does not
ETs intervene in the private and public life of citizen;
unlike Totalitarian regime it is status quoist and
merely concerned with preserving power

Which democratic form has strict separation of

power? Presidential form
Which form of Govt has features of cohabitation?
Semi-Presidential system
France has which form of Govt? Semi-Presidential
system
Which country has unique system of plural
executive ( multiple head of Govt)? Switzerland
which is governed by 7 member Federal council

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Which country follow best the separation of
power doctrine given by Montesquieu? USA
Who is the author of ‘Democracy in America’?
Alexis de Tocqueville
In which form of Govt head of state and head of
Govt is same person? Presidential form of Govt
In which form of Govt head of state hold only
nominal power? Parliamentary form of Govt

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152
 FACT SHEET: PUBLIC POLICY
Sub- Facts/info
theme/Topics
Meaning Collective or public decision-making process to
solve complex common problems of society

Features Essentially a decision taken in public domain

Aim: to solve complex societal problems
Decision taken in public domain, by public
representatives or public officials, by the process
of collective decision making
Output of the political system
Political party want political power for
implementing public policies conforming to their
political values and ideologies
Public Policy is the life line of Public
Administration
Definitions “Public policy as the ‘outputs’ of the political
system and public policy as ‘the authoritative
allocation of values for the whole society”- David
Easton
“Public policy is whatever governments choose to
do or not to do”- Thomas Dye
“a policy is an attempt to define and structure a
rational basis for action or inaction” Wayne
Parsons
“a course of action adopted and pursued by
government” -Nicholas Henry
‘Purposive course of action followed by an actor
or set of actors in dealing with a problem or matter
of concern’- Anderson
“it is what governments do and fail to do – to and
for their citizens” -Lineberry
Who makes • Legislature, executives(govt.), and Judiciary
Public Policy ? make policies

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 • Legislative policy: Energy Conservation Act
2001; Reservation quota for disadvantaged
groups, Aadhar Act, etc
• Executive Policies: MNAREGA, Ayushman
Bharat Mission, Mid Day Meal, DBT, etc.
• In parliamentary form of Government, both
the above policies are actually initiated and
made by the Government (executive), which
obtains approval of legislatures, if required.
• Judicial policies: ‘Creamy layer’ policy in
reservation, Policy of Judges appointment
(called the Collegium system), Auction of
natural resources such as wireless spectrum,
coal block, etc.
Who Implement Executive; Public Administration
Public Policy ?
Who Evaluate Policy analysts, experts, media, political
Public Policy ? leadership, and executives evaluate policies

Types of Public • On the basis of arena (site, location) of

Policy Policymaking:
• Legislative vs administrative vs judicial
• On the basis of Policy Issues/ subject
domains:
• Education policy, foreign policy, defense,
economic, environmental policy, etc.
• Substantive vs Procedural policy
• Example: substantive policy: reservation
quota in jobs; procedural policy:
Administrative reforms
• Distributive and re-distributive policy
• Ex: Distributive policy: universal basic
Income; re-distributive policy: Land
reforms
• Regulatory vs self- regulatory

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 • Ex: Regulatory policy: RERA, Pollution
control acts; self-regulatory policy: policy
of masking & social distancing during
pandemic.
• Material vs symbolic
• Ex: material policy: farm loan waiver;
symbolic policy: national anthem in
cinema hall
• Policies involving public goods vs private
goods
• Ex: Policy involving public good :
nationalization of banks ; Policy involving
private good : privatization policies.

Policy Cycle: • Generally, a 6-stage process

Stages in Policy • Problem Identification and Agenda
Process Setting
• Policy formulation
• Search for policy alternatives (as
solution for the problem identified)
• Policy Adoption
• Choosing a policy alternative
• Attaching solution to the problem
• Policy Implementation
• Policy Evaluation
• Feedback and course correction
• But in real life Policy making process may be
random, non-linear, non-sequential, chaotic,
and unexpected
Model or • Political system Approach
Approaches to • Public policy as output of the political
public policy: system
• Proponent: David Easton
• Group or pluralist theory/model
• Public policy is outcome of group
struggle, each group trying to bring policy

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 to serve its interest.
• Proponent: Robert Dahl and other
pluralist thinkers
• Elite theory/model
• Public policy represents values and
preferences of a governing elite.
• Proponent: C.Wright Mill and other
thinkers of Elite theory
• Rational choice theory
• Public policy as outcome of actions of
individuals who are self-interested,
rational, and utility maximizers.
• Proponent: Herbert Simon; Vincent
Ostram ( Public choice theory- similar to
Rational Choice theory)
• Institutionalism
• Public policy is a function of institutional
structure, norms, rules, and procedures.
• Proponent: Bryce, Lowell and
Ostrogorski ( old) ; March & Olsen (New
Institutionalism)
• Incremental Model: policy as small variations
on past policies; Proponent: Charles Lindblom
• Game Theory: policy as rational choice in
competitive situations; Proponent: Von
Neumann
Types of Policy • Formal Evaluation
Evaluation • Evaluating routine tasks, budget,
procedure of policy implementation
• Target group satisfaction Evaluation
• Survey to assess satisfaction of the target
group
• Output and Outcome Evaluation
• Identifying and measuring output and
outcomes

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 • Comparing them with intended output
and outcome
• Expenses and effectiveness Evaluation
• Cost- benefit analysis
• Evaluation of long term consequences
• Impact assessment on core problem other
than symptoms of problem, general people
other than the target group, other
unintended consequences

Arena of Policy • Internal/Executive Evaluation

Evaluation: Indian • Appraisal of program/schemes under
Scenario executive direction
• Niti Aayog
• Legislative Evaluation
• Parliamentary standing committee
• Audit : CAG and PAC
• People’s representatives : MP, MLAs
• Political parties and leadership
• Expert Evaluation
• Policy experts, NGO, Academics, policy
institutions
• Specific Commissions : ex:
Administrative reform commission
• Media and opinion leaders

Methods of Policy • Counter Factual Method

evaluation • Business as usual vs business under
policy
• Measuring Results
• Output vs Outcome
• Efficiency vs Effectiveness
• Cost Benefit Analysis
• Ratio of cost and monetized
benefits(outcomes)

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 • Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
• Effectiveness (outcome) vs cost ratio
• Experimental Methods
• Observation on sample of target and non
target groups
• Statistical Surveys
• Sampling, questionnaire, interviews,
observations, secondary data
Challenges in • Vaguely Defined Problem
Evaluation of • Multiple goals/objectives
public Policy • Conflicting goal ;
• equity vs efficiency
• Measurement Issues
• Choice of criteria and metrics
• Limited time span, resource crunch, skill,
competency, value subjectivity
• Lack of Information and Data
• Bias and partisan
• Professional and personal bias, political
compulsions, partisan behaviour
Some landmark • Right to Information Act 2005
policies in recent • Right to Education (RTE) 2006
times • National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
(NREGA)-2006
• Demonetization- 2016
• GST- 2017
• Aadhar Act and Direct Benefit Transfer- 2016
• The Real Estate (Regulation and
Development) Act-RERA-2016
• Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana, 2014
• Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016
• Universal Health Care Policy: ‘Aayushman
Bharat’
• Free Electricity and water policy in New
Delhi

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 • Citizenship Amendment Act -2019
• Vaccination Policy for Covid-19

Main • Political Parties

Actors/Institutions • Top Leaders, Ideologues
in Policy Making • Prime Minister’s Office(PMO)
in India • PM and his advisors- Economic Advisory
Council to the Prime Minister, Security
Advisor, Advisor to PM
• Niti Ayog
• Ministry/Department/Agencies
• Minister and Secretary
• Cabinet
• Cabinet Secretariat and Cabinet Secretary
• Cabinet Committees: Appointments,
Economic Affairs, Parliamentary Affairs.
Political Affairs. Security. Investment and
Growth, Employment & Skill
Development, Accommodation
• Civil Society
• NGOs, mass leaders, public opinion,
People’s movement, interest & pressure
groups
• Legislatives: Parliament & its committee
• Judiciary: SC

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 FACT SHEET: GLOBAL JUSTICE

Sub-topic/theme Facts/Info
Meaning • Notion of global justice raises fundamental
questions on our responsibilities and rights as
world citizen, and the nature of relationship
among individual, societies, and states in
global arena
• Justice cannot be bounded by state boundaries,
neither it is the preserve of some privileged
people/culture/nation.
• widening of the scope of justice to the global
level, beyond the boundary of state
• In realm of international relation it means just
and fair distribution of global resources,
benefits and responsibilities, and equal status to
all nations

Cosmopolitanism • Cosmopolitanism is the idea that all human

beings are members of a single community
• the belief that all people are entitled to equal
rights and justice, no matter what their

160
 citizenship status or other affiliations, such as
nationalism, happen to be.
• Ideas of Cosmopolitanism and global justice
are related
Rawls’ • John Rawl, attempted to give a theory of
Conception of global justice through his book ‘Law of
Global Justice People’-1993
• Rawls proposed 8 principles and 3 institutions
which shall be agreed upon by rational liberal
and non-liberal but decent people at global
level. He also suggested limited assistance to
non-decent and burdened people to bring them
into world federation of people.
• But in pursuit of wider agreement and his
conviction about limited responsibilities
towards people of other nations, his law of
people have more critics than admirers.
• Rawls didn’t agree to expand his difference
principle at global level. This became the main
critique of his theory of global justice

Rawls’ Law of • By a “law of peoples”, Rawls means a

People “political conception of right and justice that
applies to the norms and principles of
international relation among people of the
world”
• 3 kinds of People: liberal, decent non-liberal,
outlaws and burdened people
Characteristics of Decent NON-LIBERAL people:
well-ordered hierarchical society
• Society must not be aggressive; It must
conduct its affairs in ways that are peaceful and
respectful of other societies.
• It must provide basic human rights- life,
liberty, property, right to formal equality- to all
its members.

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• Those who administer the law must believe
that the law incorporates a common good idea
of justice
• Must have a ‘decent consultation hierarchy’ in
which the interest of all members of the society
are taken into consideration
Rawls’s Law of people:
• 1st step: social contract among citizen of each
liberal society/people
• 2nd step: Agreement on 8 principles and 3
organizations among representatives of liberal
people in ‘original position’ and under the ‘veil
of ignorance’
• 3rd Step: Decent NON-LIBERAL people
would also accept the law of peoples – why?
• Because it would be rational choice
consistent with their commitments to be
well ordered decent people.
• 4th step: Decent people will help non-decent
non-liberal, burdened people develop into well-
ordered decent people and accepting Law of
People.
Rawl’s law of people: 8 principles, 3
organisation
Eight Principles governing ‘Law of Peoples’
1. Peoples (as organized by their governments)
are free and independent, and their freedom
and independence is to be respected by other
peoples.
2. Peoples are equal and parties to their own
agreements.
3. Peoples have the right of self-defence but no
right to war.
4. Peoples are to observe a duty of
nonintervention.
5. Peoples are to observe treaties and
undertakings.

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 6. Peoples are to observe certain specified
restrictions on the conduct of war (assumed to
be in self-defence).
7. Peoples are to honour human rights
8. Peoples have a duty to assist other peoples
living under unfavorable conditions that
prevent their having a just or decent political
and social regime.
Three global organizations
1.One for ensuring fair trade among people
2.Cooperative banking institution from which
people may borrow-
3.A confederation of people like UN

Theory of global Amartya Sen wrote ‘Idea of Justice( 2009)’ to

justice by explain his idea of Global Justice
Amartya Sen Non- contraction theory of justice
3 components
First: uses elements of social choice theory and
practical public reasoning to arrive at agreed
upon issues to realize justice at global level –
no need to search ideal order
Second: Instead of just rules and Institutional
fairness, focusses on how justice can be
realized for people across globe
Third: Instead of building ideal global
institutions, trying to realize justice by drawing
strength from multiple sources-Media, NGOs,
global movements, regional associations,
international treaties/conventions, global
leaders, UN and other international
organisations
So, instead of aiming for perfectly just order and
institution, we may attempt to reduce injustice and
advance justice by practical reasoning
Main Proponents Thomas Pogge

163
of Global Justice Charles Beitz
Martha Nusbaum
John Rawls
Amartya Sen
Henry Odera Oruka
Simon Caney

164
 FACT SHEET: NATIONALISM

Sub- Facts/Info
topic/theme
Meaning • Nationalism: identification with one's own nation
(national consciousness) and placing primary
emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests
as opposed to those of other nations
• Nationalism is a phenomenon which emerged in
the eighteenth century in western Europe and-then
spread during the 19th and 20th centuries to other
parts of the world.
• Nationalism has been the most potent ideology in
modern times for human Collectivity, more than
religion, cosmopolitanism, race, and ethnicity
• But Nationalism acquired negative connotation in
Europe due to its association with Fascism and
cause for two World wars
Definitions Nation: a large body of people united by common
descent, history, culture, or language, inhabiting a
particular country or territory.
"Psychological bond that ‘define’ a people and
differentiate them from others- subconscious
conviction of belonging to one community
"A nation is a historically constituted, stable
community of people, formed on the basis of
conman language, territory, economic life and
psychological make-up manifested in a common
culture".(Joseph Stalin)
Thus, nation is large group of people who have
same ( real or imagined) culture, food habits, dress,
way of life, worldview, past history, and future
aspiration. Normally people of a nation live in a
fixed geographical area for centuries.

165
 Benedict Anderson: who wrote ‘Imagined
Community(1983)’
Nation: a socially-constructed community,
imagined by the people who perceive themselves
as part of a group-
Thus, Anderson declares nation as imagined
community.

Ernest Gellner: who wrote ‘Nations and

Nationalism(1983)’
‘Nationalism is political principle that holds that
national and political units should be congruent.’

Anthony D. Smith: who wrote ‘Nationalism(1994)’

"an ideological movement for attaining and
maintaining autonomy, unity and identity on behalf
of a population deemed by some of its members to
constitute an actual or potential 'nation'”

Types of 2 main types: gradualist and nationalist

Nationalism- Gradualist:
Anthony D state sponsored patriotism
Smith Through colonization
Provincialism
Nationalist:
ethnic nationalism
territorial nationalism
State • Political institution having sovereignty over a
fixed territory, and population residing within that
territory, having an effective government, and
capacity to enter into relations with other states as
equal.
• Political community that successfully claims the
monopoly of the legitimate use of physical

166
 force(violence or coercion) within a given territory
(Weber)
• Kind of political subdivision of globe
• State is defined as having:( As per the Montevideo
Convention (1933)
• a defined territory and boarder
• a permanent population
• Sovereignty: both internal & external
• an effective government
• the capacity to enter into relations with other
states.

Nation vs • A state whose population considers themselves as

State a nation
• When territorial boundaries of a nation is same as
that of the state
• When a nation has its own state
• All modern states which are members of UN are
considered as Nation-state
• Emerged first in 19th & 20th Century Europe, when
Linguistic and Ethnic nations got their own state
• De-colonized states of Latin-America, Asia, and
Africa were also called nation-states
• In true sense, very few countries can be defined as
Nation-State

Nationalism Tagore
in thoughts • Tagore was totally against the ideology of
of modern nationalism
Indian • To him, nation( nation-state) is organized political
Political and economic union of people for mechanical
Thinkers purpose- power, material gain, competitive
advantage
• For Tagore, nationalism divides humanity and
restrict liberty and free thought

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 • He was true cosmopolitan
Gandhi
• To him, western nation-state was violent soulless
machine
• He was influenced by Mazzini’s nationalism in
Italy
• He countered militant nationalism, propounded by
Savarkar and Tilak, through his book Hind swaraj
(1909)
• But he differed from Tagore as Gandhiji was not
against Indian attaining political nationalism
Savarkar
• Seems to have followed western notion of Nation
• To him, Hindus are a nation, in all sense
• Hindu Rashtra(Nation)- Common Territorial
identity, Common Racial Identity( Jati),
Common Cultural Identity
• Believed in cultural nationalism, NOT religious
nationalism

Some other Partha Chatterjee in his book ‘The Nation and Its
Important Fragments(1993)’ criticized Benedict Anderson’s
info/facts Imagined Community

In his book Nationalist Thought and the Colonial

World: A Derivative Discourse; Partha Chatterjee gave
the concept of nationalism as derivative discourse in
post-colonial societies

Some other Important books on nationalism:

Nationalism – Five Roads to Modernity- Liah
Greenfeld
Liberal Nationalism and Its Critics- Gina
Gustavsson (Editor), David Miller (Editor)
The Cultural Defense of Nations- Liav Orgad
National Identity - Anthony D. Smith

168
The Invention of Tradition- Eric J. Hobsbawm
The Ethnic Origins of Nations: Anthony D. Smith
Nationalism and Modernism: Anthony D. Smith

Notes on Nationalism: George Orwell

Nationalism- Rabindranath Tagore
On Nationalism- Romila Thapar
Nationalism and the State- John Breuilly
Marxism and the National and Colonial Question-
Joseph Stalin
Why Nationalism- Yael Tamir

169
 FACT SHEET: CLIMATE CHANGE

Sub- Facts/Info
topic/theme
Meaning Climate change refers to long-term shifts in global
temperatures and weather patterns, in particular, a
change apparent from the mid to late 20th century
onwards and attributed largely to the increased levels of
atmospheric carbon dioxide produced by the burning of
fossil fuels.

Climate change in linked to global warming, which is

rise of atmospheric temperature due to increased
presence of Green House Gases (GHGs), such as, CO2,
Methane, Water vapour, Nitrous oxide, Fluorinated
Gases (HFCs, PFCs, SF6), etc.

These Green House Gases trap heat energy re-radiated

by earth, called the blanket effect, and don’t allow the
heat to escape to outer atmosphere. Due this green
house effects the earth’s atmosphere becomes warmer.
This is called global warming. Global warming causes
climate changes.
Main Green CO2, Methane(CH4), Water vapour, Nitrous oxide(
House gases N2O), ozone (O3), Fluorinated Gases (HFCs, PFCs,
SF6), etc
Rising CO2 • Pre-Industrial Era: 250 part per million Co2
level in Sources of Co2 balanced by Sink
atmosphere • Now, CO2 level rose to 412 ppm. Rising avg.
global temp by 1 ° C from pre-industrial level

Impact of Rise in sea level, melting of Polar Ice & Permafrost,

Global flooding, unusual rain patterns, coastal flooding,
warming and

170
Climate drought , desertification , pandemic, more severe and
Change frequent cyclones/storms, excess heat waves, etc.
Clean and Solar, Wind, Hydro, Green Hydrogen- they don’t
Green produce CO2
Energy
Sources
Sustainable Development ( socio-economic) which can be sustained
Development for ever without exhausting all the natural resources. It
denotes inter and intra-generational equity, global
justice in distribution and use of natural resources, and
sustainable living.
Major 5 June,1972: UN conference on the human
Environment environment at Stockholm Sweden- UNEP(United
and Climate Nations Environment Programme) was established
Change at Nairobi Kenya and ‘Principle 21’- sovereignty
treaties and over national resources vs responsibility for
Agreements transnational pollution of nations- was adopted.
5 June 1972: First World Environment Day
celebration started
1985-1987:
Brundtland Commission report-” Our
Common Future”, concept of ‘Sustainable
Development’ became mainstream discourse
in global economic management.
Vienna Convention- 1985: for protection of
the Ozone layer in Stratosphere
Montreal Protocol- 1987, to ban CFC which
caused Ozone hole, was signed.
1992:
UN conference on Environment &
Development (UNCED)-Rio Earth Summit
was held;
‘Agenda 21’: action plan to limit CHG
emissions.
UN Framework Convention on climate change
(UNFCCC); Commission on Sustainable
Development (CSD) set up. Yearly

171
 Conference of Parties (COP) signing
UNFCCC was planned.
CBDR-common but differentiated
responsibilities was adopted
Till date 26 COP held, last was in Glasgow,
UK
1997:
KYOTO Protocol: signed during 3rd COP
under UNFCCC in Kyoto, Japan.
binding targets for industrialized 41 countries
to cut greenhouse gas emissions (Avg 5.2 %)
from 1990 base during 2008-12
First and only legally binding targets for
reduction of CHGs
India and China were out of the legally
binding targets for reduction of CHGs
This was resented ( not liked) by USA and
western Europe

2002:
World Summit on sustainable development
(WSSD), Johannesburg;
Sustainable development red-defined as
interdependence of socio-economic
development and environmental protection.
2007
Bali CoP: ‘Road Map’ for Climate
Negotiations ; 2009 Copenhagen COP failed
to reach to agreement on Framework for
climate change mitigation beyond 2012
2015 : Paris Climate Accord (COP 21)
COP 21: Paris Climate Accord: New regime
on climate change efforts based on the concept
of Intended Nationally Determined
Contribution (INDC)- mandatory but self-
decided emission cut and other measures by
signing parties from 2020 till 2035 to meet the

172
 goal of limiting rise of atmospheric
temperature to within 2 degree compared to
pre-industrial levels.

Important 1st UN summit on Human Environment : Stockholm

facts/info Conference, 5 June, 1972
often asked Stockholm + 50 : Conference on Environment and
in PG ETs climate change at Stockholm, 5 June 2022 to
commemorate 50th anniversary of the Stockholm
Conference, 5 June, 1972
5 June 2022: 50th anniversary of the World
Environment Day
Sustainable development: the concept was given by
the Brundtland Commission, 1987
Famous books on Sustainable development:
Rachel Carson’s The Silent Spring (1962)
The Tragedy of the Commons (1968)- Garrett
Hardin
‘Limits to Growth’-1972 by the ‘Club of Rome,
UN report ‘Only One Earth’ at the Stockholm
Conference, 1972
Our Common Future (1987)- Brundtland
Commission
5 Global Commons : The high Seas, Deep Sea, The
atmosphere · Antarctica , The Outer Space.

1st legally binding targets for reduction of CHGs:

Kyoto Protocol( COP 3)- 1997
Temperature rise control target- Paris Climate Accord-
2015-below 2 degree ( from the pre-industrial time)
CBDR-common but differentiated responsibilities-
was adopted in Rio earth Summit- 1992
First UN agency in Africa- UNEP (United Nations
Environment Programme) in Nairobi, Kenya; set up in
1972
India’s NDC targets:

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 Reduction of emissions-intensity target of 33%–
35% by 2030 below 2005 levels;
To increase the share of non-fossil-based energy
resources to 40% of installed electric power
capacity by 2030
Last COP : COP 26 at Glasgow UK in 2021
Next COP: COP 27 at Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, in
2022
Note the difference between the Vianna convention
1985 on Ozone layer protection and the Montreal
protocol 1987 for banning CFCs for protecting Ozone
layer
Ozone layer is in Stratosphere ( in which planes fly)
Ozone Hole was noticed over the north pole during
1980s
Bhutan is the only carbon negative ( reduction in CO2
level) country in the world
India Aims to Become Carbon Neutral by 2070
Green Hydrogen are hydrogen fuel produced from
green and clean energy sources. India has launched
Green Hydrogen Mission
USA pulled out of Paris Climate Accord in 2017
Climate change Strategy: 1. Mitigation ( try to
minimise its impact) 2. Adaptation( try to live with it)
1988: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC): Data collection, report on Global
warming
IPCC received the Nobel Peace prize in 2007 ; USA’s
Vice-President Al Gore and IPCC’s R.K. Pachauri,
Chairman of IPCC received the prize

174
175
 FACT SHEET 1 : IR THEORIES
IR. 1A: REALISM: REALIST APPROCAH TO IR

Themes/components Facts/features
Core Themes National Interest defined in terms of Power
is the bases of IR and Global politics
Interest and power are signposts of politics
Statism: States are the main actors in IR
International state system is Anarchic-
absence of any world Govt. Each state is to
survive by self-help
No Idealism, universal morality,
benevolence, altruism in IR
Each nation can do anything to protect its
national interest, only limitation is the
relative power and capabilities
Politics is autonomous of universal moral
principles. Politics has its own rules of
morality.
Nations while protecting their national
interests are not bound by universal moral
precepts.
Features 3 ‘S’ : Statism, Survival, Self-Help
Statism: States are main actors of IR
Survival and Self-Help: International
state system is anarchic; hence self-help
is only way for survival of state
Great variation in relative powers of the
states
Balance of Power: In absence of world
govt for survival Power must be balanced
by power.
States are defined as rational actors,
pursuing their interests rather than being
agents of morality.

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 Interests rather than national morality
guides actions of states in global world
order.
State pursue goal of ‘security
maximization’ or ‘power maximization’
for its survival
Security Dilemma( coined by John Herz)
: lack of trust- each state increasing its
capabilities/power- end result heightened
tension, no increase in security
Classical Realism Hans Morgenthau is father of Classical
Realism
Gave 6 principles of Realism in his book
‘Politics among nation(1948)’
Based on human nature: competitive and
egoistic human nature as base of realist
approach
Behaviours of States matches human
behaviour
Interest and power are signposts of politics
Politics has its own standard of morality.
National interest, and Not national
morality, decides foreign policy
Other thinkers: Thucydides, Thomas
Hobbes, E.H. Carr, Arnold Wolfers
Neo Realism Propounded by Kenneth Waltz in his book
‘Theory of International Politics(1979)’
Instead of human nature its bases its theory
on Anarchic Structure of International state
system and great variation in relative
powers and capabilities of states.
Also called structural realism
States aim security, power is means to
attain security
Hence, States are security maximiser
Offensive Vs Offensive: State are power maximiser

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Defensive Neo States try to achieve security through
Realism domination and hegemony
John Mearsheimer-chief proponent
Defensive: States are security maximiser,
for them power is only means to achieve
security goal.
States maintain moderate and reserved
policies to attain security
Structural modifiers- security dilemma,
geography, elite beliefs and perceptions
Kenneth Waltz, Robert Jervis, John
Herz, Stephen Walt, Jack Snyder
Main Thinkers- Thucydides: Father of Realism;
Classical Realism His ’Melian dialogue’(on Peloponnesian
War- between Athens & Sparta) is regarded
as a classic realist account.
Machiavelli : His ‘Prince’ a classic in
Realism
Thomas Hobbes: His ‘Leviathan’ is realist
in approach
Hans Morgenthau: Father of IR; ‘Politics
Among Nations’ (1948)- gave 6 principles
of Classical Realism
Interest & Power Flag post/placard of
Politics
Interest defined in terms of power- bases
of IR
Politics separate from morality
E. H. Carr : ‘The Twenty Years' Crisis’
(1939)
Main Thinkers- Kenneth Waltz: Father of Neo-Realism
Neo-Realism wrote ‘Man, the State, and War’,( 1959)
‘Theory of International Politics’ (1979)-
this book gave birth to Neo-realism
John Mearsheimer: Offensive Neo-
realism; “The Tragedy of Great Power”

178
(2001)
Robert Kaplan: ‘’The Coming Anarchy
”(paper articles), Asia's Cauldron; pioneer
in system approach in IR
Robert Jervis : Perception and
Misperception in International Politics
Reinhold Niebuhr : Christian realism ;
‘Moral Man and Immoral Society’(1932),
‘Nature and destiny of Man’(19390

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 FACT SHEET IR 1.B: LIBERALISM: LIBERAL
APPROACH TO IR
Themes/components Facts/features
Core Themes Taking human nature as positive (rational,
co-operative, tolerant), it focusses more on
co-operation, interdependence,
international institutions, etc. in IR
National Interests are varied, multi-
dimensional, cannot be solely defined in
terms of power
States are main but not the sole actor
NGOs, MNCs, International Institutions,
cobweb of people/groups linked through
multiple channels of interactions
Free trade, free flow of capital,
modernisation, globalisation, democracy,
people to people contact and cooperation,
international regime and institutions, shall
bound/integrate nations towards
cooperation and interdependence
Vision of less conflictual and more
peaceful and progressive world joined by
common interests and bound by
interdependence and integration.
Features Liberalism and realism are two contending
mainstream theories in IR
Deals with ‘Low politics’ Issues-
Economic, Social, ecological,
technological (High politics- National
security, War, Diplomacy- dealt in by
realism)
Idealism- Belief in moral values,
cosmopolitanism, progress, peace,
Institutions
Closely linked to liberal democracy- free
market capitalist economy, Democratic

180
 welfare state- and Liberalisation,
Privatisation, Globalisation (LPG)
2 variations: Classical and Neo-Liberalism
Neo-liberalism has gone too close to neo-
realism in ideology
Neo Liberalism Less idealistic, more pragmatic
Primacy of state, power politics, anarchic
world order but belief in Institutions to
facilitate peace and cooperation
States are rational actor, seeking to
maximize their interests- which are varied-
in the anarchic world order
In cooperative venture, states are
concerned with absolute gains, not relative
gains, but concerned about cheating
State may shift loyalty and resources to
institutions if they are mutually beneficial
and fulfil interests of the state
Obstacle to cooperation: areas of no
common interest (zero sum game),
cheating- no compliance by others,
International regimes and institutions help
govern a competitive and anarchic world
system
Democratic peace Liberal belief that democracies often avoid
theory going to wars due to people’s pressure
Given first by Immanuel Kant (‘Perpetual
Peace’)
Democratic Peace Theory: Michael W.
Doyle
Complex Given by Robert Keohane and Joseph
Interdependence Nye
theory Multiple and layered channel of
interconnections: Inter-state, trans
governmental, and transnational

181
 Absence of Hierarchy among Issues:
overlapping issues- no primacy to
security/military issue
Minor role of Military force in resolving
conflicts in globalized world
It has become core principle of neo-
liberalism. It is half way between realism
and liberalism, between power politics and
cooperation, between high and low
politics.
Main Thinkers Classical:
Immanuel Kant: gave ‘Perpetual Peace’
Theory
Thomas Paine: wrote ‘Rights of
Man(1791)’
Jeremy Bentham: Father of
utilitarianism
Woodrow Wilson: 14 point - statement
of principles for peace
Neo-Liberalism
Democratic Peace; Security Community
Michael W. Doyle- ‘’Democratic
Peace’’, ‘’Liberalism and World
Politics’’
Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye:
Complex Interdependence Theory-
‘Power and Interdependence’
David Mitrany- Functional integration
theory-‘ The Functional Theory of
Politics(1975)’

182
 FACT SHEET IR 2: IMPORTANT IR BOOKS AND THEIR
AUTHOR(S)

Ideology Book( year) Author Theme

Realism Politics Among Hans 6 principles of
Nations: The Morgenthau classical realism
Struggle for Power
and Peace (1948)
Melian dialogue Thucydides War between
(about 400 BCE) Athens &
Sparta-
Peloponnesian
war
1.‘Theory of Kenneth Gave theory of
International Waltz Neo-realism
Politics’(1979)
2. Man, the State, Level of
and War Analysis

The Tragedy of John Offensive Neo-

Great Power Mearsheimer realism- states
Politics (2001) are power
maximisers;
conflict
between great
powers will
never see an
end
The Twenty E. H. Carr Realist account
years' Crisis (1939) of International-
war period
Moral Man and Reinhold Christian
Immoral Society Niebuhr realism
(1932)
Nature and destiny
of Man (1939)

183
1) The Robert 1) Theses on the
Coming Anarchy Kaplan state of current
(article,1994) world affairs in
2) Asia's the post-Cold
Cauldron (2014) War era
3) Monsoon: 2) Conflict among
The Indian Ocean nations in south
and the Future of China Sea
American Power 3) growing
(2010) importance of
the Indian
Ocean and its
perimeter states
as the new
geopolitical
center of the
developing
world
Perception and Robert political
Misperception in Jervis psychology:
International cognitive
Politics( 1976) psychology to
decision
making in IR-
The Art of Niccolò A realist
War(1521) Machiavelli account of
military history,
strategy, or
theory; in the
form of Socratic
dialogue
The Art of War(5th Sun Tzu ancient Chinese
Century BCE) military treatise
Leviathan (1651) Thomas Realist account
Hobbes of state of
nature, state,
sovereignty, a-

184
 moral and
value-free
international
system, etc.
System and Process Morton A. unit level
in International Kaplan analysis and
Politics (1957) system theory
in IR

Liberalism On the Law of War Hugo •Jus ad Bellum

and Peace(1625) Grotius (right to war)
•Jus in Bello
(rights in war)
•Rights of
Individuals
•Humanitarian
Intervention
•Freedom of the
Seas
Perpetual Immanuel Democratic
Peace (1795) Kant peace theory
14 point peace Woodrow Idealism in IR-
principle(1918) Wilson peace,
cooperation,
interdependence
After Hegemony: Robert Gave principles
Cooperation and Keohane of neo-
Discord in the liberalism in IR
World Political
Economy(1984)
Soft Power: The Joseph Nye Nye coined
Means To Success ‘soft power’ in
In World Politics( IR
2004)
Power and Keohane and Gave theory of
Interdependence- Nye complex
interdependence

185
 World Politics in Primary book of
Transition (1977) neo-liberalism
in IR
1.Liberal Peace: Michael W. Gave
Selected Essays ( Doyle democratic
2011) peace theory
2. ’Liberalism and
World Politics’’(
1986)
The Functional David Gave theory of
Theory of Politics Mitrany Functional
(1975) integration
International Stephen D. international
Regimes (1983) Krasner regime as
international
process and
collection of
rules, norms of
behaviour in IR
Diplomacy and Robert Gave Two-
Domestic Politics: Putnam Level Game
The Logic of Two- theory for
Level Games international
(1988) organisation
Taking Preferences Andrew Role of
Seriously: A Moravcsik domestic factors
Liberal Theory of in shaping
International international
Relations (1997) relations

Marxism Economic and Karl Marx Early Marx-

Philosophic Theory of
Manuscripts (1844) With Engels Alienation
The German materialistic
Ideology (1845),; With Engels conception of
published in 1932 history

186
The Manifesto of class struggle,
the Communist conflict in
Party (1848) capitalist
society, social
With Engles revolution "The
history of all
Das Kapital hitherto existing
(Capital)- 1967 society is the
history of class
struggles“
The Holy Dissection of
Family(1844) Capitalism, its
contradiction,
Other books by destructive
Marx: tendencies
The Poverty of a critique of the
Philosophy’ ; ‘The ‘Young
Eighteenth Hegelians’ and
Brumaire of Louis their thoughts
Bonaparte’ ;’The Note He wrote
Civil War in on class
France’ ; ‘the struggle, and
Grundrisse’; socio-political
‘Theories of history of
Surplus Value’ ;'the France.
critique of political
economy’, ‘The
Class Struggles in
France’, and ‘The
Critique of the
Gotha Program of
1875’

The Origin of the Critique of

Family, Private Frederick capitalist
Property and the Engels nuclear family
State (1884)

187
Socialism: Utopian
and Scientific
(1880)
World-Systems Gave ‘World
Analysis: An Immanuel System
Introduction (2004) Wallerstein Theory’- Core,
The Modern World- Semi-periphery,
System ( 1974) and Periphery
The Capitalist
World-Economy
(1979)

The Development Andre Gave the

of Gunder dependency
Underdevelopment Frank theory
(1966)
Capitalism and
Underdevelopment
in Latin America
(1967)
Unequal Samir Amin Unequal
development(1974) exchange
between the
‘Core’ and
‘periphery’
Amin coined
the term’
Eurocentrism’
‘Prison Notebooks’ Antonio Gave theory of
(1929-35) A Gramsci ‘cultural
Great and Terrible Hegemony’
World: The Pre-
Prison Letters,
1908-1926
The follies of critique of
globalisation Justin “realist” theory
Theory (2000) Rosenberg of IR ; provides

188
 The empire of civil a historical-
society (1994) materialist
approach to the
international
system
Production, power, Robert W. reciprocal
and world order Cox relationship
(1987) between power
Political economy and production
of a plural world Globalisation:
(2002) global civil
society, power
and knowledge
Beyond Realism Andrew Critical
and Marxism(1990) Linklater Theorist
‘The
Transformation of
Political
Community’ (1998)
Critical Theory and
World Politics
(2007)
One-Dimensional Herbert critique of both
Man (1964) Marcuse capitalism and
the Communist
society of the
Soviet Union
The Theory of Jürgen Criticism of
Communicative Habermas modernisation;
Action (1981) adaptation of
Talcott Parsons’
AGIL Paradigm
Feminism Gendering world J. Ann Feminist re-
politics (2001) Tickner formulation of 6
Gender in J. Ann Principles of
international Tickner Morgenthau
relations (1992)

189
Bananas, Beaches Cynthia Role of women
and Bases(1990) Enloe in IR as
plantation
sector workers,
diplomatic
wives, sex
workers on
military bases,
etc.
tackles themes
of tourism,
nationalism,
militarism,
consumerism,
diplomacy, and
domestic work.
‘Women and Wars’ Carol Cohn
(2013)
Gendering Global Laura Women’s issue
Conflict. Toward a Sjoberg in conflict &
Feminist Theory of war
War (2013)
Beyond the Band of Megan Busting the
Brothers (2015) MacKenzie myth of only
man capable of
military service
Just War Theory( Jean Bethke
1991) Elshtain
New Wine in Old
Bottles:
International
Politics and Ethical
Discourse (1998)
Women and
War(1995)
Feminist Christine
International Sylvester

190
 Relations: An
Unfinished
Journey(2001)
Feminist Marysia
International Zalewski
Relations:
'Exquisite
Corpse'(2013)
Feminism and Sandra
international Whitworth
relations (1994)

Social Social Theory of Alexander Propound

Constructivism International Wendt constructivist
Politics (1999) approach to the
study of
international
relations
World of our Nicholas Formative book
making ( 1989) Onuf on
constructivist
approach to IR
World Ordering: A Emanuel An
Social Theory of Adler evolutionary-
Cognitive constructivist
Evolution( 2019) social theory of
change and
stability of
international
social orders
A world of regions Peter J. Importance of
(2005) Katzenstein regions in post-
cold war global
politics.
National Interests Martha
in International Finnemore
Society (1996)

191
 Empire of Michael
Humanity: A Barnett
History of
Humanitarianism
(2011)
Security Emanuel a group of
Communities Adler andstates that enjoy
(1998) Michael relations of
Barnett dependable
expectations of
a peace.
The Security: A New Barry New
Copenhagen Framework for Buzan, Ole perspective on
School Analysis Wæver and non-military
Jaap de security
Wilde.
People, States and Barry Buzan
Fear: The National
Security Problem in
International
Relations (1983)

192
193
FACT SHEET IR 3.1: MAJOR COLD WAR EVENTS IN
CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER

Event Year Addl. Info/Features/Trivia

Truman 1947 US foreign policy towards containment of
Doctrine Communist expansion worldwide,
especially in 3rd world
“US would provide political, military and
economic assistance to all democratic
nations under threat from external or
internal authoritarian forces”
Called ‘containment’ policy
Berlin 1948-49 Blockade of West Berlin by USSR;
Blockade Western Allies organised the Berlin Airlift
to keep food and supplies flowing to West
Berlin
1st major crisis of the cold war
Korean War 1950- Korea was Japan’s colony; after defeat of
1953 Japan in WWII, it was divided into North
and South Korea along 38 degree latitude;
North-Communist; South: Capitalist
1950-53: War between north & south
Korea supported by USSR/China and USA
respectively
1st major war during the Cold war
The Suez 1956 Egypt nationalised the Suez Canal
Crisis This led to invasion of Egypt in late 1956
by Israel, followed by the United Kingdom
and France
Known as 2nd Arab-Israel war, after the 1st
war in 1948
Hungarian 1956 countrywide revolution against the USST
Revolution supported communist Government
Was suppressed by USSR

194
U-2 1960 USSR shot down U-2 reconnaissance plane
Incident of USA over its territory claiming it was
Spy plane
Resulted into diplomatic crisis and
cancelling the 1960 Paris Summit between
the WWII allied powers
Congo 1960-65 Civil war in Congo after it gained
Crisis independence from Belgium
Proxy war between USA and USSR; they
supported rival groups
Erection of 1961 Major diplomatic activities concerning the
the Berlin city of Berlin
Wall The ‘Iron Curtain’ manifested in form of
physical barrier ( the Berlin Wall) between
the ‘East’ and ‘West’
Bay of Pigs 1961 a failed attempt by the USA to topple the
Invasion Communist regime in Cuba by supporting
opposition groups (Cuban exiles)
This angered Cuban President Fidel Castro
and led to Cuban Missile Crisis
Colombo 1962 Indo-China War- peace attempt by 6 NAM
proposal countries who met at Colombo
Cuban 1962 Cuba became communist led by Fidel
Missile Castro in 1959. It allowed USSR to install
Crisis nuclear missiles facing USA
USA blocked sea access to Cuba,
heightened tension between the
superpowers
Sanity returned to both superpower and
war avoided
1st real possibility of nuclear war during
the cold war
IR theory of decision making used this as
case study- Graham Allison wrote ‘Essence
of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile
Crisis’

195
The 1955-75 Vietnam (Indochina) was French Colony.
Vietnam During WWII Japan took over Indochina;
War 1955: France leaves, new state of Vietnam
was divided into North & South along 17
degree Latitude ; North-Communist; South
: Capitalist
1965: USA sends massive land troops to
south Vietnam to fight Communist forces;
war lingers till 1975;
Communist won, Vietnam United as
communist nation; huge negative impact
on USA
This led to renewed cold war called ‘ New
Cold War’
The Prague 1968 a period of political liberalization and mass
Spring protest in the Czechoslovakia against the
dominance of USSR
Was suppressed by USSR but lasted for 8
months as people/civilian resisted
Finally the Velvet Revolution ( 1989) set
the country free from Soviet domination.
Arab-Israel 1967-73 Israel and Arab countries fought 5 wars;
Conflicts most intense were
• 1967: The Six-Day War ( 3rd Arab-
Israel war)
• 1973: The Yom Kippur War( Ramadan
War, or October War)- led to oil crisis, Camp
David Accords
Iranian 1979 Islamic revolution in Iran led by its
Revolution spiritual leader Ayatollah Khomeini
Iran overthrew the US supported Shah
dynasty and became an Islamic Republic
Since then, US has strained relation with
Iran
Afghanistan 1979- 89 1978: Communist coalition toppled the
Crisis centrist govt; USA helped the

196
 ‘Mujahideen’ opposing the communist
Govt.
USSR sent a large troop to protect the
communist regime; proxy war between
USSR and USA lingered for 10 years,
when in 1989 USSR pulled out of
Afghanistan
Fall of the 1989 9 November 1989: the wall dividing east
Berlin war and West Germany was broken- Germany
unified
Signalled end of the cold war
August August Coup by hardliner communist leaders
Coup in 1991 against Gorbachev; failed by street protest
USSR led by Boris Yeltsin
Dissolution December Gorbachev Resigned, USSR dissolved
of USSR 25, 1991

197
 FACT SHEET IR 3.2:
MAJOR GLOBAL EVENTS, EXCLUDING THE COLD WAR
EVENTS-TABLE 1
Event Year Addl. Info/Features/Trivia
Treaty of 1919 Formal treaty ending the WWI
Versailles It also sowed the seed of WWII by treating
Germany very harshly pricking its national
pride
Women's 1920, 19th Amendment of the US Constitution-
Suffrage USA granting voting rights to women after a long
struggle
New Zealand, in 1893, 1st country to give
voting rights to Women
Stalin Became 1924 Stalin’s doctrine: 1. Leninism 2. Socialism in
USSR chief single country
The Great 1929 Wall street, the US share market, crashed in
Depression October 1929 starting the
The New Deal 1933 Series of programs, public work projects,
financial reforms, and regulations enacted by
President Franklin D. Roosevelt to counter the
effects of the Great Depression
Berlin 1936 Played under the backdrop of Nazi Germany’s
Olympic idea of racial purity; Athlete Jesse Owens,
Games busted this racial myth by winning 4 gold
medals- Hitler watched
Annexation of 1938 Hitler, as part of theory of Lebensraum( nation
the need space to breath), annexed the Sudetenland
Sudetenland region of neighbouring Czechoslovakia; the
allied power just watching
WW II Begins 1939 1 September 1939- Hitler attacked Poland, the
allied powers declared war on Germany; WW
II begins
Molotov– 1939 A non-aggression pact between Hitler and the
Ribbentrop Stalin that enabled those two powers to
Pact partition Poland between them

198
 Obviously Hitler broke this pact two years
later
Operation 1941 June 22, 1941- Hitler launched attack on
Barbarossa Russia
Pearl Harbour 1941 Dec 7 , 1941- Japan did a massive air attack on
Bombing U.S. Navy ships parked at Pearl Harbour,
Hawaii, US military base in pacific ocean;
USA joined WWII
The D-Day- 1944 June 6, 1944- Codenamed Operation Neptune-
invasion of most crucial victory of the Allied forces which
Normandy captured Normandy, France- led to liberation
of France and victory of Allied powers in the
Western Fronts
Nuclear 1945 6 and 9 August, 1945- USA dropped Nuclear
Bombing on bomb ( named ‘Little Boy’ and ‘Fat Man’) on
Japan Hiroshima ( 6Aug- Little boy) and Nagasaki( 9
Aug- Fat Man)
End of WWII 1945 Sept 2, 1945- Japan surrenders, WWII ends
Truman 1947 US foreign policy of containment of
Doctrine Communism
Independence 1948
of Burma and
Ceylon (Sri
Lanka) from
Britain
The Marshall 1948 Official name ‘European Recovery Program’-
Plan USA giving aid of $13 billion to 16 Western
European countries to rebuild their economy
after WWII
Birth of Israel 1948 May 15, 1948
1st Arab-Israel War
Berlin 1948 24 June, 1948: USSR surrounding West Berlin,
Blockade air lift operation by USA and its western allies
Start of the Cold War
Apartheid 1948 Beginning of apartheid in South Africa.

199
Creation of 1949 30 member countries
NATO North Macedonia latest to Join in March 2020
Rise of 1949 1st Oct, 1949- Establishment of the People's
Communist Republic of China( PRC) under leadership of
China Mao Zedong; The Republic of China ( RoC)
led by Chiang Kai-shek relocates to Taiwan.
USSR goes 1949 2nd nuclear country, 3rd was UK, 4th France, 5th
Nuclear China

MAJOR GLOBAL EVENTS, EXCLUDING THE COLD WAR

EVENTS-TABLE 2
Event Year Addl. Info/Features/Trivia
First 1952 USA tested First Hydrogen Bomb- code-
Hydrogen named Mike,
Bomb Test
Bandung 1955 29 African Asian countries participated
Conference.
Warsaw Pact 1995 Easter Bloc counter to NATO; now dissolved
Pakistan’s 1956 Pakistan adopts its own Constitution
Constitution
Treaty of 1957 Treaty of Rome, which would eventually lead
Rome to the European Union
Sputnik 1 1957 Launch of Sputnik 1 by USSR and the
The Space age beginning of the Space Age.
Yuri Gagrin- 1st man to space- 1961; Valentina
Tereshkova 1st woman in space
Laika, the Dog, 1st animal in space
French Fifth 1958 French Fifth Republic established
Republic
Great Leap 1958 Mao Zedong launched Great Leap Forward-
Forward economic and social campaign as part of 2nd
Five year plan
Dalai Lama to 1959 Uprising in Tibet against China leads to the
India exile of the Dalai Lama to India

200
Beginning of 1959 1st Nov, 1959
the Vietnam
War
American 1960 Against racialism, equal civil rights to Blacks
Civil Rights
Movement
Sino-Soviet 1960 1950- Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship,
split. Alliance and Mutual Assistance
independence 1962 From France
of Algeria
Martin Luther 1963 Very famous speech on jobs and freedom
King Jr.
delivers "I
Have a
Dream"
speech
Assassination 1963 22 Nov, US president Kennedy assassinated
of John F.
Kennedy
Segregation 1964 Civil Rights Act abolishes segregation in the
ends in USA. USA.
Singapore 1965 separated from Malaysia to become an
gains independent and sovereign state.
independence
Cultural 1966 Mao Zedong launched Cultural Revolution-
Revolution in purging ( cleaning, removing) remnants of
China capitalist and traditional elements from
Chinese society
Six-Day War 1967 3rd Arab-Israel war
resulted in Israel occupying the Gaza Strip, the
Sinai Peninsula( from Egypt), the West Bank(
from Jordan) and the Golan Heights( from
Syria).
ASEAN 1967 Bangkok Declaration is the founding document
founded of ASEAN ; 10 members; Headquarter- Jakarta
Sino-Soviet 1969 near Manchuria

201
border conflict
Man on Moon 1969 20 July- under the Apollo Mission, Neil
Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin become the first
two humans on the moon.
Black 1970 known as the Jordanian Civil War- between
September Jordanian army under the leadership of King
Hussein, and the Palestine Liberation
Organisation (PLO), under the leadership of
Yasser Arafat
Munich 1972 17 Israeli Olympic team members( during the
massacre Munich Olympic- 1972) killed in terrorist act
by Black September terrorist organization
Oil crisis. 1973 Sharp rise in oil prices causing global energy
crisis
Break of Bretton Woods exchange System
Carnation 1974 Overthrow of authoritarian regime of Estado
Revolution Novo ; transition to Democracy
Operation 1976 a remarkable counter-terrorist hostage-rescue
Entebbe mission carried out by Israeli commandos at
Entebbe Airport in Uganda
Open Door 1978 economic policy reforms initiated by Deng
policy of Deng Xiaoping in 1978 to open China to foreign
Xiaoping businesses that wanted to invest in the country
Start of China becoming capitalist
Solidarity 1979 a broad anti-bureaucratic social movement in
movement. Poland, using methods of civil resistance to
advance the causes of workers' rights and
social change
Lech Wałęsa was the main leader of the
movement
Iran hostage 1979 Taking hostage of 52 US diplomats and
crisis citizens by the students supporting the Islamic
Revolution in Iran; they took over the U.S.
Embassy in Tehran
The crisis went for 444 days!

202
Iran–Iraq War. 1980
Operation 1981 a surprise airstrike conducted by the Israeli Air
Opera Force on an unfinished Iraqi nuclear reactor
near Baghdad
Falklands War. 1982 undeclared war between Argentina and the UK
over two British dependent territories in the
South Atlantic: the Falkland Islands ;
Israeli 1982
invasion of
Lebanon
Bombing of 1983 results in 63 deaths.
U.S. Embassy
in Beirut
Invasion of 1983 Grenada is an island nation in Caribbean sea
Grenada by
USA.
Bhopal Gas 1984 Leak of methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas from the
disaster. Pesticide plant of Union Carbide, killing
several thousands
Mikhail 1985 Mikhail Gorbachev becomes General Secretary
Gorbachev of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
Iran–Contra 1985 a political scandal in USA involving the sale of
affair arms to the Khomeini government of the
Islamic Republic of Iran
Challenger 1986 Space Shuttle Challenger breaks apart 73
disaster seconds into its flight, killing all seven crew
members aboard.
Major setback to NASA space programs
The Chernobyl 1986 nuclear accident in the Chernobyl Nuclear
disaster Power plant
Worst Nuclear accident
Perestroika 1988 Perestroika( economic restructuring) and
and Glasnost Glasnost( Political Openness) by Mikhail
Gorbachev

203
 Many consider them as Genie taken out of
Bottle by Gorbachev; led to fall of USSR
Tiananmen 1989 Chinese troops fired at student-led
Square demonstrations held in Tiananmen Square,
Massacre Beijing
US invasion of 1989
Panama
Gulf War 1990 Code name: Operation Desert Storm
Liberation of Kuwait, which was annexed by
Iraq by US -led coalition of 35 nations

German 1990 3 Oct, West and East Germany united

reunification.
Operation 1991 a secret Israeli military operation to airlift
Solomon Ethiopian Jews to Israel.
Yugoslav Wars 1991 Beginning of breakup of Yugoslavia-
Balkanisation
Velvet Divorce 1993 Peaceful breakup of Czechoslovakia into
Czech Republic and Slovakia.
World Trade 1993 Terrorist attack on the WTC, New York
Center
bombing.
EU was born 1993 1st Nov, 1993- European Union Becomes
Reality
Amazon.com 1994 By Jeff Bezos
is Born
Hong Kong 1997 Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong from
back to China the United Kingdom to China.
Hong Kong and Macau- Special
Administrative Region following “one country,
two systems" policy
Asian financial 1997 Impacted much of East Asia and Southeast
crisis Asia ; raised fears of a worldwide economic
meltdown
Google 1998 Google was founded by Larry Page and Sergey

204
founded Brin.
Euro 1999 The new currency of EU- Euro introduced
introduced
UN The 2000 To discuss role of UN in new millennium
Millennium UN MDG- 8 Millennium Development Goals-
Summit 2000-2015
9/11 2001 11 Sept, 2001- Al-Qaeda terrorist attacks on
USA
US-Iraq War 2003 Despite Hans Blix, the head on Un enquiry
commission finding no Nuclear or WMD in
Iraq USA attacks Iraq with its coalition of
willing
Facebook 2004 By Mark Zuckerberg
Founded
The iPhone 2007 Steve Jobs introduced iPhone, which changed
the mobile handset market
Sub-prime 2008 Engulfed almost entire globe
lending
Financial
crisis
Bin Laden 2011 At Abbottabad, Pakistan by US Navy SEAL
Killed
Russia Annex 2014 Russia annexed the Crimean Peninsula in the
Crimea Black Sea
USSR was expelled from G-8
Hong Kong 2019 Street protest in Hong Kong against possible
Protests dilution of ‘one country, two system’ policy
which gives some autonomy to the Hong Kong
The Pandemic 2020 COVID-19, the worst Pandemic engulfs the
globe, changing the very way human lived on
planet Earth
Russian 2022 February, 2022- Putin’s Russia invades
Attacks on Ukraine on pretext of self-defense as it
Ukraine apprehend Ukraine joining NATO
Ukraine’s President: Volodymyr Zelenskyy

205
Ukraine’s Capital: Kiev

206
 FACT SHEET IR 3.3:
IMPORTANT TREATIES, COVENANTS, AGREEMENTS
TABLE -1
Treaties Year Facts, Features, Impacts. Relevance

Thirty Years' 446/445 Signed between ancient Greek city-

Peace BCE states of Athens and Sparta
Ended the First Peloponnesian War
Magna Carta 1215 royal charter of rights agreed to by King
John of England
Granted certain rights to Feudal Lords
and Barons
Westphalia 1648 Ends the Thirty Years' War and the
Treaty Eighty Years' War, and gave the
Westphalian template of International
state system- Sovereignty, territorial
integrity, equality, non-interference in
domestic issues, etc.
The treaty is still very much relevant.
Treaty of Paris 1657 Established military alliance between
(1657) England and France against Spain.
There are many ‘treaty of Paris’ ;
included here only as arbit info
Treaty of 1707 Unites the Kingdoms of England and
Union Scotland to create the Kingdom of Great
Britain.
Peace of 1713 Ends the War of the Spanish Succession.
Utrecht
Treaty of 1765 Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II grants
Allahabad Diwani rights to the British East India
Company, India.
Start of British Colonial Rule in India
Treaty of 1776 Between the Peshwa of the Maratha and
Purandar the British East India Company, India.
Treaty of 1782 Between the Peshwa of the Maratha and

207
Salbai the British East India Company, India.
To end the first Anglo-Maratha War
Treaty of 1784 between Tipu Sultan and the British
Mangalore East India Company to end the Second
Anglo-Mysore War.
Treaty of 1792 between Tipu Sultan and the British
Seringapatam East India Company to end the third
Anglo-Mysore War.
Carnatic 1801 The Nawab of Arcot give away
Treaty territories in India to Great Britain for
two hundred rupees
Treaty of Paris 1815 After the end of Napoleonic Wars, the 5
of 1815 and great powers of Europe- Austria,
Congress of France, Prussia, Russia, and the United
Vianna Kingdom- entered into an agreement
This general consensus among great
power in Europe was called ‘the concert
of Europe ’which lasted till WW I
Treaty of 1816 between the East India Company and
Sugauli Nepal after the Anglo-Nepalese War of
1814–16
It fixed the boundary line of Nepal,
Treaty of 1842 peace treaty which ended the First
Nanking Opium War (1839–1842) between the
United Kingdom and China
Treaty of 1846 Ends the First Sikh War between Great
Lahore Britain and the Sikh Empire.
First Geneva 1864 Establishes rules for the humanitarian
Convention treatment of battlefield casualties.
Treaty of Bern 1874 Setting up the Universal Postal Union(
UPU), which became the second oldest
international organization
The oldest is International
Telecommunication Union(ITU), set up
in 1865

208
Treaty of 1879 Ends the first phase of the Second
Gandamak Anglo-Afghan War.
Triple 1882 Alliance between Germany, Austria-
Alliance Hungary and Italy.
(1882)
London 1900 Convention for the Preservation of Wild
Convention of Animals, Birds and Fish in Africa
1900 First international agreement on wildlife
conservation.
Treaty of 1905 Formally ended the 1904–1905 Russo-
Portsmouth Japanese War.
Japan defeated Russia, giving
confidence to many Asian colonial
nations
International 1912 The first international drug control
Opium treaty.
Convention
Treaty of 1918 Between Russia and the Central Powers;
Brest-Litovsk Russia pulls out of World War I.
Treaty of 1919 the most important of the peace treaties
Versailles that brought World War I to an end.
But it sowed the seed of WWII by
treating Germany very harshly
Also called treaty of Paris
Treaty of 1919 brought the Third Anglo-Afghan War to
Rawalpindi an end
United Kingdom recognizes
Afghanistan's independence
Treaty on the 1922 Birth of USSR
Creation of
the Union of
Soviet
Socialist
Republics
Treaty of 1926 Germany and the Soviet Union pledge
Berlin neutrality.

209
Kellogg– 1928 signed by Germany, France, and the
Briand Pact United States
or They pledged not to take recourse to
Pact of Paris war
These were series of treaties to avoid
WW II
Geneva 1929 Establishes rules for the treatment of
Convention on prisoners of war; predecessor of the
Prisoners of 1949 Third Geneva Convention.
War
Statute of 1931 Creates the British Commonwealth.
Westminster
Montevideo 1933 The Convention codifies the declarative
Convention theory of statehood as accepted as part
of customary international law
It also states rights & duties of states
Give 4 criteria to statehood: a permanent
population, a defined territory,
government, and capacity to enter into
relations with the other states
Munich 1938 Czechoslovakia Surrenders the
Agreement Sudetenland to Germany.
Molotov– 1939 Also known as Hitler–Stalin Pact, Nazi–
Ribbentrop Soviet Pact or Nazi–Soviet Alliance
Pact a non-aggression pact between Nazi
Germany and the Soviet Union
Of course this didn’t stop Hitler to
attack Russia
Pact of Steel 1939 a military and political alliance between
Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany
Tehran 1943 Top leaders of 3 allied powers met at
Conference Tehran , Iran after the Anglo-Soviet
invasion of Iran
the three leaders coordinated their
military strategy against Germany and
Japan and made a number of important

210
 decisions concerning the post World
War II era
Bretton 1944 creates IMF and World bank
Woods system Bretton woods exchange system for
global trade
The exchange system came to an end in
1973
Dumbarton 1944 also called the Washington
Oaks Conversations
Conference Idea of setting up the UN were
formulated and negotiated
Yalta 1945 Also known as the Crimea Conference
Conference Conference of the Victors, the allied
powers, to decide the post WWII world
Attended by U.S. President Franklin D.
Roosevelt, British Prime Minister
Winston Churchill and Soviet Premier
Joseph Stalin.
Potsdam 1945 Another conference of the allied power
Conference to plan the post-war peace
San Francisco 1945 UN set up
Conference 51 nations( Poland next day) signed the
UN charter on 26 June 1945
General 1947 a legal agreement between many
Agreement on countries, signed at Geneva in 1947,
Tariffs and whose overall purpose was to promote
Trade (GATT) international trade by reducing or
eliminating trade barriers such as tariffs
or quotas
On 1st January 1995, WTO started
functioning as new Avatar of GATT,
though GATT still exists
North Atlantic 1949 Also known as the Washington Treaty
Treaty NATO was set up
Treaty of 1949 Created the Council of Europe

211
London
Universal 1948 UDHR was proclaimed by the United
Declaration of Nations General Assembly in Paris on
Human Rights 10 December 1948
(UDHR)
Genocide 1948 Signed at Paris; Criminalizes genocide
Convention

212
 IMPORTANT TREATIES, COVENANTS, AGREEMENTS
TABLE -2

Treaties Year Facts, Features, Impacts. Relevance

Treaty of San 1951 Formally ends the war between the Allied
Francisco powers and Japan, ending the WWII
ANZUS 1951 collective security non-binding agreement
Treaty between Australia , New Zealand
separately, and the United States to co-
operate on military matters in the Pacific
Ocean region
Central Treaty 1955 Also known as the Baghdad Pact
Organization Military alliance between Iran, Iraq,
(CENTO) Pakistan, Turkey and the United Kingdom
formed in 1955 and dissolved in 1979.
Southeast Asia 1955 Formed in 1955 by the Manila Pact,
Treaty signed in 1954
Organization Members( 8): the United States, France,
(SEATO) Great Britain, New Zealand, Australia,
the Philippines, Thailand and Pakistan
Was dissolved in 1977
Note: Pakistan was member of both
CENTO and SEATO
Bandung 1955 Meeting of 29 newly independent Asian
Conference and African states, which took place in
1955 in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
It was precursor to the NAM Summit at
Belgrade- 1961
Warsaw Treaty 1955 Called the Warsaw Pact
Organization Established the military alliance of
communist Eastern Bloc under the
leadership of USSR
Was dissolved in 1991
Treaty of 1957 Established the European Economic

213
Rome Community.
International 1957 Established the International Atomic
Atomic Energy Agency( IAEA)
Energy Treaty IAEA promotes the peaceful use of
nuclear energy, and to inhibit its use for
any military purpose, including nuclear
weapons.
Indus Waters 1960 a water-distribution treaty between India
Treaty and Pakistan, mediated by the World
Bank
Pakistan got- Jhelum, Chenab, Indus
water
India got waters of Ravi, Beas, Satluj
Montevideo 1960 Establishes the Latin American Free
Treaty Trade Association.
Vienna 1961 International treaty on diplomatic
Convention on intercourse and the privileges and
Diplomatic immunities of diplomatic missions
Relations
International 1969 Elimination of racial discrimination, and
Convention on criminalize hate speech
the
Elimination of
All Forms of
Racial
Discrimination
(ICERD)
Montreal 1971 Convention for the Suppression of
Convention Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil
Aviation
Camp David 1978 signed by Egyptian President Anwar Sadat
Accords and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin
The accord led directly to the 1979
Egypt–Israel peace treaty.
Schengen 1985 Common VISA for European Community
Agreement member nations

214
Vienna 1969 International agreement regulating treaties
Convention on between states.
the Law of Known as the "treaty on treaties", it
Treaties establishes rules, procedures, and guidelines
for how international treaties are defined,
drafted, amended, interpreted, and generally
operated
Malta Summit 1989 Meeting between US President George Bush
and Soviet General Secretary Mikhail
Gorbachev during which they declared the
end of Cold war
Madrid 1991 a peace conference, held in Madrid and
Conference co-sponsored by US and USSR.
It was an attempt to revive the Israeli–
Palestinian peace process through
negotiations, involving also Arab
countries, including Jordan, Lebanon and
Syria.
Maastricht 1992 Foundational treaty to establish European
Treaty Union (EU)
Signed between the then-twelve member
states of the European Communities
Created the ‘Euro Zone’- new EU currency
Oslo Accord 1993 set up a framework that would lead to the
resolution of the ongoing Israeli–Palestinian
conflict.
It was the first face-to-face agreement
between the government of Israel and the
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO).
Established Palestinian interim self-
government,
North 1994 Free trade agreement between Canada, the
American Free United States of America, and Mexico
Trade NAFTA is now replaced by United States-
Agreement Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA),
(NAFTA) which entered into force on July 1, 2020

215
United 1994 Provides universal legal controls for the
Nations management of marine natural resources and
Convention on the control of pollution
the Law of the
Sea
(UNCLOS)
United 2000 non-binding UN pact to encourage
Nations businesses and firms worldwide to adopt
Global sustainable and socially responsible policies,
Compact and to report on their implementation
UNASUR 2008 created Union of South American Nations
Constitutive (UNASUR)
Treaty Signatories: twelve South American nations

216
FACT SHEET IR 3.4: ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL
TREATIES, CONVENTIONS, AGEERMENTS

Treaty Year Facts & Features

Antarctic 1959 Sets aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve,
Treaty establishes freedom of scientific investigation
and bans military activity on the continent
First arms control and environmental treaty
Outer Space 1967 Forbids the placing of nuclear weapons or any
Treaty other weapons of mass destruction on celestial
bodies and into outer space in general.
Stockholm 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human
Conference Environment
First UN summit on environment and
sustainable development
UNEP- United Nations Environment Programme
was set up in 1972
Montreal 1987 To protect the stratospheric Ozone hole, banned
Protocol used of CFC
It was the outcome of the 1985 Vienna
Convention for the Protection of the Ozone
Layer
Rio Earth 1992 Landmark agreement on sustainable
Summit development
to devise strategy for stabilizing CHG
(greenhouse gases) emissions at safe levels on
the basis of equity and in accordance with
‘common but differentiated responsibilities and
respective capabilities’
Agenda 21: Developed states should take the
lead, committing themselves to restoring
1990 levels of CHG emissions by the year
2000.

217
 UN framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC): framework for further action ;
bound signing parties/nations to continue
dialogue through Conference of Parties (CoP).
Since Rio summit, 26 CoP have been held till
date. All global negotiations and Climate
agreements are signed through the CoP
mechanism
Kyoto 1997 3rd CoP held at Kyoto, Japan
Protocol Set legally binding targets for developed nations
to limit or reduce their greenhouse gas emissions
to at least 5.2 per cent below their 1990 levels by
2012
Kyoto Protocol also established 3 innovative
market mechanisms for meeting emission
targets- Clean Dev Mechanism (CDM), Joint
implementation, Carbon
Bali 2007 It was Cop 13- 13th meeting of CoP to UNFCCC
Climate Roadmap for new Emission Reduction Regime
Change post Kyoto Protocol after 2012
Conference
Copenhagen 2009 CoP 15 of UNFCCC
Summit The Summit was to decide a new framework for
climate change mitigation beyond 2012
But no final agreement on the new Regime post
Kyoto
Paris 2015 CoP 21 under UNFCCC
Climate The agreement set goal to limit global warming
Agreement to well below 2 degree compared to pre-
industrial levels.
The agreement legally binds all parties to
communicate commitment, in terms nationally
determined contribution (NDC), to reduce their
CHG emissions in order to reach the goals of the
Paris Agreement.

218
 However, implementation of NDC itself is not
legally binding.
By 2020, all countries had to submit their
nationally determined contributions (NDCs) for
reducing CHG emission and other climate
change actions by 2035.
US, in 2020, become the first nation in the world
to formally withdraw from the Paris climate
agreement.
Glasgow 2021 CoP 26 under UNFCCC
Climate The latest CoP and Climate change conference
Change held in Glasgow-Nov, 2021
Conference

219
 FACT SHEET IR 3.5: ARMS CONTROL TREATIES

Treaty Year Facts & Features

Antarctic 1959 Sets aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve,
Treaty establishes freedom of scientific
investigation and bans military activity on
the continent
First arms control and environmental treaty
Partial Test 1963 Banned Nuclear Weapon Tests in the
Ban Treaty Atmosphere, in Outer Space and Under
(PTBT) Water
First nuclear arms control treaty
India signed and ratified the treaty
Anti-Ballistic 1972 Signed by USA and USSR
Missile Treaty Limits the use of anti-ballistic missile
(ABM) (ABM) systems
Non- 1968 Limits the spread of nuclear weapons
Proliferation through non-proliferation, disarmament, and
Treaty (NPT) the right to utilize nuclear technology for
peaceful purposes.
India has neither signed nor ratified
Israel and Pakistan also not signed
North Korea signed but came out of it in
2003
Biological 1972 effectively bans biological and toxin
Weapons weapons by prohibiting their development,
Convention production, acquisition, transfer, stockpiling
(BWC) and use
SALT 1972 bi-lateral nuclear arms limitation treaty
(Strategic between USA and USSR during the height
Arms of the cold-war
Reduction Signed by US president Richard Nixon and
Talks) Leonid Brezhnev, general secretary of USSR
This agreement set limits on the number of
strategic ballistic launchers of the US and

220
 USSR for a period of five years pending a
comprehensive agreement.
The agreement set target for reduction of
ICBM and SLBM (Inter-continental ballistic
and submarine-launched ballistic missile).
Threshold Test 1974 established a nuclear "threshold," by
Ban Treaty prohibiting nuclear tests of devices having a
yield exceeding 150 kilotons
SALT II 1979 Signed by US president Jimi Carter and
Leonid Brezhnev, general secretary of USSR
SALT II was not ratified due to the
deterioration of the relation between USA
and USSR following the Soviet intervention
in Afghanistan.
Moon Treaty 1979 The Agreement Governing the Activities of
States on the Moon and Other Celestial
Bodies as per the international law, including
the United Nations Charter.
INF Treaty 1987 Signed by USA and USSR
Eliminates nuclear and conventional ground-
launched ballistic and cruise missiles with
ranges of 500 to 5,500 kilometres
START 1991 bilateral treaty between the United States
(Strategic and the Soviet Union on the reduction and
Arms the limitation of strategic offensive arms
Reduction START resulted in the removal of about 80%
Treaty)- of all strategic nuclear weapons then in
START I and existence
Start II START 1 was followed by Start II ( signed
in 1993) and in 2010 it was renewed as
‘New START Treaty’ between USA and
Russia, extending deep reductions of
American and Soviet or Russian strategic
nuclear weapons through February 2026
START II banned the use of multiple
independently targetable re-entry vehicles

221
 (MIRVs) on intercontinental ballistic
missiles (ICBMs). Hence, it is often cited as
the De-MIRV-ing Agreement
Treaty on Open 1992 Signed in Helsinki, Finland
Skies Establishes a program of unarmed aerial
surveillance flights over the entire territory
of its participants.
Chemical 1993 Prohibition of the Development, Production,
Weapons Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons
Convention and on their Destruction
(CWC)
Comprehensive 1996 Bans nuclear weapons test explosions and
Nuclear-Test- any other nuclear explosions, for both
Ban Treaty civilian and military purposes, in all
(CTBT) environments.
India has not signed CTBT
yet to enter into force
Strategic 2002 Also known as treaty of Moscow,
Offensive Limits the nuclear arsenals of Russia and the
Reductions United States.
Treaty(SORT) was superseded in 2011 by the New START
treaty
Vienna 1990- series of agreements on confidence and
Document 2011 security-building measures between the
states of Europe
Arms Trade 2013 multilateral treaty that regulates the
Treaty international trade in conventional weapons
Wassenaar 1996 promoting transparency and greater
Arrangement responsibility in transfers and trades of
conventional arms and dual-use goods and
technologies
India is party to the agreement
Australia 1985 is a multilateral export control regime
Group( AG) (MECR)

222
 to help member countries to identify those
exports which need to be controlled so as not
to contribute to the spread of chemical and
biological weapons.
India Joined AG in 2018
Nuclear 1975 Voluntary association of 48 countries that are
Suppliers capable of exporting and transporting
Group (NSG) nuclear technology
Purpose of the NSG’s guidelines is to
prevent civilian nuclear material, equipment,
and technology from reaching countries that
might use it to construct nuclear weapons
India is Not a member of NSG
Treaty on the 2017 UN backed treaty of nuclear disarmament
Prohibition of first legally binding international
nuclear agreement to comprehensively prohibit
weapons nuclear weapons with the ultimate goal
(TPNW) being their total elimination.
But till date only about 50 nations have
signed the treaty. None of the 9 nuclear
nations, including India has signed the
treaty.
USA has openly opposed the treaty
calling its allies not to sign the treaty.

223
 FACT SHEET IR 3.6: CONVENTIONS ON HUMAN RIGHTS
Treaty Year Facts & Features
Universal Declaration 1948 UDHR was proclaimed by the United
of Human Rights Nations General Assembly in Paris on
(UDHR) 10 December 1948
International 1966 Signing parties commits to respect the
Covenant on Civil and civil and political rights of individuals,
Political Rights including the right to life, freedom of
(ICCPR) religion, freedom of speech, freedom
of assembly, electoral rights and rights
to due process and a fair trial.
China and Cuba have Not signed
ICCPR
International 1966 It commits the signing parties to work
Covenant on toward the granting of economic,
Economic, Social and social, and cultural rights (ESCR) to
Cultural Rights the individuals, including labour rights
(ICESCR) and the right to health, the right to
education, and the right to an adequate
standard of living.
International Bill of 1994 Name given to UN General Assembly
Human Rights Resolution 217
Includes UDHR, ICCPR, and ICESCR
Convention on the 1979 international bill of rights for women
Elimination of All to eliminate discrimination against
Forms of women and girls in all areas and
Discrimination promotes women's and girls' equal
against Women rights
(CEDAW)
Convention on the 1989 Protection of civil, political, economic,
Rights of the Child social, health and cultural rights of
(CRC) children

International 2003 Monitored by The Committee on

Convention on the Migrant Workers (CMW)
Protection of the

224
Rights of All Migrant
Workers and
Members of Their
Families (ICRMW)
International 2006 to prevent forced disappearance defined
Convention for the in international law, crimes against
Protection of All humanity.
Persons from
Enforced
Disappearance (CED)
Convention on the 2007 to promote, protect, and ensure the full
Rights of Persons enjoyment of human rights by persons
with Disabilities with disabilities and ensure that persons
(CRPD) with disabilities enjoy full equality
under the law.

225
226
 FACT SHEET-IR 4.1: UN: ESSENTIAL FACTS, GK,
TRIVIA

Information Facts & Features

Item
Formation Finalised in San Francisco Conference (April 25–June 26,
1945)
Dumbarton Oaks Conference in 1944- Finalisation of
basic principles
Yalta Conference: Those principles were re-affirmed
Inauguration 24 October, 1945
Day
Objectives maintaining international peace and security,
protecting human rights,
delivering humanitarian aid,
promoting sustainable development,
and upholding international law
Headquarter New York City
Nos. of 51
Founding 50 members signed the UN charter on June 26, 1945
Members Poland, the 51st founding member, signed in Oct, 1945
India is one of the founding member
Current 193 ; last member to join UN- South Sudan in 2011
members
6 organs or 1. the General Assembly- all members- equal votes
principal 2. the Security Council- 15, 5 permanent members have
organisations veto
3. the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
4. the Trusteeship Council; now dissolved
5. the International Court of Justice( ICJ)- at Hague
6. and the UN Secretariat, headed by UN secretary
General
UN UN special Agency Year Set Up/ Function
specialized Headquarter
agencies Current Head

227
UNESO Nov,1945/ ParisHelping improve
education
Director General
(DG): Msworldwide and to
Audrey Azoulay protecting
important
historical and
cultural sites
around the world.
Food and Oct, 1945/ Rome leads international
Agriculture DG: Qu Dongyu efforts to fight
Organization hunger. technical
(FAO) knowledge and
information to aid
development.
WHO (World 1948/ Geneva attainment by all
Health DG: Dr Tedros peoples of the
Organisation) Ghebreyesus highest possible
level of health.
Health: a state of
complete physical,
mental and social
well-being and not
merely the
absence of disease
or infirmity.
ILO 1919/ Geneva Promotes
DG: Guy Ryder international
labour rights by
formulating
international
standards on the
freedom to
associate,
collective
bargaining, the
abolition of forced
labour, and
equality of

228
 opportunity and
treatment.
UNIDO (United 1966/ Vienna promotes
Nations Industrial DG : Gerd industrial
Development Müller development for
Organization) poverty reduction,
inclusive
globalization and
environmental
sustainability.
ITU (International 1865 (Oldest)/ protect and
Telecommunicatio Geneva support everyone's
n Union) Secretary fundamental right
General- Dr to communicate,
Hamadoun Touré set global standard
for
telecommunicatio
n
UPU ( Universal 1874 ( set up by helps to ensure a
Postal Union) treaty of Bern; truly universal
2nd oldest) network of up-to-
DG: Masahiko date postal
Metoki services
IMO (International 1948/ London sets standards for
Maritime Secretary- the safety and
Organization) General- Kitack security of
Lim international
shipping
ICC (International Set up in 1998 permanent
Criminal Court) under the Rome international court
Statute with jurisdiction to
Headquarter: prosecute
Hague, individuals for the
Netherland international
President: Justice crimes of
Piotr Hofmański genocide, crimes
against humanity,
war crimes and the

229
 crime of
aggression

WMO (World 1950/Geneva promoting

Meteorological President: David international
Organization) Grimes cooperation on
atmospheric
science,
climatology,
hydrology and
geophysics
IMF(International 1944/Washington Exchange rate,
Monetary Fund) MD: Kristalina global economic
Georgieva development,
structural
adjustment
program, loan to
tide over Balance
of payment
World Bank Group 1944/ Funding
Washington development
President: David projects to both
Malpass Government and
NGOs for
education, energy,
health,
development

230
 IR 4.2 : UN FUNDS, PROGRAMS, RELATED
AGENCIES
Information Facts & Features
Item
UN Funds, UNDP Set up: 1965 United Nations
Programs, Headquarter: Development
related New York City Programme
agencies helping to eradicate
poverty, reduce
inequalities and
build resilience so
countries can sustain
progress to meet
SDG
UN-HABITAT Set up : 1975 To promote socially
Headquarter: and environmentally
Nairobi, Kenya sustainable human
settlements
development and the
achievement of
adequate shelter for
all.
UNICEF Set up: 1946 United Nations
Headquarter: International
New York City Children's
Emergency Fund
to save children’s
lives, to defend their
rights, and to help
them fulfil their
potential, from early
childhood through
adolescence
WFP Set up: 1961 World Food
Headquarter: Programme
Rome, Italy world’s largest
humanitarian agency
was awarded the
Nobel Peace Prize in

231
 2020.
UNFPA Set up: 1969 United Nations
Headquarter: Population Fund
New York City
UNHCR Set up: 1950 United Nations High
Headquarter: Commissioner for
Geneva Refugees
UN WOMEN Set up: 2010 gender equality and
Headquarter: the empowerment of
New York City women
IAEA Set up : 1957 Called "Atoms for
(International Headquarter: Peace" organization
Atomic Energy Vienna "Atoms for Peace"
Agency DG: Rafael was famous address
Mariano Grossi of US president
Related Agency Eisenhower
Aim: to promote the
safe, secure and
peaceful use of
nuclear technologies
WTO Set up: 1995 World Trade
Headquarter: Organisation
Geneva
IOM Set up: 1951 International
Headquarter: Organization for
Geneva Migration
UNFCCC Set up: 1992 United Nations
Headquarter: Framework
Bonn, Germany Convention on
Climate Change
Conference of
parties ( CoP) for
climate talks held
every year under
UNFCCC
UN Commission Set up: 1992 To oversee the
on Sustainable Headquarter: outcomes of the
Development New York City 1992 Rio Earth
(CSD) Summit on

232
 Sustainable
Development
UN Human Rights Set up: 2006 to promote and
Council Headquarter: protect human rights
Geneva around the world.
Office of the High Set up: 1993 to promote and
Commissioner for Headquarter: protect human rights
Human Rights Geneva that are guaranteed
(OHCHR) under international
law and stipulated in
the Universal
Declaration of
Human Rights
(UDHR) of 1948
Current António Guterres- Portuguese
Secretary
General
First Trygve Lie- Norwegian
Secretary
General
UN SDG SDG- Sustainable Development Goals- 17 key Goals for
entire humanity, adopted in 2015, for universal call to end
poverty, protect the planet, and ensure that by 2030 all
people enjoy peace and prosperity:
1. No Poverty, (2) Zero Hunger, (3) Good Health and
Well-being, (4) Quality Education, (5) Gender
Equality, (6) Clean Water and Sanitation, (7)
Affordable and Clean Energy, (8) Decent Work and
Economic Growth, (9) Industry, Innovation and
Infrastructure, (10) Reducing Inequality, (11)
Sustainable Cities and Communities, (12) Responsible
Consumption and Production, (13) Climate Action,
(14) Life Below Water, (15) Life On Land, (16) Peace,
Justice, and Strong Institutions, (17) Partnerships for
the Goals.
Also remember MDG (Millenium Development Goals)- 8
goals- 2000-2015
Trivia 1st Asian to become secretary General- U Thant of
Myanmar

233
 U Thant is also the longest serving UN secretary
General
1st South Asian to be elected as President of General
assembly- Vijaya Laxmi Pandit- India
1st Pakistani to be elected as President of General
assembly- Muhammad Zafarullah Khan
Current President of General assembly, Abdulla Shahid,
is from Maldives
1965: Numbers of security council members increased
to 15
NIEO: New International Economic Order- proposal by
‘South’ in UN under UNCTAD(United Nations
Conference on Trade and Development- 1964) and
during the 4th NAM summit at Algiris; rejected by
developed ‘North’
All the climate talks, called CoP, are done under
UNFCCC (United Nation framework convention on
climate change), which was framed during Rio earth
Summit-1992
G-77: at the UN is a loose coalition of developing
nations, designed to promote its members' collective
economic interests
Now China is 2nd biggest fund giving nation , after
USA, to UN

FACT SHEET IR 4.3: SOME ADDITIONAL TRIVIA RELATED TO UN

FAMOUS QUOTES/ENDEAVOURS

Info item UN Secretary Addl. Info/Trivia

General
Quote: Dag 2nd UN Sec
1.“The United Nations was not Hammarskjold Gen(1953-61)
created to take humanity to heaven, Swedish
but to save it from hell”

234
 Known for his
2. “Everything will be all right - you quotes/one liner
know when? When people, just
people, stop thinking of the United
Nations as a weird Picasso
abstraction and see it as a drawing
they made themselves. - Dag
Hammarskjold

Quote: “The one common undertaking Trygve Lie 1st UN Sec Gen
and universal instrument of the great (1946-53)
majority of the human race is the Book: ‘In the Cause
United Nations.” of Peace (1954)’
“State should be viewed as the Kofi Anan 7th UN Secretary
servant of its people and not vice General
versa” He was from Ghana
Wrote “We the
Peoples: A UN for
the Twenty-First
Century”
Agenda For Peace- 1995 Boutros 6th UN Sec Gen
Boutros-Ghali (1992-96)
From Egypt
It included
Preventive
diplomacy, peace
making peace-
keeping, and Post-
conflict Peace
building ( in this
order)

“Uniting for Peace" UN General The Resolution

Assembly states that in any
resolution- cases where the
377 A (1950) Security Council,
because of a lack of
unanimity among its
five permanent

235
 members (P5), fails
to act the GA will do
whatsoever possible,
by collective actions,
to maintain peace.
“Millennium Development Goals 8 global 8 MDGs: No
(MDGs)” development extreme poverty and
goals to be hunger, universal
achieved by primary education,
2015 fixed gender equality and
after the women
Millennium empowerment,
Summit of the reduce child
UN in 2000 mortality, improve
2000-2015 maternal health,
combat HIV/AIDS,
malaria, and other
diseases,
environmental
sustainability, global
partnership for
development
“SDG”- 2015-30 17 key Goals For sustainable
for entire development
humanity

236
FACT SHEET IR 4.3: UN CHARTER- CHAPTERS AND THEIR
CONTENTS

Chapter What it Addl. Info/Trivia

of UN contains
charter
Chapter Purposes and
I Principles-
Article 1-2
Chapter Membership
2 Article 3-5
Chapter UN Organs;
3 Article 7-8
Chapter The General UNGA- like Parliament of UN
4 Assembly; Much less powerful than UNSC
Article 10-22
Chapter The Security UNSC- like Government of UN
5 Council; 15 members- 5 permanent with Veto
Article 23-32 From 11 to 15 member- 1965

Chapter Pacific Peacekeeping force/mission- not

6 Settlement of mentioned in UN charter
Disputes ;
Article 33-38
Chapter Article 39-51; Using force to bring Peace
7 Action with Peacekeeping mission: called chapter six
Respect to and half ( why?)
Threats to the As it is in between chapter 6 (Pacific
Peace, Settlement of Disputes) and chapter 7 (
Breaches of the using force for peace)
Peace, and Acts
of Aggression
Chapter Article 52-54; Regional IGOs- such as ASEAN
8 Regional

237
 Arrangements
Chapter Article 55-60;
9 International
Economic and
Social
Cooperation
Chapter Article 61-72; ECOSOC- Economic and Social Council ,
10 The Economic one of the six principal organs of the UN,
and Social responsible for the direction and
Council coordination of the economic, social,
humanitarian, and cultural activities
carried out by the UN
Chapter Declaration
11 Regarding
Non-Self-
Governing
Territories
Chapter International
12 Trusteeship
System
Chapter The The Trusteeship Council, which was set
13 Trusteeship up under UN mandate system, was
Council dissolved in 1994, when Palau, the last of
the original 11 trust territories, gained its
independence.
Chapter Article 92-96; ICJ is the principal judicial organ of the
14 The United Nations
International Headquarter: Peace palace, Hague,
Court of Justice Netherland
(ICJ) ICC Also co-located
Chapter Article 97-101; UN secretary General Heads the UN
15 The Secretariat Secretariat
Chapter Article 102-
16 105;
Miscellaneous
Provisions

238
 regarding
International
Treaties
Chapter Article 106-
17 107;
Transitional
Security
Arrangements
Chapter Article 108- When adopted by a vote of two thirds of
18 109; the members of the General Assembly and
Amendments to ratified in accordance with their respective
UN charter constitutional processes by two thirds of
the Members of the United Nations,
including all the permanent members of
the Security Council.
Chapter Article 110- 50 members signed UN charter, at San
19 111; Francisco, 26 June 1945
Ratification and Poland Signed UN charter on 15 October
Signature 1945- 51 founding member
India is one of the Founding Members

239
 FACT SHEET IR 4.4: UN SECRETARY GENERALS

Name Country Period Addl. Info/Trivia

Trygve Lie Norway 1946 1st *Sec-Gen UN
1952 Wrote’ In the Cause of Peace’
Dag Sweden 1953- 2nd and perhaps most popular
Hammarskjöld 1961 Sec-Gen UN
Wrote ‘Markings( 1963)’
Famous for his Quotes on UN
U Thant Myanmar 1961- Longest serving UN Sec Gen
71 1st from Asia
Wrote ‘View from the UN’
Kurt Austria 1972- Wrote ‘In the Eye of the Storm’
Waldheim 81
Javier Pérez Peru 1982- Also was PM of Peru
de Cuéllar 91 Longest lived UN Sec-Gen
Wrote ‘Pilgrimage for Peace’
Boutros Egypt 1992- Oversaw breakup of Yugoslavia
Boutros-Ghali 96 and the Rwandan genocide
1st from Africa
Published ‘Agenda For Peace’ in
1995
Wrote ‘Unvanquished: A U.S.–
U.N. Saga’
Kofi Annan Ghana 1997- Won 2001 Nobel Peace Prize
2006 “We the Peoples: A UN for the
Twenty-First Century”
UN global compact and MDG
during his tenure
In September 2016, Annan was
appointed to lead a UN
commission to investigate the
Rohingya crisis in Myanmar

240
Ban Ki-moon South 2007- 2nd from Asia
Korea 2016 UN SDG
António Portugal 2017- Current UN Sec-Gen
Guterres
*Sec- Gen: Secretary General

241
 FACT SHEET IR 4.5: INDIA’S PARTICIPATION IN UN
PEACEKEEPING MISSION

Peace Keeping Mission Year Addl. Info

UN Peacekeeping in 1950- Operation Tomahawk by USA
Korean war 54 forces
Indo-China 1954– Indo China- Vietnam, Cambodia
70 and Laos
United Nations 1956–
Emergency Force 67
(UNEF) in Middle East
United Nations Operation 1960–
in the Congo ( ONUC) 64
United Nations 1992-
Transitional Authority in 1993
Cambodia
United Nations Operation 1992–
in 94
Mozambique(ONUMOZ)
United Nations Operation 1993–
in Somalia 94
United Nations 1994-
Assistance Mission for 96
Rwanda
Angola 1989- The United Nations Angola
1999 Verification Mission I (I
UNAVEM) was a peacekeeping
mission in Angola during the civil
war.
Sierra Leone 1999- United Nations Mission in Sierra
2001 Leone (UNAMSIL)
Ethiopia-Eritrea 2006– United Nations Mission in Ethiopia
08 and Eritrea (UNMEE)
Lebanon Since Currently ongoing UN

242
 1998 peacekeeping
Congo Since Ongoing- UN Stabilization
2005 Mission in the Democratic
Republic of the Congo or
MONUSCO
Golan Heights Since UN Disengagement Observer
2006 Force (UNDOF) is a United
Nations peacekeeping mission
tasked with maintaining the
ceasefire between Israel and Syria
in the aftermath of the 1973 Yom
Kippur War
Ivory Coast Since United Nations Operation in Côte
2004 d'Ivoire (UNOC)
Haiti Since United Nations Stabilisation
1997 Mission in Haiti
Liberia Since United Nations Mission in Liberia
2007

243
 FACT SHEET-IR 4.6 : WORLD BANK GROUP

Information Facts & Features

Item
Formation Was set up in 1944 along with IMF as outcome of
Bretton Woods agreement to provide concessional loan
to European countries for reconstruction post WWII
Objectives To provide concessional loan to European countries
for reconstruction post WWII
Since 1960s, it has changed and widened its role.
Now it provides long term low interest loans technical
assistance to both Government and Non-Government
developmental projects in middle-income or
creditworthy poorer nations in the areas of Health
care, education, energy, agriculture, water &
electricity, environmental protection, sustainable
development, etc.
It is further widening its role from project financing to
macro-economic management by broader "structural
adjustment” loans to Middle & low Income nations
Headquarter Washington, D.C.
It is group of World Bank Group Consists of:
5 1. International Bank for Reconstruction and
organisations Development (IBRD)- popularly called the World
Bank
2. International Development Agency (IDA)
3. International Finance Corporation (IFC)
4. and Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency
(MIGA)
5. The International Centre for Settlement of
Investment Disputes (ICSID)

Current 189
members
Current David R. Malpass- American economist

244
President
First MD Eugene Meyer
Trivia In addition to providing loans, the World Bank’s
assessment of a member government’s economic
performance significantly influences the
borrower’s access to other donor aid and private
capital
To position itself as “Knowledge Bank” where it
tried to position itself as the repository of
‘development expertise’.
Member nations of IMF automatically becomes its
members
Sources of funds: by selling World Bank bonds to
investors and Contributions from Members
voting rights proportionate to economic strength
(share of the Bank's capital stock held by the
member)
World Bank is technically an agency of the United
Nations system

245
 FACT SHEET-IR 4.7 : IMF: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY
FUND

Information Facts & Features

Item
Formation Finalised in The Bretton Woods Conference- 1944,
formally known as the United Nations Monetary and
Financial Conference, at the Mount Washington Hotel,
situated in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, USA
Inauguration 1944
Year
Objectives Initial: oversee the new monetary order that was
established by the Bretton Woods agreement
After collapse of Bretton Woods agreement: Reducing
global poverty, encouraging international trade, and
promoting financial stability and economic growth
Headquarter Washington, D.C.
Nos. of 44
Founding
Members
Current 190
members
Current MD Kristalina Georgieva- Bulgarian economist
First MD Dr. Camille Gutt
Trivia Gita Gopinath is the Chief Economist of IMF from
1 October 2018
IMF became infamous in 3rd world countries due
to its ‘Structural Adjustment’ program to help poor
countries tide the Forex crisis
Chief Institution through which L.P.G. guided by
the Washington consensus - was carried out in 2nd
& 3rd world countries
Member states contribute fixed quota proportion to
their economic strength and getting proportionate
voting rights

246
247
FACT SHEET-IR 4.8 : WTO: WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION

Information Facts & Features

Item
Formation Finalised in the Uruguay rounds of GATT in 1995,
which is UN forum for trade.
WTO is new Avatar of GATT (General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade ) which is a legal trade agreement
among many nations under UN conference on Trade
and Employment in 1947 at Geneva
Inauguration 1 January 1995
Day
Objectives Regulating and facilitating ‘free’ trade among
member nations and dispute resolution related to trade
Headquarter Geneva, Switzerland
Nos. of 23
Founding
Members
Current 164
members
Current MD Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala- Nigeria- 1st Women DG
First MD Peter Sutherland- Ireland
Important Doha Round, started in 2001 is the latest rounds
WTO rounds of of trade talks
talks Doha Development Agenda: to improve the
trading prospects of developing countries.
Stalemate of Doha Round on Agriculture and
subsidies
Trivia ITO (International Trade Organization) was to set
up along with IMF and World bank as outcome
of Bretton Woods conference in 1944; but due to
reluctance of USA, ITO never became reality.
India is the founding member of WTO
China joined WTO in 2001

248
trading territory (custom territory) may become
member- Hong Kong and Taiwan; EU is also a
member.
Each member has permanent mission or
representative at WTO headquarter at Geneva
One Member One Vote- Unlike IMF

249
 FACT SHEET IR 5.1: REGIONAL COOPERATION
ORGANISATIONS: ASIA
Regional Forum Facts & Features
ASEAN Association for South East Asian Nations
Established: •1967- Bangkok Declaration
10 Members: 5 founders- Indonesia, Malaysia,
the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand Plus
Brunei Darussalam, Vietnam, Lao PDR,
Myanmar (Burma) and Cambodia
Headquarter: at Jakarta, Indonesia
Current chairmanship: Cambodia
Latest ASEAN Summit: Oct, 2021 at Bandar
Seri Begawan, Brunei
SAARC South Asian Association for Regional
Cooperation
Set up: 8 December 1985 at Dhaka,
Bangladesh- SAARC charter signed
Members: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh,
Nepal, Bhutan, Maldives, Sri-Lanka
(Founders) plus Afghanistan (joined in 2007)
Headquarter: at Kathmandu, Nepal
Latest SARRC Summit: 18th at
Kathmandu- Nov, 2014
BIMSTEC Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral
Technical and Economic Cooperation
members of BIMSTEC: India, Sri-Lanka,
Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal (SAARC nations)
plus Myanmar and Thailand (non-SAARC
nations)
Called mini-SAARC, India investing in it as
an alternative to SAARC under its ‘Look east
Policy’
Headquarter: at Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Latest BIMSTEC Summit: 4th - Kathmandu,
Nepal August 2018

250
APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
Promotes free trade throughout the Asia-
Pacific region.
21 Members- USA, Canada, Russia, China,
Australia, New Zealand, Chile, Peru, Mexico,
Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and
7 ASEAN nations
It is backed by USA
More than 50% of World’s GDP
Headquarter : at Singapore
Latest APEC summit: Nov, 2021 chaired by
New Zealand, held virtually.
RCEP Regional Comprehensive Economic
Partnership
a free-trade agreement involving the ASEAN
Plus Six (excluding India)
It is backed by China
The RCEP is the first free trade agreement
between China, Japan, and South Korea, three
of the four largest economies in Asia.
RCEP is the world's largest trading bloc- $2.3
trillion trade potential in 2019
Headquarter: Hanoi, Vietnam
India backed out and didn’t join RCEP
BRICS Acronym coined for an association of five
major emerging national economies: Brazil,
Russia, India, China and South Africa
Formed in 2009, S. Africa joined next year
Headquarter: Shanghai, China
BRICS Development Bank: now called New
Development Bank
Latest BRICS Summit: Host- India, Sept,
2021- virtual
PECC Pacific Economic Cooperation Council
A network of member committees composed
of individuals and institutions dedicated to

251
 promoting cooperation across the Asia Pacific
region
23 members- many ASEAN members, China,
Japan, Korea, etc
Headquarter: Singapore
Shanghai Also called Shanghai Pact, is a Eurasian
Cooperation political, economic, and security alliance; set
Organisation up in 2003
(SCO) Members: 8: Shanghai Five- China,
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan
PLUS India, Pakistan, Uzbekistan
India, Pakistan Joined in 2017
The SCO is the largest regional organisation in
the world in terms of geographical coverage
and population, covering three-fifths of the
Eurasian continent and nearly half of the
human population.
Headquarter: Beijing, China
Latest SCO summit: Sept, 2021- virtual
Gulf Cooperation Members: Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar,
Council (GCC) Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates
All members are Monarchy
Founded 1981
Headquarter: Riyadh in Saudi Arabia.
Proposed to become "Gulf Union" with tighter
economic, political and military coordination.
OIC Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
founded in 1969, consisting of 57 member
states, mostly being Muslim-majority
countries
Objective:” the collective voice of the Muslim
world" and works to "safeguard and protect
the interests of the Muslim world in the spirit
of promoting international peace and
harmony"

252
 SAARC nations who are members of OIC:
Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Maldives
Headquarter: Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
The Indian Aims:
Ocean Rim Social development of Indian Ocean
Association Rim region.
(IORA) Enhancing security and protection
from piracy.
Trade facilitation.
Set up on 6 March 1997
Headquarters: Ebene, Mauritius
23 members- Australia, Bangladesh, the
Comoros, France, India, Indonesia, Iran,
Kenya, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives,
Mauritius, Mozambique, Oman, Seychelles,
Singapore, Somalia, South Africa, Sri Lanka,
Tanzania, Thailand, the United Arab Emirates,
Yemen
Collective Military alliance in Eurasia consisting of
Security Treaty Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia,
Organization Tajikistan and Uzbekistan
(CSTO) Headquarter: Moscow
Other BCIM: The Bangladesh–China–India–
Forum/economic Myanmar Forum for Regional Cooperation
corridors in Asia CPEC: China–Pakistan Economic Corridor
(CPEC)
BBIN: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal
(BBIN) initiative
CMEC: China-Myanmar Economic Corridor
(CMEC)
Asia IGO to include whole Asia and to integrate
Cooperation separte regional organisations- ASEAN,
Dialogue (ACD) SAARC, SCO, GCC, etc
Set up 2002
Members: 34 country- India, China, Indonesia,
and almost all Asian countries

253
 Headquarter : Kuwait
Mekong Ganga MGC was set up in 2000 at Vientiane, Laos to
Cooperation cooperate in the areas of tourism, culture,
(MGC) education, and transportation.
6 member countries- India, Thailand,
Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam

254
FACT SHEET IR 5.2: GLOBAL IGOs AND REGIONAL
ORGANISATIONS: OTHER THAN ASIA

Regional Facts & Features

Forum/IGO
G-7 An inter-governmental organisation (IGO) of
world’s largest and advanced economies and
wealthiest liberal democracies- Canada, France,
Germany, Italy, Japan, UK, and USA
Set up in 1973; 1st Summit- 1975
Headquarter: None! as it is not based on a treaty
and has no permanent secretariat or office
It was called G-8 from 1997 to 2014, when
Russia was also a member; after Russian
annexation of the Crimea, it was expelled from
the group
Also called ‘Library Group’
Latest G-7 Summit : June 2021 in Cornwall,
England
G-20 IGO comprising 19 countries and the European
Union (EU).
Composed of both industrialized and developing
nations- 90% GDP, 75-80& trade, 2/3rd
population, and half the land !
India, Brazil, Argentina, China, Indonesia, Saudi
Arabia, South Korea, South Africa- developing
nation and member of G-20
Set up in 1999
Headquarter: does not have a permanent
secretariat or Headquarters
Current President: Indonesia
Primary forum for international economic and
financial cooperation among developed &
developing world
Latest G-20 Summit: Oct, 2021- Rome, Italy

255
 Next planned at Bali, Indonesia in Oct, 2022
NAM Founded in Belgrade Yugoslavia in 1961 by
newly independent 3rd world countries
5 founding members- 1. Josip Broz Tito from
Yugoslavia 2. Jawaharlal Nehru from India · 3.
Gamal Abdel Nasser from Egypt 4. Sukarno
from Indonesia 5. Kwame Nkrumah from Ghana
Its Algiris Summit in 1973 led to demand of
NIEO- New International Economic Order
Latest Summit: October 25–26, 2019 in Baku,
Azerbaijan
Current Presidency: Azerbaijan, till 2022
G-77 Set up in 1964, at Geneva, by 77 developing
nations as an outcome of UNCTAD- United
Nations Conference on Trade and Development-
1964
UNCTAD itself is an IGO based at Geneva
Since then membership of G-77 increased to 134
Headquarter: same as UN Headquarter
Work for the economic interest of developing
nation, new economic order( NIEO), and
sustainable and equitable development
Latest Summit : 45TH Annual Meeting of
Ministers for Foreign Affairs – Nov, 2021, New
York
Present Chairmanship: Pakistan
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Set up: 1949
Security Alliance: mutual defence in response to
an attack by any external party.
Members: 30 (USA, UK, and other European
nations)
Recent members: Montenegro in 2017 and
Macedonia 2020.
Headquarter: at Brussels, Belgium

256
WARSAW officially the Treaty of Friendship,
PACT Cooperation and Mutual Assistance among
USSR and Eastern Bloc nations
Set up: 1955, Warsaw, Poland
Direct rival to NATO
Headquarter: at Moscow, USSR.
Was Dissolved in 1991
EU European Union
Set up: 1993 by the Maastricht treaty
Political and economic union of European
nations
27 Members- UK, France, Germany, and all
western/central/south plus few erstwhile Eastern
Bloc European nations.
North Macedonia- latest member to join EU –
march 2020
UK exited EU ( BREXIT)- on 31 January 2020
Headquarter: at Brussels, Belgium
Behave like supra-nation: Has European
Parliament, Common currency (Euro), common
VISA (Schengen Visa), Common Foreign and
Security Policy, common market
European Commission- its executive arm
EU is member (represented) of UN, WTO, G7,
G20
AU African Union
Replaced Organisation of African Unity
(OAU), set up in 1963
Set up : 2001 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
55 members: almost all African Nation
Headquarter: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Largest regional organisation in terms of
membership count
Latest Summit: 34th- February , 2021- virtual
NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement

257
 Set up 1994
Members: USA, Canada, Mexico
Headquarter: The NAFTA Secretariat is located
in separate national offices in Mexico City,
Ottawa and Washington
One of the largest trade blocs in the world by
GDP
NAFTA is now replaced by United States-
Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), which
entered into force on July 1, 2020
MERCOSUR Official name : Southern Common Market
South American trade bloc
Set up : by the Treaty of Asunción in 1991
Full members are Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay,
and Uruguay.
Venezuela is a full member but has been
suspended since 1 December 2016.
Associate countries are Bolivia, Chile, Colombia,
Ecuador, Guyana, Peru and Suriname
Headquarter: Montevideo, Uruguay.
UNASUR Union of South American Nations
Regional IGO of 12 South American countries
Headquarter: Quito, Ecuador
Set up in 2008
Almost defunct (non-working) as most of the
members have withdrawn
OAS Organization of American States
Set up 1948
35 Members: of both North and South America
Headquarter: Washington, USA
CIS Commonwealth of Independent States
Formed in 1991 by erstwhile republics under
USSR
9 members: 4 central Asian republics ( except
Turkmenistan which is associate member),

258
 Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Moldova, and
Russia
Headquarter: Minsk, Belarus
OPEC Organization of the Petroleum Exporting
Countries
Set up: 1960 in Baghdad
Members: 5 founders- Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi
Arabia, and Venezuela plus: 7 African nation(
Libya, Angola, Algeria, Gabon, Guinea, Nigeria,
Congo), UAE
Headquarter at Vienna, Austria
Cairns The Cairns Group is a coalition of 19 agricultural
Group exporting countries which account for more than
25 per cent of the world’s agricultural exports,
and one observer (Ukraine).
Set up in Cairns, Australia, in 1986
ANZUS The Australia, New Zealand, United States
Security Treaty
Collective security non-binding agreement
between Australia, New Zealand, and the United
States to co-operate on military matters in the
Pacific Ocean region
ANZUS was overshadowed in late 2021 by
AUKUS, a trilateral security pact between
Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United
States.
Now UNASUR: Union of South American Nations;
Dissolved or Set up: 2008 ; but by 2019 most members
Defunct withdrew
organisations SEATO: set up in 1954 by Southeast Asia
Collective Défense Treaty, or Manila Pact, as cold
war military alliance; was dissolved in 1977
CENTO: Central Treaty Organisation (CENTO),
originally known as the Baghdad Pact, a cold war
military alliance, set up in 1955, dissolved in
1979

259
Pakistan was member of both SEATO and
CENTO ; both the organisation was backed by
USA for its strategic interests in Asia.
WARSAW PACT: see above.
NAFTA- replaced by USMCA

260
 IR 6: INDIA’S FOREIGN POLICY

FACT SHEET IR 6.1: INDIA’S FOREIGN POLICY

INSTRUMENTS IN RECENT TIMES

Foreign Policy Year Facts & Features

Component
‘Extended 1998- India’s extended neighbourhood can be
Neighbourhood’ 2004 said to stretch from the Suez Canal to the
policy South China Sea.
This includes West Asia/the Gulf, Central
Asia, Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean
Region
Genuine NAM 1977- Policy of non-alignment, without fear or
79 leaning to one side or another
This was against the Policy of leaning
more towards USSR
Under Indian PM Morarji Desai
Indira Doctrine 1971- India’s security is coterminous with the
77 region and any interference of external
powers is taken as a threat to India’s
security.
‘Look East’ Policy 1991 Under PM Narsimha Rao
To develop political, economic and
security co-operation with countries in
Southeast Asia
To act as a counterweight to China in
Southeast Asia
More engagement with ASEAN
‘Act East’ Policy 2014 Under PM Narendra Modi
to promote economic cooperation, cultural
ties and develop a strategic relationship
with countries in the Asia-Pacific region
focus is being given to the development of
the North East region.

261
Gujral Doctrine 1996 Good relation with immediate neighbours,
in south Asia, by extending one way ( non-
reciprocal ) concessions
AIFTA 2009 ASEAN India Free Trade Agreement
The ASEAN-India Trade in Goods
Agreement was signed and entered into
force on 1 January 2010
‘Look West’ 2014 To engage more with Middle East and
Policy Gulf countries- politically, economically,
and culturally
Free Trade Agreements with Gulf
Cooperation Council(GCC)
Closer ties with OPEC (Organization of
the Petroleum Exporting Countries)
BIMS-TEC 1997 Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral
Technical and Economic Cooperation
5 SAARC nations- India, Bangladesh,
Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka Plus Myanmar
and Thailand
Secretariat is in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Referred to as the mini SAARC.
Due to political conflict between SAARC
members, India focussing on BIMS-TEC
2+2 Talks Top level bilateral talks of foreign and
defines minister of each country
India is holding 2+2 talks with USA
Japan, and Australia
QUAD 2007 Quadrilateral Security Dialogue
Strategic dialogue between the USA,
Japan, Australia and India
Started in 2007, on Japan’s initiative
Joint military exercises called ‘Exercise
Malabar’
Latest QUAD meeting: March 2022-
virtual
I2U2- Western 2022 Set up in July 2022 during the visit of US
Quad president to West Asia

262
 India, Israel, USA, UAE- members
FTA Free Trade Agreement
India signed FTA with Sr-Lanka and
ASEAN
CEPA Comprehensive Economic Partnership
Agreement
India signed CEPA with South Korea (
2009), Japan(2010), and UAE( 2022)

FACT SHEET IR 6.2: INDIA’S FRIENDSHIP AND STRATEGIC

TREATIES

Treaty Year Facts & Features

Indo-Bhutan 1949 Was extended by signing 2007 Treaty of
Treaty of Perpetual Peace and Friendship
Perpetual
Peace and
Friendship
Liaquat–Nehru 1950 Also called Delhi Pact
Pact bilateral treaty between India and Pakistan in
which refugees were allowed to return, abducted
women and looted property were to be returned,
forced conversions were unrecognized, and
minority rights were confirmed.
India-Nepal 1950 The treaty allows free movement of people and
Treaty of goods between the two nations and a close
Peace and relationship and collaboration on matters of
Friendship defense and foreign policy.
Indo–Soviet 1971 Signed in the backdrop of India-Pakistan conflict
Treaty of in 1971
Peace, Raised questions on India’s commitment to NAM
Friendship and
Cooperation
Shimla 1972 Signed in 1972 after the Bangladesh war
Agreement signed by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and
President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto of Pakistan on 2nd

263
 July 1972
Agreement to solve all issues by bilateral talks
without involving external agencies
India– 1972 Signed by the Prime Minister of India Indira
Bangladesh Gandhi and the Prime Minister of Bangladesh
Treaty of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.
Friendship,
Cooperation
and Peace
India 1974 Exchange of the landlocked territories
Bangladesh was revived in 2015; for this Indian Parliament
Land enacted 100th constitutional Amendment Act
Boundary 2015.
Agreement
India- Sri 1987 Signed in Colombo on 29 July 1987, between
Lanka Accord Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and Sri
Lankan President J. R. Jayewardene
It was to resolve the Sri Lankan Civil War by
enabling the 13th Amendment to the Constitution
of Sri Lanka and the Provincial Councils Act of
1987
India sent its Force- Indian Peace Keeping Force
(IPKF), which had to fight a bitter and tough
battle with LTTE
This failed accord became prime reason for loss
of life of Rajeev Gandhi
Lahore 1999 The Lahore Declaration was an agreement
Declaration between India and Pakistan to reduce the risk of
and Lahore accidental or unauthorized use of nuclear
Treaty weapons.
Signed at Lahore by Pakistani PM Nawaz Sharif
and Indian PM Atal Bihari Vajpayee after the
historic Lahore Summit
Before the Summit, Vajpayeeji rode the inaugural
Delhi–Lahore Bus service to reach Lahore from
Delhi.
But this bonhomie (friendly relation) lasted only
for a short time as soon afterwards Pakistan
forces entered into Kargil, which led to the

264
 outbreak of 1999 Indo-Pakistan Kargil War in
May 1999.
Lahore Bus service was suspended after 2001
Parliament attack.
Mahakali 1996 Agreement between India and Nepal regarding the
treaty development of watershed of Mahakali River

265
 FACT SHEET IR 6.3: INDIA’S FTAS AND ECONOMIC
PARTNERSHIP

FTA Agreement Year Signed with Addl. Info,

Features, Trivia
CEPA- South Korea- Most
Comprehensive 2009 Comprehensive
Economic Japan-2010 FTA
Partnership UAE-2022
Agreement
CECPA- 2021 Mauritius
Comprehensive
Economic
Cooperation and
Partnership
Agreement
CECA- Singapore
Comprehensive (2005) and
Economic Malaysia (2011)
Cooperation
Agreement
BECA: Basic 2020 USA
Exchange and
Cooperation
Agreement
India-Sri Lanka Free 1998 1st FTA of Sri-
Trade Agreement Lanka
(ISLFTA)
Asia Pacific Trade 1975 Previously An initiative under
Agreement (APTA) known as the the United Nations
Bangkok Economic and
Agreement Social Commission
Oldest for Asia and the
preferential trade Pacific (ESCAP)
agreement for trade expansion
between through exchange

266
 countries in the of tariff concessions
Asia-Pacific among developing
Members: country members of
Bangladesh, the Asia Pacific
China, India, Region.
Lao PDR,
Republic of
Korea and Sri
Lanka
ASEAN-India Free 2009 A free trade area among the ten
Trade Area (AIFTA) member states of the Association of
Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and
India

267
268
 FACT SHEET WPT 1: FACT SHEET: WESTERN
CLASSICAL THINKERS- AS PER CUET-PG SYLLABUS

Thinker Facts to remember

Plato Concepts Theory of Forms Forms or ideas are
(around essence and reality of
400-350 every observable
BC) object by our senses,
they are eternal and
unchangeable,
absolutely true
definitions of
concepts- nature of
being anything
What objects we see
in observable world
are copy or shadow of
their Form of the
intelligible world
Forms represent
true/real knowledge ,
can be known by
reason
Idea of the Good ‘Good’ is the supreme
form, all other ‘Forms’
subordinate to it
Idea of Good is like Sun,
in whose light all other
things made visible
Allegory of Cave Visible world- life in the
cave, in chains, in
shadow, not real
Vs.
Intelligible world- World
of sunlight outside the

269
 cave, the real world-
world of ideas/Forms
Theory of Justice Justice is doing one’s
own duty as per one’s
station of life
Each individual and
each class performing
its duties best to their
abilities/aptitude
without interfering in
other’s domain
Ideal State “State is individual writ
large”
“Statecraft is soul-
craft”
3 class- philosopher
kings, Auxiliary
(soldiers), producers
Open class system-
allotment of class on
the basis of education
and tests
Community of wives
& properties, no
family life and pvt
property to guardian
class (kings & soldiers)
Free, compulsory
education & training
Books Republic, Statesman, Laws, Timaeus
(dialogue)
Plato’s book chronology: A. Apology B.
Republic C. Statesman D. Laws
Books on The Open Society and its Enemies- Karl
Plato popper- critic
Plato Today- R.H.S. Crossman- critic
The Platonic Legend- W. Fite- critic

270
 Lectures on the Republic of Plato- R.L.
Nettleship- praise
The Man and His Work - A.E. Taylor-
praise
Other Plato was first to use Socratic dialectical
important method
facts Sabine said, “What Aristotle calls the ideal
state is always Plato’s second-best state”
He was idealist, romantic, and utopic
thinker
Was student of Socrates and teacher of
Aristotle
His school in Athens: The Academy

Aristotle Concepts Theory of Form World of being (ideas)

(384–322 and Causes and world of becoming
BC) (material world of our
senses) are one and
same
Reality can be
understood from our
senses, no need for
imagining any
other(intelligible) world
4 Causes- Formal,
Material, Efficient,
Final
Theory of Justice Justice is virtue, virtue
in action
Distributive justice-
justice as 'fairness’ in
distribution of income,
offices, rewards,
honours
based on the principle
of equity- proportional
and arithmetic equality

271
 Corrective or
rectifactory justice :
regulating the social or
ethical relationships
between the citizens -
simple reciprocity- do
with others what you
would do with yourself

Theory of State Historical theory of

origin of state
State in time: after
individual & family but
in essence state prior to
individual & family
State (Polis) represent
supreme moral and
ethical virtue of a
political community
State is required for
fulfilled and flourished
individual life
(Eudemonia)
Types of 6 types, based on rule
Constitution/Govt by whom, and whose
interest?
Rule by one- Monarchy
& tyranny
Rule by few-
Aristocracy &
Oligarchy
Rule by many- Polity &
democracy
Tyranny, Oligarchy, and
Democracy are unjust,
perverted forms of govt

272
 His choice-
combination of Polity
and Aristocracy
Revolution- cycle Cycle of change-
of change of Monarchy- tyranny-
Govt form aristocracy-oligarchy-
polity-democracy-
monarchy
Household/family Household -Husband,
wife, children, slave,
property
Low opinion about
Women:
inferior to men, an
incomplete defective
male!
has reason, but
without authority;
hence, she has to be
under command of
male!
Property & Unlike Plato, he
Wealth supported private
property & wealth but
with conditions
Slavery Slave- like household
property
Supported slavery but
with many conditions
Theory of Aristotle denied
Citizebship citizenship to
foreigners, slaves and
women and other
manual and menial
workers.
Who is Not a Citizen?

273
 mere residence in the
polis does not make a
persons a citizen-aliens
and slaves reside along
with citizens in the
same city.
Also right of suing and
being suied also doen
not make one ekigible
for citizenship
Merely descent from a
citizen also not
sufficient critiera for
citizenship.
a citizen is anyone who
is entitled to share in
deliberative or judicial
office.
Citizen posses Ethical
& Moral virtue
Citizen are those who
rule and are being ruled
Citizenship was a
public duty
Good Citizen- good
human being
Books Politics
Nicomachean Ethics
Metaphysics, Rhetoric
On the Soul
Other Student of Plato in his ‘Academy’;
important Teacher of young Alexander the Great of
facts Macedonia
Founded Lyceum -his own Academy
Master writer on Biology, Mechanics,
Astronomy, Logic, Economics, Politics,
Theology, rhetoric, Poetics

274
 Considered as true Scientist, ‘THE
Philosopher’, ‘First Teacher’, The Master
of Them That Know'
Father of Political Science, Political
Realism, founder of Historical and
Comparative methods, Constitutionalism,
and formal Logic
Machiavelli Concepts Statecraft- real- Supreme goal of the
(1469 – politic Prince (king)- to
1527) maintain the state-
safety & security
State- non-ethical
amoral entity, not
bound by conventional
morality
Political actions are to
be judged only by its
outcome- ‘end justifies
means’
Virtù- qualities "Flexible Disposition “,
required in the Pragmatism,
Prince/king Ruthlessness,
Cunningness,
Deceitfulness,
Boldness, courage, and
Shrewdness, and Will
power
Loin & Fox: combined
qualities of
strength/force and
Shrewdness
Mastery in power
politics
Judicious mix of
violence/cruelty and
benevolence

275
 Fear rather than Love
for political obligation
Pretentions: should
wear mask
Fortuna: Fate, Fortuna is a malevolent
Destiny and uncompromising
source of human
misery, pain, and
disaster.
Compared Fortuna with
fickle, tempestuous
(angry, violent)
women- like furious
river
Fortuna is enemy of
political order, the
ultimate threat to the
safety and security of
the state
A prince having Virtù
can respond to and
tame the Fortuna.
Republicanism Favoured Republic than
Monarchy as form of
Government
Republics more
flexible, public
spiritedness, better able
to achieve common
Good, and secure
freedom to
people/community
Good Republic His ideal was Ancient
Roman Republic
His Ideal Republic
Good Laws & good
Institution, Flexible

276
 Institutions, Mixed
Constitution: Monarchy
+Aristocracy+
Democracy, Public
Discourse, Active
contention (conflict)
between the people and
nobility, Armed people,
Encouraging
Immigration,
Inculcating Public
spiritedness, Civic
Virtue and Civic
Religion among the
citizen, Renewal or re-
invention of the
Republic every 10 year
Republicanism of USA
represent many of these
qualities.
Religion- Politics should be
Secularism separated from Religion
Instrumental view on
religion- in disciplining
people and help ruler
manipulate people’s
emotions
Criticized Christianity,
raised the Pagan( Pre-
Christian beliefs) civic
religions of ancient
societies such as Rome
kept silence on his
views on after life,
eternity of soul,
salvation,
Books ‘The prince’

277
 ‘The Discourses on Livy’- his idea of
Republicanism
Other Was a senior diplomat in Florence
important Republic after fall of Medici Monarchist
facts rule
Represents Italian Renaissance- humanism,
secularism, scientific reasoning
Called ‘child of his time’
Founder of modern political science,
modern conception of State, and Republic,
Father of political realism
Quotes on Teacher of Evil- Leo Straus
him the murderous Machiavelli -Shakespeare

Thomas Concepts Nature of Negative view of nature of

Hobbes Man man
(1588 – Bundle of matter in motion,
1679) motion creates emotions
Man guided by appetites,
desire, and passions
Self-preservation and glory-
chief appetites
Power is the means to satisfy
man’s desires
Happiness -continuous
progress of desire, restless
and perpetual desire for more
power
Competition, fear & suspicion
of others
State of Human life without any
Nature political order- no civil
society/Government
no limit to right of natural
liberty

278
 Private Judgment- each one
judge, jury, executioner
Unsatiable desire for power &
glory, competition, fear &
mistrust- war of ‘all against
all’
life of man, Solitary, Poor,
Nasty, Brutish, and Short
Social Agreement/covenant with one
Contract and all to form civil society
and state/Government
Transferred their rights, will,
and power to a 3rd party- the
sovereign- Leviathan
The Sovereign is Not party to
the contract
Power of the sovereign is
absolute, unlimited,
undivided, unalienable
People get peace, price- to
obey command of the
sovereign
The contract is valid only till
the sovereign is able to
maintain peace and security
Political As people get peace, they
Obligation should obey the laws &
commands of the sovereign
Grounds for No Political
Obligation-
to protect right of self-
preservation, to protect
family and honour, when
the sovereign is not able to
maintain peace and security
Books ‘De Cive’ (On the citizen), ‘De Corpore’
(On the Body) , ‘De Homine ‘ (liberating

279
 Man)
• ‘The Elements of Law’, ‘Natural and
Politic’
• ‘Leviathan’- his seminal creation- social
contract/sovereign
Other 1st modern thinker who gave secular basis
important of sovereignty, individual autonomy and
facts liberty, direct relation of individual to state,
social contract, scientific approach to
social arrangements
Grandfather of Liberalism and
individualism
Pioneer of realism in politics
First modern political scientist
first to modernize the tradition of Natural
Law
First modern thinker to give idea of
negative Liberty

John Locke Concepts Nature of Somewhat positive view of

(1632 – man man’s nature
1704) Man has God gifted sense
of reason
Able to self-govern and live
with others in peace
Seeks pleasure, avoid pain,
is self- interested but is
rational
State of Human life without any
Nature common superior authority
to judge between them
Not pre-political, pre-
social- can happen any
time- statelessness
Each individual is free,
equal and independent; but
bound by law of nature

280
 Private Judgment: Each one
is judge, jury and
executioner
Each individual possesses
natural right-liberty,
equality, life, property
State of general ‘peace,
goodwill, mutual assistance
and preservation’
But peace is fragile,
possibility of conflict
anytime
Social to remove the
Contract inconvenience of nature of
state and to better protect
their rights men enter into
contract with ‘one and all’
to set up sovereign
community by transferring
some of their rights
Political community, then
by majority set up the
Govt.- legislative and
executive;
legislative is supreme,
executive subordinate to
legislative
Govt/sovereign is not
absolute, is party to the
contract and bound by its
obligation to act for
common good
2 stage contract, 1st stage
by express consent of all,
2nd stage by majority vote
and tacit consent

281
Nature of The Government is also
Government party to the contract
Govt. is to follow natural
law, is not above law, not
absolute
Govt as trustee to the
community
Limited Government
The community is
permanent- Government
changeable anytime
Popular sovereignty-
sovereignty resides in
people, expressed by
majority of the
representatives.
Theory of property as ‘fruit of labour’
Property : persons own their own
Rights body and labour, when they
mix their labour with that
which is unowned it
becomes their property.
right to property includes
the rights to life, liberty
3 principles of property-no
wastage, sufficiency
condition, lobour restriction
duty of charity toward poor
and have nots
Govt has no right to take
property without the
consent of the property
owner
Political Consent is the basis
Obligation Tacit consent by
subsequent generations

282
 right to dissent against the
unjust law or any immoral
law
grounds of NO political
obligation:
government fails to
maintain peace and order,
protect natural rights,
protect them from
external aggression, act
arbitrarily and becomes
tyrannical.
Books ‘A Letter Concerning Toleration’ • ‘Two
Treatises of Government’ • ‘An Essay
Concerning Human Understanding ‘• ‘Some
Thoughts Concerning Education’
Other Spiritual father of European enlightenment
important Father of classical liberalism and
facts capitalism
Influenced both French and American
revolution and American declaration of
Independence

283
 FACT SHEET WPT 2: FACT SHEET: MODERN
WESTERN POLITICAL PHILOSOPHERS- AS PER
CUET-PG SYLLABUS
Thinker Facts to remember
Rousseau Concepts State of Isolated living of human
(1712-1778) nature without speech, language,
society, and private
property
Savage man- 2 innate
feeling- 1. self-love and
Pity for others
life was frugal, lazy,
contended, peaceful- ‘noble
savage’
Origin of Private property, division of
inequality labour, laws to protect
property rights.
Resourceful vs
resourceless- inequality
dimensions of inequality:
Wealth, rank, power,
personal merit
Impact of civilization corrupted ‘noble
civilization savage’ and de-based human
nature
Individualism State based on individual
and negative rights and negative freedom
liberty is immoral, unjust, and
inequal State
Social People as equal enter into
contract contract with others and
with all to form political
‘Community’ –Republic or
Body Politic
Individuals subsume their
power, rights, possessions,

284
 identity to the community,
become its indivisible part
They gain: common force
for protection, equal
citizenship, sovereignty,
civil liberty, moral freedom,
identity, forum for just &
moral act
The community and each of
its members are directed by
‘General Will’ – ‘sum of
real wills’- serve common
interest- common Good
By obeying laws flowing
from General Will, one gain
moral freedom
Features of Not a one-time event but a
his Social continuous process
Contract Popular Sovereignty:
cannot be delegated to
Government or
representatives
As citizen of the
community, one gets back
both Political and Personal
Liberty
General Will General will is ‘real will’ of
the community
Real will- guided by the
higher self
Actual will- guided by
lower self
Laws flowing from general
will – just, morally good,
liberating
Books ‘Social Contract’
‘Emile, or On Education’

285
 ‘The Confessions’- autobiography
Essays: ‘discourse on science and arts’ and
‘discourse on origin of inequality’
Article: ‘Discourse on political economy’
Other Philosophical father of French Revolution
important Favoured positive liberty, direct
facts democracy, self-government, unalienable
popular sovereignty
Against representative democracy
Romanticism and utopic ideas- like Plato

J.S.Mills Concepts Liberty Liberty and individual

(1806–73) autonomy -vital human
interests, propellor of
civilization
2 sources of threat:
State/govt and mass Society
( greater threat)
Harm principle- one is free
to act as per one’s will until
no one is harmed
Any unique, new
idea/thought should be
protected even if it is false
or partially true
Self-regarding vs other-
regarding Actions
Personal liberty expressed
through 'experiments in
living’ is everyone’s right
Minority Minority voice threated by
Rights state, mass society
In democracy, harmed by
Populism, Majoritarianism,
tyranny of Majority
To protect Minority rights:
PR electoral system, Plural

286
 voting, Second chamber of
parliament
His Added quality in estimation
principles of of pleasure
utility Higher vs lower pleasure
Higher pleasure-
pleasures “of the intellect,
of the feelings and
imagination, and of the
moral sentiments”
Lower Pleasure: physical
and sensual- men share
with animals
He made Bentham’s
classical utilitarianism more
moral, ethical but also
diluted its pureness.
Subjection of Women’s subjection by men
Women has its origin in physical
superiority of men
No logical or rational basis
of women’s subjection
Men & women equal in
moral goodness, virtue,
capabilities
Gender is social
construction, not natural
Utility loss: by stopping 50
% of human to flourish as
rational, equal being
Marriage- the chief
institution of Subjection
Women should get property,
custody, legal, and political
rights.
Liberal Referred himself as a
Socialism qualified socialist

287
 Supported worker’s
participation in
management, distribution of
profit between workers and
managers, decent wages to
workers, and worker’s
cooperatives.
Advocated distribution of
lands of big landlords to
landless tillers, diffusion of
wealth, laws for limit on
inheritance, inheritance and
wealth tax, labour unions,
and decent wages to
workers
supporter of cooperatives-
farmer’s cooperative,
consumer cooperative,
worker’s cooperatives.
Books A System of Logic (1843), Principles of
Political Economy (1848) • The essay On
Liberty (1859), Utilitarianism (1863) •
Considerations on Representative
Government (1861), • The Subjection of
Women (1869)- with his wife Harriet Taylor
Other Like his father, he worked for East India
important Company
facts His father, James Mill, was friend of
Jeremy Bentham
Was contemporary of Marx, who was
living in England, but did not have
interactions with him.
Considered as reluctant democrat, liberal
feminist, and qualified Socialist
Compared with Nietzsche for range of
intellectual thoughts

288
 Champion of Liberty, women, and minority
Rights.

Karl Marx Concepts Historical Material conditions of life

(1818 – Materialism determine
1883) consciousness/idea
Dialectical (inbuilt
contradiction) Conception
of matter/object/entity
History as stages of
different mode of material
production
Mode of production- Forces
of Production plus Relation
of Production
Each mode of production
brings its own
superstructure- polity,
culture, laws, media,
education
Alienation Alienation: a condition of
oppression, disaffection
arising from loss of control
over productive activity
4 Types of Alienation:
Alienation from product
of labour, Alienation from
the act of production,
Alienation from species-
being, Alienation of man
from man
Not only the worker but
capitalist class also face
alienation, but they cope up
better with wealth &
resources
Theory of Labour alone generate value

289
Surplus in any product;
labour Exchange value of the
labour power (purchased at
the market rate) is less than
the use value of that labour
put into the product
Surplus of use value of
labour over its exchange
value is retained by the
capitalist as profit, for
Marx, it is theft!
Conception Freedom in social
of Freedom production, which one joins
without any compulsion and
as equal
Freedom is regaining
human essence of social
creativity: Man producing
to realize essence of being
Human, act of self-
realization
Political vs Human
emancipation: political
freedom- superficial- part of
superstructure; true freedom
only freedom and equality
in base- mode of production
Theory of Change in mode of
Revolution production would be
brought by a social
revolution by the working
class
Social revolution is natural
Dialectic process-
contradiction within the
existing mode of production

290
 At a certain stage of
development in mode of
production the forces of
production come into
conflict with existing
relations of production
Then comes the period of
social revolution which
changes the ‘base’ which in
turn changes the
‘superstructure’
Theory of State is part of the society’s
State superstructure
State promote and protect
the interest of the dominant
class - state is the organ of
class dominance
“the executive of the
modern state is but a
committee for managing the
common affairs of the
whole bourgeoisie”
Relative autonomy of
state- state is not free to act
of its own
Books His main creations:
Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts
(1844)- Early Marx- Theory of Alienation
The German Ideology (1845), with
Engels- materialistic conception of history;
published only in 1932
The Manifesto of the Communist
Party(1848) : with Engels- class struggle,
conflict in capitalist society, social
revolution "The history of all hitherto
existing society is the history of class
struggles“

291
 Das Kapital( Capital)- 1967, later
volumes published by Engels after death of
Marx.- Dissection of Capitalism, its
contradiction, destructive tendencies
His other Books/creations:
‘The Poverty of Philosophy’ ; ‘The
Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte’
;’The Civil War in France’ ; ‘the
Grundrisse’; ‘Theories of Surplus Value’
;'the critique of political economy’, ‘The
Class Struggles in France’, ‘The Eighteenth
Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte’, ‘The Critique
of the Gotha Program of 1875’
Other Was from Germany, but lived in England in
Important exile
Facts Influenced by German Philosopher
Friedrich Hegel, Economists Adam Smith,
David Ricardo, Ludwig Feuerbach (a
young Hegelian)
Inverted Hegel’s dialectic idealism
Lifelong friendship and partnership with
Frederick Engels, a German Philosopher
settled in England.
Young vs matured Marx- The German
Ideology (1845) is the dividing line ; this
division was given by Loius Althussar

John Arguably the greatest political philosopher

Rawls(1921 of 20th Century
- 2002) He revivided the normative political theory
and social contract tradition with his
seminal creation ‘ Theory of Justice(1971)’
Rawls Theory of Justice as Fairness:
Assumptions and definitions:
Social contract: people come together,
leaving ‘state of nature’ to frame rules to
construct society

292
 Initial position: Beginning of a society
or political system when members of
society frame rules to govern social life
Veil of Ignorance: members of society
framing rules are ignorant of their status
and position in society
Rawlsian individual : Stripped down
abstract individual : free, and equal,
rational, self-interested but not egoist,
individualistic, autonomous but having
‘sense of justice’, and conservative risk
takers
3 principles of justice:
Equality Principle: Each person has an
equal right to the most extensive
liberties compatible with similar liberties
for all
Fair Equality of opportunity
principle: Social and economic
inequalities should be arranged so that
they are attached to offices and positions
open to all under conditions of fair
equality of opportunity.
Difference Principle: Social and
economic inequalities should be
arranged so that they are to the greatest
benefit of the least advantaged persons,
Lexical priority of Rawls’ 3 principles of
Justice:
1st priority- Equality of liberty principle;
2 priority Fair Equality of opportunity
principle and 3rd priority- the Difference
Principle
Other facts about Rawls’ Theory of
Justice:
Justice as first virtue of any social
arrangement

293
Society as system of mutual advantage
Concept of overlapping consensus
Based on the difference principle
Criticized by communitarians for
unincumbered self, individualism, and
undermining community
Criticized by Feminists for being biased
towards males; Rawlsian individuals
seems to be men, thinking on the
pradigm of male dominated society
Susan Miller Okin reformulated Rawls’
principle of Justice from the feminist
perspectives
Rawls ignored only one social contract
thinker- Hobbes- in his political thoughts
His theory of justice is end-state theory
as it suggests a particular distribution
pattern
Rawls gave rise to modern Liberalism
which supports welfare state,
progressive taxation, and distributive
justice

294
 FACT SHEET- WPT 3: WESTERN CLASSICAL
THINKERS- OUTSIDE SYLLABUS (IN VERY BRIEF)- IN
2 TABLES
TABLE 1
Thinker Important facts
Thomas Theological (religious) views on politics
Aquinas Gave 5 proof of ‘existence of God’
(1225-1274) Happiness is contemplation of God
God is source of reason, wisdom, virtue, and
happiness
But these virtues (reason, wisdom, etc) can be
acquired by anyone, in any culture, any religion
Gave theory of just war: ordered by legitimate
authority( the sovereign), just cause, to promote
good and to avoid evil
wrote several important commentaries on Aristotle's
works
Division of labour, individual autonomy, against
slavery
Monarchy best form of govt/Constitution
Book: Summa Theologica
Saint Italian philosopher, influenced the development of
Augustine Western philosophy and Western Christianity
(354 430) Wrote: The City of God, On Christian Doctrine,
and Confessions.
Doctrine of original sin: Man is by nature ‘sinful’,
as he is product of ‘original sin’(sin of Adam and
Eve). He cannot escape from Sin.
Just war theory: right conduct in war" (Jus In
Bello) and “justification to go to war" (Jus Ad
Bellum)
Cicero (106 – A Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher
43 BC) master of Latin prose- wrote many books on
Rhetoric

295
 Coined new Latin words- evidentia, humanitas,
qualitas, quantitas, and essentia
Gave concept of Rights based on law and custom
Wrote: ‘The Bogomils’, ‘De Re Publica (On the
Commonwealth)’ and ‘De Legibus (On the Laws)’
Cicero's writings are said to initiate the 14th-century
Italian Renaissance
He also influenced Enlightenment and its thinkers-
John Locke, David Hume, Montesquieu and
Edmund Burke
Epicurus Ancient Greek philosopher who founded
(341–270 BC) Epicureanism, a highly influential school of
philosophy
His Epicurean community inspired Karl Marx and
other socialist thinkers
His ideas also influenced Enlightenment movement
and its thinkers- John Locke, Thomas Jefferson,
Jeremy Bentham
‘The Garden’- his academy in Athens
Gave happiness((eudaimonia) formula- taraxia
(peace and freedom from fear) and aponia (the
absence of pain) – have good friends, seek peace and
calm inside, work for yourself and for pleasure
Gave secular basis of ethics and morality- be ethical
to be happy
Hugo Was a Dutch humanist, diplomat, lawyer, theologian
Grotius(1583 Laid the foundations for international law, based on
–1645) natural law
Books: ‘On the Law of War and Peace’ and ‘The
Free Seas’
Gave ‘just war’ theory; rationalism in IR
Contributed significantly to the evolution of the
notion of Rights- belonging to persons, as the
expression of an ability to act or as a means of
realizing something.

296
 Pioneer of the doctrine of ‘international society’-
idea of one society of state bound by laws and
mutual agreements
Hedley Bull (of English school of IR) called him
intellectual father of Westphalia Peace Treaty- 1648
Spinoza Dutch philosopher, considered one of the great
(1632 –1677) rationalists of 17th-century
One of the early thinkers of the Enlightenment
Gave modern conceptions of the self
Books: ‘the Ethics’; in this book he opposed
Descartes' philosophy of mind–body dualism
His Ethics: reality is perfection, highest virtue is the
intellectual love or knowledge of
God/Nature/Universe
3 types of knowledge—opinion, reason, intuition ;
intuitive knowledge provides the greatest
satisfaction of mind
Hegel said of him” You are either a Spinozist or not
a philosopher at all”
Marsilio of Important 14th-century Italian political thinker
Padua (1275 Book: Defensor Pacis (The Defender of Peace)-
– 1342) which supported separation of temporal power (
king) from spiritual power( church)
Hence, he is considered to have propounded
Medieval Secularism
Gaetano Gave Elite theory- all societies ruled by a numerical
Mosca (1858 minority, the political class.
– 1941) The political class- Elites- superior organizational
skills.
Circulation of Elites: constant competition between
elites, with one elite group replacing another
repeatedly over time
But his theory of political class is different in
arguments from ‘The Power Elite’ described by C.
Wright Mills.

297
 Mosca’s Elite theory is more liberal than Elite theory
of Vilfredo Pareto
Bosanquet English philosopher and political thinker
(1848 –1923) Student of T.H. Green, influenced by Hegel, Kant,
Rousseau, Plato; considered to be one of the most
Hegelian of the British Idealists
Proponent of “Absolute Idealism”
Synthesized German and English Liberalism
“state is the ethical idea”
Books:
The Philosophical Theory of The State (1899)
Psychology of the Moral Self (1904)
Vilfredo An Italian Economist, political scientist and
Pareto (1848 philosopher.
– 1923) Elite theory- Circulation of Elites- the ruling class
replaced by another ruling/aristocratic class through
revolution
Pareto optimality- an economic state where
resources cannot be reallocated to make one
individual better off without making at least one
individual worse off.
Many critics, like Karl Popper, called him Fascist
supporter- theoretician of totalitarianism
Hannah German-born American political thinker.
Arendt (1906 Power as co-creation in group by communication to
– 1975) realize public realm; power with (against power to
or power over)
Civic republicanism or civic Humanism- active
citizenship, civic engagement and collective
deliberation
Threat to human freedom from totalitarianism,
administrative bureaucracy
Nature of power and evil
Studied and compared American and French
Revolutions

298
 Book: The Origins of Totalitarianism(1951), The
Human Condition(1958), On Revolution (1963),
Crises of the Republic (1972)
CB Canadian political scientist of left (socialist)
Machpherson orientation
(1911–1987) "Possessive Individualism": individual as the sole
proprietor of his or her skills and owes nothing to
society for them
For him, Hobbes gave birth to the culture of
possessive individualism and Locke furthered it
Capitalism- negative freedom; supported positive
freedom
Extractive (power over other) vs Developmental
Power (creative freedom, ability to fulfil self-
appointed goals)
Book: The Political Theory of Possessive
Individualism: From Hobbes to Locke (1962); The
Life and Times of Liberal Democracy (1977); The
Real World of Democracy (1965)
Samuel P. "Clash of Civilizations"- future wars would be
Huntington fought not between countries, but between cultures
(1927 –2008) “Third wave of democratization”- beginning 1974
Other books: Political Order in Changing Societies
(1968), The Crisis of Democracy(1975)
Isaiah Berlin British social and political thinker and historian of
(1909 –1997) ideas.
"Two Concepts of Liberty"- negative freedom or
freedom from interference vs 'positive freedom', or
freedom as self-mastery
Positive liberty- slippery slope- may lead to
totalitarianism
“Three Critics of the Enlightenment:” analysed
counter-Enlightenment views
Value pluralism: moral values- equality, justice, etc.-
may clash, may be incompatible to each other, and
to different cultures.

299
 “The Hedgehog and the Fox”- 2 types of thinkers,
1st who see world with the lens of a single defining
idea; 2nd who draw on a wide variety of
experiences- Fox
Other Books: ‘Four Essays on Liberty’ ; ‘Concepts
and Categories: Philosophical Essays’; ‘Against the
Current: Essays in the History of Ideas’
Hegel (1770 – One of the greatest political philosophers of modern
1831) era; chief figure of German idealism.
Gave historical progression of idea (thesis, anti-
thesis, synthesis) through dialectical process
Marx turned upside down historical dialectical
thought of Hegel to give historical materialism
Absolute idealism: duality of mind-body and subject
and object are overcome
State:
Organic, historical and integrative theory of state
State is a super organism
It is the end in itself
Embodiment of highest order of Freedom and
Right
Only as a member of the state the individual has
objectivity, truth, and ethical life
“State is the march of God on Earth”
State subsumes family and civil society and
fulfils them
It is above any moral law as it is the creator of
morality
Civil Society: all-inclusive community within the
state; conception of organic society, in which
identity of individual and family is subsumed
Civil Society: Differentia between Family & State
Civil Society: Universal Egoism and System of
Needs
Family- Thesis; Civil Society- Anti-thesis; State-
Synthesis

300
 Book: ‘Elements of the Philosophy of Right’

Immanuel German political philosopher and one of the main

Kant (1724 – Enlightenment thinkers
1804) Doctrine of transcendental idealism: space and time
are mere "forms of intuition" which structure all
human experience
Categorical Imperative: reason/rationality as the
base of ethics & morality, universal moral principles
which guides us to begave ethically
Deontological Ethics- moral action only if the action
itself is right under a series of rules (means should
be ethical)
Perpetual peace (among nations): through universal
democracy and international cooperation
Books: ‘Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch’;
‘Critique of Pure Reason’; ‘Critique of Practical
Reason’

Nietzsche A German political philosopher, cultural critic,

(1844 –1900) composer, and poet
One of the greatest political thinker of 19th century
Post-modernist: critique of objective truth in favour
of perspectivism
Critique of religion and Christian morality
"Death of God"- Enlightenment, by excessively
focusing on science & reason, has killed God
Nihilism : negating knowledge, existence, and the
meaning of life; normlessness, valuelessness;
negating all established social norms
Will To Power: main driving force within human
Doctrine of eternal return: universe, energy, and
everything will recur in infinite cycle
Deep influence on political thoughts of
existentialism, postmodernism and post-
structuralism

301
Jean-Paul French Political Philosopher.
Sartre (1905 Main thinker of Existentialism (explores the
–1980) problem of human existence and centres on the lived
experience of the thinking, feeling, acting
individual.)
Also known proponent of phenomenology and
Marxism
Deep impact on critical theory and post-colonial
theory
Books: ‘Being and Nothingness’ and ‘Existentialism
Is a Humanism’
Awarded the 1964 Nobel Prize in Literature but
refused to accept that!

302
 TABLE 2: OTHER WESTERN THINKERS

Thinker Important facts

Mao Zedong Charismatic Chinese communist leader and thinker
or Mao Tse- Founded the Communist China (People’s Republic
tung(1893 – of China) in 1949
1976) His thoughts: communism in rural societies,
rejecting elitism, thought reform, indoctrination,
state as supreme educator, communalism, social
experimentation, militant nationalism
adopted communism to Asiatic form, took it to
rural areas, to agriculture labourer, linked it to
cultural revolution
Gave theory of Antagonistic vs non-antagonistic
contradictions
His Programs:
1934- Historic ‘Long March’
1956- The Hundred Flowers Campaign- ‘Let
hundred flowers blossom and hundred schools of
thought contend’(socio-political openness
program)
1958- The Great Leap Forward- economic
transformation of China
1966- Cultural Revolution- purging anti-
revolutionary elements from society
"Two Bombs, One Satellite" project; “Three-anti
and Five-anti Campaigns”
His Books
On Guerrilla Warfare-1937
On Contradiction-1937
On Protracted War (lectures)- 1938
On Practice- 1937
On People's Democratic Rule-1949
The Little Red Book ( his sayings)
Art of war

303
 His famous Quotes:
“Politics is war without blood, while war is politics
with blood.”
“Political power grows out of the barrel of the
gun...”
Three years of hard work : ten thousand years of
happiness.
A revolution is not a dinner party.
“An army of the people is invincible!”
“War can only be abolished through war, and in order
to get rid of the gun it is necessary to take up the
gun.”
“Communism is not love. Communism is a hammer
which we use to crush the enemy.”
“Historical experience is written in iron and blood.”
“The atom bomb is a paper tiger which the United
States reactionaries use to scare people. It looks
terrible, but in fact it isn't.”

Lenin (1870 – Bolshevik revolution leader, founder of Communist

1924) Russia & USSR
Revolution led by vanguard party (the Communist
party)
Democratic centralism, Imperialism as height of
capitalism
Worldwide network of revolutionary activities-
Comintern
Stalin coined the term ‘ Leninism’
Books: ‘The State and Revolution’ ; ‘Imperialism,
the Highest Stage of Capitalism’
Robert Dahl American political thinker of liberal & pluralist
thoughts
Pluralist theory of democracy- political competition
between interest groups
"Polyarchy": political power distributed in many
people

304
 One of chief proponents of “Behaviouralism”
One of the greatest theorists of Democracy
Gave the most famous definition of ‘Power’
Books: ‘A Preface to Democratic Theory’, ‘Who
Governs?’
Robert Influential American Libertarian Thinker
Nozick(1938 – Entitlement theory of Justice; procedural theory of
2002) Justice against Rawl’s theory of Justice based on
distributive Justice
Supporter of Minimal state, low taxation
“a distribution of goods is just if brought about by
free exchange among consenting adults from a just
starting position, even if large inequalities
subsequently emerge from the process”- his core
thought
Critic of John Locke’s ‘Mixing of labour’ theory of
property
Books: ‘Anarchy, State, and Utopia’; ‘a libertarian
answer to John Rawls' A Theory of Justice’

Friedrich Very Influential British Economist and Libertarian

Hayek (1899 – Thinker
1992) Intellectual father of Neo-liberal Capitalism
His thoughts influenced Margret Thatcher and
Reagon in bringing Neo-liberalism
Proponent of minimalist state; free market economy
Opposed ‘social justice’, ‘distributive justice’ as
unnatural and against human freedom
Book: ‘The Road to Serfdom’
T.H. Green English political thinker of social liberalism
(1836 –1882) tradition
British idealism movement – as a reaction against
the thinking of John Locke, David Hume, John
Stuart Mill, and other empiricists and utilitarian.
Hugely influenced by German idealism of Hegel
and Kant

305
 Ethics & morality in social life- moral philosophy:
reason is source of morality/ethics
State to provide conditions for best moral/ethical
conduct by individual
Book: ‘The Principles of Political Obligation’
Hobhouse British liberal political thinker and sociologist
(1864 –1929) Proponents of social liberalism- social democracy
‘wealth had a social dimension and was a collective
product’
Books: Liberalism (1911), Social Evolution and
Political Theory (1911), The Philosophical Theory
of the State (1918)

Benedict Anglo-Irish political scientist and historian- but

Anderson lived in USA
(1936 – 2015) Books: ‘Imagined Communities (1983)- famous
theorization of nationalism- nation as imagined
community
‘Print Capitalism’: role of print media in bring
capitalism and nationalism
Print capitalism also meant a culture in which
people were required to be socialized as part of a
literate culture- mainstream language/culture
He also theorized nationalism in Multi-ethnic
empires, and rise of nation-states after fall of
Empires post WWI

Karl Popper Austrian-British political thinker

(1902 –1994) ‘Scientific theories are those which can be falsified
by experiments’
Supporter of liberal democracy and criticism of
social injustice and ailments
Supporter of flourishing ‘open society’- moral
universalism
His targets : Plato, Marx, Hegel (Enemy of open
society)

306
 Preferred Piecemeal social engineering over
Utopian social engineering
Attempted to reconcile classical liberalism, social
democracy, and conservatism
Critic of Plato, Marx, Rousseau- all those who
idealized closed society
Books: ‘The Open Society and Its Enemies’; ‘The
Two Fundamental Problems of the Theory of
Knowledge’
Edmund Irish statesman, economist, and political
Burke (1729 – philosopher
1797) A noted Conservative- founder of British modern
conservatism
Opposed French Revolution: ‘Reflections on the
Revolution in France’- Revolution was destroying
the fabric of good society and traditional institutions
of state and society
Was instrumental in impeachment of Warren
Hastings, Governor-General of India

David Hume Scottish Enlightenment philosopher

(1711 1776) Philosophical empiricism- knowledge only from
sensory experience
Philosophical skepticism :question the possibility of
knowledge
Naturalism: all enquiry from the method of natural
science
Feelings/emotions/experience over reason: “Reason
is, and ought only to be the slave of the passions”
“Ethics based on emotion or sentiment rather than
abstract moral principle”
“Statement of fact alone can never give rise to a
normative conclusion of what ought to be done”- is-
ought problem
Influenced utilitarianism, logical positivism, the
philosophy of science

307
 Books: ‘A Treatise of Human Nature’
Jeremy English political philosopher
Bentham Founder of modern utilitarianism- Greatest
(1747 – 1832) Happiness principle- moral actions are those which
brings greatest happiness to greatest number
Supported legal rights; called natural law and
natural rights as “nonsense upon stilts"
His famous students- J.S. Mill, Robert Owen
Books: ‘A fragment on government’(1776); "Essay
on Political Tactics"(1791)

Wittgenstein Austrian-British philosopher

(1889 –1951) Considered by some to be the greatest philosopher
of the 20th century
Attempted to identify the relationship between
language and reality and to define the limits of
science
Wrote ‘Tractatus’ in which he gave Logical
positivism- as influencer of Vianna Circle of
philosophers
Schumpeter An Austrian political economist, who taught in
(1883 –1950) Harvard University, USA
Wrote ‘Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy’ –
critique of classical democracy
Negative view of democracy: “democracy is the
mechanism for competition between leaders, much
like a market structure”
“Participatory role for individuals in representative
democracy is usually severely limited”
Minimalist definition of democracy “as the
method by which people elect representatives in
competitive elections to carry out their will”
Criticized, by Robert Dahl and others, for such
negative & elitist view of democracy.
Seymour An American sociologist and political thinker
Martin (political sociology)

308
Lipset(1922 Studied democracy in comparative perspective
-2006) Books: ‘Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics
(1960)’; ‘Party Systems and Voter Alignments(
1967)’ with Stein Rokkan
Harold American political scientist and communications
Lasswell theorist.
(1902 – 1978) Father of Policy Science- gave 7 stage Policy Cycle
concept
Defined democracy as ‘Who Gets What, When,
and How”
5 question model of communication: "Who (says)
What (to) Whom (in) What Channel (with) What
Effect"
"Garrison State"- a political-military elite
composed of "specialists in violence" in a modern
state
One of the main contributor to the ‘Behavioural
Revolution’ in 1950s
Founder of Political Psychology
Content analysis methods- to dissect propaganda
messages and newspaper editorials

Ronald An American political thinker of liberal tradition

Dworkin Gave ‘Equality of Resources’ in his book
(1931 –2013 ‘Sovereign Virtue’
“every person is entitled to equal concern and
respect in the design of the structure of society”
“Luck Egalitarianism”- Luck should not make well-
off or poor
Liberty- ‘Do Values Conflict?’- liberty and equality
do not necessarily conflict. ‘Liberty is only liberty
to do whatever we wish so long as we do not
infringe upon the rights of others.’
Criticized Isaiah Berlin's conception of liberty as
"flat"
Michael Prominent American political thinker of

309
Walzer (born Communitarian ideology
1935) Gave ‘Complex equality’ in book ’Spheres of
Justice’
Communitarian critique of liberalism- with Alasdair
MacIntyre and Michael Sandel
‘Just and Unjust Wars (1977)’- ethics in wartime
‘On Toleration’- toleration in various settings,
including multinational empires
Gerald Cohen Canadian political philosopher of Marxist ideology
(1941–2009) Marxism, egalitarianism and distributive justice
Books: ‘Karl Marx's Theory of History: A
Defence’- defended Marx’s historical materialism
‘Self-Ownership, Freedom, and Equality’- criticism
of Lockean ‘self-ownership’ principle and moral
argument in favour of socialism

David Canadian-American Political Thinker

Gauthier Pioneer in moral theory and revisiting social
(1932) contract theories
‘Morals by Agreement’ -neo-Hobbesian social
contract theory of morality
Gave ‘contractarian ethics’
‘Justice as Mutual Advantage’-moral norms are
those that rational, self‐interested persons would
accept in regulating the pursuit of their self‐interest
Wrote history of political philosophy, especially of
Hobbes and Rousseau
Will Canadian Political Thinker
Kymlicka ‘Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of
(born 1962) Minority Rights’: gave his concept of
multiculturism, toleration. and minority rights
Note: Bhikhu Parekh wrote ‘Rethinking
Multiculturalism: Cultural Diversity and Political
Theory’
David Easton Canadian-born American political scientist.

310
(1917 2014) Proponent of both Behavioralist and post-
Behavioralist revolutions
Gave ‘system concept’- political system- input,
conversion, output, feedback and environment;
political system as ‘black box’.
Defined Politics “ as the authoritative allocation of
values for the society”
Books:
‘The Decline of Modern Political Theory(1951)’
‘The Political System. An Inquiry into the State of
Political Science(1953)’
‘A Framework for Political Analysis(1965)’

Leo Strauss German-American political philosopher of classical

(1899 –1973) political tradition
Gave ‘‘Straussian’ Approach’ to interpret classical
texts by esoteric method
Deeply influenced by Martin Heidegger, great
German thinker
‘post-Behavioralist revolutions’- revival of
normative political theory
Rejected ‘fact–value distinction’; politics cannot be
separated from norms/values; politics include value
judgment
Wrote path-breaking books on Spinoza and Hobbes
Critic of modern form of liberalism and its
individualism
Advocated return to classical political philosophy-
Plato, Aristotle
Books:
‘Natural Right and History’ ; ‘What Is Political
Philosophy?’
‘The Crisis of Political Philosophy’;’ Liberalism
Ancient and Modern’

Martin German philosopher- regarded as one of the most

311
Heidegger important philosophers of the 20th century.
(1889 –1976) Phenomenology: study of the structures of
experience and consciousness.
Hermeneutics: methods of textual interpretations
Existentialism: study of problem of human
existence and centres on the lived experience of the
thinking, feeling, acting of individuals
Wrote ‘Being and Time (1927)’- his philosophy of
being- “Dasein”- experience of being peculiar to
human
Lucian Pye American political scientist, known for his theory of
(1921 –2008) political development and modernization of Third
World nations
His theory of political development: equality to the
political culture, the problems of capacity to
authoritative governmental structures, and the
question of differentiation to non-authoritative
structures.
Books:
‘Political Culture And Political
Development’(1965) ; ‘Politics, Personality, And
Nation-Building (1962)’
Note: Rostow, Organski, David Apter, Edward
Shils, etc also gave theory of political development
and modernization
Johan Norwegian sociologist, known as father of peace
Galtung(1930) studies
Negative and Positive peace:
Negative Peace: absence of violence
Positive Peace: restoration of relationships, the
creation of social systems that serve the needs of the
whole population and the constructive resolution of
conflict
Books:
‘Violence, Peace and Peace Research (1969)’
‘Peace By Peaceful Means (1996)’ ;

312
 ‘50 Years: 100 Peace and Conflict Perspectives
(2008)’
Thomas Paine English-born American political philosopher
(1736– 1809) Contributed in American independence by his 2
influential writing : ‘Common Sense ‘ and ‘The
American Crisis’
wrote ‘Rights of Man (1791)’ in defence of French
Revolution
In his ‘Agrarian Justice (1797)’, he introduced the
concept of a guaranteed minimum income through a
one-time inheritance tax on landowners.
Montesquieu French political philosopher, best known for his ‘
(1689 –1755) Spirit of the Laws (1748)’ in which he gave the
principle of separation of power between
legislatives, executive, and Judiciary
His ‘separation of power’ ensures Liberty
Influenced both French and American revolution.
Robert German-born Italian Political Philosopher
Michels (1876 Gave ‘Iron law of oligarchy’ - rule by an elite, or
1936) oligarchy, is inevitable within any democratic
organization
Book: ‘Political Parties(1911)’
Steven Lukes British political thinker
(1941) Gave ‘3 Facets of Power’- power as dominance,
power as agenda setting (power of non-decision),
ideological and hegemonic power
August French philosopher and Sociologist
Comte Gave the term’ Sociology’
Father of Positivism
Influenced by the utopian socialist Saint-Simon
Influenced- J.S.Mill, Émile Durkheim
Created ‘Religion of Humanity’- a secular religion
Books:
Course of Positive Philosophy
System of Positive Polity

313
A General View of Positivism

314
315
FACT SHEET IPT : INDIAN POLITICAL THOUGHT
AS PER CUET-PG SYLLABUS

Thinker Main concepts/facts/books

Raja Ram Lead the 1st wave of modern Indian Thinkers
Mohan Roy ‘Father of Modern India’; ‘Pioneer of Indian
(1772 – Renaissance’
1833) Concepts:
Liberal Humanism- all mankind are one great family of
which numerous nations and tribes are only various
branches
Judging socio-religious practices through reason and
social utility
He saw unity in all religion: 1. Universal Supreme being
2. Existence of soul 3. Life after death
Note: But he ssems Not to believe in Existence of
soul and Life after death; Brhamo Samaj does not
believe in both these things.
Spiritual Synthesis: synthesized transnational humanist
culture
Cosmopolitanism: proposed ‘World Congress’
Social reforms before political freedom
English rule- God sent opportunity for social reform and
modernization of Indian society
Champion of Civil Rights, women’s education, liberal
political economy
Societies:
Atmiya Sabha in 1815, the Calcutta unitarian
Association in 1821 and the Brahmo Sabha in 1828
Journals:
Brahminical Magazine’; Bengali weekly- ‘Samvad
Kaumudi’ ; Persian weekly -‘Mairat Al Akbar’; English
weekly -‘Bengal Gazette’
School/colleges:

316
 Hindu College(Presidency College); the Anglo-Hindu
School; Vedanta College
Books/essays:
Tuhfat-ul-Muwahhidin (A Gift to Monotheism)- 1803 ;
The Precepts of Jesus- The Guide to Peace and
Happiness (1820)
Modern Encroachments on the Ancient Rights of
Females (1822)
The Universal Religion (1829) ; History of Indian
Philosophy (1829)
Many translations of Vendantic texts and Upanishads in
Hindi, Bengali, English
Bhimrao Great scholar and architect of Indian Constitution
Ambedkar(1891 His thoughts/concepts:
–1956) Caste system: biggest weakness of Indian social system
Only by elimination of Caste system, socio-economic
progress possible
Social democracy: Socialism with liberal democracy
and constitutional Government-“Democracy to work
towards socialism but have its basis in a regime of
rights”
Supported state socialism
Constitutional morality: adopted it from George Grote;
Pragmatism: from John Dewey, his teacher at Colombia
University
Graded inequality: inequality based on group identity-
caste system
Social Justice- Justice prevails upon ensuring Liberty,
Equality, Fraternity
Trinity of Rights: Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
Social reform is prior to political and Economic reform
Political democracy useless without social democracy

Books:
‘Castes in India- 1916’ ;
‘Annihilation of caste-1936’
‘Who Were the Shudras? 1946’ ;
‘The Untouchables -1948’

317
 Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis and
Development
‘The Budhha and his Dhamma-1957’
Gandhi and Gandhism
Philosophy of Hinduism
The Problem of the Rupee: Its Origin and Its Solution
States and Minorities
Book on him : ‘Ambedkar: Towards An Enlightened
India’- Gail Omvedt
Journals:
‘Bahishkrit Bharat in Marathi’ ; ‘Mook Nayak’
‘Janata’ and ‘Samata’ magazines
Societies:
Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha 1924
Samata Sainik Dal -1924
Samaj Samata Sangh-1927
Depressed Classes Education Society-1928
Political Parties:
1937: Independent Labour Party
1942: Scheduled caste federation
1956: The Republican Party

Other Facts:
Publicly Burnt ManuSmriti in 1927
Participated in Round table conference, got separate
electorate for Dalits
But agreed to leave separate electorate as per the ‘Poona
Pact’ with Gandhiji
Was member of Viceroy’s executive Council
Chairman of the drafting committee of constituent
assembly
Was against the Panchayati raj System- it would sustain
caste system
First law minister of India, but resigned on issue of
‘Hindu Code Bill’
Converted to Buddhism in 1956; in 1936 he declared he
would not die a Hindu

318
Gandhi- his His idea of swaraj contained in ‘Hind Swaraj’,
idea of Swaraj published in 1909
Gandhi’s Hind Swaraj influenced by Mazzini’s Italy
Influence on political thoughts of Gandhiji
John Ruskin (Unto This Last), Henry Thoreau( civil
disobedience), Leo Tolstoy- an pacific anarchist ;
Italy’s Mazzini, Dada Bhai Naoroji Un-British Rule
in India , Gopal Krishna Gokhle ( his political Guru),
Jainism( non-violence), Vaishnavism(Catholicism)
Swaraj- meaning
Literal: self- governance, freedom, liberation
For Individual: self-mastery, self-restrain, self-
realization, moral goodness
For community/polity- self-governing autonomous
community life without any formal coercive
authority (state)-A kind of Enlightened Anarchy
4 components of Swaraj: Polity, Economy, Social
Order, and Dharma
His other thoughts/concepts:
Oceanic circle: self-governing, self-reliant, autonomous
communities, starting from village in concentric circle-
nation as communities of community
Vision of decentralized, non-hierarchical,
participative and substantive democracy
Satyagraha: active resistance based on truth and non-
violence, involving soul-force and power of truth
Sarvodaya- Good for all; Antyodaya- good to the last
one in the row- the poorest of the poor
Trusteeship: Capitalist class as trustee of wealth of the
society, uses it for welfare of the masses and society
Bread labour: each one need to do the manual work
equivalent to value of his material consumption-
honour/dignity to manual labour
Freedom from want: limiting our want- voluntarily
poor
Instead of western modern civilization, he had vision of
ideal civilization, which is not materialistic,
individualistic, mechanistic, and dependent on western
medical treatment, transport, trade, and way of life

319
 Rejected Determinism, believed in relative truth and one
step at a time
News paper/Journal/Magzines
Indian Opinion- Newspaper
Young India - weekly journal
Navajivan - Newspaper
Harijan - weekly newspaper in English
Gandhi’s Ashrams: Chronology
Phoenix Settlement, established in 1904 in KwaZulu
Natal;
Tolstoy Farm, established in 1910 outside of
Johannesburg
Sevagram Ashram (est. 1936 in. Wardha).
Kochrab Ashram was the first ashram in India by
Gandhiji; Founded in 1915 near Ahmedabad
Sabarmati Ashram- 1917 (Kochrab Ashram shifted
and re-named)
Other facts:
Went to South Africa to fight case of Gujrati
businessman
Considered himself Enlightened Anarchist
He followed Deontology- Means ( to achieve end)
should also be good; choices and rules should be right
Won Kaisar-i-Hind in 1915, which he returned in protest
against Jallianwala Bagh massacre
Satyavir Ki Katha, translated into Gujarati by Gandhiji
was from Apology of Plato; he called Socrates
‘Satyavir’
Translated John Ruskin’s ‘Unto This Last’ as
‘Sarvodaya’ in Gujrati; he published it in nine
instalments in Indian Opinion
Was given title of ‘Mahatma’ by Rabindranath Tagore
Considered Gopal Krishna Gokhle his political guru
Sadagraha (Satyagraha) term was suggested by his
borther Maganlal
His autobiography- My Experiments with Truth

Vinayak Revolutionary Hindu nationalist leader and political

320
Damodar thinker
Savarkar (1883- Concepts/thoughts
1966) Who are Hindu?
People following religions of India,
whose ancestors had lived on ‘Bharatvarsha’,
and who consider ‘Bharat’ as Punyabhumi

Religion of India: Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism,

Sikhism, etc
Hindutva: Hinduness; feeling of being Hindu
3 elements of Hindutva: Hindu Nation ( territory),
common Racial Identity( Jati), and common Cultural
Identity

Societies:
Abhinav Bharat, India House, Free India Society
Books:
‘The Indian War of Independence-1909’ ;
‘Mera Aajewan Karawaas – 2007’
‘Hinditva: Who Is a Hindu? -1923’ ;’
Kaala Pani’ -2007’ ;
‘Mopla- 1967’

Other Facts:
He called 1857 revolt as 1st war of Independence
Influenced by Joseph Mazzini, western Enlightenment
and nation-state
1910: arrested in London for revolutionary activities;
sentenced to life imprisonment at Kalapani- A&N
islands
1923- conditional release, sent to Ratnagiri Jail- social
reformer, writer
President of Hindu Mahasabha for 7 years- 1937-43
Despite being its philosophical founder, never Joined
RSS
Was a rationalist Atheist- was against ‘Hindu ritualism’,
Cow protection

321
 In 1970, PM Indira Gandhi released Postal Stamp on
Savarkar

Kautilya- Also called ‘Chanakya’ and ‘Vishnu Gupta’; lived in

Arthasashtra about 4th century BC
He is mentioned in ‘Mudra-Raksha by Visakhadutta,
‘Das-Kumar-Charit, by Dandin, Kathasaritsagar by
Somadeva and Jain & Buddhist Texts
Was a scholar at Taxila university , the teacher and
mentor of Chandragupta Mourya
Manuscript of Arthashastra was discovered by R.
Shamasastry in Mysore Oriental Library in 1909
Arthashastra –Nitishastra ; contains: Statecraft,
Science of Politics, Political Economy, Social norms &
customs, Civil & Criminal Law, Justice system, Inter-
state politics, Warfare, Criminology, Intelligence &
Espionage
Core theme: Arthashastra is the science which explains
the means of the attainment and protection of that earth
( resources/artha) - Science of Politics
Political realism- like Thucydides, Machiavelli, and
Morgenthau
Origin of state: State originated to end Matasyanyay
and maintain peace, order, and welfare of the people
Saptang: 7 limbs of state: Swami Amatyas, Janapada,
Durgas, Kosha, Danda, Mitra
Kautilya’s Saptang: 7 elements compared to limbs of
body part: Amatya- Eye; Suhrid( mitr/allies)- eyes;
Kosha- Mouth; Durg- arms
An able king can fine tune Saptang to make his state
strong and victorious
Mandal Theory: International-state real politics
Basic premises: Neighbours are natural enemy, Enemy
of Enemy is friend, Friend of friend is friend, Friend of
Enemy is Enemy, No permanent friend or enemy in
politics, Power is the means to maintain the state, The
King may adopt any means to protect & maintain the
State

322
 Mandala: circle of Kings: 5 in front: Ari, Mitra, Ari-
Mitra, Mitra-Mitra, Ari Mitra-Mitra
4 in back side: Parashanigraha:enemy at back,
Akranda:friend at back, Parashanigrahasara: Ari-Mitra,
Akranda sara: Mitra-Mitra
Vijigishu : King aspiring to conquer the world
MADHYAMA: Powerful Kingdom close to both the
Vijigishu and his immediate enemy
UDASIN : Neutral state out of the circle of States of
Vijigishu; more powerful than any of the kings in the
circle.
72 elements ( or Prakriti ) of IR and foreign policy in
Mandala theory
Theory of Chatur Upayas 4 Instruments of conflict
resolution
Sama, Daana, Danda, Bheda
Theory of Shadguna - 6 Guna: six fold policy or six
measures on diplomacy
Sandhi , Bigraha, Yāna, Āsana,
Dvaidhībhāva and Samśraya,

323
324
Themes/topics in Political Theory asked in PYQ PG
ET
PYQA: Political Theory- IN 2 TABLES
TABLE-1-POL THEORY PYQA
PG ET Themes/topics asked with Ans and Addl. Info

HCU Fabian Socialism: prfits used for general social welfare

GHP- Greatest happiness of greatest person-
Utilitarianism ( Bentham considered father of
Utilitarianism)
Politics as study of influences and influential – Harold
Lasswell
DUET ‘there is a link between knowledge and power, where
men have generally been seen as knowers and as subject
of knowledge’ Post–structural Feminist
Second wave feminism( radical feminism)-1960’s to
1970’s- Betty Friedan- ‘The Feminine Mystique’ ; Carol
Hanisch- ‘The Personal is Political’ ; Simone de
Beauvoir-‘ the second Sex’; Kate Millet: ‘Sexual
Politics’
Communitarians argue that Liberalism devalues
communal attachments
Positive Liberty- interventionist state (dirigisme)
Foucault : power-knowledge relationship is Mutually
Constitutive ( each one creates the other)
Multiculturalism: Special Minority right endorsed by
Will Kymlicka? Poly-Ethnic Rights , Special
Representation Rights, Territorial Autonomy Rights,
BUT not Territorial Autonomy Rights
Man is a political animal (zoon politikon) ; Politics as
‘capacity of acting in concert’ -Hannah Arendt ;
The materialist conception of history views history as?
As creation of men subject to empirical laws ( Marxist
view)

325
 Power as blood capillary- Faucault; Power as legitimate
authority- Weber; Power as hegemony- Gramsci; power
as working in concert, co-creation- Hannah Arendt
Dialectic- Coexistence of Contradictions
Capitalism is the system under which productive forces
reach their peak but human emancipation is Not
possible in capitalism- Marxism
Mode of Production- Forces of Production and
Relations of Production
state as an unnecessary evil- Anarchism
Negative liberty should be distinguished from the
‘conditions of its exercise- Isaiah Berlin
Capability approach- Martha Nussbaum and Amartya
Sen
Base ( in Marxism)- economic structure- Mode of
production ; Superstructure- Laws, Polity, Media, Art&
culture
Main feminist arguments?
The public-private divide has been used to
marginalise women from public participation
Patriarchy is a system of structural domination that
disadvantages women
Unequal sexual division of domestic labour is a
source of women’s oppression
arguments in favour of political obligation?
We should obey the state because we have derived
benefits from having lived under its rule
We should obey the state because we have given our
tacit consent to do so. ( tacit consent- Locke)
We should obey the state because we expect others
to do so.( like obeying traffic signal)
most important component of the intellectual movement
called Enlightenment? Reason/Rationality

JNUEE Historical Approach: focuses on a sequence of selected

events within a particular phase; loaded with superficial

326
resemblances
Note: Marx, Hegel, Machiavelli, Skocpol, Oakeshott,
etc adopted Historical approach
Neo-empiricist : : Scholars after feeling disillusioned
with a purely causal theory of politics, prefer to accord
some place to values, goals and norms in the study of
politics
“Action and relevance” and “better to be vague than
non relevantly precise” refers to? post-behaviouralism
Who defined Behaviouralism as protest movement
within Political Science ? Robert A. Dahl
Which group accepted gradualism as midwife of social
change? Fabian Socialists
Neo-liberalism includes? Free Market and rational
individual
Note : Dirigisme- state control of economic and social
matters- Not supported by Neo-liberalism
Freedom, in Republican theory of Freedom, is defined
as? Absence of Domination
Communalism is derived from, 'commune' which is a
__French________ term.
Critical Theory is Often related to Marxist ideas.
Cosmopolitan idea of Justice: Martha Nussbaum
Note: She, along with Prof. Amartya Sen developed
capability approach of Development/freedom

327
 TABLE 2: PYQA POLITICAL THEORY
PG ET Themes/topics asked with Ans and Addl. Info
CPET Theories:
ODISHA Realism: Hobbes, Morgenthau, Kenneth waltz
Liberalism: Kant, Paine, Wilson, Robert Keohane,
Joseph Nye, Doyle
English School( International Society)- Hedley Bull,
Martin Wight
Constructivism: Nicholas Onuf, Alexander Wendt
Copenhagen School: Barry Buzan
Marxist- Louis Althusser, Justin Rosenberg,
Alexandra Kollontai
Post-Modernist-Lyotard, Foucault, Derrida
Frankfurt School: Herbert Marcuse, Jurgen
Habermas, Andrew Linklater
Feminist: Tickner, Cynthia Enloe, Carol Cohn, Laura
Sjoberg
In whose opinion the process of allocation of the scarce
resources is called Politics and he used the words, "Who
gets what, when and how"? H.D. Lasswell
"Wherever state exists, there is politics. But the converse
is not true that wherever politics exists so does state"
whose description is this? Lipson
Whose entitlement theory of Justice opposes to the
redistribution of resources by the state for any purpose ?
Robert Nozick
Which book of Betty Friedan marked the resurgence of
liberal feminist thought in the 1960s during the 'second
wave' feminism? The Feminine Mystique
Mary Wollstonecraft, John Stuart Mill and Harriet Taylor
Mill were Liberal feminists.
Which book of Simon de Beauvoir drew attention to the
personal, psychological and sexual aspects of female
oppression? The Second Sex

328
 Who is the Indian feminist author wrote "Staying Alive:
Women, Ecology, and Development ' in 1988 that helped
redefining the perceptions of third world women?
Vandana Shiva
Who was the Kenyan eco-feminist and recipient of
Nobel Peace Prize in 2004 set up the Green Belt
Movement in Kenya in 1977? Wangari Maathai
Emergence of moder nation-state is attributed to rise of
commercialism and Industrialism in Europe
Fascism: believed in Corporatist State
Who coined the term political socialisation ? Herbert
Hyman
Liberty, in positive sense, means ? Providing conditions
conductive to
the development of human beings
The theory of social contract primarily seek? To explain
the origin of state
Francis Fukuyama- End of history; Daniel Bell- End of
Ideology

Puducherry Who described Political Theory as “The systematic

University thinking about the purpose of the Government”?
Plamenatz
What is the cornerstone of Marxism? Materialist
conception of history
Classical liberalism stands for: Individualism,
Nightwatchmen state, free market, natural rights
The concept of “social capital” refers to Networks,
norms and trust among people that lead to social
cohesion
“Civic Nationalism” means: Political community of
equal citizens that respects cultural diversity
The author of “The History of Peloponnesian War” (whic
h contains Melian Dialogue) is Thucydides
The father of Positivism is Auguste Comte
Who is regarded as the father of Phenomenology?
Edmund Husserl

329
 theory of Communicative Action? Habermas
Who coined the term “Ecofeminism” in the year 1974?
Françoise d'Eaubonne
Who describes political theory as "the systematic
thinking about the purpose of the government"?
Plamenatz
Who made a distinction between Extractive and
Developmental Power? C.B. Macpherson
Mixed Rule of Law- A.V. Dicey
Separation of power- Montesquieu
Natural Rights- Locke
doctrine of overlapping consensus- John Rawls
Dictatorship of the proletariat- Marx
Hegemony- Gramsci
Leninism- Stallin
Consent theory; tacit consent; Constitutional and
limited Government - Locke
Absolute Sovereignty - Hobbes
Perpetual Peace- Immaneual Kant
Monoist theory of sovereignty – John Austin
Idea of Direct democracy- Rousseau
Labour theory of value- Marx
Labour theory of Property- Locke
Justice as mutual advantage- David Gauthier

330
 FACT SHEET PYQA WESTERN POLITICAL THOUGHT
(WPT): THEMES/TOPICS ASKED IN PAST YEAR PAPERS
FROM WPT- IN 2 TABLES
TABLE 1: PYQA WPT
PG ET Themes/topics asked with Ans and Addl. Info
HCU In Plato's philosophy the theory of forms refers to entities that
are Entities that hold their attributes perfectly and about
which knowledge is possible
Plato, ‘forms’ belong to the world of Being’
Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics- A discussion of virtues
Aristotle: Proportional equality; justice is treating equals
eqaully; first to give distributive justice
Aristotle- State exists for the good life of individual and
community
Social contract theory- origin of state, natural rights
Edmund Burke- critical of the French Revolution( Reflections
on the revolution in France); was conservative thinker; he got
Warren Hastings impeached in British Parliament
St Augustine: City of God and City of Man
Sequence of Locke’s social contract: state of nature, social
contract, civil society, govt
Marx: withering away of states, dictatorship of proletaraiat,
commodity feticism, Alienation, base & superstructure
Hannah Arendt: critique of totalitarinaism
Plato’s scheme of education: 20 years- test for producer and
guradian class; 35 years- test for auxiliary and philosopher
kings; 50 years- philosopher king
Locke- prophet and apologist of the gloriuos revolution(1689)
Tacit Consent, Constitutional govt, natural Rights- Locke
Two concepts of Liberty- Ishiah Berlin ( supported negative
liberty, called positive liberty-slipeery slope)
Phronesis: prudence, practical virtue and practical wisdom-
used by Aristotle
Cesare Borgia- exemplar of ‘virtu’ in Machiavelli’s Prince

331
 ‘A spectre is haunting Europe’- opening line in Marx’s ‘
Communist Manifesto’
Plato- allegory of cave, divided line analogy- his metaphysics
( science of being)- in his Book Republic
Property as theft: Proudhan ; Profit as Theft: Marx
Hobbes- right of self-preservation is Not surrendered despite
the social contract
Rousseau’s General Will- common interest, common Good
Locke ‘when a person owns his/her labour and mixes the
things which are not owned with his/ her labour, h/she
becomes the self owner of the property’- labour theory of
property
‘ the character of the people is not to be blamed any more
than that of Princes, for both alike are liable to err when they
are without any control’- Machiavelli
Locke- Tabula Rassa- Human mind at birth- like white paper,
without any character
DUET Difference between Rawls’ and Nozick’s political
philosophy?
Rawls was liberal, Nozick was libertarian
Rawls’ theory is an end state theory of justice, Nozick’s
is procedural
Rawls supported progressive taxation (distributive
justice) for redistribution while Nozick opposed it
Nozick gave Entitlement theory of Justice; Rawls’
justice as fairness (in distribution of primary social
goods)
Marx’s ‘historical materialism’: chronology of societal
economic structure: Slavery( master-slave), Feudalism( lord-
serf) and Capitalism( capitalist- worker)
…….socialism…..communism(last 2 his predictions)
‘democratic centralism’ ; Imperialism, the Highest Stage of
Capitalism- Lenin
Books : Benrtham- A Fragments on Govt; Laski – ‘A
grammer of politics’ and ‘ Rise of European liberalism’
Marxist perspective on distributive Justice- Gerald Cohen

332
Frankfurt School of critical thinkers: Ernst Bloch, Walter
Benjamin, Max Horkheimer, Erich Fromm, and Herbert
Marcuse, Habermas
Books by Marx
‘State and revolution’ by Lenin
Justice as Mutual Advantage”- David Gauthier
Books: -‘Rethinking Multiculturalism’- Bhiku Pakekh;
Multicultural Citizenship’- Will Kymlicka
Rawls’ idea of social cooperation:
Society as “a cooperative venture for mutual
advantage,”
Social cooperation is guided by publicly
recognized rules and procedures
The idea of fair terms of cooperation
The idea of each participant’s rational advantage,
or good
“I do not wish them (women) to have power over men; but
over themselves.”- Mary Wollstonecraft
Rousseau’s idea of “perfectibility’: Man is more
flexible/adaptive than the other animals, possessing the ability
to learn and devise better means to satisfy his needs
“Life is not determined by consciousness but consciousness
by life”- Marx
Capitalists also suffer from alienation- Marx
“Each of them by himself may not be of good quality, but
when they all come together is possible that they may surpass
— collectively as a body, although not individually-the
quality of the few best…and when they all meet together, the
people may thus become something in the nature of a single
person…”. In these lines, Aristotle is advocating for the Polity
as a virtutuos rule of the Many
Rawls veil of ignorance and ‘Original Position’ thought
experiment to eliminate bias in reasoning
Difference Principle of Rawls: “Greatest benefit to the least
advantaged”
Anthony Downs used models and assumptions drawn from
economics to analyse political behaviour
“Science as a vocation”- Max Weber

333
Rousseau: reconciled liberty with sovereignty; Sovereignty
originates in people and remains with people; General Will is
always morally right; natural man vs social man; supported
positive liberty
Marx’s view of the state: 1.The proletariat will need to
capture state power; 2. The state is an instrument of class
exploitation
3. The state will wither away 4. Capitalist state protects and
further the capitalist class interest
Hobbes: occasion for disobeying the sovereign: for self-
preservation, to protect honour/dignity of family, when
independence of state is not in danger, etc.
Aristotle: the state is the highest association because it aims at
moral fulfilment (and Florishment- Eudomenia) of citizens
J.Mill’s Harm Principle: Prevention of harm to others is the
only ground for restricting liberty
Social Contract of Hobbes: Irreversible, contracting
individuals surrender almost all rights except right of self-
preservation, sovereign is Not party to the contract
Pluralist Thinkers- Robert Dahl, Laski, Lipset, Maclver
Every Law is an infraction of liberty - Bentham
Natural Rights are ‘Nonsense on stilts’- Bentham
“Tyranny of Majority”? JS Mill and Alex de Tocqueville
The Rights of Man (1791)- Thomas Paine
Theory of Justice John Rawls: Lexical Priority- 1. Liberty
principle 2. Fair eqaulity of opportunity principle 3. The
difference principle
Machiavelli is a modern philosopher because:1. First time
secularised politics 2. First time concept of modern nation-
state
Isaiah Berlin's understanding of liberty:
Berlin makes a distinction between negative and
positive liberty
Negative liberty – absense of man-made external
constraints
The capacity or incapacity to fulfil one’s desires
belongs to the individual himself
Positive liberty- slippery slope

334
 ‘Complex Equality’- Michael Walzer; Equality of Resources-
Ronald Dworkin
first modern propounder of the idea of negative liberty?
Hobbes
first modernized the tradition of Natural Law? Hobbes
Books by JS Mill:
The Subjection of Women
On Liberty /
Considerations on Representative Government
Principles of Political Economy
Plato’s theory of justice: Justice is doing one’s own duty as
per one’s station of life
Anarchy, State, and Utopia- Robert Nozick (Libertarin
account of Justice)
Father of Liberalism- Locke
JNUEE Aristotle’s theory of the origin of the state is basically?
Historical theory
Note: For Aristotle, State is natural entity, prior to individual,
family & community
Hegel: State is an embodiment of universal mind
A feminist critic of liberal democracy- Carol Pateman
“Power is never the property of an individual; it belongs to a
group and remains inexistence only so long as the groups
keep together” Hanna Arendt
Who is credited to have formulated a principle of medieval
Secularism ? Marsilio of Padua
“goal of the utilitarian state is Liberty rather than happiness”-
JS Mill
Who defines ‘freedom as the private pursuit of the individual’
? Hobbes
Note: Hence, Hobbes is considered as 1st modern thinker
supporting negative liberty; Hobbes is also the 1st modern
thinker to give theory of natural laws
Freedom is a positive power of doing or enjoying something
worth doing or enjoying- T.H.Green
Note: Green was proponent of moral idealism; Supported
positive Liberty; he gave theory of wefare state

335
 Idea of Rectificatory justice is part of whose theory of
Justice?Nozick (he was Libertarian thinker); Wrote-
“Anarchy, State, and Utopia(1974)’
Aristotle believed in natural inequality and hence supported
slavery
Hobbes supported Absolute Monarchy
JS Mill- supported negative liberty
Note: Mill was called prophet of empty Liberty by Ernest
Barker
According to Gramsci, Hegemony means? Moral &
intellectual leadership
No association can last if its members don’t practice Justice-
John Rawls
Note:
To him, Justice is the first virtue of any
society/community
He gave theory of Justice as fairness ( in distribution)
It was end-state theory of Justice
Based on the difference principle
Peace, stability, efficiency, and Justice essential feature of
best society
Which egalitarian thinker’s idea contained Auction,
Insurance, and Free Market? Ronald Dworkin
Which Thinker used famous basketball player Wilt
Chamberlain as example of futility of state interfering in
distribution pattern? Robert Nozick, While giving his
‘Entitlement Theory of Justice’
For Plato, just society is in which? Each of the classes reflect
tripartite division of individual soul
Which thinker is linked to early Enlightenment preceding
18th century? Spinoza (1632 –1677)
According to Bentham, nature has placed mankind under two
sovereign masters; they are?: Pain and pleasure
'Positive' conceptions of liberty represented a serious threat to
freedom, it is a slippery slope which may lead to
totalitarianism. - Isaiah Berlin

336
'make women rational creature, and free citizens, and they
will quickly become good wives, that is, if men do not neglect
the duties of husband and fathers' ? Marry Wollstonecraft
Power is everywhere, power is inherent in all social relations (
like blood capillary in body)
Perfect and imperfect obligations – JS mill - Justice denotes
perfect obligations
Who said, 'any change, big or small, sudden or gradual,
partial or complete is a revolution' ? Aristotle
Who said, 'the life of man is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and
short' ? Hobbes

337
 TABLE 2: PYQA WPT
PG ET Themes/topics asked with Ans and Addl. Info
CPET
ODISHA
Who said, "Injustices arises when equals are treated unequally? Aristotle
Note: Aristotle supported justice based on proportional equality
The classification of human action as self-regarding and other regarding was made by? JS Mill
Rousseau felt that social living corrupted us leading to such ills as private property and social
following is his famous phrase arising from this reasoning? Man was born free, but he is every
in chains
"It is better to be human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied: better be Socrates / dissatisfied
fool satisfied" Who said? JS Mill
Note: Thomas Carlyle called Bethma’s Utilitarianism as Pig Philosophy
Mary Wollstonecraft's which book was the first text of modern feminism that campaigned for w
right to vote/ female suffrage? Vindication of the Rights of Women
John Stuart Mill with Harriet Taylor wrote a book that proposed political rights 43 and liber
women equal to men? The Subjection of Women
“Over himself, over his own body and mind, the individual is sovereign”- JS Mill
Political liberty without economic eqality is a myth- GDH Cole
Locke differentiated between State and Government; state: permanent; Government- may be ch
any time
Theory of Hegemony: Antonio Gramsci
Rawls principle of distributive justice is based on ‘Difference Principle’
“if justice is taken away the state becomes a band of robbers”- St. Augustine
Bentham- supporter of legal rights
the principle of distributive justice was first propounded by Aristotle
Nozick: Libertarian

Puducherry what is the meaning of commonwealth in Hobbes Leviathan? The civil society or political com
University
formed by the social contract
Who said that "the world at every stage is both a product and a prophecy"? Hegel
Plato appropriated the ideas of Parmenides, Heraclitus, Socrates
Who said, "Men are equal by nature; society, through the institution of property, has made
Rousseau
‘The public good ought to be the object of the legislator’, who said? Bentham
Which one of the following are considered as Rawls two principles of Justice? Liberty and Equa
The Entitlement Theory of Property has been propounded by Robert Nozick
According to whom, "The end of law is, not to abolish or restrain, but to preserve and e
freedom"? John Locke
Who among the following described democracy as the ‘tyranny of the majority? Alex De Tocq
and JS Mill
Who among the following described the worldwide triumph of liberal democracy as the ‘end of
’? Francis Fukuyama
Who among the following used the expression “forced to be free” in connection with the no
liberty of the individual?’ Rousseau
John Rawls’s principle of distributive justice is based on : difference principle(Social Equality)
“Clash of Civilizations” thesis was advocated by Samuel P Huntington
“Asian Values” as an alternative to western culture: Mahathir bin Mohammad
The notion of “Orientalism” was propounded by Edward Said
For whom "All existence is simply a matter in motion"? Hobbes

338
 The Marxian theory of Surplus Value is largely derived from the theory of:- Ricardo (‘Princi
Political Economy and Taxation(1817)’)
Who among following defined civil power as the "right of making laws with penalties f
regulating and preserving of property, and of employing the force of the community, in the exe
of such laws all these only for the public good."? John Locke
Who said, "the emancipation of the working class is the work of working class itself"? Karl Mar
Who among the following argued that justice is the first virtue of social institutions? John Rawls
"Rights properly so-called are creations of law properly so called." Bentham ( he was suppo
legal rights; he called natural rights nonsense on stilts)
Who said : "Right is a reasonable claim recognized by society and enforced by the State"? Bosn
Who said "political liberty without economic equality is a myth"? GDH Cole
Mixed PG
ETs Plato- father of normative philosophical political theory
Aristotle- Father of science of politics
Golden Mean- Aristotle
Allegory of cave, theory of divided line, theory of Form/idea- Plato
Plato was deeply influenced by Socrates, from whom he adopted the Dialectical approa
was also influenced by Heraclitus, Parmenides, and the Pythagoreans.
Plato’s principle of community of wives & property was inspired by Sprata
Functional division of society- Plato
Plato’s Justice: one man- one work; one class- one duty
Dialectic method was used for the first time in the writing of Plato
For Robert Nozick, taxation of earnings from labour is at par with forced labour because
Taxation is based on end‐state and patterned principles of distributive justice that undermi
notions of self‐ownership
Marx’s thoughts in his books:
Critique of the Gotha Programme- To each according to his need
The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte: Contradictory role of the bourgeoisi
Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts: Alienation
The Communist Manifesto: History of class struggles
capability approach to development- Amartya Sen and Martha Nausbaum
The purpose of the 'veil of ignorance' in A Theory of Justice is to Prevent contractors from
adopting principles of justice that unfairly advantage themselves ( to remove bias)
In John Rawls's Theory of Justice, what is the significance of the Original Position? It is a
thought experiment meant to ensure procedural fairness
In which book Marx said this famous line: “ world‐historical facts and personages occur,
were, twice- the first time as tragedy, the second as farce'.- The Eighteenth Brumaire of Lo
Bonaparte
Marx borrowed Labor theory of value from the liberal economists( Richardo)?
Locke’s ‘Essay Concerning Human Understanding’ was a harbinger of Enlightenment
Education is a process of ‘natural growth’- Rousseau
Property rights are governed by various ‘provisos’- Locke
In Rawls’ book, The Law of Peoples (1999), ‘well ordered peoples’ include Reasonable lib
peoples and decent non‐liberal peoples
Veil of ignorance; original position- John Rawls
Nightwatchman State- Nozick
Piecemeal social engineering- Karl Popper
Welfare state as enslavement; taxation as forced labour- Robert Nozick
Procedural theory of Democracy – Robert Dahl
Idea and not the material condition of production are the effective cause of revolution- Lenin

339
Moral Indifference; double standard of morality- machiavelli
Father of Positivism- August Comte
Father of modern political thought- Machiavelli
Hobbes: first modern political thinker who deliberately ignores Aristotle
Montesquieu’s theory of separation of powers emphasises primarily on Liberty
Rawlsian concept of justice is based on Difference principle
Rawls’ well-ordered society- Stable, Efficient, Just but may not be equal
John Rawls’ theory of Justice combines People’s democracy, market economy, and the redistrib
welfare scheme.
Locke’s view on ‘state of nature’ is Social and pre-Political ( note- it is Not pre-social b
political)
Machiavelli advised the Prince to pursue- Moderate behaviour
Fortuna as Woman- Machiavelli
Machiavelli blame The Churh for the moral degradation of Italy.
Beitz and Thomas Pogge- Global Justice
One country socialism - Stalin
Marx’s theory of the state and revolution is taken from French revolutionary tradition
Susan Moller Okin: Feminist conception of Justice
Gramsci compared civil society as fortress and earthworks (trenches) standing behind the state
Machiavelli is regarded as the first modern political thinker because 1. Separated religion from
politics 2. Concept of nationalism and nation-state
Hobbes state of nature: pre social and pre political
Society as cooperative venture for mutual advanatage- John Rawls
Hayek dismissed John Rawl’s concept of social justice as a ‘mirage’
Locke’s Essay Concerning Human Understanding was a refutation of Leviathan of Hobbes
Locke’s Two Treatises on Civil Government is a critique of Filmer’s Patriarcha
Machiavelli preferred Republican form of Govt over Monarchy
Marx’s Alienation:
• Alienation from product of labour
• Alienation from the act of production, labour process
• Alienation from species-being (Gattungswesen)
• Alienation of man from man
Rawls- critic of utilitarianism
Rousseau differentiated between natural and conventional inequality
Plato’s Education timelines:
• 20 Years- all 3 classes
• 35 years- Guardian Class
• 50 years- Philosopher Kings
Michael Sandel, Michael Walzer, Charles Taylor, and Alasdair MacIntyre: Communitarian libe
thinker
Rousseau- naturalism ( education as process of developing man as natural man and women as n
woman)
Marx’s theory of surplus value:
• Extension of Richardo’s( Richardo was liberal) theory
• Labour power equals the brain, muscle and nerve of the labourer.
• The worker must be paid a price proportional to the number of Labour hours that entere
its production. Select the correct answer

340
FACT SHEET PYQA IPT: THEMES/TOPICS ON INDIAN POLITICAL THOUGHT (IPT) IN PAST
YEAR PG ET PAPERS

PG ET Themes/topics asked with Ans and Addl. Info

HCU Kautilya’s Mandala theory- name of different circles of kings
Kautilya’s ‘Saptang’ theory- names of 7 elements
Arthasashtra- Gopa- Revenue collector; Karnika: Accounts Officer
Theory of Shadguna- 6 Guna: six fold policy or six measures on diplomacy :Sandhi , Bigraha,
Dvaidhībhāva and Samśraya( seeking protection)
4 Purusartha( life goals)- Artha, Dharma, Kama, Moksha
Digha Nikaya is a collection of discourses of Gautama Buddh
M.N.Roy Book: Reason, Romanticism and Revolution(1952)
Satyagraha in South Africa- M.K.Gandhi
Savrakar’s test of nationality- Pitrabhu, Matribhi, Punyabhu
Gandhiji’s Talisman- Swaraj for hungry, downtrodden, for the person last in the line
Educate, Agitate, Organise- Ambedkar

DUET Ambedkar- Magzine, party, society

Journals by Ambedkar:
Bahishkrit Bharat in Marathi ;
Mook Nayak,
Janata and Samata magazines
Societies by Ambedkar:
• Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha 1924
• Samata Sainik Dal -1924
• Samaj Samata Sangh-1927
• Depressed Classes Education Society-1928
Political Parties by Ambedkar:
• 1936: Independent Labour Party
• 1942: Scheduled caste federation
• 1956: The Republican Party

Gandhi- Hind Swaraj (1909), Constructive action- Use of Charkha, abolition of Untouchability
Muslim unity
Ramakrishna Mission-Vivekanand
Journals by Raja Ram Mohan Roy

341
 Brahminical Magazine, Bengali weekly ‘Samvad Kaumudi’, Persian weekly ‘Mairat Al A
weekly ‘Bengal Gazette’
Gokhale- political guru of Gandhi; Founded Servants of India Society
Arthashastra- discovery- Rudrapatna Shamashastry at Mysore Oriental Library in 1905
Raja Rammohan Roy believed in one Universal Supreme Being, but he, most probably, did no
soul, and life after death
‘advent of technology and industrialisation is the basic cause of human misery in modern socie
Raja Ram Mohan Roy inaugurated the liberal-reformist modernisation of India
Manusmriti- Manav- also called Dharmasastra
M.K..Gandhi wrote editorials for the first time in which one of the following journals ? Indian
Books by Savarkar ( Hindu pad- padshahi), Pandia Ramabai, Lohia, and Ram Mohan Roy
“caste system is not merely division of labour, it is also division of labourers.”- Ambedkar
7 elements (Prakriti) of a state by Kautilya- ‘Saptang’: Swami, the Amatyas, the Janapada, the
Kosha, the Danda, the Mitra
Tagore- critic of Gandhiji’s program of Khadi, Charkha, and Non-cooperation
According to the “Hind Swaraj” the major obstacle to Indian Self-government is:- Sectarian N
Hind Swaraj was in response to militant nationalism of Tilak and Savarkar)
According to Kautilya ”Danda‟ is the symbol of:- Discipline, law & order, just peace , Statec
Rajukas were appointed by Ashok to perform Judicial function
Modern Indian Political thought is ‘modern’ because:- Modern political ideals of equality and
influenced these thinkers
Kautilya- pragmatist and realist
CPET Whose foreign policy offers the theory that "an immediate neighbouring state is an enemy and
ODISHA neighbour, separated from oneself by the intervening enemy, is a friend? Kautilya
Hindutva is the important work of: Savarkar
In the Gandhian technique of Satyagrah, the term_ implies voluntary exile from ones permanen
habitation? Hijrat
Who started the American Civil Rights Movement inspired by the Gandhian idea of Ahimsa an
Martin Luther King Jr
Who gave this famous message "The earth has enough resources for our need, but not for our g
this earth from the environmental disaster? Gandhiji
Hollywood director_ made a film titled 'Gandhi' in 1982? Richard Attenborough
Gandhiji's "The Story of My Experiments with Truth" was originally written in Gujarati. Who
into English? Mahadev Desai
Gandhi: modern state a violent soulless machine
Gandhian theory of property- trusteeship model of property
Tolstoy Farm: community set up by Gandhiji in 1910 near Johanesburg, Sauth Africa
The concepts of “Partyless Democracy” and “Total Revolution” were associated with? Jayapra

Puducherry Who among the following conceptualised India as a Hindu Rashtra through his political philos
University va? Savarkar
“Be proud that you are an Indian, proudly claim I am an Indian, every Indian is my brother.” V

Mixed Arthasashtra- Nitishastra

342
Kautilya’s mandal- total 72 Prakriti or elements
Kautilya’s Saptang: Amatya- Eye; Suhrid ( mitr/allies)- eyes; Kosha- Mouth; Durg- arms
Ambedkar suggest as a real remedy to the caste system in his famous essay Annihilation of Cas
the belief in the sanctity of the Shastras
Cultural concept of nationalism- Savarkar
Facts about Raja Rammohan Roy in the memorial submitted to King George on the subject of f
Free press improves the bond between the governed and the governor
Free press helps in better and efficient administration
Free press allows for non‐violent religious confrontations through deliberative mechanism
‘Modernity’ eroded ‘National identity’ and led to ‘Cultural homogeneity’- Gandhiji
Gandhi’s Hind Swaraj influenced by Mazzini’s Italy
Note:
1.Both moderates like Gandhiji and militants like Savarkar were
influenced by Mazzini and his role in making Italy a unified nation-state
2. Gandhiji was influenced by:
John Ruskin (Unto This Last), Henry Thoreau ( civil disobedience), Tolstoy- an pacific an
& Aristotle; Dada Bhai Naoroji (drain of wealth) , Gopal Krishna Gokhle- his political G
Gandhiji rejected determinsm, believed in relative truth and one step at a time
Gandhi described himself as a Philosophical Anarchist
Voluntary Poverty- Gandhiji
Ambedkar was opposed to Panchayati Raj System
Savrakar gave first the idea of Hindu Rashtra (Hindu Nation) ; he first called 1857 revolt the In
Independence
Gandhi’s Satyagraha- positive force of soual; different from passive resistance- negative and we
Gandhi’s Ashrams: chronology
Phoenix Settlement, established in 1904 in KwaZulu Natal; and Tolstoy Farm, es
1910 outside of Johannesburg
Sevagram Ashram (est. 1936 in. Wardha).
Kochrab Ashram was the first ashram in India by Gandhiji; Founded in 1915 nea
Gandhi: Deontology- Means should also be good; choices and rules should be right
Gandhiji went to South Africa to fight case of Gujrati businessman
Quotes:
'Democracy is not merely a form of government. It is primarily a mode of associated livin
communicated experience. It is essentially an attitude of respect and reverence towards fe
Ambedkar
'The Prime Minister is more concerned about his power than about the welfare of Parliam
is concentrated upon securing the success of his party. His care is not always that Parliam
right. Prime Ministers are known to have made Parliament do things merely for party adv
is worth thinking over.'- Gandhiji
Swaraj will not be a free gift of the British Parliament, it will be a declaration of India’s f
expression.”- Gandhiji
Hinduize all politics and militarize Hinduism- Savarkar
Lambs are shorn of the wool; they are feeling the cold- Ambedkar

343
FACT SHEET PYQA CP: THEMES/TOPICS OF COMPARATIVE
POLITICS ASKED IN PG ET PAST YEAR PAPERS
PG ET Themes/topics asked with Ans and Addl. Info
HCU: Elite theory and thinkers- Pareto, Mosca, Michels,
Gasset
Separation of power- Montesque ( aim was securing
liberty)
Pluralism: state is association of association; state is
one among many associations ( RM Maclever)
SM Lipset: more well to do a nation, more the chance
that it will sustain democracy
Judicial Review- feature of USA Polity
Semi-Presidential( called mixed and co-habitation
system)- France, Sri-Lanka
Definition of political culture- by Almond and Lucian
Pye
Belgium and India- holding together federalism
USA, Australia, Switzerland- coming together
federalism
Constitution is what Parliament enats- UK (
parliamentary sovereignty)
Immaneual wallerstein- World System Theory- Core,
Periphery, Semi-Periphery
Units name in federal countries: Cantons- Switzerland,
Landers- Germany, Counties- UK, Oblasts- Russia
Features of direct democracy- referendum, recall,
initiation- Switzerland
Japan- disarmament as Constitutional Policy- Pacifism
as a constitutional principle; Three Non-Nuclear
Principles- Japan
USA Polity: Senate and Congress play vital role in
framing foreign Policy; Senate- most powerful upper
house in the world

344
 Otto Kirchheimer gave the concept of Catch all party-
party which attract voters from all ideologies, values,
segment, strata of society
Constructive vote of no-confidence- Germany
Electoral system- Germany- Mixed member PR,
France- second ballot, USA and India- FPTP,
Australia- Prefential Voting; Switzerland and Sweden -
Party list

DUET cultural capital-Pierre Bourdie ; social capital- Bourdie

and Robert Putnam, James Coleman
Principles of Political Economy- Ricardo; Marx
developed his theory of surplus labour value from
Richardo’s book
‘Print Capitalism’- Benedict Aderson
‘Mass Society’-Erich Fromm( Frankfurt Scool of
critical thinkers)
Political Cultures- Almond & Verba( Civil Culture-
1963)
Modernization theory & thinkers- Lucian Pye, Rostow,
Organski, James Coleman, Almond, Edward Shills,
Huntington, etc.
Block Vote System- FPTP
Deliberative democracy- Joshua Cohen, Amy
Gutmann, James Fishkin, Dennis F. Thompson
Iron law of oligarchy-Robert Michael- Elite theory
Duverger-Riker model – Corelation between electoral
and party system- FPTP- 2 party system; PR- Multi-
Party system
Structural-Functionalism – Almond, based on the
system approach of Easton;
Democracy as a political Method to chose ruler
through periodic election- Peter Schumpeter
(Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy)
Civic Virtue-Machiavelli in ‘Discourses on Livy’
Negative and Positive Peace-Johan Galtung

345
 Third Wave of Democratization-Huntington
characteristic of the state- territory, population,
sovereignty, Govt

CPET Which approach is concerned with the study of the

Odisha formal political structures like legislature, executive,
and judiciary? Institutional approach
Whose political communication approach lays
emphasis on that one part of the system affects another
by sending messages or iransmitting information? Karl
Deutsch ( note: he gave communication theory in
politics, wrote ‘ Nerves of Govt.’)
Who is an advocate of the structural-functional
approach? Gabriel Almond
The concept of political……………….is that it is set
of attitudes beliefs and orientations of the people
towards the political system? Political Culture
In which year women were granted the right to vote by
the US Constitution? 1920
Which approach takes into account the norms and
informal practices that shape the functioning and
evolutions of institutions in various ways? New
Institutionalism
The voting method is one in which voters indicate on a
ballot the candidate of their choice, and the candidate
who receives the most votes wins known as: First-past-
the-post
A. V. Dicey has propounded the concept —————.
Rule of Law
Which of the following is considered as the most
powerful Upper House in the world ? US Senate
In which of the following countries, Spoils System was
prevalent until it was replaced by Pendleton Civil
Service Reform Act ? USA
Which of the following countries has a plural executive
? Switzerland

346
 Who has authored the book ‘The Theory and Practice
of Modern Government’ Herman Finer
1st country: Ombudsman- Sweden; Women voting
rights- New Zee Land
The power of judicial review originated in the US in
the leading case of? Marbury V. Madison 1803
‘A Parliament is nothing less than a big meeting of
more or less idle people’- Walter Bagehot
In which form of Government the Head of State is
identical with the Head of Government ? Presidential
form
Political Culture: Almond & Verva- ‘Civic Culture’
Orientation: cognitive, affective, evaluative
Types: Parochial, Subject, Participative

Puducherry In which one of the following systems of Government

University is Bicameralism an essential feature? Federalism
According to Max Weber, which one of the following
types of authority is the basis of modern bureaucracy?
Rational-legal
According to Burke a representative's function is:- to
exercise his independent judgment in the interest of his
own nation whether it agrees with the vies of his
constituents or not( Trusteeship model)
Which among the following first developed the concept
of general System Theory? Ludwig Von Bertalanfy ( In
Biology)
Switzerland & USA have dual citizenship
In which of the following countries residuary power
rests with the central government? India and Canada
Who defined democracy as a government in which
everyone has a share? John Seeley
'Polyarchy' means: People act both through the
electoral system and the group process

347
Mixed Modern Democracy as Polyarchy- Robert Dahl
System approach- Easton identified 4 types of Input
functions as demand: Participation in political system,
Allocation of goods and services, Communication and
information, Regulation of behaviour
Structural functionalism as a method was developed to
study the politics of Politics of developing countries
Communications theory of Karl Deutsch- engineering
orientation to human behaviour- goal change, learning,
feedaback, receptors
Ludwig Von Bertallanfy- general systems theory ; This
model subsequently adopted by various disciplines of
social science in following sequence: Anthropology,
Sociology, Psychology and Political Science
Almond borrowed most of the terminology of his
structural-functional approach from Talcott Parsons
James Bryce: Institutional Approach
Almond and Verba suggested a ‘sleeping dogs’ theory
of democratic culture that implies that low participation
indicates broad satisfaction with government
Herman Finer and Carl Fredrich: institutional approach
Elite Theory- critique of democracy, pluralism, and
socialism
Robert Michels: ‘Iron Law of Oligarchy’
C. Wright Mill’s ‘The Power Elite’ is a study of the
contemporary politics of USA
Mosca: political formula (a set of doctrines propagated
by the ruling elites)
UK, New Zealand, Israel have unwritten constitution
Federal Councilors of Switzerland- Plural executive-
unique institution
USA- Due process of law
USA and Switzerland: Dual Citizenship
India and UK: Single Citizenship
Swiss federal tribunal can declare a state law
unconstitutional but Not the federal law

348
 Residual power is vested with federal governments in
Canada. India, Belgium, it rests with the state
governments in the U.S.A., Australia, Switzerland.
Robert Walpole: 1st PM of England and World
France and Sri-Lanka- semi presidential system
Once a speaker always a speaker- UK
Almond- homogeneous culture in developed nations
Meaning of clash of civilisation (Huntington)
Kumbh Mela: intangible cultural heritage of Humanity
S.E.Finer: Low, Mature, and Developed Political
Culture
Authoritarianism vs Totalitarianism: Totalitarianism is
ideological and cultural project to bring new
civilization by the state led by a political party; state
intervene in all aspects of citizen- private and public-
both features not in Authoritarianism
Nation and Nationalism: Ernest Gellner
Bendict Anderson- nation as an ‘Imagined Community’
Fusion of power between legislature and executive –
parliamentary form of Govt
No judicial review powers to courts- UK and France
Features of Constitutional govt- rule of law, limited
Second chamber ( Bicamerlism) an indispensable part
of legislature in Federal form of govt

349
 FACT SHEET PYQA PUB AD: THEMES/TOPICS ASKED IN
PREVIOUS PG ETs ON PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

PG ET Themes/topics asked with Ans and Addl. Info

HCU: Features of Weber’s ideal type of Bureacracy
Features of presidential system: separate direct election
to executive and legislature; strict separation of power,
executives not accountable to legislature
Fed Riggs: Ecological Approach
Cybernetics is a science of? Communication and control
Informal groups- Human Relation Theory
Information communication channel- Grapevine
Functions of executive- Chester Barnard
Zone of Indifference- Chester Barnard
Zone of Acceptance- Simon
Circular Response- MP Follet
Simon gave decision making theory by using the method
of logical positivism
Classical theory- mechanistic theory- taylor, weber,
fayol, Gullick & Urwick
Rigg’s Prisamtic Society- structural functional approach
to study public administrauion in developing countries
Herzberg: two factor theory or Hygiene- motivation
theory
Meaning of 1. Unity of command (one boss), span of
contro( direct subordinates under one boss), scaler chain
(hierarchy)
Good Governance Day- 25 December
Spoil System( rewarding supporters after victory)-
Patronage Beurocracy- in USA before 1883 ( was
abolished bt the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act)
5 phases of evolution of Pub Admin as academic
Discipline

350
 Books of Woodrow Wilson( study of public admin),
Goodnow( politics and administration), LD White ( 1st
text book), Willoghby ( 2nd text book)
Beurocratic Rationality- Weber
Red Tape- delay due to rigid and onscure rules
Fulton Committee- UK- specialist vs Generalists in civil
services
DUET: Fundamentals of NPM ( 3 A- Agility,
Adaptibilty,Accountabilty) - Nicholas Henry
Gender Budgeting – meaning ( gender sensitive
budgeting)
Politics‐ administration dichotomy- both Woodrow
Wilson and Frank Good now
Administrative Behaviour-Simon
New public service model - Janet and Robert Denhardt
Good governance- 1992 world bank report
Scientific management- Taylor, ideal bureaucracy-
Weber, bounded rationality- Simon, HR model-Mayo
Reinventing government-Osborne and Gaebler- helped
bring NPM
Development Administration: Edward Weidner
Four (4) 'P's- People, place, purpose,process - Luther
Gullick
1st Ombudsman- 1809: Sweden
“Mental Revolution‟- total attitudinal change both on
part of management and workers-scientific management
Taylor
Public policy definition – “Public policy is whatever
governments choose to do or not to do” Thomas Dye
Minnowbrook Conference- 1st(1968)- NPA; 2nd (1988)-
NPM
“Administrative man”, “ Satisficing”, “Bounded
rationality” -Herbert Simon
RTI- 2005 as ‘Social Audit’
models of public policy- System model, Elite Model,
rational choice( public choice), Incrementalism,

351
 Institutional, game theory model etc.

JNUEE Max Weber has referred to the how many ‘ideal types’
of authority?
Traditional, Charismatic, and Legal-Rational
Authority
Good Governance and participating civil society for
governance were stressed in the World bank Report of?
1992 world bank report-World Development Report
1992
core feature of NPA? relevance, values, social equity,
change and client focus
Mechanistic theory of organisation is also referred to as?
Classical Theory as they looked man as machine
The 'New Public Administration' movement was mainly
against? Administrative centralization and value
neutrality of administration
Simon's decision making theory:
(A)Decision is as important as doing
(B)Decisions are, in final analysis, composite
C)Administrative man Satifices
(D)There is always a means-end relationship

The most logical criterion to distinguish a line function

from staff is? The functional relationships
Who pioneered the empirical approach in looking for the
principles of Public Administration ? F.W. Taylor

CPET Scientific management-Taylor; Bureaucratic Theory-

Odisha Weber; Decision making Theory- Simon, POSDCORB-
Gulick; Human Relation-Mayo; Ecological- Riggs
Easton-system theory; Almond & Powell- Structural
Functional Approach
NPA- Waldo & Frank Marini
Towards a New Public Administration: The
Minnowbrook Perspective”, by Frank Marini, in 1971;

352
“Public Administration in a Time of Turbulence” by
Dwight Waldo
NPM- Osborne & Gabler- Reinventing Government
Good Governance: World Bank 1992 report
entitled “Governance and Development” based on study
of Sub-Saharan Countries
Who is generally regarded as the father of scientific
management theory in Public Administration? Frederick
Winslow Taylor
Who wrote the book "Towards A New Public
Administration: The Minnowbrook Perspective? Frank
Marini
Who defined policy as the 'output of the political
system, a and public policy' as the authoritative
allocation of values for the whole society'? David Easton
Who famously said "Publie poiiey 1s whatever a
government chooses to do or even not to do" Thomas
Dye
Which public policy renders goods and services and also
distribute their costs among these members?
Redistribute policy
The process of decision-making and the process by
which decisions are implemented or not implemented" is
known as.? Governance
Who defined governance: "is the manner in which
power is exercised in the management of a country's
economic and social resources for government" World
Bank in its 1992 ‘World Development Report’
Note: this report gave the concept of Good Governance
………………refers to application of Information and
Communication Technology for 52 delivering
government services, exchange of information,
communication transactions, integration of various
systems. E-Governance
Who of the following is considered as the Father of
Public Administration ? Woodrow Wilson

353
Luthar Gullick’s POSDCORB : Planning, Organizing,
Staffing, Directing, Coordinating, Reporting and
Budgeting
Four ‘P’s in the theory of Departmentalization as
propounded by Luther Gulick: Purpose, Process, Person
and Place
Elton Mayo, the early twentieth century philosopher in
Public Administration belongs to the group of
—————. Neo-classical thinkers
Civil Service Day in India is celebrated on —————.
21 April
Note ( Dood Governance Day is celebrated on 25
December)
behavioural thinker in Public Administration ? Simon,
Mayo, Chris Argyris
Who is the present Secretary General of United Nations
? António Guterres
step/s is/are included in making a decision according to
Herbert Simon? Intelligence, Design, Choice
10% reservation for Economically Weaker Sections
(EWS) is provided by —————. 103rd Amendments
‘Gang-plank’ ( given by Fayol) refers to —————.
Level Jumping
Note: it is temporarily breaking the hierarchy to
establish direct communication with counterpart in other
division
The process by which a manager assigns some of his/her
total workload to others is called —————.
Delegation
‘Span of Control’ means —————.Number of
subordinates under a superior’s direct control
Who among the following defined public administration
as “detailed and systematic execution of law” ?
Woodrow Wilson
Which one of the following was the first committee to
demand Constitutional recognition for Panchayats ?
Ashok Mehta Committee

354
The term ‘Sala’ used by F. W. Riggs in his Ecological
Approach is borrowed from which language ? Spanish
Chronology of Important committee/commissions-
Santhanam, Appleby, Balwant Rai Mehta, G.V.K. Rao
Committee, etc
Which Schedule of the Constitution of India details the
power and functions of Panchayats ? 11th schedule
Citizens’ Charter originated in —————.UK (991)
Note: Citizens’ Charter in India-1997
Ecological approach to Public Administration ? John M.
Gaus, Robert A. Dahl, F. W. Riggs
Election Commission of India is not concerned with the
election of —————. Members of PRI and Municipal
Councils
Which of the following theories of Public Policy is
linked with Charles Lindblom ? Incremental Theory
themes of New Public Administration ? relevance,
values, social equity, change and client focus
Neo-classical Theory of Organisation focuses on
—————. Decentralisation, Non-formal
Organisation, Human-relation
Introduction to the Study of Public Administration,
considered as the first textbook on Public
Administration was written by —————. Woodrow
Wilson
characteristic of ‘Good Governance’ ? Participation,
Rule of Law, Transparency, Responsiveness, Consensus
oriented, Social Equity and Inclusiveness,
Accountability ,Efficiency and effectiveness
The ————— leadership style is an expression of the
leader’s trust in the abilities of his subordinates?
Delegative
Who among the following propounded the Theory of
Motivation( hierarchy of need) in Organizational
Behaviour ? Abraham Maslow
feature of Civil Services in India: Merit, Nuerality, non-
political, Anonymity( Impersonal)

355
 The concept of Unity of Command iscomplimentary to
the principle of Scalar chain
Classical thinkers
Gullick, Urwick, Taylor, Weber, Fayol, LD White,
Willoughby
Neo-classical- Follet (link), Mayo, Simon
Ecological- Fred Riggs- prismatic- structural
functionalism
NPA: 1st Minnowbrook; themes: Relevance, values,
equity and change
NPM: 2nd Minnowbrook; themes: market, privatization,
performance
Hood coined NPM; Re-inventing Government-Osborne
Good Governance: 1992 World Bank report, SMART
‘Zone of indifference’- Barnard
Puducherry Who is usually regarded as the originator of the doctrine
University of Politics-Administration Dichotomy? Woodrow
Wilson ( He is considered as the father of Public
Administration)

356
 FACT SHEET PYQA IR: THEMES/TOPICS ASKED FROM
INTERNATIONAL RELATION IN PAST YEARS PAPERS OF PG
ET- IN 2 TABLES

TABLE 1: IR PYQA

PG Themes/topics asked with Ans and Addl. Info

ET
HCU Founders of NAM
Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia, Gamal Abdel Nasser of
Egypt, Jawaharlal Nehru of India, Kwame Nkrumah of
Ghana, and Sukarno of Indonesia.
Durand Line- Pakistan and Afghanistan
Farrakka dispute- India and Bangladesh
Treaty of Westphalia( 1648)- system of modern nation-state
Deng Xiaoping- 4 Modernisation
Bandung conference- 1955- called first Afro-Asian
Conference- precursor to the NAM
Key concepts Realism- state, power, security, balance of
power, survival, self-help
5 principles: Panchsheel ( it was signed between India-China
in 1954; also with China-Myanmar)
Mandate system- League of nation
8-8-88 uprisings- Mynamar
OAS: Organization of American States, set up 1948, 34
members
Stalin- socialism in one country; leninism
the concert of Europe: After the end of Napoleonic Wars, the
general consensus and balance of power among 5 great
powers of Europe- Austria, France, Prussia, Russia, and the
United Kingdom- also called the Vianna Congress
Geneva Convention (1st-1864)- deals with humanitarian
treatment in war
Maastricht Treaty- 1992- foundational treaty of EU

357
 India is Not member of APEC, RCEP, ASEAN, BRI
Doklam issue- India, Bhutan, China
UNSC resolution 1325- on women, peace and security
Embassy or diplomatic enclave- considered as constituent
unit/part of the concerned nation
DUET Perpetual Peace’- Immneal Kant; willson’s 14 point principle
and democratic peace theory are based on this;
‘Soft Power’- Joseph Nye
Collective Security- UN, NATO- ‘all for one, one for all’
Samuel Huntington: Clash of civilizations
WTO- foundation year- 1 Jan, 1995
Morgenthau, Waltz, Machiavelli , Thucydides- realist
Thinkers
UNSC Resolution on terrorism-1269 ; Uniting for Peace-
UNGA- 377A
perpetual peace: Immanuel Kant
first UN Conference on Env – 1972 Stockholm Sweden- this
is the 50th year
Just War Theory- Grotius
Kofi Anan quote-‘ State should be viewed as the servant of
its people and not vice versa’
SAARC Charter Day- 8 Dec, 1985
UNDHR – nos. of article- 30; adopted on 10 Dec, 1948
Marxist view on IR
transformationalist view of globalization- 3rd way- state’s
power both decreased and increased in globalisation
Books- Classical Realism
Morton Kaplan’s model of systems analysis in IR
UN Protocol/Treaty arms control, Environment traeties
Watlz( defensive neo-realism), Mearsheimer( offensive neo-
realism) ,Fareed Zakaria( neo-classical realism),
Morgenthau( classical realism)
James Scott-‘ Seeing Like a State’ ; Robert Jervis-
‘Perception and Misperception in IR’ ;, Karl Polanyi- ‘The

358
 Great Transformation’ , Ernest Gellner- ‘Nations and
Nationalism’ , Bendict Anderson – ‘Imagined Community’
classical vs structural( Neo) realism: 3 S of Realism- state,
survival, self-help
Vienna Convention-1985- ozone hole; Montreal Protocol-
1987- protection of ozone hole from CFC
Feminist IR: Ann Tickner( reformulated 6 principles of
Mogenthau), Cynthia Enloe( where are the women in IR?) ,
Sandra Whitworth(Critical Theory), Chandra Mohanty (
post-colonial)
Doyle( democratic Peace theory) , Stephen Walt (
realist),John Ikenberry( liberal), Robert Keohane( neo-
liberalism in IR)
Washington Consensus- 1990s- structural adjustment
program under the guidance of IMF
treaty of Westphalia- 1648- foundation of modern state
system in IR
5 Global Commons, Silent Spring- Rachel Carson , ,
Tragedy of Commons- Garrett Hardin
Complex Interdependence- Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye-
Foundational theory of neo-liberalism
Alternate perspectives on Globalisation
Level of analysis – State system, state(unit level), actor(
individual)
First World War- 1914-1918, 1st great war, trench war
"Just War‟ theory :Samuel Pufendorf
Collective Security System of the UN: All for one, one for
all- given by Morgenthaou
UN Charter- chapters- themes
Westphalian template, Post-Westphalian order
14th SAARC Summit, SAFTA- why it failed? Narrow export
base of countries. 2. Political hurdles
Indus Water Treaty
1960- World Bank played role of mediator
India Got Ravi, Beas, Satluj
Pakistan got- Jhelum, Chenab, Indus water

359
 Marshall Plan-1948- official name: European Recovery
Program
territorial dispute-Indo-Nepal- Kalapani, Susta
Katchatheevu Island- Indo- Sri-Lanka
Wassenar arrangement – export control of conventional and
dual use weopons; India is member
CEPA – free trade agreement; India with South Korea,
Japan, UAE
about NPT and CTBT:- India has not signed NPT and CTBT
2+2 dialogue – India with USA- Foreign and Defense
minister of both counties
Clash of Civilization – Huntignton
End of History- Francis Fukuyama
IORA- facts- India founding member

JNU Who enunciated International society theory as a

combination of three schools of thought – Realism,
Rationalism and Revolutionism? Martin Wight ( of the
English School)
What is the correct sequence of Morton Kaplan’s models of
systems analysis? Balance of Power, Loose Bipolarity, tight
Bipolarity, Universal International System
Note: Mortan Kaplan is pioneer in System Approach in IR
Morgenthau’s 6 realist principles
Founders of NAM: Josip Broz Tito, Gamal Abdel Nasser,
Sukarno, Kwane Nkrumah, and Nehruji
Who said, “Power in International Politics is like the
weather. Everyone talks about it, but few understand it” ?
Joseph Nye
Note: He gave concept of Soft and Smart power ; With
Keohane gave complex Interdependence Theory of Neo-
liberalism in IR
William Cohen- RMA- Revolution in military affairs
Martin Shaw: Degenerate war
Raymond Aron- Hyperbolic War

360
Mary Kaldor- New war- intra-state, cultural/ethnic wars in
the post-Cold War era
5 principles of Panchsheel: mutual respect for sovereignty
and territorial integrity, mutual non-aggression, non
interference in each other's internal affairs, equality and
mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence.
Chian- India signed Panchsheel- 1954
China also signed Panchsheel with Myanmar, which also
played a role in framing Panchsheel
UNSC decisions are taken by the majority of nine out of the
15 members, as well as each of the five permanent members.
Relative Autonomy: State in capitalist society have only
limited autonomy or independence as it need to protect and
further the interest of capitalist class
Marx studied and wrote extensively on Political system of
19th Century France
Chronology of UN Women Conferences- Mexico city- 1975,
Copenhagen-1980, Nairobi-1985, Beijing-1995
The policy of containment formulated by the U.S. aimed at?
Checking globally the influence of the Soviet Union and
spread of Communism/socialism
Indira Doctrine: India’s security is coterminous with the
region and any interference of external powers is taken as a
threat to India’s security.
Core theme of realism- Power, security, Interest, state,
survival, self-help
Who used Balance of Power in 4 different ways?
Morgenthau
BIMSTEC Members: India, Sri-Lanka, Bangladesh, Bhutan,
Nepal (SAARC nations) plus Myanmar and Thailand (non-
SAARC nations)
Transformationalists believe that State power and
sovereignty, in the globalised era, has increased in some
respects and decreased in other.
English school was influenced by Hugo Grotius, a liberal
thinker

361
Neo-realism- An attempt to restate the basic idea of realism
in a more 'scientific' form
Constructivists argue that : The 'truth' is always socially
constructed ; National Identity is also a social construction
Human Emancipation is core theme of the Critical Theory of
IR
What does the controversial ‘nine-dash line’ demarcate ?
China’s claim in South China Sea.
5 Global Commons-High Sea, Deep Ocean, Global
Atmosphere, Outer Space, Antarctica
Antarctic Treaty(1959)- the oldest treaty to check nuclear
weapons’ test
Who defined war as “Organised Violence carried on by
political units against each other” ? Hedley Bull( English
School)
‘Diego - Garcia’ island is located in? Indian Ocean ( it is US
military base)
iron curtain- coined by Winston Churchill; It was division of
Europe into Western Capitalist and eastern communist bloc
the dominant members of the International Solar Alliance are
called? Sunshine countries
Af-Pak strategy was adopted by which US president? Barack
Obama ( he also adopted ‘pivot to Asia’ strategy)
Who is the author of the book ‘Gender Trouble’ ? Judith
Butler
The term ‘Complex Interdependence’ in International theory
advocates which of the following ? Transnational actors
along with economic and institutional instruments.
Resolution 377 A of UN GA: "Uniting for Peace" resolution-
in any cases where the Security Council, because of a lack of
unanimity among its five permanent members (P5), fails to
act as required to maintain international peace and security

362
 TABLE 2: IR PYQA
PG ET Questions asked/ Ans/Addl. info
CPET Odisha Which theory in international relations is advocated by E.H.Carr, George Kennan, R
Morgenthau? Classical Realism
"Polities is governed by Objective Laws which have roots in Human Nature" is prin
realism theory? 1st Principle
Neorealist theory was propounded by in his book "Theory of International Politics'?
Which Commission in 1987 defined Sustainable development as 'development, whi
present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own ne
Commission ( it released the book ‘ Our Common Future’)
The measure of life expectancy, literacy, education, and standard of living for count
Hunman Development Index
How many official languages does the United Nations have? 6 (Arabic, Chinese, En
Spanish.)
Which organ of the UNO functions from Peace palace in the Hague, The Netherlan
Justice
Note: International Criminal Court ( ICC) also function from Peace palace in the H
The United Nations ageney concerned with the improvemént of standards of educat
international co-operation in this field is: U.N. E. S. C. O.
Marshal Plan- 1948: Economic recovery of western Europe
Westphalia Treaty: 1648, nation-state template, post westphalian
IR Theories:
Realism: Hobbes, Morgenthau, Kenneth waltz
Liberalism: Kant, Paine, Wilson, Robert Keohane, Joseph Nye, Doyle
English School( International Society)- Hedley Bull, Martin Wight
Constructivism: Nicholas Onuf, Alexander Wendt
Copenhagen School: Barry Buzan
Marxist- Louis Althusser, Justin Rosenberg, Alexandra Kollontai
Post-Modernist-Lyotard, Foucault, Derrida
Frankfurt School: Herbert Marcuse, Jurgen Habermas, Andrew Linklater
Feminist: Tickner, Cynthia Enloe, Carol Cohn, Laura Sjoberg
IR GK: star war, Détente, Truman Doctrine, Brezhnev Doctrine, Stalin( socialism in
Globalists, globophiles vs globophobes
World Is Flat- Thomas Friedman; time/space compression- David Harvey

Puducherry Ist university to start study of IR as academic discipline? University of Wales (now
University 1919
Who is first Indian woman diplomat ? C. B. Muthamma ( 1st woman to join Indian
The doctrine of ‘limited sovereignty’ was propounded by Brezhnev
The General Assembly of U.N.O. passed the Declaration of Human Rights on 10 D
Balance of power is based on: Realism in IR
Who popularised the word 'Cold War'? Bernard Brouch
India adopted “Panchsheel” in the year of 1954
Which of the following Article of UN grants right of individual or collective self-de
Which one of the following is not a principle of political Realism of Morgenthau? a
be applied to Politics
The 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference(COP 21) held in Parisset a g
ng to 2 degree

363
 The notion of “smart power” connotes: A blend of soft and hard power
Who among the following associated Globalization with the phenomenon of time/s
Harvey
concept of ‘international regime’? Regime is set of norms that governs behaviour o
The central argument of Hegemonic Stability theory of international Relations is:
economic power is necessary to ensure stability and prosperity in a liberal world ec
What was the old name of New Development Bank (NDB)? BRICS Bank
The principles of peaceful cooperation or Panchsheel was the brainchild of China, I
The concept of natural liberty is associated with Social contract theory
Which one of the following established the concept of Sovereignty in international
birth of the modern nation-state system? The Treaty of Westphalia
In the realistic theory of International politics Morgenthau's autonomy of political s
of the political action in complete disregard to other standards of thought
The US approach to cold war was originally set out in the Truman Doctrine ( Conta
spread of Communism)
The history of disarmament is generally traced back to:- the first Hague Conference
first US President visited India after India's freedom: Dwight Eisenhower
Mixed Realism- Power
Marxism- class struggle
Game Theory- Pay off
Constructivism: Identity
Neo-liberalism- economic interdependence; IGOs
Decision-making: Environment (national & international)
6 principles of classical realism- Hans J. Morgenthou
major argument of Neo-realism of Kenneth Waltz is that Structures are more impor
structural realism
System Theory in IR: Mortan kaplan
neo-realism: restate the basic ideas of realism in a more ‘scientific’ form
Bi-polarity- most stable structure for global peace- Kenneth Waltz( father of neo-re
Interest defined in terms of power- Morgenthau ( father of classical realism in mode
Non-reciprocity principle of India’s policy towards neighbouring countries envisage
concessions to neighbouring countries to improve ties; this policy was given by Ind
Non-alignment as India’s foreign policy meant independence and judging each issu
national interest.
Indira Doctrine: India’s security is coterminous with the region and any interference
as a threat to India’s security.
Chronology of Indo-US Nuclear Treaty ; (ii) Indo-Soviet riendship Treaty ; (iii) Tas
Shimla Agreement
India’ border disputes with Nepal, Sri-lanka, Pakistan, Bangladesh
Sri-Lanka(Katchatheevu Island)
Nepal- Kalapani and Susta
Bangladesh( New Moore Island, Dahagram-Angarpota, Farkka Barrage)
Pakistan- Sir Creek, Siachin, Wular barrage
India is Not party to the Rome Statute- through which ICC was set up at Hague, Ne
Landmark events in India’s foreign Policy- Shimla Agrrement ( 1972), Panchsheel
Gujral Doctrine, Look East, Look West, lahore declaration ( Bajpaiji), Genuine NA
Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Indo-Sri lanka Peace accord- 1987
Indus water treaty- 1960
o World Bank played role of mediator

364
 o India got waters of Ravi, Beas, Sutlaj
o Pakistan got- Jhelum, Chenab, Indus water

‘An Agenda for Peace (1995)’- Boutros Boutros-Ghali ; It included Preventive dipl
peace-keeping, and peace-building- UN reform process
Collective Security System of the UN is based on the principle of All for one, one f
famous by Alexandre Dumas in the 1844 novel The Three Musketeers.; Popularized
NATO, Warsaw Pact, and other security alliances are based on this principle
The decisions of the security council are binding, and must only be passed by the m
members, as well as each of the five permanent members
Vianna Conference-1993- Human rights
Cairo- 1994- Population
Beijing- 1995- 4th UN Women conference

Famous Quotes ‘War is Foreign Policy by other means’- Carl von Clausewitz
‘Imperialism is the highest stage of Capitalism’- Lenin
“In crucial situations, however the ultimate concern of states is not for power but fo
defensive neo-realist)
“the power of man over the minds and actions of other men”- Hans Morgenthau
Arms race in itself is experience of terror- Hadley Bull
The United Nations is ‘sharing in the name of solidarity’- Dag Hammarskjold
‘Realism is likely to remain the single most useful instrument in our intellectual too
“Power in International Politics is like the weather. Everyone talks about it, but few
When Diplomacy ends war begins- Adolf Hitler
Justice, law and society are no place or circumscribed in international politics: Thuc
Mussolini: “War is to man what maternity is to a woman. From a philosophical and
believe in perpetual peace.”
Adolf Hitler: “When diplomacy ends, War begins.
Zhou Enlai quote: ‘All diplomacy is a continuation of war by other means.’
Morgenthau: ‘diplomacy as an instrument of securing national interest’
Environment/Climate Chronology of Earth Summits: Rio-de-Jeneiro, Kyoto , Bali Summit, Copenhagen
chnage
Kyoto Protocol of 1997 adopted the programme for legally binding targets for redu
India and China were kept out this
Common but Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities (CBDR–R
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that acknow
capabilities and differing responsibilities of individual countries in addressing clima
The Global Environment Facility is an environmental-focused financial organizatio
projects related to biodiversity, climate change, clean energy, etc; it is an initiative o
The Kyoto Protocol was adopted on 11 December 1997. Owing to a complex ratific
force on 16 February 2005.
5 Global Commons
• High Sea, Deep Ocean, Global Atmosphere, Outer Space, Antarctica

FACT SHEET PYQA CONST : THEMES/TOPICS ASKED ON INDIAN CONSTITUTION IN PAST

YEAR’S PG ETs- IN 2 TABLES

TABLE 1: CONSTITUTION PYQA

365
PG ET Themes/topics asked with Ans and Addl. Info
HCU Economic Justice mentioned in Indian Constitution in?
Preamble and DPSP
Conditions when Parliament can make Acts on state
subjects: 1. Rajya Sabha passes resolution by 2/3rd
majority – Article 249 2. Legislatures of 2 or more states
passes resolution to this effect- Article 252 3. for
implementing any treaty, agreement or convention with
any other country- Article 253 4. State emergency-article
356
About Money Bill:
Provisions regarding money bills are contained in
articles 109 and 110
Lok Sabha Speaker is the final authority to certify a
bill as money bill
Rajya Sabha can hold money bill passed by Lok Sabha
only for 14 days
Lok Sabha may or may not agree to amendments made
in the money bill by Rajya Sabha
President has to give assent to the money bill passed
by the Parliament.
Powers of presidents
Constitutionalism- rule of law, no to arbitrary rule- limited
Govt
Gerrymandering: manipulating boundies for
constituencies
Right to Property( Art. 300A)- Constitutional Right- 44th
amendment
Uniform Civil Code- Art. 44
who presides over the joint sitting of the Parliament?
Speaker
5th Schedule- administration of schedule area/tribes in 10
states
6th Schedule: administration of schedule area/tribes in 4
NE staes- Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Tripura
Adjournment and prorogation do not have any imapct on
pending bills
Dissolution of Lok Sabha- all pending bills lapse; but bills
pending in Rajya Sabha and not passed by Lok Sabha
don’t lapse
Dyarchy in provinces- GOI Act 1919
Dyarchy in centre- GOI Act 1935
Residuary power( which is not part either of the 3 lists in
the 7th Schedule) lies with the Parlimaent
Bi-cameral legislature 6 states- Bihar, Andhra Pradesh,
Tenengana Maharashtra, Karnataka and Uttar Pradesh-
legislative councils
Art. 267: Coningency Fund of India
Many bills require prior approval of President before
placing them on the floor of the house- state
reorganisation, Money Bill, etc
Dr. Sacchidanand Sinha: Interim/temporary president of
the Constituent Assembly

366
 ECI- 3 member- CEC and 2 ECs- since 1993
Model code of conduct (MCC) framed by ECI in 1968-
not a law
Fundamental Duties are obligatory, non-justiciable,
applicable to both citizen and state
Items in the union, state, and concurrent lists
Recent amendments: 101- GST; 102- Backward class
commission; 103-EWS reservation; 104- extension of
reservation; 105- sub classification of OBC
Article 74: Council of Ministers to aid and advise
President, who is bound by those advise; president only
once may return the advise for consideration of the CoM
DUET Difference between pardoning power of President (Art.
72)and Governor( Art. 161)
Ambedkar- Art. 356- dead letter; would rarely be used
Schedules- what they contain
Article 32- heart & soul- Ambedkar
Ambedkar quotes on constitution
provisional president of the Constituent Assembly- Dr
Sacchidanand Sinha
Insertion of 11th Fundamental Duties-86th Amendment-
2002
Basic Structure doctrine- Sajjan Singh case( 1964),
Keshavananda Bharti( 1973), Minerva Mill( 1980) cases
Ordinance- facts- Art. 123- president; 213- Governor;
maximum period without parliament’s approval- 6 month
6 weeks
73 Constitution Amendment- PRI ; 74th - Municipalities
3 lists-7th Schedule
Three Judges Cases-collegium system
6th Schedule states- spl. Provisions- Autonomous Dist.
Councils
Electoral College to elect the President and Vice
presidents of India
Sardar Patel quotes
Article 370- spl. Provisions for J&K
Indian Constitution borrowed from, such as DPSP from
Ireland, FR- USA, Emergency- Germany, Duties- Russia
Article 371-sol. Provisions for many states
constitution as a ‘seamless web’? Granvile Austin
India as quasi-confederacy? KC Wheare
Ninth Schedule- land reforms Acts, inserted by 1st
Amendments

JNU Quorum for the meeting of the Lok Sabha-1/10 of the total
number
first amendment in the Constitution -June 1951 (
reseaonable restrictions on freedom speech and 9th
schedule)
parliamentary privileges- Art 105
only officer allowed to participate in the proceedings of
Indian Parliament- AG- the first law officer of India

367
Maximum duration of finacial emergency- unlimited
Right to Education- Art. 21 A-86th amendment, 2002
Facts about the Writs:
A. The two articles explicating writ jurisdiction of the
Supreme Court and the High Courts for the
enforcement of fundamental rights are Articles 32 and
226.
B. Writs are in the nature of habeas corpus,
mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari.
C. Article 226 is it broader in its scope as empowers
high courts to issue directions, or writs not simply for
the protection of fundamental rights but also for any
other purpose.
Rule of law, Cabinet System, Parliamentary System,
Single Citizenship, Parliamentary privilages- borrowed
from England
Fundamental Rights under art. 20 and 21 ( Right to life)
cannot be suspended during emergency under art. 352
Directive Principles of State Policy are like “pious
aspirations”- Ivor Jennings
3 Judges cases- Collegium system- appointment of Judges
Which impeachment/removal require 2/3rd majority of
total membership of both houses of parliament? President
Who was chairman of the advisory committee of the
Constituent Assembly? Sardar Patel
Legal Sovereignty in India lies with the? Constitution ;
Political Sovereignty is vested in people represented by
the Parliament
For election of Rajya Sabha which electoral method is
used? PR STV – same is used for election of President and
Vice President
FRs under articles 14,20,21, 21A, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27
and 28 are available to citizens and foreigners both
meaning of Rule of law: eqaulity before law, both the state
and citizen ruled by same law, Constitutional govt, no
arbitrary rule
Articles 51A (fundamental duties) and 300A (property
rights) were Not part of original Constitution
Name of our contry in Constitution: Article One(1) says…
“India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States”
Freedom of Religion in article 25-
(A) Freedom of conscience
(B) Right freely to profess religion
(C) Right freely to practice and propagate religion
President take Oath to Preserve, protect, and defend the
Constitution( Art. 60)
About the ninth schedule of the Constitution:
A. It was inserted by the first amendment of the
Constitution in the year 1951.
B. It is now Not only related with land reform Laws.
C. Judicial review is possible in this schedule.
D. It was not part of the original Constitution of India.
about the Constituent Assembly of India:
(A) It was setup under the Cabinet Mission Plan- 1946

368
 (B) It existed till 24 January 1950.
C) its members elected indirectly ( not on the basis of
adult suffrage).
(D) H.V.R. Iyengar was its Secretary.
Quorum for any house of State Legislature: Ten members
or 1/10 of the total number of members of the House,
whichever is greater
Facts about Governor:
A. The Governor shall hold office during the pleasure
of the President.
B. Oath or affirmation by the Governor is in article
159
C. Governor has legislative powers.
D. Discretionary powers of the Governor are
mentioned in the Constitution.
The Supreme Court of India declared Ninety-ninth
Constitution Amendment Act( setting up National Judicial
Appointments Commission( NJAC) ) ‘Unconstitutional
and Void’ using the ‘basic structure’ doctrine
‘Federalism’ is the basic structure of the Constitution. But
India is a ‘quasi-federal’ state
The DPSPs are incorporated in Part - III of the
Constitution which is not justiciable.
Article 21 A, 52 (President), 74( Council of minister), 32,
76(AG), 126 (acting Chief Justice), and 148( CAG)
The Government of India Act, 1935 placed residuary
powers in the hands of the Governor General.

369
 TABLE 2: CONSTITUTION PYQA

PG ET Themes/topics asked with Ans and Addl. Info

CPET In which year the Parliament passed the 52nd
Odisha Amendment Act for checking the practice of political
defections? 1985
Constituent Assembly which framed India’s
Constitution was set up by —————. Cabinet
Mission Plan – 1946
Where can impeachment proceedings against the
President be initiated ? In either House of Parliament
In a situation of tie, the speaker’s vote in the Lok
Sabha is called ————— Casting vote
If the office of the President falls vacant due to any
reason, in how many months should it be filled ? 6
months
Which of the following article of Indian Constitution
provides for the Union Public Service Commission ?
315
Which of the following Articles in Constitution of
India deals with a Money Bill ? 109 and 110
Exclusive power of Rajya Sabha: 1. Creation of All
India Service 2. Parliament making laws on state
subjets
Artcle 141: Law declared by Supreme Court to be
binding on all courts
Article 243 D: Reservation of seats in Panchayats
Writ of habeas Corpus: Gurantee Personal Liberty
preventive detention is mentioned in article? 22
Governor of Bengal became the Governor General
through? Charter Act of 1833
Indian Union as a “federation with centralizing
tendency” Ivor Jennings
In which year the Parliament passed the 52nd
Amendment Act for checking
the practice of political defections- 1985

370
Puducherry 11th Schedule contain 29 subjects; 12th schedule 18
University subjects
In case of clash between the State and Union Law on a
subject in the Concurrent List: The Union Law prevail
Indian Constitution does not use the term ‘Federation’
or ‘Federal’
In India the power of Judicial Review is enjoyed by the
SC and HC
The Election Commission has no role in the election of
1. Panchayats 2. Speakers/dy. speakers of the
legislative assembly
The structure of administration in various Union
Territories is determined by the President
A common High Court for Two or more States and /or
Union Territory may be established by Parliament
The objectives resolution which formed the basis of the
preamble of the constitution was moved in the
Constituent Assembly on December 13, 1946 by J.L.
Nehru
Montagu Chelmsford Report led to the enactment of
the Government of India Act, 1919
The Contingency Fund in India has been placed at the
disposal of President
Equal protection of law means that: All persons should
be equally treated under similar circumstance
Vice President of India? Ex-officio Chairman of Rajya
Sabha
Jt. Sitting of Parliament – chaired by the Speaker Lok
sabha
The fundamental rights enshrined in the Indian
constitution are: Absolute but some are restricted
Which one of the following writs is issued by a higher
court asking the lower court to send the record of a

371
particular case to it on the ground that it is not
competent to decide the case? Certiorari
The system of diarchy was introduced in the provinces
as the: Division of subjects delegated to the provinces
into two categories
What is the maximum period which should not
intervene between two sessions of the state
Legislature? 6 months ( Remember the golden
principle of 6)
A person can remain a minister without being a
member of the either House of the Parliament up to a
maximum period of 6 months
Oligarchy in the constituent Assembly- Nehru, Patel,
Prasad, Azad ( Granvile Austin)
articles deals with Centre-State relations in India?
Articles 245 to 255
Taxes levied and collected by the Centre but assigned
to the states discussed in the article Article 269(2)
How many articles were there originally in
Constitution of India ? 395
Which constitutional Amendment act provided for the
appointment of the same person as Governor for two or
more states- 7th Amendments
Indian constitution was adopted on __ November 26,
1949
No-Confidence motion, to be admitted in the Lok
Sabha needs the support of:- 50 members
The parliament of India consists of:- The President,
Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha
A member of the UPSC may be removed on the ground
of misbehavior by:- The President on the basis of
enquiry by the Supreme Court( Article 317)
Which article of the Indian Constitution deals with
Right to Education? 21 A
The President of India can be removed for _The
violation of Indian Constitution.

372
 Article 371(provides for special provisions with respect
to which of the following States? Maharashtra and
Gujarat
Under which constitutional Article , Union government
has the power to give direction to the state government
regarding any of the provisions of the Constitution?
Art. 257

Mixed Article 21- judicial activism

Sequence of 6 freedom under article 19: speech and
expression, assemble peaceably, form associations,
move freely, reside and settle any part of India, practise
any profession
Article 123: Ordinance by President
President’s power: Disqualify MP on the
recommendation of EC- art. 102, 103
Articles related to PRI- 243 A to 243 O
Removal of EC- on the recommendation of CEC;
CEC- like Judges
Words in Preamble
Landmark cases related to status of preamble: Berubari
(preamble Not part of Constitution) and Keshavananda
(preamble is part of Constitution)
5 Writs- matching, conditions for issuing Writ of
certiorari
Veto powers of Indian President, Pocket Veto
Article 231. Establishment of a common High Court
for two or more States.
Article 233. Appointment of district judges.
Members of Cabinet Mission
Original Jurisdiction of SC- art 32 and centre-state and
federal disputes;
Governors, The Comptroller and Auditor General of
India, the Judges of the Supreme Court and the
Attorney General of India and the Central Vigilance

373
Commissioner of India are appointed by the President
by a warrant under his hand and seal,
Government of India Act 1919- features
5 subjects transferred from state to Concurrent list by
42nd Amendment-1976
Education
Forests,
Weights & Measures,
Protection of Wild Animals and Birds, A
administration of Justice
Article 1: India as union of State
Article 144. Civil and judicial authorities to act in aid
of the Supreme Court
Regarding FR and DPSP- multiple times,
facts/features, relation, articles
Article 368: Amendment power of Constitution – facts
Article 70: empower the Parliament to make provisions
for a contingency when the offices of both the
President and the Vice-President fall vacant
Granville Austin Books : The Indian Constitution:
Cornerstone of A Nation (1966) and Working in a
Democratic Constitution: A History of the Indian
Experience
Election Commission of India(ECI)- Bulwark of free
and fair election- Rudolph & Rudolph
Grounds of imposing president’s rule in states under
article 356
Chronology and features of pre-independence
constitutional reforms
Constitutional vs statutory vs other
bodies/commissions
Basic structure doctrine- Keshavananda Bharti case
Article 312: All India Services- power of Rajya Sabha
All India serives mentioned in Constitution- IAS, IPS,
Indian Judicial Service(IJS)

374
91st amendments- limits the number of Ministers –
15% of total no. of legislature
61st amendments- lowering of voting age
Public Accounts Committee (PAC)- 22 members (15-
LS, RS-07)
Estimate Committee- largest committee- 30 members
only from LS
Inter-state council- article 263- who appoints-
President; set up in 1990; PM is the chairperson
Main functions/role of Inter-state council- center-state
relation
Zonal Councils, set up as per state reorganisation Act,
Union Home Minister is the chairperson
Oligarchy in the constituent Assembly- Nehru, Patel,
Prasad, Azad ( Granvile Austin)
‘India’s Constitution was born more in fear and
trepidation than in hope and inspiration’- Paul Brass
Article 31 B- protect Acts in 9th Schedule from
Judicial review
86th amendments-2002- RTE- 11th duty ( duty of
parents towards education of children)
State Election Commission- conducting elections of
Panchayats
3 times National Emergency ( Art.. 352)- 1962, 1971,
1975
Most important characteristic of a Parliamentary
Government- Collective responsibility of the Executive
to the Legislature
The Constituent Assembly was setup under the Cabinet
Mission Plan-1946
1989- Lok Sabha rules amended to provide for
Department Related Parliamentary Standing
Committees
Government of India Act, 1935 created the Federal
Court in India

375
Indian federalism as “bargaining federalism”- Morris
Jones
About Rajya Sabha- condition and tenure of members,
powers, roles
‘We are under the Constitution but the Constitution is
what the judges say it is’- India and USA
Art. 51A (Fundamental Duties) and Art. 300A (right to
property) were added later on
Any fifty Members of the Electoral College may
propose name of a candidate for the Office of President
of India
Who among the following former Presidents of India
kept the ‘Indian Post Office Amendment Bill’?- Gyani
Zail Singh, who used his Pocket Veto
Art. 356 as a “safety valve” and a dead letter- Dr. B.R.
Ambedkar
Correct sequence regarding the passage of the Budget-
General Discussion, Voting on Grants, Appropriation
Bill, Finance Bill
Regarding Money Bill (article 110)- originate only in
LS, Speaker certifies
Art. 170 and 171: Numbers of MLA and MLC
Article 335- Reservation for the Scheduled Castes and
Scheduled Tribes in the services
Art. 280- Finance Commission; Art. 359: suspension of
FR during Emergency
Inspirations/provisions of Indian constitution from
different nation’s constitution- DPSP- Irish,
Emergency- Germany, FR-USA, Liberty/equality-
French, residuary powers with union- Canada, etc.
Nos. of members of different parliamentary committee
The Fundamental Rights guaranteed by Articles 14, 20,
21, 21A, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 and 28 are available to
all persons whether citizens or foreigners.
FR only to Indian- Art. 15, 16, 19, 29, 30
First Law officer- Attorn General- art. 76

376
Article 317: Removal and suspension of a member of a
Public Service Commission.
Maximum period of Emergency under Art 356- 3
years; under 352/360- unlimited
About amendment procedure under art 368- no joint
sitting
Conditions of Parliament legislating for states
Numbers of members in the constituent Assembly of
India
Fundamental Duties- part IV, art. 51 A
Ordinance and Pardon powers of President/governor-
facts
Nehru Report- 1928; chairperson- Motilal Nehru
Tension areas in centre-state relation: Art. 356, Role of
Governor, Fiscal federalism
Article 257:.. The executive power of the Union shall
also extend to the giving of directions to a State
Art. 365: state emergency if state does not follow
center’s directions as per art. 257
PRI under 73rd amendments extended to 5th schedule
areas by PESA -1996 ; but it is not applicable to 6th
schedule areas
36th amendment- Sikkim state; 97th- cooperative
society; 99th- NJAC
LS seats: 543- 79- SC, 41- ST; 423- unreserved;
6th Schedule states: Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and
Mizoram.
Art. 105- Parliamentary privileges
Extension of FR under Right to life- Art. 21: right to
pollution free air, road, reputation, shelter, privacy,
education, etc.
Art. 19(2): Reasonable restriction on Right to Freedom:
subject to sovereignty and integrity of India, the
security of the State, friendly relations with foreign
States, public order, decency or morality or in relation

377
to contempt of court, defamation or incitement to an
offence
SAARC Bommai case-1994- Misuse of Art. 356 and
Centre-state relation
Shankari Prasad Case- SC declared that amending
powers of Parliament under Art. 368- UNLIMITED
Golaknath Case: Parliament cannot amend FR
Keshavananda Bharti- Parliament can amend any
provision but cannot change basic structure of the
Constitution
Bi-cameral Legislature: Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka,
Telangana, Maharashtra, Bihar, and Uttar Pradesh.
Art. 359: Rights under Art. 20, 21 cannot be suspended
during Emergency
Sikh got separate electorate – GOI 1919
Depressed classes (scheduled castes), women and
labour (workers) got separate electorate – GOI 1935
Article 86. Right of President to address and send
messages to Houses

378
FACT SHEET PYQA IND. POL.: THEMES/TOPICS ASKED ON
INDIAN POLITY IN PAST YEAR’S PG ETs- IN 2 TABLES
TABLE 1: INDIAN POLITY PYQA
PG ET Themes/topics asked with Ans and Addl. Info
HCU Signitories of the Poona Pact-1932: Ambedkar and M M
Malaviya( on belah of Gandhiji)
Shreya Singhal v. Union of India: SC struck down Section
66A of the IT Act, 2000, relating to restrictions on online
speech
Political parties, year of formation, chief leaders, state,
symbol
Major social movements ( Narmda Bachao, Chipko, India
Against Corruption, RTI, etc)- their leaders
Bhudan Movement- Acarya Binoba Bhave
Conditions for Emergency- national emergency-352-
external aggression or armed rebellion
PM’s and reforms/Important policies- RTI- Narsimha
Rao, Anti-defection- Rajeev Gandhi, OBC reservation-
VP Singh
SR Bommai Case-1994-floor test is only proper means to
test majority; curbed misuse of Art. 356- state emergency
Criteria for recognitio as national( 6% votes in 4 states
and 4 Lok Sabha seats) and state party
Electoral college of Predident and Vice President’s
election ( VP: all MPs; President- only elected MPs and
MLAs)
5th Loka sabha had term of more than 5 years
Civil Services Exam- reforms committee:
Kothari committee-1976- 3 stage CSE
Satish Chandra Committee-1989- essay paper
Y.K. Alagh Committee- 2001- CSAT
Hota Committee, 2004: Age-21-24; aptitude and
leadership tests

379
 Second Administrative Reforms (Veerappa Moily)
Commission-2008- CSAT, and present model
CAG and Finance commission submits their annual report
to President
Maharashtra- 1st state to have Lokayukta
Rajshthan- 1st state to implement Panchayati RAJ (
Assisstant Professor was 2nd state)
Kerala- 1st state obudsman for local government
Double Jeopardy- no one can be convicted for same crime
twice
Rotation system of reservation( SC/ST, Women) in local
body election- 73rd Amendments
As a convention chairman of PAC is opposition leader
National Commission to review the Working of the
Constitution, set up in 2000 by the NDA Govt, was
headed by? A. M.N. Venkatachaliah
Exclusive power of Rajya Sabha: creation of All India
Service, Parliament making laws on state subjects
Indra Swahney Case- Creamy Layer criteria for OBC
reservation
N.K.Singh- chairman of 15th Finance Commission ( Art.
280)
Important committee/commission
Landmark SC cases
Minimum age- Panchayat member-21 yrs, LS MP/MLA-
25 years, RS MP-30 years; Governor/President- 35 yrs

DUET NCR- dist. included

states formations- chronology
national & state parties- criteria, leaders, set up year
Second Democratic Upsurge- Yogendra Yadav
laws made towards protecting rights of women and
dignity of SC/ST
BAMCEF-Kanshi Ram
committees on PRI

380
 Ramasamy Naicker-Justice Party and DK Party
single‐party dominance-Morris Jones
The Bhuria Committee -PESA -1996
Dinesh Goswami Committee – election reforms
Liberhan Commission, Nanavati Commission, M.P.
Thakkar Commission, M.C. Jain Commission
first women Chief Minister – Sucheta Kriplani
National Human Rights Commission- facts, statutory
body
Term/quotes used by Indian political thinkers to describe
Indian Polity
Bullock cart capitalists- Rudolph
demand and command politics- Rudolph
In Pursuit of Lakshmi -book- Rudolph
Atul Kohli -crisis of governability
polycentric hierarchy- Aseema Sinha
Indian state as interchangeably “weak” and “captured-
Atul Kohli
Rajni Kothari- Congress System
Central Vigilance Commission- 1964- recommended by
Santhanam Committee( 1962)
M.M. Punchhi Commission(2007)- centre-state relation
Poona Pact- Gandhi( signed by MM Malavia)- Ambedkar
split in Congress Party in 1969- Congrss(R)- New led by
Indira Gandhi and Congress (O)- old
Kaladan transport project - India and Myanmar
Vishaka Guidelines
An Anti-Secularist Manifesto- Asish Nandy

JNU Modern Indian Political thinker and their core thoughts

M.N. Srinivas- Sanskritization
Morris Jones-Single Party Dominance
Atul Kohli: Crisis of Governability
Rajni Kothari- The Congress System
Sunil Khilnani- Idea of India

381
 Partha Chatterjee: derivative Discourse’
Societies/party formed by Indian Freedom Leaders:
Tilak(The Deccan Education Society), Bipin Chandra
Pal(Sri Krishna), Subhas Chandra Bose(‘Forward Block’)
, Raja Ram Mohan Roy(Brahmo Samaj, Atmiya Sabha,
Calcutta unitarian Association), Savarkar(Abhinav
Bharat),
C.N. Annadurai -founder DMK
Syndicate in Congress- K. Kamraj, N. Sanjiva Reddy,
S.K. Patil, Atulya Ghosh, S. Nijalingappa
Books by modern Indian Political Thinkers
W.H. Morris Jones - The government and politics of
India
Paul R. Brass – The Politics of India Since
Independence
Atul Kohli: Democracy and Discontent: India's
Growing Crisis of Governability
Atul Kohli - Poverty and Plenty in New India
Myron Weiner - Party Politics in India
‘The Idea of India’- Sunil Khilnani
Last state which was reorganised on the basis of language
? Punjab- 1966; note: Andhra Pradesh was the 1st in 1953
States was created by the central government on the basis
of language, to improve the quality of administration,
recognition of distinct regional/territorial identity groups,
better developmental record of ‘new’ states
RTI movement was started by MKSS, a long grassroots
movement,led by Aruna Roy, in Rajasthan
Chairman of the 2nd Administrative Reform Committee
(ARC)? Veerappa Moily ( Note: Morarji Desai was
chairman of 1st ARC-1966)
features of the ‘Congress System’ by Rajni Kothari
A. Congress Party represented an ideological
consensus
B. Opposition parties acted as pressure groups

382
 C. Congress gained electorally from the distribution of
power and patronage
D. Congress had a social coalitional support base in
electoral terms
factors related to the economic transition from
development planning model to the market oriented
economic growth model in 1991:
A. Oil Crisis due to gulf war
B. Collapse of Soviet Union followed by the other
East European countries
C. Political and social instability in the country leading
to the flight of capital
D. Balance of Payment crisis
Facts about Jammu & Kashmir:
A. The accession of Jammu and Kashmir to India
happened on 26 October 1947.
B. Jammu and Kashmir became a Union Territory on
31 October 2019.
C. The final draft of Article 306-A with modification
was inserted in the Indian Constitution as Article 370.
D. The President issued Constitution (applicable to
Jammu and Kashmir) Order of 1954that superseded
1954 Constitution Order.
After the 1991economic liberlisation, Service sector has
been the fastest growing sector followed by the
Manufacturing and agricultural sector
Secularism in India as practiced in India:
A. Respect and protection of all religions
B. Equal distance from all religions
C. No discrimination against any one on the basis of
religion
D. Symmetric political treatment of different religious
communities
Committee on PRI- P.K. Thungan, Balwant Rai Mehta,
Ahok Mehta, Sadiq Ali Committee

383
Who is author of Gulamgiri? Jyotirao(Jyotiba) Phule(
note: He founded ‘Satya Shodhak Samaj’ and
spearheaded backward caste movement in western India)
Who gave idea of ‘derivative Discourse’? Partha
Chaterjee (Wrote-‘ Nationalist Thought and the Colonial
World: A Derivative Discourse’)
Who coined the concept of 'Total Revolution' ? Jaya
Prakash Narayan
Ramnandan Committee: criteria for excluding the creamy
layer from OBCs
The PM is ex-officio chairperson of the NDMA- National
Disaster Management Authority
Lloyd and Sussane Rudolph introduced the notion of
'Bullock Capitalists' in the wake of? Green Revolution
Chronology of pre-independence movements/events: A.
Champaran Movement-1917 B. Communal Award- 1932
C. Non-Cooperation Movement-1920 D. Formation of All
India Muslim League-1906

384
 TABLE 2: INDIAN POLITY PYQA
PG ET Themes/topics asked with Ans and Addl. Info
CPET Criteria for recognised as national party- If a party wins
Odisha 2% of seats (11) in the Lok Sabha from at least 3 different
States it is recognized as a national party
Note: know other criteria, too
Who led anti Hindi movement in Tamil nadu in 1938?
Periyar E.V. Ramaswamy
Who pointed out the two important trends in caste in
India-(a) the process of Sanskritisation and (b)
Westernization? M.N. Srinivas
In 1989 who was the Prime Minister of India to
implement the recommendations of the Mandal
Commission for reservation of jobs for the OBCs?
V.P.Singh
The office of District Collector was created by
————— Lord Warren Hastings
Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas), Act was
enacted in the year —————.1996
Reserve Bank of India was established in the year
—————. 1935
The term ‘Performance Budget’ was coined by
—————. First Hoover Commission
NCW- 1992; NHRC-1993, National Minority
Commission-1993
M. Hidyatullah: The SC chief justice who also worked as
acting President of India
Congress system: Rajni Kotahri
Single party dominance- Morris Jones
Quasi-Federal- K.C. Wheare
Political parties- foundation year, founder, state, leaders

Puducherry Which state first implemented EWS quota? Gujarat

University Aaya Ram Gaya Ram related to which state? Haryana
Chronology of Presidents and PMs

385
 At present the Election Commission consists of Chief
Election Commissioner and 2 Election Commissioners
The Governor of the state nominates to the Legislative
Council- 1/6th of the members
Research and Analysis Wing (RAW) is a Indian
Intelligence Agency
Indian federalism is based on the pattern of: Canada
In which year collegium system was introduced in Indian
judiciary? 1993
Who of the following President of India was associated
with the Trade Union movement in India? V.V.Giri
Who headed a committee appointed by the Union
Government to identify the Creamy Layer in 1993? Ram
Nandan
Parliament of India passed the states Reorganisation Act
in 1956 to create: 14 states and 6 UTs
In which of the following states is minimum educational
qualification required for candidates contesting local
Panchayat polls? Rajasthan and Haryana
By which Act the office of Secretary of State for India
was created? GOI Act 1858
Which one of the following parliamentary committee
consists exclusively of members of the Lok Sabha?
Estimate committee ( with 30 members, the largest
committee)
Which Supreme Court judge played a pivotal role in the
introduction of Public Interest Litigation? Justice P.N.
Bhagwati

Mixed Chronoloy of president and vice-presidents

Matching President- vice-president
PMs of different party/coalition matching
President has the power to declare a caste/tribe SC
AG: 1st law officer
Article 317: Removal and suspension of a member of a
Public Service Commission.

386
Tenure of CVC- 4 years
Hiralal Jekisundas Kania was the first Chief Justice of
India.
Article 105- Parliamentary Privilages- facts
Bi-cameral Legislature : Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka,
Telangana, Maharashtra, Bihar, and Uttar Pradesh.
ECI criteria for national and state parties
Formation years, leaders, and states( in case of regional
parties) of parties
Nature of political parties- national, regional, caste based,
umbrella, linguistic
Trade unions and student’s union affiliated to political
parties
Syndicate in Congress- 1960s- K.Kamraj, Nijalingappa,
Morarji Desai, Atulya Ghosh
Committee/agency/events on Centre-state relation:
• Rajamannar Committee – 1969
• Anandpur Sahib Resolution – 1973
• West Bengal Memorandum – 1977
• Sarkaria Commission- 1983
• Punchhi Commission – 2007
Inter state council- article 263; set up in 1990- main role
to promote cooperative federalism by improving centre-
state relation
Indian Federalism – ‘ holding together federalism’-
Pranab Bardhan
Mayron Weiner termed it ‘quasi-federal’
73rd amendments: applicable to 5th schedule areas ( vide
PESA Act-1996) but Not to 6th schedule states
74th amendments: not applicable to 5th and 6th schedule
areas
Article 243 ZD: 74th amendments: District Planning
Committee to consolidate the plans prepared by the
Panchayats and Municipalities
Ram Nandan Committee- to Identify the creamy layer
Santhanam Committee on Prevention of Corruption-1962

387
Central Vigilance Commission was set up in 1964 on the
recommendations of Santhanam Committee
Dilip Singh Bhuriya Committee- Panchayati raj
Extension to Scheduled areas
Electoral reform committee- Tarkunde committee, Dinesh
Goswami Committee, Indrajeet Gupta Committee
Vishaka Guidelines- Sexual harrassment of women at
workplace
Famous cases
Shankari prasad( Unlimited amendment power to
Parliament), Sajjan Singh( first time Basic Structure
term) , Golaknath( Parliament cannot amend FR),
Keshavananda(Basic Structure Doctrine), Minerva
Mill , SR Bommai, maneka Gandhi cases( due process
of law)
ADM Jabalpur case ( 1975): Art. 21 can be suspended
by the declaration of Emergency- Justice H.R. Khanna
dissented
MC Mehta Case (1986): Absolute Liability of
factories/firms polluting environment
SR Bommai case-1994: To limit abuse of Article 356;
centre-state relation
Election commission became a 3 member body briefly in
1989( CEC – RVS Peri sashtri), but was reverted back to
single CEC soon; later on, continously from 1993( CEC-
T. N. Seshan)
Sukumar Sen was the first Chief Election Commissioner
of India
Article 324- role/functions of Election Commission
Article 329: On interference of court in election matters
Facts about NOTA

388
389
 SAMPLE PAPER
SET 1
1.Which term is Not related to Classical Liberalism?
A. Individualism
B. Welfarism
C. Natural Rights
D. Negative Liberty
E. State as necessary evil
F. Private property
G. Constitutional Government

2.Which term is Not related to Liberaltarianism?

A. Free market Economy
B. Low taxation
C. Distributive justice
D. Nightwatchman state
E. Market over state
F. Individual freedom

3.Which of this term/thinker is Not related to Modern Liberalism?

A. Welfare State
B. Distributive Justice
C. Progressive Taxation
D. Laissez-faire state
E. John Rawl
F. Social Democracy

390
4.Which term is Not related with Liberalism?
A. Possessive individualism
B. Market Economy
C. Dirigisme
D. Capitalism
E. Individual Autonomy
F. Minimal State
G. Tolerance
H. Universalism

5.Which term is Not related with Marxism?

A. Class struggle
B. Base & Superstructure
C. Alienation
D. Hegemony
E. Economic Determinism
F. Value pluralism
G. Dialecticism
H. Materialism
I. Profit as theft
J. Withering away of state

6. Match the items in two columns

Thinkers How they defined politics

1) Hannah Arendt A. Politics is the art of the possible
2) Harold Lasswell B. Politics is about who gets what, when
and how
3) David Easton C. Politics as capacity of acting in concert
(together)
4) Bismarck D. Politics as authoritative allocation of value
Options:
a) 1-C, 2-B, 3-D, 4-A

391
 b) 1-B, 2-C, 3-A,4-D
c) 1-C,2-B,3-A,4-D
d) 1-D,2-C,3-A,4-B

7. Match the items in two columns

Thinkers How they defined Power

1) Robert Dahl A. A has power over B to the extent that
A can get B to do
something which B would not
have done otherwise
2) Lord Acton B. Power tends to corrupt, and absolute
power corrupts
absolutely
3) Talcott ParsonsC. Power is to political as money is to
economy; Like
money, power also circulates in
society
4) Hannah ArendtD. Power as creating action in group by
communication to
realize public realm
Options:

a) 1-A, 2-B, 3-D, 4-C

b) 1-D, 2-C, 3-A,4-B
c) 1-A,2-B,3-C,4-D
d) 1-B,2-C,3-A,4-D

8. Match the items in two columns

Thinkers Related ideas

392
 1. J.S.Mill A. Deliberative democracy
2. Schumpeter B. Proportional Representation
3. Robert Dahl C. Polyarchy
4. Joshua Cohen D. Democracy as political method

Options:

a) 1-C, 2-B, 3-D, 4-A

b) 1-B, 2-D, 3-C,4-A
c) 1-A,2-B,3-C,4-D
d) 1-B,2-D,3-A,4-C

9. In Marxian philosophy Mode of Production can be roughly

equated with: -
A. Forces of Production
B. Relations of Production
C. Both the above (A and B)
D. Means of Production

10. What does the concept Dialectic mean in Marxism?

A. Coexistence of Contradictions
B. Class struggle
C. historical materialism
D. Constant struggle

11. Which of these is Not one of the difference between classical and
modern Liberalism
A. Classical- minimal state; modern-welfare state
B. Classical- universalism; modern- accepts multi-culturalism and
cultural relativity
C. Classical- individualism; modern- communitarianism
D. Classical- inviolable property rights; modern- allow distributive
justice

393
12. Which of the following is not true of Rousseau?
A. His Social Contract was an attempt to reconcile modern life with
nobility and virtuosity of past
B. His General Will was sum total of the actual wills of each member
of the body politic.
C. In his view, one could be forced to be free.
D. Modern civilization corrupted humanity, debased human nature

13. Who is the first modern thinker to define liberty as absence of

external man-made constraint ( the negative Liberty)?
A. Hobbes
B. Locke
C. Rousseau
D. J.S.Mill

14. Which is not one of the ‘causes’ given by Aristotle?

A. Effective Cause
B. Material cause
C. Formal cause
D. Final Cause

15. Which of these does not belong to Marxist school of thoughts?

A. Antonio Gramsci
B. Michael Sandel
C. Rosa Luxemburg
D. M.N.Roy

16. Which of these does political thinker is not related to

Communitarianism?
A. Michael Walzer

394
 B. Alasdair MacIntyre
C. Michael J. Sandel
D. John Rawl

17. Which of these feminist thinkers criticized Edmund Burke’s

‘Reflections on the French Revolution’, for his conservative
thoughts?
A. J.S.MILL
B. Mary Wollstonecraft
C. Pandita Ramabai
D. Raja Ram Mohan Roy

18. Match the items in two columns

Feminist Thinkers Generation
1. Marry Wollstonecraft A. 3rd wave
2. Simone de Beauvoir B. 2nd wave
3. Shulamith Firestone C. 2nd wave
4. Eve Ensler D. 1st wave
Options:
a) 1-C, 2-B, 3-D, 4-A
b) 1-B, 2-D, 3-C,4-A
c) 1-D,2-B,3-A,4-C
d) 1-D,2-C,3-B,4-A

19. Which is Not correct about Joh Rawl’s Theory of Justice?

A. It gave lexical priority to Liberty Principle over Equality Principle.
B. It is based on the difference principle
C. It is applicable universally to all societies.
D. It gave priority to rights over common good

20.Which is Not correct about ‘Veil of Ignorance’ device

conceptualized by John Rawl?
A. It is a device to eliminate bias in decision making and
judgement

395
 B. Contracting parties do not know their place in society, social status,
or class position
C. Parties don’t even know their conception of good life
D. Parties to the contract have encumbered selves

21. Marx’s theory of the state and revolution is taken from

(A) German classical philosophy
(B) British political economy
(C) French revolutionary tradition
(D) American war of independence

22. Who considered positive liberty as slippery slope leading to

totalitarianism?
A. J.S.Mill
B. Jeremy Bentham
C. Isaiah Berlin
D. Charles Taylor

23. Which is Not Correct of western political thoughts?

A. Both Aristotle and Hegel gave organic and integrative theory of
state
B. Aristotle and Hobbes are considered founders of philosophical-
normative approach
C. Aristotle is considered as father of comparative politics
D. Plato assigned same political role to women as to men

24. Which is Not correct about ‘General Will’ of Rousseau?

A. It represented group mind
B. It denoted participatory and deliberative democracy
C. It represented societal common Good
D. One cannot be forced to obey the General Will

25. Karl Popper called which thinkers as ‘enemies of open society’?

A. Plato, Hegel, and Marx

396
 B. Aristotle, Hegel, Marx
C. Machiavelli, David Hume, Bentham
D. Edmund Burke, Marx, Hegel

26. Who among the following does not belong to Frankfurt school of
critical thinkers?
A. Erich Fromm,
B. Herbert Marcuse
C. Carole Patman
D. Jürgen Habermas

27. Which of the following is not authored or co-authored by Karl

Marx?
a) Das Kapital
b) The Holy Family
c) The State and Revolution
d) The German Ideology

28. Which of these are correct about religious thoughts of Raja Ram
Mohan Roy?
1. Believed in Unity in all religion
2. Believed in one Supreme God- Vedantic principle of Monotheism
3. Believed that Hinduism suffered from polytheism, idolatry,
superstitions, ritualism
4. Believed in existence of soul and life after death
Options:
A. 1,2
B. 1,2,3
C. 1,3
D. 1,2,3,4

29. Savarkar's test of nationality includes

A. Pitrabhu, Matribhu, Punyabhu

397
 B. Matribhu, Pitrabhu, Karmabhu
C. Pitrabhu, Matribhu, Dhannabhu
D. Pitrabhu, Matribhu, Karmabhu, Punyabhu, Dharmabhu

30. Who considered western nation-state as soulless machine and

(British) Parliaments as merely emblems of slavery?
A. Ambedkar
B. M.N.Roy
C. Aurobindo
D. Gandhi

31.Which Quote is Not attributed to Ambedkar?

A. Lambs are shorn of the wool; they are feeling the cold
B. If things go wrong in the new Constitution, the reason will not be
that we had a bad Constitution, what we will have to say that Man
was vile
C. Constitutional morality must be held higher than public morality
D. Swaraj will come not by acquisition of authority by a few but by
acquisition of capacity by all to resist authority when it is abused

32.Who said "Kautilya's Arthashastra exemplified radical

Machiavellianism, compared to it, Machiavelli's Prince is harmless”?
A. Max Weber
B. Morgenthau
C. Bentham
D. Kenneth Waltz

33. Which of these Not one of the ideal types of political culture
given by Almond & Verba?

A. Parochial
B. Homogeneous
C. Subject
D. Participative

398
34. Who propounded General System Theory which became base for
system theory in Comparative Politics?
A. Ludwig von Bertalanffy
B. David Easton
C. Gabriel Almond
D. Jean Blondel

35. Which of the following developed Structural-Functionalism from

the System approach of David Easton?

A. James Coleman
B. Jean Blondel
C. Mortan Kaplan
D. Gabrieal Almond

36.Which term is Not related to Traditional Approach to

Comparative Politics ?

A. Institutional
B. Behavioural
C. Formal-legal
D. Formal
E. Configurative
F. Eurocentric
G. Parochial
H. Descriptive
I. Normative- philosophical

37.Which term is Not related to Modern Approach to Comparative

Politics?
A. Analytical
B. Empirical
C. Soft institutions

399
 D. quantitative
E. Value neutral
F. System
G. Structural- functional
H. Informal
I. Legal-constitutional
J. Behaviour

38. Which is Not correct about Public Policy Process

A. Niti Ayog is specialized agency to help policy making in India
B. Public Administration plays minor role in Policy process in India
C. Public Policy implementation is almost exclusive in executive
domain
D. Some policy making is also done in Legislative and Judicial
Domain

39.Which of these plays only a minor role Policy making in India?

A. PMO
B. Concerned line Ministry
C. Cabinet Secretariat
D. Niti Ayog
40. Who defined public policy as “anything a government chooses to
do or not to do”?

A. Harlod Lasswell
B. Harlod Laski
C. Thomas Dye
D. John Kingdon

41. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( lines) List 2( location/countries)

400
 1. Nine-dash line A. Fortified boundary line between
France-Germany
2. Macartney–MacDonald Line B. Ill-defined demarcation line in
South
China Sea, as claimed by China
3. Ardagh–Johnson Line C. Proposed boundary in the
disputed
area of Aksai Chin
4. Maginot Line D. Proposed boundary demarcating
north-eastern boundary of J&K/India and China

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B C D A
b) A B D C
c) B D A C
d) D C A B

42. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( lines) List 2( location/countries)
1. Durand Line A. India-China
2. Radcliffe Line B. India- Tibet (China)
3. McMahon Line C. Pakistan- Afghanistan
4. Line of Actual Control D. India- Bangladesh

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B C D A
b) A B D C
c) C D B A
d) D C A B

43. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1(Leader/thinker) List 2(Doctrine/Theory)

401
 1. Stalin A. Permanent Revolution’
2. Brezhnev B. Pivot to Asia
3. Trotsky C. Limited Sovereignty
4. Obama D. Socialism in a single country

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B C D A
b) D C B A
c) B D A C
d) D C A B

44. Which of these is not one of the feminist thinkers in IR?

A. Judith Ann Tickner
B. Carol Cohn
C. Hanah Arendt
D. Laura Sjoberg

45. Which of these regional organization is driven by India’s ‘Look

East’ and ‘Neighbourhood First’ policy?
A. BIMSTEC
B. SAARC
C. ASEAN
D. BCIM

46. Which of these is one of the liberal thinkers in IR?

A. Thomas Hobbes
B. Machiavelli
C. Robert Keohane
D. Thucydides

402
47. Which approach to IR focuses on culture, identity, social norms,
idealism, etc?
A. Liberal institutionalist approach to study international relations.
B. Dependency theory to study international relations.
C. International systems theory to study political economy.
D. Social Constructivist approach to study international relations.

48. Which is not correct about the concept of Human Security in

IR?
A. Realism in IR is concerned more about the human security than
state security.
B. The UNDP Human Development Report 1994 coined the term
“human security”.
C. Core theme of human security is that securing State is not same
as securing individuals.
D. Its end goal is the protection of people from traditional (i.e.,
military) and non-traditional threats such as poverty, hunger,
disease, etc.

49. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( Leader/thinker) List 2( Doctrine/Theory)
1. Jimi Carter A. Containment policy
2. Joseph Stalin B. ‘War against Terror’
3. George Bush C. Leninism
4. Harry Truman D. Human Right Approach

403
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B C D A
b) D C B A
c) B D A C
d) D C A B

50. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1 ( US Presidents) List 2( Doctrine/Policy)
1. Barack Obama A. Arms reduction and ending cold war
2. Ronald Reagan B. Bretton Woods system
3. Franklin Roosevelt C. end the Korean War
4. Dwight Eisenhower D. Af-Pak strategy

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B C D A
b) D A B C
c) B D A C
d) D A C B

51. According to Realism, the essence of international politics is

A. The pursuit of power
B. International law & regimes
C. Security
D. Moral and Ideological Hegemony

52. Which one of the following is not a key tenet of Liberalism in IR

a. Political philosophy of Kant
b. Political philosophy of Hobbes
c. Institutional Norms can influence state behavior
d. International Regimes can influence patterns of cooperation

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53. Who is Not a realist thinker?
A. Fareed Zakaria
B. Stephen Walt
C. Raymond Aron
D. John Ikenberry

54. Which term is Not related to Realism in IR?

A. Balance of Power
B. Polarity
C. Distribution of Capabilities
D. Relative gains
E. Anarchy
F. Survival
G. Self-help
H. Statism
I. International Regime

55. First NAM Summit was held in :

A. Cairo (Egypt)
B. Belgrade (Yugoslavia)
C. Bandung (Indonesia)
D. Colombo (Sri Lanka)

56.Parliament consists of
1. Lok Sabha
2. Rajya Sabha
3. President

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 4. PM
Options:
A. 1,2,3
B. 1,2,3,4
C. 1,2,4
D. 1,2

57.Which is Not correct about Indian federalism?

A. words ‘Federal’ or ‘Federalism’ are not mentioned anywhere in the
constitution
B. Indian federalism resembles the Canadian federalism
C. It is considered as ‘coming together’ federalism
D. Prof. K.C. Wheare called India a quasi-federal state

58. Which one of the following cases is/are related with the idea of
Basic Structure of the Indian Constitution?
1. Minerva Mills case- 1980
2. Kesavananda Bharati case -1973
3. S.R. Bommai case-1994
4. Sajjan Singh case- 1964

Options:
A. Only 1
B. 1,2
C. 1,2,3
D. 1,2,3,4

59.In which of the following aspects of legislation the Rajya Sabha

has special power ( in comparison to the Lok Sabha.
A. In respect of Money Bills
B. In respect of constitutional Amendment bills
C. In respect of creation of new states
D. In Respect of creation of All India Services

406
60.Which article protect acts put in 9th schedule from judicial
review?
A. 31 B
B. 31 C
C. 31 D
D. 31

61. Which is Not part of the electoral college for president?

1. Nominated members of Lok Sabha
2. Nominated members of Rajya Sabha
3. Members of State Legislative Council
4. Nominated members of State Legislative Assembly
Options:
A. 1,2
B. 1,2,3
C. Only 3
D. 1,2,3,4

62.Which is Not correct about the 1st Amendment 1951

A. Reasonable restrictions on freedom of speech (Public order,
Friendly relations with foreign states, Incitement to an offence)
B. Ninth Schedule added- Land Reforms Acts
C. Inserted Article 31A: acquisition of private property by
Government
D. Inserted Article 300 A for protecting Right to Property

63.Which of these is Not correct about provisions related to

Ordinance in Indian Constitution?
A. President has power under article 123 to issue ordinances which
will have the effect of law
B. Governor has power under article 213 to issue ordinances which
will have the effect of law in the State
C. Maximum tenure of Ordinance is 6 month

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 D. Maximum tenure of Ordinance is 6 month and 6 weeks

64.Match

Schedule Subject/Issue
1) 3rd A. Land reforms Acts
2) 4th B. Urban local Government- municipalities
3) 9th C. Allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha
4) 12th D. Forms of Oaths or Affirmations for legislatures,
Judges, ministers, etc
Options:
A. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A
B. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
C. 1-D, 2-C, 3- A, 4-B
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

65. Match
Most Important Articles Subject/Issue
1) 1 A. Protection of interests of minorities
2) 29 B. Abolition of Untouchability
3) 21 C. Right to Life & Personal Liberty
4) 17 D. India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of State

Options:
A. 1-D, 2-A, 3- C, 4-B
B. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
C. 1-D, 2-C, 3- A, 4-B
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

408
66.Match

PM Event/Principle
1. Indira Gandhi A. Ayodhya Dispute
2. Rajeev Gandhi B. Mandal Commission
3. V.P.Singh C. Committed Bureaucracy
4. P.V. Narsimha Rao D. Assam Accord

Options:
A. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A
B. 1-C, 2-A, 3-D, 4-B
C. 1-C, 2-D, 3- A, 4-B
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

67.Match

President Event/Principle
1. Rajendra Prasad A. Refused imposition of
emergency in
UP and Bihar
2. K.R.Narayan B. used pocket veto not to sign the
postal
bill
3. Pranab Mukherjee C. refused to sign ordinances on
anti-
corruption
law
4. Jail Singh D. differed on Hindu code bill

409
 Options:
A. 1-D, 2-C, 3- B, 4-A
B. 1-D, 2-A, 3-C, 4-B
C. 1-D, 2-A, 3- B, 4-C
D. 1-D, 2-C, 3- A, 4-B

68.In 1969 Congress split in two part, they were called?

A. Congress(O) and Congress(I)
B. Congress(R) and Congress(I)
C. Congress (P) and Congress (R )
D. Congress(R) and Congress(O)

69.Which of these is Not a national party?

1. NCP- Nationalist Congress Party
2. TMC- Trinamool Congress
3. TDP- Telagu Desham party
4. TRS- Telangana Rashtra Samithi
Options:
A. 1,3
B. 3,4
C. 1,3,4
D. 1,2,3,4

70.Which of the following is the oldest party?

A. Akali Dal
B. Bhartiya Jana Sangh
C. Justice Party
D. CPI

71.Which of the following is Not one of types of party recognised by

ECI?

A. National Party
B. State Party

410
 C. Regional Party
D. Registered Party

72.Which is the criteria for being recognised as national party by

ECI?
1. the party polls 6% of votes in any four or more states and in
addition it wins four Lok Sabha seats
2. The party win 2% of seats in the Lok Sabha from at least three
different states
3. The party gets recognition as a state party in four states
4. The Party gets 6 % votes in 6 states
Options:
A. 1 or 3
B. 1 or 3 or 4
C. 1 or 2 or 3
D. 1 or 2 or 3 or 4

73.Which is the criteria for being recognised as State party by ECI?

1. A party should secure at least 6% of valid votes polled in an
election to the state legislative assembly and win at least 2 seats in
that state assembly.
2. A party should secure at least 6% of valid votes polled in an
election to Lok Sabha and win at least 1 seat in Lok Sabha.
3. A party should win at least 3% of the total number of seats or a
minimum of three seats in the Legislative Assembly, which ever is
higher.
4. A Party secures 8% or more of the total valid votes polled in the
state.

Options:
A. 1 or 3
B. 1 or 3 or 4
C. 1 or 2 or 3
D. 1 or 2 or 3 or 4

411
74.Free 5 kg of food grains were provided to poor people during the
Pandemic under which central Govt Scheme?
A. National Food Security Mission
B. Targeted Public Distribution System
C. MGNAREGA
D. Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana

75.Under which central Govt Scheme cash assistance is provided to

eligible pregnant women for giving birth in a government health
facility?
A. Integrated Child and Mother care scheme
B. Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram
C. Child and mother protection scheme
D. Janani Suraksha Yojana

412
 SET 2
1. Which of the following has Not given Elite Theory?
A. Mosca
B. Thomas Aquinas
C. Pareto
D. C Wright Mills

2. Which of these does not belong to Conservatism?

A. Robert Nozick
B. David Hume
C. Edmund Burke
D. Michael Oakeshott

3. Match the items in two columns

Feminist Thinkers Books
1. Marry Wollstonecraft A. the second Sex
2. Simone de Beauvoir B. Sexual politics
3. Shulamith Firestone C. A Vindication of the Rights of Men
4. Kate Millet D. The Dialectic of sex

Options:
a) 1-C, 2-A, 3-D, 4-B
b) 1-B, 2-D, 3-C,4-A
c) 1-D,2-B,3-A,4-C
d) 1-C,2-A,3-B,4-D
4. Who among the following is credited to have given the feminist
slogan ‘Personal is Political’?
A. Carol Hanisch
B. Simone de Beauvoir
C. Kate Millet
D. Rebecca Walker

413
5. Which is Not correct about the critical theories?
A. Unlike foundational or traditional theories which understanding or
explaining social problems, critical theories aim societal
transformation.
B. it Aims for human emancipation, decreasing domination and
increasing freedom
C. Emerged in connection with the many social movements- feminist,
environmentalist, anti-domination, sub-altern, etc
D. Rejects modernism and fully supports post-modernist approach
E. Feminism, post-structuralism, deconstructivism, neo-Marxism,
post-colonialism, etc. are included under the umbrella of the
critical theories
F. Frankfurt school ( in Germany) is the mainstay of critical thinkers

6.Which is Not correct about post-behaviouralism?

A. A reaction against the dominance of behavioralist methods in the
study of politics.
B. It was propounded by David Easton in 1969
C. Value-neutrality
D. It was both qualitative and quantitative
E. It had two slogans ‘action’ and ‘relevance’
F. Better to be vague than non-relevant

7.Which is of these terms/concepts are not related to

Behaviouralism?
A. Logical Positivism
B. Empiricism
C. Fact-value separation
D. Quantification
E. Value pluralism
F. Pure science of polities
G. Testable hypothesis

414
8.For John Rawl what was the first virtue of any social order?
A. Equality
B. Rights
C. Justice
D. Peace

9. Which is Not correct of Multiculturalism?

A. the ways in which societies/states should respond to cultural and
religious differences
B. Protecting rights and privileges of disadvantaged groups-
minorities, women, LGBTs, disabled, etc.
C. Avoid cultural relativism
D. Group differentiated Rights

10. Which of these concepts is not attributed to Plato?

A. Cave Allegory
B. Theory of divided line
C. Proportionate equality
D. Functional division of society

11. Which of these is not a critic of Rawl’s theory of Justice?

A. Susan Moller Okin
B. Michael Sandel
C. Ishiah Berlin
D. Alasdair McIntyre

12. Which of the following is incorrect?

A. Lenin considered 'Imperialism is the highest stage of Capitalism
B. John Rawl’s theory of Justice is a kind of end-state theory of
Justice
C. For Mill, Tyranny of Majority was threat to Liberty
D. Rosa Luxemburg gave the capability approach to freedom

415
13. Match
Political Thinker Book
1. Robert Dahl A. The Rights of Man
2. Thomas Paine B. ‘Who Governs?
3. Hannah Arendt C. The Human Condition
4. Harold Laski D. A Grammar of Politics

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B A C D
b) A B D C
c) B D A C
d) D C A B

14.Which conservative political thinker said this “ To be conservative

... is to prefer the familiar to the unknown, to prefer the tried to the
untried, fact to mystery, the actual to the possible, the limited to the
unbounded, the near to the distant….”
A. Finer
B. Edmund Burke
C. Bryce
D. Oakeshott

416
15. What was the name of School of philosophy of Plato?

A. The Academy
B. The Lyceum
C. The Garden
D. The School

16. Which of these books are not written by Plato?

A. Republic
B. Politics
C. Statesman
D. Timaeus

17. Which of these is Not correct about ‘Allegory of the cave’ given
by Plato?
A. He used the Allegory to compare "the effect of education and
the lack of it on our nature
B. Cave represent the visible world-the world of senses
C. The shadow on the cave walls represents the things we
see/feel in the visible world
D. Outside the cave represent the heaven- life after the death in
the visible world

18. Which of these is correct about the concept of Justice given by

Plato?

A. Justice is whatever is in the interest of stronger

B. Justice is speaking truth, being honest, doing right things-
good to friends and harm to enemies
C. Justice is doing one’s own duty as per one’s station of life
D. Justice is giving each man his due

417
19. Which of these is Not correct about Plato’s ideal state?

A. Statecraft is soul-craft: Tripartite individual Soul- reason, spirit,

appetite reflects in Ruled by the Philosopher kings
B. The Guardian class- Philosopher kings and Auxiliary (
Protectors/soldiers) are not allowed private property and family
C. The producer class are not allowed private property and family
D. Education is compulsory, free, and basis for social duty.

20. What is meant by ‘Community of Wives and Property’ as

proposed by Plato?

A. Wives of all classes lives a communal life, sperate from their

children & husbands
B. Wives of Guardian class lives a communal life, sperate from
their children & husbands
C. A device to stop corruption by disallowing private property
and family to the Guardian class
D. Common family and property in Plato’s ideal state.

21. Which is Not correct about scheme of Education as proposed

by Plato?

A. Free and compulsory education by State to all 3 classes

B. Different scheme of education for male and female.
C. Education as basis for choosing citizen for specific tasks in
the ideal state; also the basis for social mobility among 3
classes
D. Elementary Education: upto age of 20 years; Higher
Education: next 15 years- 20 to 35 years; Practical Training
to ruling class- next 15 years- 35 to 50 years

418
22. Who has written ’The Open Society and its Enemies’ criticizing
Plato?
A. R.H.S. Crossman
B. Karl Popper
C. R.L. Nettleship
D. Ernest Barker

23. Which political theorist suggested “Justice as Mutual

Advantage”?
A. Johan Galtung
B. David Gauthier
C. Hobsbawm
D. Hobhouse

24. Which political theorist gave the concept of “negative and

positive peace”?
A. Immanuel Kant
B. Michael Doyle
C. Woodrow Wilson
D. Johan Galtung

25. “Each of them by himself may not be of good quality, but when
they all come together is possible that they may surpass— collectively
as a body, although not individually-the quality of the few best…and
when they all meet together, the people may thus become something in
the nature of a single person…”. Who said this and in which context?
A. Machiavelli advocating Republicanism over Monarchy
B. Rousseau advocating about participative democracy
C. Aristotle is advocating for the Polity as a rule of the Many
D. J.S. Mill praising about liberal democracy

26. Who among the following used models and assumptions drawn
from economics to analyze political behaviour?
A. Anthony Downs

419
 B. S.M. Lipset
C. J.M. Keynes
D. Robert Dahl

27. which of these did not support positive liberty?

A. Rousseau
B. Hegel
C. T.H. Green
D. John Rawl

28.Gandhi’s Hind Swaraj influenced by?

A. Bismark’s Germany
B. Garibaldi’s Italy
C. Mazzini’s Italy
D. Lenin’s Russia

29. Gandhiji was influenced by?

1. John Ruskin
2. Henry Thoreau
3. Tolstoy
4. Plato & Aristotle
5. Bal Gangadhar Tilak

Options:
A. 1,3
B. 1,2,3
C. 1,2,3,4
D. 1,2,3,4,5

30.Who first gave the idea of Hindu Rashtra (Hindu Nation)?

A. Vivekananda

420
 B. Dayanand Saraswati
C. K. B. Hedgewar
D. Savarkar

31. Who is considered as ‘Modern Manu’?

A. Nehru
B. Vivekananda
C. Gandhi
D. Ambedkar

32.Which of these modern Indian thinkers put social reforms before

political freedom?
1. Nehru
2. Raja Ram Mohan Roy
3. Ambedkar
4. Tagore
5. Tilak
6. Savarkar

Options:
A. 1,2,3,4
B. 2,3,4
C. 1,4,5,6
D. Only 3
33.Match list 1 and list 2
List 1(Approach/method) List 2(Related thinker)
1. System A.Fred Riggs
2. Structural Functional B. David Easton
3. Ecological C. Gabriel Almond
4. Political Culture D. Almond and Verba
Options:
A. 1-C, 2-D, 3- A, 4-B
B. 1-B, 2-C, 3-A, 4-D
C. 1-D, 2-B, 3- C, 4-A

421
 D. 1-B, 2-C, 3- D, 4-A

34.Who is considered the founder of behavioural approach in

Comparative Politics ?
A. Charles Merriam
B. David Easton
C. Jean Blondel
D. Roy C. Macridis

35.Who is considered as the father of comparative politics?

A. Gabriel Almond
B. Roy Macridis
C. David Easton
D. Aristotle

36.Whose writings were influential in ushering (steering)

behavioural approach in political science?
A. Roy C. Macridis
B. Graham Wallas
C. Arthur Bentley
D. Both B&C

37. Which book is considered as classic in Comparative Politics?

A. States and Social Revolutions by Theda Skocpol
B. Civic Culture by Almond and Verba
C. Comparative Politics Today by Almond
D. Democracy in America by Alexis de Tocquevill

38. Which is Not correct about Climate Agreements?

A. First UN summit on environment was 1972 United Nations
Conference on the Environment in Stockholm
B. Agenda 21, adopted in Rio Earth Summit 1992, was plan of
action under which developed states should take the lead,

422
 committing themselves to restoring 1990 levels of GHG
emissions by the year 2000.
C. Legally binding commitment to reduce GHG emission was part
of only one climate agreement- Kyoto Protocol-1997
D. Principle of common but differentiated responsibilities (CBDR)
was adopted in Kyoto Protocol-1997

39. Which is Not the difference between Realism and Liberalism in

IR?

A. Realism deals with ‘high politics’ whereas liberalism deals with

‘low politics’.
B. Liberalism believes in capabilities of institutions to influence
behaviours of states.
C. Unlike realism, liberalism does not believe that world order is
anarchic.
D. In comparison to realism, liberalism underplay the importance
of hard force, military power, national interest defined in terms
of power, and diplomacy for balance of power.

40. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( Concept in IR) List 2( Thinker)
1) Soft Power A. David Mitrany
2) Just war doctrine B. Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye
3) complex interdependence C. Joseph S. Nye
4) Functional integration D. Hugo Grotius

Options:

423
 1 2 3 4
a) B C D A
b) C D B A
c) B D A C
d) D C A B

41. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( Leader/thinker) List 2( Word/term coined)
1. Rudolph Kjellén A. global warming
2. Kwame Nkrumah B. ‘geopolitics’
3. Halford Mackinder C. Heartland
4. Wallace Broecker D. Neo-colonialism

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B C D A
b) D C B A
c) B D C A
d) D C A B

42. Who is the constitutional head of Australia?

A. Speaker of the Australian Parliament
B. Governor General of Australia
C. Prime Minister of Australia
D. Queen of England

424
43. The term used to describe the rise of authoritarianism and
religious extremism in the aftermath of the Arab Spring is?
A. Arab Jasmine
B. Arab Winter
C. Arab Summer
D. Arab Cold

44. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( Leader/thinker) List 2( Word/term coined)
1. William Fox A. Development of Underdevelopment
2. Destutt de Tracy B. Eurocentrism
3. A G Frank C. Ideology
4. Samir Amin D. Super Power

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B C D A
b) D C B A
c) D C A B
d) C D A B

45. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( Term) List 2( Consists of countries)
1. Golden Triangle A. Hong Kong, Singapore, South
Korea, and Taiwan
2. Golden Crescent B. ASEAN countries
3. Flying Bees C. Myanmar, Thailand, Laos

425
 4. Asian Tigers D. Pakistan, Iran,
Afghanistan
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B C D A
b) C D B A
c) C D A B
d) D C A B

46. Which one was not one of the Eastern Bloc nations during the
cold war period?
a) Yugoslavia
b) Romania
c) Bulgaria
d) Hungary

47. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1(Revolution) List 2(Country)
1. Jasmine Revolution A. Ukraine
2. Orange Revolution B. Georgia
3. Velvet Revolution C. Tunisia
4. Rose Revolution D. Czechoslovakia

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) C A D B
b) C D B A
c) C A B D
d) D C A B

48.Which of the following has been the notable features of the

intonational power structure as it emerged at the end of the World

426
War II ?
1. Dominance of Europe declined while USA emerged as Superpower
2. Weakening of the imperialist powers that had colonized most of
Asia and Africa
3. Emergence of Japan as a colonial power
4. Iron curtain dividing Europe into Western and Eastern Bloc.
Options:
A. 1,3,4
B. 1,2
C. 1,2,3,4
D. 1,2,4

49. Detente in intonational Relations was referred to :

(A) Nuclear Arms race between the Super Powers
(B) Reaching to the level of mutually assured destruction in the super-
power relationship
(C) New Cold War
(D) Easing of the tension between the Super Powers in late 1960's

50. Which of the following is a member of the SAARC as well as

BIMSTEC?
1. Sri Lanka
2. Bhutan
3. Bangladesh
4. Nepal

Options:
A. 1, 3, 4
B. 1, 3
C. 1,2,3, 4
D. 2,4

427
51. Which country is currently holding president ship of G-20 ?
A. Japan
B. Germany
C. South Korea
D. Indonesia

52.With which countries India held 2+2 talks?

1. US
2. Japan
3. Australia
4. Russia
Options:
A. 1, 3, 4
B. 1, 3
C. 1,2,3, 4
D. Only 1

53. Match

Most Important Articles Subject/Issue

1. 280 A. Public Service Commission
2. 315 B. National Emergency
3. 324 C. Finance Commission
4. 352 D. Election Commission

Options:

428
 A. 1-D, 2-A, 3- C, 4-B
B. 1-C, 2-A, 3-D, 4-B
C. 1-D, 2-C, 3- A, 4-B
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

54.Match

Lesser-Known Articles Subject/Issue

1. 31 B A. Suspension of FR during emergency
2. 329 B. Protect laws in 9th schedule from Judicial Review
3. 359 C. Civil and judicial authorities to act in aid of the
Supreme Court
4. 144 D. Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters

Options:
A. 1-D, 2-A, 3- C, 4-B
B. 1-B, 2-D, 3-A, 4-C
C. 1-D, 2-C, 3- A, 4-B
D. 1-B, 2-D, 3- C, 4-A

55. Match

Lesser Known Articles Subject/Issue

1. 365 A. Gram Sabha under Panchayati Raj System
2. 263 B. common High Court for two or more States
3. 243 A C. State emergency if state refuses following
directions
of union
4. 231 D. Inter-state council

429
Options:
A. 1-C, 2-D, 3- A, 4-B
B. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
C. 1-D, 2-C, 3- A, 4-B
D. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A

56. Match

Range of Articles Subject/Issue

1. 12-35 A. PM and council of Minister
2. 52-62 B. Governor
3. 74-75 C. FR
4. 153-161 D. President

Options:
A. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A
B. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
C. 1-D, 2-C, 3- A, 4-B
D. 1-C, 2-D, 3- A, 4-B

57.Match

Parts Subject/Issue
1. III A. Fundamental Duties
2. IV B. Cooperative Societies

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 3. IXB C. FR
4. IVA D. DPSP

Options:
a. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A
b. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
c. 1-C, 2-D, 3- A, 4-B
d. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

58. Which is Not correct about Joint Sitting of Parliament?

A. It is provisioned under article 108 of the constitution
B. President summons both the houses to meet in a joint sitting
C. The Vice President as chairman of Rajya Sabha chair the joint
sitting
D. joint sitting cannot be convened for breaking the deadlock in case
of constitutional amendment bills under article 368

59.Which is Not a ground for Joint Sitting of Parliament?

A. If after a Bill has been passed by one House and transmitted to the
other House, the Bill is rejected by the other House;
B. Even after passing the bill by parliament president has refused to
give assent to the bill.
C. the Houses have finally disagreed as to the amendments to be made
in the Bill;
D. more than six months elapse from the date of the reception of the
Bill by the other House without the Bill being passed by it

60.As per the 3rd Schedule of the constitution President’s oath

include which of these?

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 1. Uphold the Constitution of India
2. Preserve the Constitution of India
3. Protect the Constitution of India
4. Defend the Constitution of India

Options:
A. 1,2,3
B. 2,3,4
C. 1,2,3,4
D. 1,4

61.Which Article give the president situational discretion to dissolve

the Lok Sabha?
A. Article 83(2)
B. Article 84(2)
C. Article 85(2)
D. Article 86(2)

62.Regrading power of President, which of these is Not correct?

1. He can reject assenting to the bills passed by the Parliament
2. He may return back the passed Money bill for reconsideration of
the Parliament
3. He may keep the passed bill without taking any action on it for
indefinite period
4. He may send back the passed bill for reconsideration of the
Parliament
5. He may refuse to assent the constitutional amendment bill passed
by the Parliament
Options:
A. 1,2, 5
B. 5 only
C. 2 only
D. 2,5

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63.Official name of Ayushman Bharat, the universal health
Insurance Scheme is?

A. Pradhan Mantri Sawasth Beema Yojana

B. Pradhan Mantri Jan Beema Yojana
C. Pradhan Mantri sarv Beema Yojana
D. Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana

64.Name of the scheme under which direct income of Rs 2000 every

4 months is transferred to the bank account of farmers is?
A. Pradhan Mantri Kisan Aay Yojana
B. Pradhan Mantri Kisan Nyay Yojana
C. Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samridhi Yojana
D. Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi Yojana

65.Name of the scheme under which subsidy for domestic Gas

cylinder is directly transferred to the bank account of the
beneficiary is?
A. Ujjawala Scheme
B. Ujala Scheme
C. SAFAL scheme
D. PAHAL Scheme

66.Who was the president who accepted the recommendation of PM

Charan Singh, who never won the majority of the Lok Sabha, to
dissolve the Lok sabha?
A. V.V. Giri
B. Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy
C. R.Venkatraman
D. K.R.Narayan

67.Which is correct about relation between President and PM?

1. President is the head of state and PM head of Govt

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 2. President appoints PM but his continuance as PM is not dependent
on the pleasure of President
3. President is bound, except on very few occasions, to act on the
advice of Council of minister headed by PM
4. In practice, all the executive powers of president are used by the
PM
Options:
A. 1,3
B. 1,2,3
C. 1,3,4
D. 1,2,3,4

68.Who became the president on issue of whose election in 1969 the

Congress was divided into two parties?
A. Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy
B. V.V.Giri
C. Dr Zakir Hussain
D. S.Radhakrishnan

69.To whom the Lok Sabha Speaker hands over his resignation?
A. President
B. Secretary General of Lok Sabha
C. Vice President
D. Dy. Speaker

70.Which was the first case in which mention of basic feature of

Constitution was made by one of the SC Judges?
A. Sankari Prasad Case-1951
B. Golaknath Case-1967
C. Sajjan Singh Case-1964
D. Keshavananda Bharti case-1973

71.Which was the famous case in which SC protected freedom of

speech by limiting the application of the sedition laws under section

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124 A of IPC?
A. Maneka Gandhi Case
B. S.P.Gupta Case
C. Bholanath Case
D. Kedarnath Singh Case

72.Partially responsible governments in the provinces were

established under which one of the following Acts?
(a)The Government of India Act, 1919
(b)The Government of India Act, 1935
(c)Indian Councils Act, 1909
(d)Indian Councils Act, 1892

73. Who is associated with ‘Garbage Can model’ of public policy?

A. Charles Lindblom
B. John Kingdon
C. Robert Dahl
D. Michael Cohen

74. Match the items in two columns

Approaches to Public Policy Thinkers
1) System Approach A. Charles Lindblom
2) Group Theory B. Vincent Ostram
3) Incrementalism C. Robert Dahl
4) Public Choice Theory D. David Easton

a) 1-C, 2-A, 3-D, 4-B

b) 1-D, 2-C, 3-B,4-A
c) 1-D,2-A,3-B,4-C

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 d) 1-D,2-C,3-A,4-B

75. Which one is Not a Challenges in Evaluation of public Policy?

A. Multiple goals/objectives
B. Measurement Issues
C. Behaviour of Governments
D. Lack of Information and Data

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 SET 3
1.Which is Not correct about Communitarianism?
A. One current within the Liberal Doctrine
B. Rejects Rawl’s unencumbered self
C. Believes in socially situated self
D. Communitarianism is very similar to Communism/Socialism
E. Support positive role of state in maintaining flourishing
community life
F. Balance between societal common good and Individual autonomy
and rights

2.Find odd one out?

A. Michael Sandel
B. Robert Nozick
C. Alasdair MacIntyre
D. Charles Taylor
E. Michael Walzer

3.The idea that the truth or justification of moral judgments is not

absolute, but relative to the moral standard of some person or group
of persons is called
A. Cultural Relativism
B. Value Pluralism
C. Ethical Relativism
D. Moral Relativism

4.Universal Human Rights is most associated with?

A. Liberalism
B. Communitarianism
C. Constructivism
D. Post-Structuralism

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5.Which is Not related to Post-modernism?
A. Knowledge- Power: re-produce each other
B. No objective truth
C. subjectivity
D. Believes in Meta Narratives
E. Deconstruction
F. Post-structuralism

6.Which is Not correct about Derrida’s deconstructivism?

A. It refutes the belief that existence is structured in terms of binary
oppositions and that the oppositions are hierarchical, with one side
of the opposition being more valuable than the other
B. Written Texts as "sites of conflict" within a given culture
or worldview
C. Using Genealogy to reconstruct the meaning of
words/concepts/idea
D. Derrida used thoughts of Rene Descartes and Heidegger for
developing the concept of deconstruction
E. It supported Platonism and its idea of structure of transcendental
philosophy

7.When Dworkin call Right as Trump, what he meant was?

A. Some individual liberties & rights are so important that they cannot
simply be sacrificed in the name of achieving Common Good
B. Government cannot take away some fundamental rights such as
freedom of speech
C. Societal common interest and Individual rights must be balanced
D. Both A & B

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8. Who said “ Rights are the fruits of the law, and of the law alone;
they are creation of the state alone”?
A. Edmund Burke
B. T.H. Green
C. Jeremy Bentham
D. Harold Laski

9.That the sources of knowledge lie beyond sense experience and

transcendental in nature is called?
A. Empiricism
B. Rationalism
C. Existentialism
D. Consequentialism

10.Match list 1 and list 2

List 1(Thinkers) List 2(How they defined Justice)
1. Aristotle A. Justice as perfect obligation
2. John Rawl B. Justice as fairness in distribution of
primary social goods
3. Plato C. Justice as harmony of the soul
4. J.S.Mill D. justice as proportional equality

Options:
A. 1-D, 2-B, 3- C, 4-A
B. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
C. 1-C, 2-D, 3- A, 4-B
D. 1-B, 2-D, 3- C, 4-A

11. Which of the following is not true of Rousseau?

A. He wants to reconcile liberty with sovereignty
B. Sovereignty originates in people and gets transferred to ruler

439
 C. General Will is always morally right
D. He believed in natural differentiation between role of men and
women

12. Which of the following is not true of Marx’s view of the state: -
A. The proletariat will need to capture state power
B. State is unnecessary evil, it should wither away
C. Capitalist State help re-produce social structure needed to maintain
capitalism
D. The state is an instrument of class exploitation and to protect the
interests of the capitalist class.

13. Which of the following statements is not true of Hobbes?

A. There is no occasion for disobeying the sovereign
B. His ideas on hedonism were included in modern utilitarianism
C. Sovereign, who was Not a party to the contract, must be absolute
or nothing
D. His political theory is based on nominalism

14. Which of the following is not true of Aristotle’s view of the state?

A. State is prior to individual and family

B. State is historical, natural, organic, and integrative entity
C. Man, by using natural ability and sense of reason, can live without
state
D. State highest manifestation of morality and ethics

15.Who is not considered supporter of pluralism?

A. Robert Dahl
B. Seymour Martin Lipset.
C. David Truman

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 D. Joseph Schumpeter

16. Who supported legal theory of right by stating ‘Natural

Rights are ‘Nonsense on stilts’
A. Bentham
B. J.S.Mill
C. Harold Laski
D. Robert Nozick

17. Which pair is Not correctly matched?

A. Plato- Timaeus
B. Machiavelli- The Golden Ass
C. Bentham- A Fragment on Government
D. Lenin- Neo-colonialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism

18. Who said ‘taxation equals forced labour’?

A. Friedrich Hayek
B. Robert Nozick
C. Milton Friedman
D. John Locke

19. Plato describes the human mind by which of his theories?

A. The Allegory of cave
B. Theory of divided line
C. Theory of Forms
D. All the Above

20. Who among the following would you associate the concept
of “Tyranny of Majority”?

441
 A. JS Mill
B. Alex de Tocqueville
C. Both A and B
D. Thomas Paine

21. Lexical priority in Rawl’s theory of Justice is?

A. Equality Principle over Liberty Principle
B. Principle of benefit to worst off over Principle of Fair
Equality of Opportunity
C. Difference principle over Principle of Equal Liberty
D. Principle of Equal Liberty over the Difference principle
22. Who gave capability approach?
A. Amartya Sen
B. Martha Nussbaum
C. Both A and B
D. Gerald Cohen
23. Which pair is Not correctly matched?
A. Dworkin- Equality of Resources
B. Michael Walzer- Complex Equality
C. John Rawl- end-state theory of Justice
D. Robert Nozick- labour theory of property

24. Which of the following statements accurately describes

Plato’s theory of justice?
A. Justice is what the strong can do, and the weak must endure.
B. Justice obtains when inequality benefits the least-
advantaged.
C. Justice is doing one’s own duty as per one’s station of life.
D. justice is doing good to friends and harm to enemies

25. Which one in incorrect as influences on Marx’s

thoughts/theories?

442
 A. Marx used David Richardo’s labour theory of value to
develop his theory of Surplus Labour
B. Marx used David Hume’s empiricism to develop his
empirical and scientific socialism
C. Marx used Hegel’s dialectical historical idealism to develop
his conception of dialectical historical materialism
D. Marx used Feuerbach’s concepts on materialism and
alienation

26.‘Voluntary Poverty’ this term is associated with thoughts of?

A. Gandhi
B. Tagore
C. Vivekananda
D. Lohia

27.‘Nai Talim’ was?

1. Pedagogical principle advocated by Gandhiji
2. a principle which states that knowledge and work( by hands) are
not separate
3. It aimed to achieve Gram Swaraj
4. Education or learning in mother tongue along with handicraft and
other vocational work
Options:
A. 1,3
B. 1,2,3
C. 1,2,3,4
D. 1,2,4

28.Who signed the Poona pact (with Ambedkar) on behalf of

Gandhi?
A. Madan Mohan Malaviya
B. Vinoba Bhave
C. Jawahar Lal Nehru

443
 D. Vallabhbhai Patel

29.Who said: Hinduize all politics and militarize Hinduism

A. Syama Prasad Mukherjee
B. K. B. Hedgewar
C. Savarkar
D. Vivekananda
30.Who was called ‘a luminous star in the firmament of Indian
history’ by Tagore

A. Raja Ram Mohan Roy

B. Vivekananda
C. Ashoka
D. Chandragupta Mourya

31.Match
Elements of Kautilya’s ‘Saptang’ Compared to limbs of
body
1. Swami A. eyes
2. Amatya B. ears
3. Suhrid( friend/Ally) C. mouth
4. Kosha D. head
Options:
A. 1-D, 2-B, 3- C, 4-A
B. 1-C, 2-D, 3-B, 4-A
C. 1-D, 2-A, 3- B, 4-C
D. 1-C, 2-D, 3- A, 4-B

32.The Behavioural approach to Comparative Politics emphasizes?

A. Systematic collection and examination of facts
B. Study of formal legal framework
C. Status of facts in formal structures
D. How parties function in structures

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33.Which approach takes into account the norms and informal
practices that shape
the functioning and evolutions of institutions in various ways?
(A) Old Institutional
(B) New Institutional
(C) Modern Institutional
D) Classic Institutional

34.Which of these terms are Not related to old institutionalism?

A. Formal
B. Legal
C. Normative
D. Hard institutions
E. Structuralism
F. Norms & Belief

35.Which of these is not one of the features of capitalism?

a) Antagonistic class structure
b) Surplus production
c) Periodic crisis
d) Fusion of economic and political domains

36.The term ‘black box ‘ is associated with ?

a) system approach in comparative politics
b) New Institutional Approach
c) Historical Approach
d) Structural- functional approach

37. With which approach would one associate the following

statement ?
“Economic globalization is an uneven, hierarchical process and
benefits only a tiny minority”?
(A) Economic Liberalism

445
(B) Economic Realists
(C) Mercantilism
(D) Neo-Marxism

38. Democratic Peace Theory is placed under which theoretical

approach of
International relations?

(A) Structural Realism

(B) Republican Realism
(C) Neo-Realism
(D) Institutional Liberalism

39. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( IR Concepts) List 2( Ideology/Doctrine)
1. Identity A. Copenhagen School
2. Dependency B. English School
3. non-military aspects of security C. Neo-Marxism
4. international society D. Constructivism

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) D C A B
b) C D A B
c) C D B A
d) D C B A

40. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( IR Thinker) List 2( Contribution)
1. John Gaddis A. Critical Theory
2. Stanley Hoffmann B. decision making
3. Robert W. Cox C. Liberalism
4. Graham Allison D. Cold War and grand strategy

446
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B C D A
b) D C A B
c) C D B A
d) D C B A

41. Which of the following are part of Morgenthau’s realist

principles?
(i) Politics is rooted in a permanent and unchanging human nature.
(ii) Self-interest is a basic fact of the human condition.
(iii) Coercion is only part of foreign policy.
(iv) National interest defined in terms of power.
Options :
(A) All are correct.
(B) (i), (ii) and (iv) are correct.
(C) (i), (iii) and (ii) are correct.
(D) (i), (iii) and (iv) are correct.

42. What is neo-realism ?

(A) An attempt to ignore the unpleasant realities of the world.
(B) An attempt to restate the basic ideas of realism in a more ‘scientific’
form.
(C) A claim that international society is basically orderly and peaceful.
(D) A claim that individual human nature is central to an understanding
of international politics.

43. On alternate perspectives on Globalization, which is NOT true?

A. Skeptics, or globophobes, believe that the role of the state is
eroding (diluting) in the present times
B. Globalists, or globophiles, believe that the role of the state is
eroding in the present times
C. Skeptics believe that the role of the state is still very much intact in
the present times

447
 D. Transformationalists believe that States are becoming stronger in
some respects and weaker in others as a result of globalization

44. Which of the following propositions is not found in Classical

Realism?
A. 3 S: Statism, survival, self-help
B. Nature of global politics is the result of the structure of
international state system which is anarchic.
C. National Interest is defined in terms of Power
D. The laws of politics have their roots in human nature

45. The corrected sequence of in game theory is:-

A. Payoffs-strategies-system-game
B. Payoffs-choice-player-game
C. Game-choice-player-equilibrium
D. Systems-equilibrium-game-player

46. Arrange the following international political theorists in a

chronological order from the codes given below:-
1. Reinhold Niebuhr
2. Immanual Kant
3. Antonio Gramsci
4. Robert W. Cox
Options
A. 4, 1, 2, 3
B. 2, 3, 1, 4
C. 1, 2, 3, 4
D. 3, 4, 1, 2

47.Recently with country India signed CEPA ( Comprehensive

Economic Partnership Agreement)?
A. Japan

448
 B. South Korea
C. UAE
D. USA

48.As per the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute

(SIPRI ) report-2022 India is at which rank in military expenditure?
A. 2nd
B. 3rd
C. 4th
D. 5th

49.Which is the top 3 trading partners of India?

A. USA, UK, China

B. China, EU, UAE
C. USA, China, UAE
D. USA,EU, China

50. Globalization has reduced:

(A) Economic disparities between the rich and the poor
(B) Inequalities of economic growth between countries
(C) State control over private sector within its borders
(D) The influence of the global economic institutions like the IMF,
World Blank and WTO

51. Which is/are correct about Neo-Marxism in IR?

1. Dependency theory is a kind of Neo-Marxist theory
2. It focuses on capitalist structure of global economic system
3. It raises issue of Unequal Exchange( between developed and 3rd
world nations) in global economic system

449
 4. It is one of the critical theories in IR
Options:
A. 1, 3, 4
B. 1, 3
C. 1,2,3, 4
D. 1, 4

52. Who was the Prime Minister who never faced the House even
once to remain as 'caretaker' Prime Minister ?
A. Chandrashekhar
B. Charan Singh
C. I.K.Gujral
D. D. Deve Gowda

53.Which are discretionary powers of the President?

A. Appointing PM when no party or coalition has majority in the Lok
Sabha
B. Dissolving Lok Sabha before its regular tenure when the
Government has lost the confidence of the house
C. keeping the passed bill without taking any action on it for
indefinite period
D. Sending back the advice given by the council of minister for
reconsideration
Options:
A. 1,2, 3
B. 2,3,4
C. 1,3
D. 1,2,3,4

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54.Which article gives exclusive power to the Supreme court to issue
order as is necessary for doing complete justice in any cause or
matter pending before it?
A. Article 144
B. Article 142
C. Article 143
D. Article 145

55.Which is Not correct about the constituent Assembly?

A. It was constituted as per the Cabinet Mission Plan-1946
B. It had originally 389 members (292- British Provinces; 93 -
princely states; 4 from the chief commissioner provinces)
C. It first met on 9 December 1946
D. Its interim president was Dr. Rajendra Prasad
E. Its last meeting was on 24 January, 1950
F. Its tenure was two years, eleven months and seventeen days

56. Who was Not part of the Oligarchy in the constituent Assembly
(by Granvile Austin):
A. Nehru
B. Azad
C. Rajendra Prasad
D. Ambedkar

57.Which is Not correct about the Vice President?

A. Elected by all the members of Parliament
B. Is the ex-officio chairperson of the Rajya Sabha
C. Removed by the process of Impeachment similar to the removal of
President
D. While discharging the duties of President, if situation so arise, he
cannot perform his duties of chairperson of the Rajya Sabha

451
58.Which is Not correct about the pardoning powers of President
and Governor?
A. Under article 72, President has the power to grant pardons,
reprieves, respites or remissions of punishment or to suspend, remit
or commute the sentence of any person convicted of any offence
B. Governor cannot pardon in death sentence cases.
C. Pardoning powers of president and governor are beyond the
purview of Judicial review
D. The advice of the State Cabinet is binding on the Governor in
matters relating to pardoning power under Article 161

59.Who is part of the electoral college of President?

1. Elected members of Lok Sabha
2. Elected members of Rajya Sabha
3. Elected members of State Legislative Assembly
4. All Members of Lok Sabha
5. Members of State Legislative Council
Options:
A. 1,2, 3
B. 2,3,4
C. 2,3,4,5
D. 1,2

60.Essence of constitutionalism is?

A. Elected Government
B. Limited Government
C. Rule of law
D. Written constitutional

61.What is included in basic structure of Indian Constitution?

1. Federalism
2. Independence of Judiciary

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 3. Judicial Review
4. Civil Liberties
Options:
A. 1,2
B. 1,2,4
C. 1,2,3,4
D. 1,2,3

62.In the Federation established by the Act of 1935, residuary

powers were given to the:
(a)Federal Legislature
(b)Provincial Legislature
(c)Governor General
(d)Provincial Governor

63.Which one of the following Acts laid the foundation of the British
Administration in India?
(a)Regulating Act, 1773
(b)Pitt’s India Act, 1784
(c)Indian Councils Act, 1861
(d)Indian Councils Act, 1892

64.Who among the following was the first Law Minister of

Independent India?
(a)Jawahar Lal Nehru
(b)Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
(c)Dr. BR Ambedkar
d)T Krishnamachari

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65.Which of the following provisions of the Constitution of India
was/were given immediate effect from November 26, 1949?
1.Citizenship
2.Emergency provisions
3.Elections
4.Federal system
Options:
A. 1,2
B. 2,3
C. 3,4
D. 1,3

66.The Constitution of India as framed by the Constituent Assembly

was finally adopted and enacted on:
(a)15th August, 1947
(b)30th January, 1948
(c)26th November, 1949
(d)26th January, 1950

67.Assertion (A):The Constituent Assembly of 1946 was not elected

on the basis of universal adult franchise.
Reason (R):The Constituent Assembly was constituted under the
scheme formulated by the Cabinet Mission Plan.
Options:
A - Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B - Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.
C - A is true but R is false.
D - A is false but R is true
68.Consider the following statements:
1.Dr. Sachchidanand Sinha was elected as the Provisional President of
the Constituent Assembly.
2.H.C. Mukherjee was elected as the Vice-President of the Constituent
Assembly.
Options:

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 A. Both Statement I and II are correct
B. Both Statement I and II are incorrect
C. Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect
D. Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct

69.Assertion: Adopting Constitutional convention, as in UK, is difficult

for many post-colonial nations.
Reason: Lack of unified political ideology, deep diversity, and
formalisation of democratic practices may be the factors.
Choose the correct option:
A - Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B - Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of
A.
C - A is true but R is false.
D - A is false but R is true

70.Recently, SCI banned use of the sedition law till it is reviewed;

where this law is written?
A. In the Constitution
B. Section 125 of Indian Penal Code
C. Section 124 of Indian Penal Code
D. Section 124 A of Indian Penal Code

71.Which Act is in news on the wake of dispute on Gyanvapi Mosque

in Banaras?
A. The religious places Act 1993
B. The Places of Worship Act 1991
C. The status change (prohibition) of religious places Act 1991
D. The status (ascertain) of religious places Act 1991

72. Which is Not correct about Public Policy Process

A. Niti Ayog is specialized agency to help policy making in India
B. Currently there is a strict policy-administration dichotomy

455
 C. Public Policy implementation is almost exclusive in executive
domain
D. Some policy making is also done in Legislative and Judicial
Domain

73. Which one is Not one of the stages in the policy Process?
A. Agenda setting
B. Defining the problem
C. Communication
D. Evaluation

74. Who is considered as the father of Policy Science?

A. Harold Lasswell
B. Harold Laski
C. David Easton
D. John W Kingdon

75: Latest UN Climate Change Conference under UNFCCC held at

A. 2019, in Madrid, Spain

B. 2020 in London UK
C. 2021 in Glasgow UK
D. 2021 in Katowice, Poland.

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 SET 4
1. the belief that all people are entitled to equal respect, rights and
consideration, no matter what their citizenship status or other
affiliations happen to be, is called?
A. Globalism
B. Universalism
C. Global Justice
D. Cosmopolitanism

2.Which is Not correct about John Rawl’s idea of Global Justice?

A. He formulated his idea of global justice in his book ‘Law of
people’
B. Decent non-liberal people would also accept the law of peoples
C. He extended his difference principle to global level
D. It was based on core liberal principles of tolerance

3.Universality of Human Rights are opposed by the principles of?

A. Moral Relativism
B. Cultural Relativism
C. Both A& B
D. Cosmopolitanism

4. Who defined citizenship as a status granting civil, political, and

social privileges?
A. B.S.Turner
B. Anthony Giddens
C. T.H. Marshal
D. David Held

5. Which of these is Not a 3rd generation Rights?

A. Cultural Rights
B. Environmental Rights
C. Right to freedom of speech

457
 D. Right to natural resources

6. which of these rights are not included in the list of Rights to

national minorities recommended by Will Kymlicka ?
(A) rights of self‐government (involving the delegation of powers of
government, often within a federal structure)
(B) polyethnic rights (involving financial support and legal protection for
certain practices associated with particular ethnic or religious groups)
(C) special representation rights (guaranteeing representation of minority
groups within the central institutions of the larger state)
(D) Right of national self-determination.

7.Central argument of Charles Taylor in his book ‘Multiculturalism

and the politics of recognition’ is?
(A) Minorities should get right to equal status and recognition
(B) For developing self respect, dignity, and autonomy, one require a
stable cultural structure or framework
(C) To have positive relation to themselves Individual require other’s
recognition– other’s positive attitude/admiration towards one’s cultural
identity
(D) State must treat each citizen with equal respect and dignity

8.People shouldn’t be worse off than others because of brute luck,

such as, disease, accidents, disabilities, disasters; this theme is the
basis of ?
A) Liberal egalitarians
B) Socialist egalitarians
C) Chance egalitarians
D) Luck egalitarians

9.A distribution condition in which resources cannot be reallocated

to make one individual better off without making at least one
individual worse off is called?

458
 A. Pareto optimality
B. Dworkin’s Resource equalization
C. Walzer’s Complex equality
D. Aristotle’s proportional equality

10.Which is Not correct about difference between Equality of

Opportunity and equality of Outcome?
A) Equality of Opportunity denotes liberal or soft egalitarianism,
equality of Outcome denotes socialism or hard egalitarianism
B) Equality of Opportunity taken to the extreme may resemble
Equality of Outcome
C) Formal Equality of opportunity denotes negative liberty, Equality
of Outcome denotes positive liberty
They are very different concepts and cannot be placed on a
continuum

11. Sabine said “What Aristotle calls the ideal state is always
Plato's second best state”. Plato gave his second based state in
which of his book?

A. Republic
B. Crito
C. Laws
D. Timaeus

12. Which is incorrect about John Locke’s book ‘ an Essay

Concerning Human Understanding’?

A. He gave the concept of new born child’s mind as blank

slate( white paper)- tabula rasa

459
 B. This book took positive view of human nature refuting
Hobbes’ very negative views on human nature
C. This book was harbinger of the Enlightenment movement
D. This book was refutation to Robert Filmer’s Patriarcha

13. Which is Not correct about Machiavelli?

A. He preferred Republic form of Government over absolute

Monarchy
B. He was first political thinker in the modern era to separate
political realm from theology/religion
C. Concept of modern nation-state could be traced in his
political thought
D. He advised the king ( prince) not to use religion for
maintaining his state.

14. Which is Not correct about theory of Forms by Plato?

A. Ideas are substances

B. Ideas are eternal and universal
C. Ideas cannot be fully known by knowledge
D. Ideas are essence of all things
E. Ideas exist prior to particular things and apart from them .

15. Which of these thinkers put women below men?

A. Plato & Hegel

B. Aristotle and Hegel
C. J.S.Mill and Rousseau
D. Plato and Rousseau

460
16. Statement 1: Antonio Gramsci considered civil society as
part of Superstructure

Statement 2: for him, real ideological battle of class

dominance is played out in the arena of civil society
Options:
A. Both Statement I and II are correct
B. Both Statement I and II are incorrect
C. Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect
D. Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct

17. In which thinker’s view education is the process of

developing men as natural men and women as natural
women?

A. Locke
B. Plato
C. Aristotle
D. Rousseau

18. For whom rights of men were two dimensional?

A. Marry Wollstonecraft
B. Alexandra Kollontai
C. Thomas Paine
D. Susan Miller Okin

19. According to Plato population of an ideal state should be ?

A. 50040
B. 50400
C. 5040
D. 4050

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20. Assertion: Francis Fukuyama declared ‘End of History’ after the
cold war in 1992

Reason: After Fascism falling from grace after WWII and demise of
USSR after the cold war Liberalism remained the only major
surviving political ideology

Choose the correct option:

A - Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B - Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.
C - A is true but R is false.
D - A is false but R is true

21. Which of these is not associated with Hobbes?

A. Individualism
B. Constitutionalism
C. Absolutism
D. Hedonism
E. Nominalism

22. The doctrine of overlapping consensus is advocated by

(A) Berlin
(B) Barry
(C) Nozick
(D) Rawls

23. Marx does not believe in

(A) Human consciousness determines social existence
(B) Ideas are the reflections of the interplay of material forces
(C) The base determines the superstructure
(D) Matter is active, dynamic, and dialectic in nature

462
24. Who among the following criticized Bentham’s Philosophy as
“Pig Philosophy”?
(A) Leslie Stephen
(B) Karl Marx
(C) Carlyle
(D) J.S. Mill

25. For whom “All existence is simply a matter in motion.” ?

(A) Plato
(B) Hobbes
(C) T.H. Green
(D) Rousseau

26. Gandhiji translated John Ruskin’s ‘Unto This Last’ in Gujarati

as?
A. Sarvodaya
B. Antyodaya
C. Sadagraha
D. Pankti me Aaahri

27.Who suggested Gandhji the word/term ‘Sadagraha (Satyagraha)’

?

A. Tilak
B. Gopal Krishna Gokhle
C. Maganlal
D. Chaganlal

28.Match
Book Author

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 1. The Universal Religion A. Savarkar
2. The Problem of the Rupee B. Aurobindo
3. The Indian War of Independence C. Ambedkar
4. The Integral Yoga D. Raja Ram Mohan Roy
Options:
A. 1-A, 2-B, 3- C, 4-D
B. 1-C, 2-D, 3-B, 4-A
C. 1-D, 2-C, 3- A, 4-B
D. 1-D, 2-C, 3- B, 4-A

29. “I measure the progress of a community by the degree of

progress which women have achieved.” Who said this?
A. Gandhi
B. Ambedkar
C. M.N.Roy
D. Aurobindo
30. The manuscript of Kautilya’s Arthashastra was first discovered
and studied by?

A. K A Neelkantha Shastri
B. Rudrapatna Shamashastry
C. J Buhler
D. Sir William Jones

31.Which of these is not correct about system approach in

comparative politics ?
a) Political system is defined as Inter-related institutions, political
activities, political actors and processes which continuously
interact with each other and to its environment to protect and
sustain it
b) Gabriel Almond is considered as father of the system approach in
comparative politics
c) Demand and support/consent is the inputs of the political system
d) Laws and policies are the outputs of the political system

464
 e) Structural-functionalism was developed on the system approach
f) It was adopted from the general system theory of Biology

32.According to Almond which is not an 'output' function of a

political system?
(A) Rulemaking
(B) Rule application
(C) Political communication
(D) Rule adjudication

33.Which of these is not one of the differences between New and old
Institutionalism?
a) Old Institutionalism focuses more on ‘hard’ rules and formal
organizations, new Institutionalism include ‘soft’ rules and
informal organizations
b) Old Institutionalism: Formal, legal, descriptive; new
Institutionalism : Analytical, explanatory & Empirical
c) In comparison to old Institutionalism, the New Institutionalism
suffered more from Eurocentrism and Ethnocentrism
d) The Old Institutionalism is considered traditional approach to
comparative politics; whereas New Institutionalism is considered
modern Approach

34.Which one of these is not one of the type/category of New

Institutionalism?
(A) Rational Choice New Institutionalism
(B) Cultural or Sociological New Institutionalism
(C) Philosophical New Institutionalism
(D)Structural New Institutionalism

35.Identify the correct chronological order in which the following

approaches emerged in comparative politics.

465
 1. New Institutional Approach
2. Marxist Approach
3. Philosophical Approach
4. Behavioural Approach
Options:
A. 1,2,3,4
B. 3,1,2,4
C. 3,4,1,2
D. 3, 2,4,1

36. What is a “Quasi-State”?

(A) A State that possess juridical statehood but severely deficient in
empirical statehood.
(B) A State that possesses empirical statehood.
(C) A State that possesses neither juridical statehood nor empirical
statehood.
(D) A State that has divided loyalties.

37. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( IR Concepts) List 2( Ideology/Doctrine)
1. Relative Gain A. Marxism
2. Absolute gain B. Constructivism
3. Unequal Exchange C. Neo-Realism
4. Socially constructed Identity D. Neo-Liberalism
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) A C A D
b) D C A B
c) C D A B
d) B C A D

38. Match list 1 and list 2

466
List 1( IR Thinker) List 2( Contribution)
1. Jaap de Wild A. Defensive Neo-realism
2. Robert Jervis B. Constructivism
3. Alexander Wendt C. Copenhagen School
4. Martin Wight D. English School
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) C A B D
b) D C A B
c) A B C D
d) C A D B

39. Match:
Thinker IR Theory/Approaches
1. James Scott A. Defensive Neo-Realism
2. Stephen Walt B. Offensive Neo Realism
3. John Ikenberry C. Neo-liberalism
4. John Mearsheimer D. Neo-classical Realism
Options:

1 2 3 4
a) D C A B
b) D A C B
c) C D B A
d) D A B C

40. Which of these Thinkers had Not given Just War Theories?

A. Thomas Aquinas
B. Hugo Grotius
C. Samuel Pufendorf

467
 D. David Held

41. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( Leader) List 2( Country)
1. Che Guevara A. Vietnam
2. Ho Chi Minh B. Italy
3. Sun Yat-sen C. Argentina
4. Garibaldi D. Republic of China (RoC)
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) C A D B
b) D C A B
c) B A D C
d) B C A D

42. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( IR Events) List 2( Year)
1. End of Apartheid in South Africa A. 1993
2. Berlin Wall broken B. 1941
3. Japan Attacked Pearl harbour C. 1990
4. European Union formed D. 1989

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) C D A B
b) D C B A
c) C D B A
d) D C A B

43. Match list 1 and list 2

468
List 1( IR Strategy/ideology) List 2( Country)
1. Songun ideology A. USA
2. Leaning to one side B. Ghana
3. Isolation C. China
4. Non-Alignment D. North Korea

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) C D A B
b) D C A B
c) C D B A
d) D C B A

44. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1(Conference/Agreement) List 2(Outcome)

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) D A B C
b) D A C B
c) C D B A
d) C A B D

469
45. Which of these are part of the World bank Group?
1. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
2. International Development Agency (IDA)
3. International Finance Corporation (IFC)
4. Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)
Options:
A. 1 and 2
B. 1, 2 and 3
C. 1,3, 4
D. 1,2,3,4

46. Which of these has been the direct fall out of demise of USSR ?
1. End of the cold war
2. End of socialism/communism
3. Neo-liberal globalisation
4. Unipolar moment in global politics

Options:
A. 1, 3, 4
B. 1, 3
C. 1,2,3, 4
D. Only 1

47. Who is the pioneer in adopting system approach in IR?

A. David Easton

470
 B. Mortan Kaplan
C. Hans Morgenthau
D. Kenneth waltz

48. How many times India became temporary member of the UN

security Council?
A. Seven
B. Eight
C. Six
D. Five

49. who gave bio-polar stability theory?

A. Hans Morgenthau
B. Kenneth waltz
C. John Mearsheimer
D. Stephen Walt

50. Who was Not one of the founders of NAM?

A. Gamal Abdel Nasser
B. Julius Nyerere
C. Sukarno
D. Kwame Nkrumah
E. Josip Broz Tito

51.Parliamentary Sovereignty is feature of polity of which country?

A. UK
B. USA
C. Canada
D. Australia

52.Which is Not correct about constitutional status of the Preamble?

471
 A. In the Berubari case, in 1960, the SCI declared that the Preamble
is Not part of the constitution
B. In the Keshavanada case, in 1973, the SCI declared that the
Preamble is integral part of the constitution
C. Provisions contained in the Preamble didn’t have self-standing
legal validity, they must be supported by articles in the main body
of the constitution
D. Provisions contained in the Preamble are justiciable

53.Which is Not correct about constitutional amendments under

article 368?
A. The Parliament has powers to amend any part of the constitution
provided the basis structure of the constitution is not changed
B. Special majority is required to pass the amendment Bills
C. No provision for joint sitting of parliament in case of deadlock
between two houses on passing the amendment Bills
D. President may reject to give assent to amendment Bills passed by
the parliament

54.Which is Not correct about 73rd Amendments?

1. state election commission for election to PRI
2. It is Not applicable to 5th and 6th Schedule areas/states
3. Direct elections to chairpersons of all 3 tiers of PRI
4. State Finance Commission for fund transfer from state to PRI
5. Reservations for SC/ST and women
Options:
A. 1,2, 3
B. Only 2
C. Only 3
D. 2,3

55.Which is Not correct about 74th Amendments?

A. Provision of ward committee as per article 243 S
B. Provision of Committee for district planning as per article 243ZD

472
 C. It is Not applicable to 5th and 6th Schedule areas/states
D. Provisions that specify the powers, authority and responsibilities of
Municipalities are contained in schedule 11

56.Which of these are Not common between 73rd and 74th

Amendments
A. state election commission for election to local self-Government
B. State Finance Commission for fund transfer from state to local
self-Government
C. Both are Not applicable to 5th and 6th Schedule areas/states
D. Separate Schedules for specifying powers, authority and
responsibilities of local self-Government
57.Which is Not a constitutional body?
A. CAG - Comptroller and Auditor General of India.
B. CEC - Chief Election Commissioner
C. CIC- Central Information Commission
D. AG- attorney General

58.Which is Not a Statutory body?

A. UGC
B. NHRC- National Human Rights Commission
C. NCW- national Commission for women
D. Inter-state Council
E. CVC

59.Which is Not correct about FR and DPSP?

A. DPSP 39 (B) and 39(C) gets primacy over FR under article 14 and
19
B. During emergency FR under articles 20, 21 cannot be suspended
C. FR is guided by liberal doctrine whereas DPSP by socialist and
Gandhian doctrines
D. Successive Indian Government faced roadblocks of FR while
implementing DPSP
E. None of the above

473
60.Match

Articles What was said about

1. Article 32 A. a necessary evil
2. Article 356 B. Heart & soul of the Constitution
3. Article 21 C. Root of Judicial activism
4. Article 22 D. a ‘safety valve’ and a ‘dead letter’-
Ambedkar
Options:
A. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A
B. 1-B, 2-D, 3-A, 4-C
C. 1-B, 2-D, 3- C, 4-A
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

61.Which is incorrect about Rajya Sabha membership?

A. Tenure of individual members is 6 years
B. one-third of its members retire every two years
C. The candidates are elected by members of state legislative
assemblies by the method of single transferrable vote system of
Proportional representation
D. Entire state is considered the constituency of the Rajya Sabha
Member
E. The candidate must be resident of the state from where they want
to run for election.

62.Which famous case help establish ‘Due Process’ doctrine of

judicial review in India?
A. Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India-1978
B. Minerva Mills case-1980
C. Olga Tellis vs. Bombay Municipal Corporation-1985

474
 D. Balaji v/s State of Mysore-1962

63.Which of these is Not one of three Judges cases which established

the ‘Collegium system’ of appointments and transfers in higher
Judiciary in India
A. SP Verma vs union of India(1981)
B. SP Gupta v Union of India (1981)
C. Supreme Court Advocates‐on‐Record Association v Union of India
(1993)
D. Special Reference case of 1998

64.Which of these articles does not pertains to appointment, role,

duties of the Prime Minister?
A. Article 74
B. Article 79
C. Article 75
D. Article 78

65.Main reason behind PMs becoming more powerful in

parliamentary form of Government ( in comparison to president in
the presidential form of Government)?
A. PM also is the most popular leader
B. PMO is vested with super-ordinary power
C. Fusion of legislature and executive
D. PM heads the council of minister on whose aid and advice the
President has to act

66.Which President set a new precedent whereby it became

mandatory for a person staking a claim to the Prime Minister's
office to produce letters of support from alliance partners?
A. Pranab Mukherjee
B. R. Venkataraman
C. K.R. Narayana
D. Shankar Dayal Sharma

475
67.Which of these is Not correct about the Money Bill?

A. Provisions regarding money bills are contained in articles 109 and

110
B. Lok Sabha Speaker is the final authority to certify a bill as money
bill
C. Rajya Sabha can hold money bill passed by Lok Sabha only for 14
days
D. Lok Sabha may or may not agree to amendments made in the
money bill by Rajya Sabha
E. President may refuse to give assent to the money bill passed by the
Parliament.

68.Which case led to SCI, in 2017, declaring ‘Right to Privacy’ as FR

?
A. Olga Tellis vs. Bombay Municipal Corporation
B. Puttaswamy v. Union of India
C. Shantistar Builders v. N.K. Totame
D. Subhash Kumar v. State of Bihar

69.Match:
Schedule Subject/Issue
1. 6th A. Anti-defection laws
2. 7th B. Recognition of the following 22 regional
languages
3. 10th C. Division of powers between centre-state
4. 8th D. Administration of tribal areas of Assam,
Meghalaya,Tripura, Mizoram,

Options:
A. 1-D, 2-C, 3- B, 4-A
B. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C

476
 C. 1-D, 2-C, 3- A, 4-B
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

70.Match
Most Important Articles Subject/Issue
1. 148 A. SCI
2. 76 B. AG
3. 124 C. CAG
4. 360 D. Financial Emergency

Options:
A. 1-C, 2-B, 3- D, 4-A
B. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
C. 1-C, 2-B, 3- A, 4-D
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

71. Which of the following is Not related with the concept of Global
Justice?

A. John Rawl
B. Friedrich Hayek
C. Amartya Sen
D. Martha Nussbaum

72. Which is Not correct about Climate Agreements?

A. First UN summit on environment was 1972 United Nations
Conference on the Environment in Stockholm
B. Agenda 21, adopted in Rio Earth Summit 1992, was plan of
action under which developed states should take the lead,
committing themselves to restoring 1990 levels of GHG
emissions by the year 2000.
C. Legally binding commitment to reduce GHG emission was part
of only one climate agreement- Kyoto Protocol-1997

477
 D. Principle of common but differentiated responsibilities (CBDR)
was adopted in Kyoto Protocol-1997

73. Which feminist Thinker in IR re-formulated 6 principles of

Realism by Morgenthau?

a) Judith Ann Tickner

b) Carol Cohn
c) Cynthia Enloe
d) Laura Sjoberg

74. Most important role played by public administration in the

policy process?

A. Policy making
B. Policy Evaluation
C. Policy Change
D. Policy Implementation

75. Which of these is not one of the feminist thinkers in IR?

A. Judith Ann Tickner
B. Carol Cohn
C. Rosa Luxemburg
D. Laura Sjoberg

478
 SET 5
1. Who defined freedom as ‘it is a positive power of doing or enjoying
something worth doing or enjoying’?
A. Harold Laski
B. T.H.Green
C. Bosanquet
D. Ernest Barker

2.In 1950s, many thinkers declared demise of political theory; what

they meant by the demise of political theory?
A. Political science did not need political theory
B. Political theory was not scientific
C. Normative-philosophical political theory was not suitable for
science of politics
D. Empirical political theory was not suitable for political science

3 As per David Easton which is the reason for decline of political

theory?
1. Historicism
2. Hyperfactualism
3. Moral relativism
4. Value Pluralism
Options:
A. 1,2
B. 1,2,3
C. 1,2,3,4
D. 2,3,4

4.Which is Not correct about Ideology?

A. A belief system which helps to structure how the world is

understood and explained

479
 B. Set of ideas which provides the basis for political action
C. The term was coined by Antoine Destutt de Tracy, a French
philosopher, who conceived, in 1796, as the "science of ideas"
D. Ideology is same as theory

5.Who of the following didn’t predict or support decline and demise

of political theory?
A. Peter Laslett
B. Ishiah Berlin
C. S M Lipset
D. Alfred Cobban
E. Robert Dahl

6. Which is Not related to Gramsci’s concept of Hegemony?

A. Manufacturing of Consent
B. Economic determinism
C. Ideology
D. 3rd Dimension of Power
E. Dominance without coercion
F. Civil Society
G. Marxism

7.Who of the following supported the revival of political theory after

the onslaught of behavioural revolution?
1. Isiah Berlin
2. Leo Strauss
3. George H. Sabine
4. Eric Vogelin
Options:
A. 1,2,4
B. 1,2
C. 1,2,3
D. 1,2,3,4

480
8. Regarding importance of value in political theory, who said ‘We
cannot shed our values in the way we remove our coats’?
A. Isiah Berlin
B. Leo Strauss
C. George H. Sabine
D. David Easton

9.The word ‘theory’, derived from the Greek word ‘Theoria’ means
(A) A well organized political system
(B) A well focused mental look
(C) A well articulated economic structure
(D) A system of physical arrangement

10.Who among the following said that Political theory contains

factors of three kinds-the factual, the causal and the valuational ?
(A) Leo Strauss
(B) Dunning
(C) G.H. Sabine
(D) Ebenstein

11. Chief purpose of Rawl’s concept of ‘Veil of Ignorance’ and

‘Original Position’ is?
A. To make the theory of Justice universal which is applicable to all
societies
B. To reconcile differing and competing conception of good held by
different people/groups
C. To make the theory align with value-pluralism of liberal doctrine
D. To have impartiality in reasoning, decision making and judgement

12. Which is correct about ‘General Will’ of Rousseau?

A. It is the sum total of the actual wills of all member of the body
politic

481
 B. It is the sum of the real wills of all member of the political
community
C. It is the majority decision by all member of the political
community
D. It is common and unanimous decision wherein each one is guided
by one’s real will

13. Which political thinker believed in natural sexual differentiation

and, advocated man and women developing as natural man and
natural women?
A. Bentham
B. Edmund Burke
C. Hegel
D. Rousseau

14. who said “the executive of the modern state is but a committee for
managing the affairs of the whole bourgeoisie”
A. Ralph Miliband
B. Nicos Poulantzas
C. Lenin
D. Marx

15.Which of these is Not Correct of Thomas Hobbes?

A. He was first to modernize the tradition of Natural Law
B. He is considered as the first modern propounder of the idea
of negative liberty
C. He was first modern Political thinker who deliberately
ignored Aristotle in his political thought
D. None of the above

16. Which of these books is not written by J.S. Mill?

A. The Subjection of Women
B. On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation

482
 C. On Liberty
D. Considerations on Representative Government

17. Which pair is Not correctly matched?

A. Plato- Apology
B. Hobbes- Elements of Natural Philosophy
C. Aristotle- Rhetoric
D. Rousseau- Emile

18. Who is Not a libertarian thinker?

A. Robert Nozick
B. Milton Friedman
C. Robert Dahl
D. Fredrich Hayek

19. Who was the first noted political thinker to give the idea of
distributive justice?
A. Plato
B. Aristotle
C. Cicero
D. St. Augustine

20. Which is Not correct about Rousseau?

A. Sovereignty lies with members of the body politic and
cannot be delegated
B. One can be forced to be free
C. Modern civilisation forced man to live in the eyes of others
and has thus debased human nature
D. Men and women are different in nature but they may play
the same role both in private and public domain

483
21. Which of the following is incorrect about Hegel’s theory of
state?

A. State was synthesis of family and civil society

B. State was march of God on earth
C. He gave organic and integrative theory of state- state as
organism, individuals as its limbs/organs
D. He refuted corporatist state

22. Which thinker conceived society as ‘cooperative venture

for mutual advantage’?

A. John Rawl
B. T.H.Green
C. Harlod Laski
D. John Locke

23. Which of these books were not authored by Aristotle?

A. Nicomachean Ethics
B. Timaeus
C. On the Soul
D. Metaphysics

24. Match :
1. Irish Marian Young A.Global
Justice/cosmopolitanism
2. Thomas Pogge B.Democracy and difference
3. C. B. Macpherson C.Categorical Imperative
4. Immanuel Kant D.Possessive Individualism

Options:
A. 1-A, 2-B, 3- C, 4-D
B. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C

484
 C. 1-D, 2-B, 3- C, 4-A
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

25. Which thinker is Not associated with ‘end of history’

hypothesis?

A. Francis Fukuyama
B. John Rawl
C. Daniel Bell
D. Hegel

26. Who gave Gandhiji the title of ‘Mahatma’

A. Gopal Krishna Gokhle
B. Tilak
C. Aurobindo
D. Rabindranath Tagore
27.Satyavir Ki Katha, translated into Gujarati by Gandhiji was
from Apology of Plato; to whom he called ‘Satyavir’?
A. Plato
B. Glaucon
C. Socrates
D. Thrasymachus
28. In Kautilya’s Raja Mandla theory which of these seemed to be
the most powerful state?
A. The State of Vijigishu
B. The Madhyma State
C. The Udasin State
D. The Akranda
29. Which of these party/organization Not founded by Ambedkar?
A. Independent Labour Party
B. Dalit Shoshit Samaj Sangharsh Samiti
C. Scheduled caste federation
D. The Republican Party
30. Which is Not correct about Raja Ram Mohan Roy?

485
 A. He set up Atmiya Sabha, the Calcutta unitarian Association and
the Brahmo Sabha
B. Brahmo Samaj does not believe in separate existence of soul and
life after
C. For him, political freedom is required for social reforms
D. He published ‘Brahminical Magazine’; Bengali weekly- ‘Samvad
Kaumudi’ ; Persian weekly -‘Mairat Al Akbar’; English weekly
-‘Bengal Gazette’

31. To Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba, the most suitable political
culture, which they called civic culture is combination of?

A. Parochial and subject political culture

B. Parochial, Subject and Participative political culture
C. Subject and Participative political culture
D. Object and Participative political culture

32. Which of the following are 5 nations whose political culture was
studied by Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba for their book ‘Civic
Culture’?
A. UK, Spain, Italy, Germany, USA
B. UK, USA, France, Germany, Italy
C. UK, USA, Greece, Germany, Italy
D. UK, USA, Italy, Germany, Mexico

33.Which of these orientations was not stated by Almond and Verba

with regard to political culture:

A. Evaluative orientation
B. Cognitive orientation
C. Affective orientation
D. Objective Orientation

34.Which is Not associated with the System Approach?

486
 A. David Easton
B. Black Box
C. Generalization
D. Input and Output
E. Feedback
F. Deeper analysis of parts and their interactions

35. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1(Almond’s classification of interest groups) List
2(main feature)
1. Institutional A.Kinship and informal ties
2. Anomic B. teachers, lawyers, doctors and other
professionals
bodies
3. Associational C. located in institutions such as
legislature, bureaucracy,
corporations, army,etc.
4. Non- Associational D. Spontaneous
Options:
A. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A
B. 1-B, 2-C, 3-A, 4-C
C. 1-D, 2-B, 3- C, 4-A
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

36. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( IR Concepts) List 2( Ideology/Doctrine)
1. Balance of Power A. Liberalism
2. Core & Periphery B. Realism
3. Capitalism as Imperialism C. Dependency Theory- Neo-
Marxism
4. Democratic Peace D. Marxism
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B C D A

487
b) D C A B
c) C D B A
d) D C B A

37. What is the correct sequence of Morton Kaplan’s models of

systems analysis?
(i) Balance of Power
(ii) Loose Bipolarity
(iii) Tight Bipolarity
(iv) Universal International System
Codes :
(A) (iv) (iii) (ii) (i)
(B) (iii) (iv) (ii) (i)
(C) (iv) (ii) (iii) (i)
(D) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

38. Non-alignment as India’s foreign policy meant

(A) neutrality
(B) equidistance between the three blocs during the cold war
(C) independence and judging each issue on its relevance to our national
interest.
(D) interference into the internal affairs of other States.

39. According to many realists, chief means to achieve international

peace is?
(A) Setting up robust institutional regimes
(B) A balance of power between States.
(C) Trying to spread democratic values throughout the world.
(D) Spillover effect by trade and economic relations

40. Neo-realism is basically divided into two sub-ideologies; they

are?

488
 A. Backward and advanced
B. Power cantered and security cantered
C. Structuralist and anarchist
D. Offensive and Defensive

41. Which one of the following is not a theorist of Liberalism in IR?

(A) John Ikenberry
(B) Stanley Hoffmann
(C) Reinhold Niebuhr
(D) Charles Beitz

42. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( Books in IR) List 2( Thinker)
1. Social Theory of International Politics A. Alexander Wendt
2. World of our making B. Nicholas Onuf
3. National Interests in International Society C. Martha Finnemore
4. World Ordering D. Emanuel Adler
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B C D A
b) D C A B
c) A B C D
d) D C B A

43.Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( Books in IR) List 2( Thinker)
1. Gendering world politics A. Laura Sjoberg
2. Bananas, Beaches and Bases B. Carol Cohn
3. Women and Wars C. J. Ann Tickner
4. Gendering Global Conflict D. Cynthia Enloe
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B C D A

489
 b) D C A B
c) A B C D
d) C D B A

44. Khilafat Movement in India was started to show solidarity with

the Sultan of
(a) Saudi Arabia
(b) Turkey
(c) Iran
(d) Iraq

45. Who wrote the seminal book on Game Theory “The Theory of
Games and Economic Behaviour”.
(a) Mortan Kaplan
(b) John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern
(c) Karl Deutsch
(d) Michael Hass

46. Which is the most significant issue for QUAD?

A. Free navigation in South China Sea
B. Free and open Indian Ocean
C. Russian Hegemony in Eastern Europe
D. Free and open Indo-Pacific

47. According to both IMF and World bank which region is the
fastest growing in terms of GDP?
A. East Africa
B. Latin America
C. South east Asia
D. Asia-Pacific

48. Match list 1 and list 2

490
List 1(USSR General Secretary) List 2( Doctrine/principles)
1. Stalin A. Limited Sovereignty
2. Khrushchev B. Socialism in one country,
Leninism
3. Brezhnev C. Glasnost & Perestroika
4. Gorbachev D. peaceful coexistence
Options:
A. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A
B. 1-B, 2-D, 3-A, 4-C
C. 1-D, 2-A, 3- C, 4-B
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

49. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1(Indian PM) List 2( Doctrine/principles)
1. Indira Gandhi A. Non-reciprocity with neighbours
2. I.K.Gujral B. Look East Policy
3. Narasimha Rao C. Act East Policy
4. Narendra Modi D. Hegemony in South Asia
Options:
A. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A
B. 1-B, 2-D, 3-A, 4-C
C. 1-D, 2-A, 3- B, 4-C
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D
50. Which of the following is/are correct about Panchsheel’?

1. It contained the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence

2. It was agreed between India and China in 1954
3. China also signed Panchsheel with Myanmar, which also played a
role in framing Panchsheel
4. NAM also formerly adopted Panchsheel.

Options:
A. 1, 3, 4

491
 B. 1, 3
C. 1,2,3
D. 1, 4

51.Match list 1 and list 2

List 1(Theory) List 2( Thinker)
1. Democratic Peace A. Immanuel Kant
2. Perpetual Peace B. Kwame Nkrumah
3. Neo-colonialism C. Immanuel Wallenstein
4. World System D. Michael Doyle
Options:
A. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A
B. 1-B, 2-D, 3-A, 4-C
C. 1-D, 2-A, 3- B, 4-C
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

52.Match

Landmark cases Outcome

1. Shankari Prasad case-1951 A. 1st time the concept of basic
feature of Constitution was
stated in this case

2. Golaknath case-1967 B. Parliament can amend all parts,

including FR
3. Keshavananda Bharti Case-1973 C. Parliament cannot curtail
FR by amending
them
4. Sajjan Singh case -1964 D. Basic Structure Doctrine
Options:
A. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A
B. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
C. 1-B, 2-C, 3- D, 4-A
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

492
53.Match

Notable amendments Related to

1. 61st A. limited maximum nos. of ministers to 15% of
nos. of
legislatures
2. 91st B. created Ninth Schedule
3. 1st C. Anti-defection Act
4. 52nd D. Lowering of voting age
Options:
A. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A
B. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
C. 1-D, 2-A, 3- B, 4-C
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

54.Match

Articles DPSP
1. Article 44 A. Uniform Civil Code
2. Article 41 B. Right to Work
3. Article 43 C. Living wage for workers
4. Article 43A D. Participation of workers in
management of
Industries

Options:

493
 A. 1-A, 2-B, 3- C, 4-D
B. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
C. 1-D, 2-A, 3- B, 4-C
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

55.Which of the following expenditure shall be charged ( that is, not

voted by Parliament) on the Consolidated Fund of India?
1. The emoluments and allowances of the President,
2. The Salary and pensions of the Supreme Court Judges
3. The salary, allowances and pension payable to or in respect of the
Comptroller and Auditor General of India
4. Debt charges for which the Government of India is liable including
interest
Options:
A. 1,2, 3
B. 1,2,3,4
C. 2,3,4
D. 1,2

56.Match

Pre-independence Constitutional reforms Features

494
 1. GOI Act 1909 A. Principle of representation in governance
was
initiated
2. GOI Act 1919 B. Diarchy in centre
3. GOI Act 1935 C. Separate electorate for Muslims
4. Indian Councils Act 1892 D. Diarchy in Provinces

Options:
A. 1-A, 2-B, 3- C, 4-D
B. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
C. 1-D, 2-A, 3- B, 4-C
D. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A

57.Legal Sovereignty in India vests in?

A. Parliament
B. President
C. Supreme Court
D. Constitution

58.‘Constitution is what courts says it is’ this principle is applicable

in?
A. USA
B. India
C. UK
D. Both A & B

59.Match

495
 Special arrangements under Tenure( Maximum
period)
1. Emergency under Article 356 A. 6 months and 6 weeks
2. Emergency under Article 360 B. 6 months at a time,
unlimited
3. Emergency under Article 352 C. 6 months at a time, 3
years
4. Ordinance under article 123 D. Unlimited

Options:
A. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A
B. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
C. 1-D, 2-A, 3- B, 4-C
D. 1-C, 2-D, 3- A, 4-B

60.Granvile Austin called Indian constitutional a social document as

seamless web of 3 elements; these are?
1. Social revolution
2. National unity and integrity
3. National Development
4. Democracy

Options:
A. 1,2,3
B. 2,3,4
C. 1,3,4
D. 1,2,4

496
61.Match

Lesser Known Articles Subject/Issue

5) 257 A. Parliamentary privileges
6) 105 B. Right of President to address and send messages to
both houses of Parliament
7) 108 C. Union may give directions to a State
8) 86 D. Joint Sitting of Parliament

Options:
A. 1-D, 2-A, 3- C, 4-B
B. 1-C, 2-A, 3-D, 4-B
C. 1-D, 2-C, 3- A, 4-B
D. 1-C, 2-A, 3- B, 4-D

62.Match

Range of Articles Subject/Issue

1. 214-231 A. Panchayati Raj
2. 239-242 B. High Courts
3. 243 A- 243 O C. Union Territories
4. 315-323 D. Public Service Commission

Options:
A. 1-D, 2-A, 3- C, 4-B
B. 1-B, 2-C, 3-A, 4-D
C. 1-D, 2-C, 3- A, 4-B
D. 1-B, 2-C, 3- D, 4-A

497
63.Match

Parts Subject/Issue
1. II A. Panchayati Raj
2. V B. Emergency Provisions
3. IX C. Union Government
4. XVIII D. Citizenship

Options:
A. 1-D, 2-A, 3- C, 4-B
B. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
C. 1-D, 2-C, 3- A, 4-B
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

64.Match
Pre-independence Constitutional reforms Features
1. GOI Act 1909 A. Start of Indian representation in
Legislature
2. GOI Act 1919 B. Federal Court, Separate electorates
depressed
classes, women and labourer,
dyarchy in center

3. GOI Act 1935 C. Separate electorate for Muslims

4. Indian Councils Act 1861 D. First time introduced
responsive
governance and bicameralism in
Indian
Legislature

498
 Options:
A. 1-A, 2-B, 3- C, 4-D
B. 1-C, 2-D, 3-B, 4-A
C. 1-D, 2-A, 3- B, 4-C
D. 1-C, 2-D, 3- A, 4-B

65.Which is Not correct about 73rd Amendments?

A. Its provisions contained in articles 243 A to 243 O
B. Its role, functions, jurisdictions are contained in Schedule 11
C. 29 subjects were to be transferred from state Government to PRI
D. It contained provisions for district planning committee

66.Which is Not correct about 74th Amendments?

A. Its provisions contained in articles 243 P to 43ZG
B. Through PESA-1996, provisions of 74th amendments were
extended to 5th schedule areas
C. Its role, functions, jurisdictions are contained in Schedule 12
D. 18 subjects were to be transferred from state Government to Urban
Local Bodies

67.Fundamental Duties was made by the Constitution (Forty‐Second

Amendment) Act, 1976; and it was amended in 2002 by which 11th
duty was inserted? Which was this amendment?
A. 91st Amendments
B. 86th Amendments
C. 84th Amendments
D. 61th Amendments

68. When and in which state first communist govt in state was
formed?
A. 1962, Kerala
B. 1957, West Bengal
C. 1957, Kerala
D. 1967, Kerala

499
69. Under the Citizenship Act, 1955, by which of the following ways
can a person become a citizen of India?
1.By birth
2.By descent
3.By registration
4.By nationalisation
5.By incorporation of territory
Options:
(a)1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
(b)1 and 2
(c)1, 2, 3 and 5
(d)3, 4 and 5

70. Match

latest amendments Related to

1. 102nd A. 10% reservation for Economically Weaker
Sections
(EWS)
2. 103rd B. Extended SC/ST reservation for 10 years
and
removed the reserved seats for the Anglo-
Indian community
3. 104th C. Gives back the power to Identify socially
and
educationally backward classes (SEBCs)
back to state Govts
4. 105th D. Constitutional status to the National
for
Backward Classes
(NCBC)
Options:

500
 A. 1-D, 2-A, 3- B, 4-C
B. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
C. 1-D, 2-A, 3- C, 4-B
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

71.Which one is not correct about theory of Global Justice by John

Rawls?
(A) ‘People’(Politically organized society having sufficient
commonality of culture, tradition, history) Unit of social
interaction at global level
(B) Based on core liberal principles of tolerance.
(C) prosperity of people are due to local factors- culture, values,
character, and industriousness of the people
(D) Obligation of unlimited assistance: global difference principle
as in his theory of Justice for a nation/society.

72. “political culture involves attributes including attitudes, feelings,

sentiments, beliefs, and values which concern the nature of politics that
give form and substance to political processes” whose definition of
political culture is this?

A. Almond
B. Almond & Verba
C. Huntington
D. Lucian Pye

73. Who gave the concept of ‘ Çatch All Party’ ?

A. Lippset & Rokken
B. Giovanni Sartori
C. Maurice Duverger
D. Otto Kirchheimer

74. What is Stockholm plus 50?

501
 A. Theme of next round of climate talks
B. Regional Inter-governmental organisation in North Europe
C. 50 nations joining together in Stockholm on the issue of climate
change
D. Environmental conference in Stockholm in June 2022 to
commemorate 50th anniversary of the 1st UN summit on human
environment

75.When World Environment Day celebrated?

A. June 5
B. June 6
C. June 7
D. April 22

502
503
 SET 1
Question Answer Key Hint/additional Info
No.
1. B Welfarism or welfare state is related to
modern or positive liberalism; classical
liberalism believes in minimal state- state
as necessary evil
2. C Distributive justice is an anathema
(hateful thing) to Liberaltarianism;
Nozick called taxation (which is aimed
towards distributive justice) as forced
labour
Distributive justice is related to modern
or positive liberalism
3. D Laissez-faire state means the state which
does not interfere in market economy- a
nightwatchman kind of state; this is not
acceptable to modern or positive
liberalism, which supports welfare state
and distributive justice

4. C Dirigisme is state directed economy;

state interfere and rectify market
imperfections; a kind of welfare or
corporatist state; obviously Dirigisme
would be unacceptable to (classical)
liberalism.

5. F Marxism imposes a uniform value over

all in a socialist/communist society; it
does not believe in Value pluralism,
which is related to some streams of
liberalism

6. A Lasswell wrote the book- ‘Politics; who

504
 Gets What, When, how’
David Easton: gave system theory
Bismark: PM of Prussia, united Germany
into one nation-state in 1871
7. C Robert Dahl- Pluralist, group theory,
Polyarchy
Talcott Parsons: Sociologist- influenced
concept of political Culture
Hanah Arendt: radically redefined
politics & power; author of ‘The Human
Condition’
8. B James Fishkin, Joshua Cohen, Amy
Gutmann & Dennis F. Thompson – wrote
books on deliberative Democracy
Schumpeter: minimal definition of
Democracy ‘as the method by which
people elect representatives in
competitive elections to carry out their
will’ ; to him essence of democracy is
free & fair election
9. C
10. A Dialectic method was used by Socrates,
Plato, Hegel, and Marx
11. C Modern Liberalism may also be called
positive Liberalism
Neo-Liberalism is revival of classical
liberalism
Libertarianism: classical liberalism,
individualism and limited government(
low taxation).
12. B General Will was the sum total ( not
arithmetic but organic) of true or real will
of all; it was always good, infallible, and
for common Good

505
 Real Will: true, virtuous will of higher
self
Actual Will: self-interested, empirical
will of lower self
13. A Hobbes
1st to give concept of negative liberty
1st to modernize the theory of natural
law
unique combination of individualism and
absolutism
14. A 4 causes- the material, the formal, the
efficient( Not effective), and the final-
are explanation for any substance
15. B Michael Sandel: Communitarian

16. D Communitarian are critical of Rawl’s

theory of Justice
17. B Mary Wollstonecraft wrote ‘A
Vindication of the Rights of Men’
criticizing Burke’s conservative views
18. D

19. C Rawl’ theory of Justice is applicable only

to liberal societies

Lexical Priority of Rawl’ theory of

justice
Two principles of justice:
1. Principle of Equal Liberty: Each
person has an equal right to the most
extensive liberties compatible with
similar liberties for all
2.Difference Principle: Social and
economic inequalities should be arranged
so that they are both (a) to the greatest

506
 benefit of the least advantaged persons,
and (b) attached to offices and positions
open to all under conditions of equality
of opportunity.
Priority: 1, 2 b, 2 a ( must know this!)

Rawl’s Books
• A Theory of Justice( 1971)
• Justice as Fairness( 1985)
• The Law of Peoples(1993)
• Political Liberalism(1993)
• Two Concepts of Rules
Also remember, he gave the concept of ‘
overlapping consensus’ and society as
‘cooperative venture for mutual
advantage’
20. D Reverse is true, Rawlsian individuals had
unencumbered selves- they were
independent and autonomous in choosing
their own goal/end based on their own
conception of good life; they were not
pursuing ends decided by society for
them.
21. C Marx wrote profusely on
Revolutionary traditions in France
"The Civil War in France“
• The Class Struggles in France,
1848-1850
• The Eighteenth Brumaire of
Louis Napoleon
22. C In the name of forcing citizens to be
guided by their higher self, which is
known to the state, the state may force a
particular way of life and ideology on
them. This May give rise to paternalism,
authoritarianism, and eventually

507
 totalitarianism…this is like slippery
slope…once you start there is no
stopping.

23. B Hobbes- avoided normative approach, he

adopted scientific and empirical approach
Aristotle and Plato are considered
founders of philosophical-normative
approach

24. D In fact, Rousseau suggested that One can

be forced to obey the General Will, as it
was like forcing one to be free!
Obeying General Will is like obeying
your higher self- becoming morally free.

25. A Open Society: which does not force a

particular end/goal, ideology or notion of
good life to its member, which allow its
members to have their own conception of
good life and pursue them with their own
life choices.
He wrote ‘The Open Society and Its
Enemies(1945)’
Popper gave concepts of ‘ Falsification of
scientific theory’ and ‘ Piecemeal social
engineering’- REMEMBER THEM
26. C Frankfurt School of critical thinkers:
Ernst Bloch, Walter Benjamin, Max
Horkheimer, Erich Fromm, and Herbert
Marcuse, Habermas

27. C ‘State and revolution ‘ by Lenin

28. B Roy as well as Brahmo Samaj do not

508
 believe in soul, cycle of death & re-birth
29. A For Savarkar, anyone who consider
India as a land of their ancestors and a
holy land belong to the Indian nation
His Hindu Rashtra was based on
Common 1. Territory 2. Race 3.
Culture
He was 1st to call 1857 revolt ‘The
Indian War of Independence’
Savarkar wrote in 1923- ‘Hindutva:
who is a Hindu?
30. D Gandhiji believed in self-governing
community, and non-hierarchical
governing structure
He was considered ‘ Philosophical
Anarchist’
31. D Swaraj will come not by acquisition of
authority by a few but by acquisition of
capacity by all to resist authority when it
is abused- Gandhi
When in doubt in MCQs on quote ( IPT),
go for Ambedkar or Gandhi
32. A Was it an example of ‘Orientalism’ as
theorised by Edward Said?
Weber was Eurocentric in his thoughts
33. D Almond & Verba wrote ‘Civic Culture
(1963)’
Comparative study of political culture of
5 countries- US, UK, Germany, Mexico,
and Italy (remember this)
34. A Anthropology was first social science
discipline to use General System
Theory, which came out from Biology
(organism as system)

509
 David Easton- System approach in
Comparative Politics
Morton Kaplan- System Approach in IR
35. D Almond used similar concept developed
by sociologists Talcott Parsons to further
develop the Structural-Functional
approach in CP
36. B Studying human Behaviour was not part
of the Traditional Approach to
Comparative Politics
37. I Legal-constitutional institutionalism was
part of of the Traditional Approach to
Comparative Politics
38. B Public Administration plays major
and vital role in Policy process in
India
Policy implementation- entirely in
the domain of public administration
Vital role in policy formulation and
evaluation.
39. C As the role of PMO increased, role of the
Cabinet Secretariat in policy making
decreased
40. C Just Remember

41. A Must remember such IR GK

42. C

43. D

44. C Hannah Arendt is known for her writings

on totalitarianism
45. A BIMSTEC leaders were chief guests

510
 during MR Modi’s oath-taking ceremony
in May 2019
46. C Robert Keohane with Joseph Nye gave
theory of ‘ Complex Interdependence’-
core of Neo-liberalism
47. D

48. A

49. B Containment policy was called Truman

Doctrine
50. B Also Remember:
Obama- pivot to Asia; Roosevelt- 4 times
US president, 4 freedom speech;
Eisenhower- ‘Atom for Peace’ speech
51. A Security, Diplomacy, survival, self-help,
etc are also important terms in realism,
but core theme is interest and power
52. B Hobbes is considered a realist thinker; to
him, agents ( individual or nation) are
perpetual power seeker
53. D John Ikenberry is an important liberal
thinker
He Wrote ‘Liberal Leviathan (2011)’

54. I Realism doubts on efficacies of

International regimes ( covenants,
international law, treaties, agreements,
etc) in helping maintain peace and
cooperation in IR
55. B Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia was one of
the founder members of NAM
Yugoslavia is now split into 6 countries-
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia,

511
 Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and
Slovenia
This is called ‘ Balkanisation’- division
of a multinational state into smaller
ethnically homogeneous entities
56. A Note thar President is head of state,
which has 3 organs- executive,
legislature, and Judiciary. As head of the
state is both head of executive and
Legislature; he also appoint chief Justice
and other judges.
57. C Its is considered as ‘ holding together’
federal state ; USA, Switzerland and
Australia are examples of coming
together federations; India, Belgium and
Spain are examples of holding together
federations.
58. D 1st time, in Sajjan Singh case, the phrase
basic structure was stated in the order of
one of the judges
SAARC Bommai case, related mainly to
abuse of article 356, also affected centre-
state relation
59. D Art. 312-All India services- IAS, IPS,
IFoS, and IJS, etc- can only be created if
Rajya Sabha passes resolution to this
effect.
All India services mentioned in the
Constitution- IAS, IPS, IJS
60. A 31 B was inserted through 1st
Amendment
Now SC has taken 9th schedule within its
purview of judicial review.
61. D Only elected legislatures vote for
president’s election

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62. D Article 300 A for protecting Right to
Property was inserted through 44th
amendments, which removed property
rights from FR ( 31) to Constitutional
right
63. C Maximum tenure of Ordinance is 6
month and 6 weeks because maximum
gap between two sessions of parliament 6
months and ordinance can survive for 6
weeks without being passed by
parliament.

64. C Just remember

65. A

66. A Committed Bureaucracy means the

Bureaucracy is completely aligning with
the Government of the day; it breaks the
principle of neutrality of bureaucracy.
67. B These are the instances of presidential
discretions
68. D Indira Gandhi formed Congress(R), the
new Congress; R stood for Requisition ;
O in Congress ( O) for Organisation
69. B 7 National Parties: Congress, BJP, BSP,
CPI, CPI(M), NCP, TMC
Note: National People’s Party (NPP)
shall become 8th national party, but still
not declared so on ECI website
70. C Justice Party was formed in 1917 by Dr
C. Natesa Mudaliar
Periyar joined this party and in 1944 n
1944, transformed the Justice Party into
the social organisation Dravidar

513
 Kazhagam (DK), from which DMK and
AIADMK emerged.

71. C ECI recognise only 3 types of party-

national, State, Registered
There is no officially recognised
‘Regional Party’
72. C Just remember

73. D Just remember

74. D Names and purpose of Government

schemes/missions are important
75. D

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 SET 2

Question Answer Key Hint/additional Info

No.
1. B Pareto: Circulation of Elites; also gave 2
types of elites- Lion & Fox
C Wright Mills: ‘ The Power Elites’
Thomas Aquinas, a medieval thinker, gave
5 proofs of God, and just war theories

2. A Robert Nozick: Libertarian

3. A
4. A It was to break the private-public
dichotomy and to politicize the politics in
family and marriage
5. D It Rejects modernism but also is critical of
post-modernist approach

6. C Post-behaviouralism rejected value-

neutrality; it gave due importance to value
in the political.
Easton’s 7 credo of relevance of Post-
behaviouralism: . Substance 2. change 3.
Brute reality 4. fact-value synthesis 5.
protect human values 6. action orientation
7. Political scientists as actors of social
change

7. E Behaviouralism gave primacy to

observations and facts, and Fact-value
separation; it didn’t support Value
pluralism

515
 Easton’s 8 characteristics features of
Behaviouralism
(1) Regularities; (2) Verification; (3)
Techniques; (4) Quantification; (5)
Values; (6) Systematisation; (7) Pure
Science; and (8) Integration

8. C Just remember this; this was objected by

the communitarian critique of Rawl’s
theory of Justice
9. C Multiculturalism believes in cultural
relativism
0. C Proportionate equality was given by
Aristotle; it meant equal should be treated
equal; also distribution of wealth/income,
honour should be in proportion to merit or
contribution to society.
Proportionate equality was the basis of
Distributive Justice
1. C Okin is Feminist and Sandel and McIntyre
were communitarian critic of Rawl’s
theory of Justice
2. D Capability approach to Development as
freedom was given by Amartya Sen
and Martha Nussbaum
3. A Dahl- Pluralist thinker, wrote-‘ Polyarchy’
Paine- liberal thinker
Hannah Arendt: Wrote against
totalitarianism
Harold Laski: Pluralist, left oriented
British labour party leader
4. D Edmund Burke was major conservative
thinker
5. A The Lyceum- School of Aristotle

516
 The Garden- School of Epicurus
6. B Politics- Aristotle

7. D Philosophers- with their knowledge can

see the real world- outside the cave
8. C Plato’s ideal state represented his idea of
justice
9. C Only the producer class were allowed
private property and family
20. C Aristotle, Plato’s student, supported
private property
21. B Plato supported same education and same
civic roles for both sexes
22. B Karl Popper criticised Plato for his utopic,
regimented, and conservative views about
individual
23. B Justice as Mutual Advantage- Theory
that argue that moral norms of justice are
those that rational, self‐interested persons
would accept in regulating the pursuit of
their self‐interest.
Justice gives everyone, as the rational,
self-interested person, the best chance of
achieving their good that they can
reasonably expect, given that others are
simultaneously trying to achieve their
(different) good
24. D Negative Peace: simply absence of
violence, physical threat
Positive Peace: Societal structure
providing equal opportunity, dignity,
and status to all its member
Galtung wrote ‘Peace by peaceful
means(1996)’
25. C Polity was virtuous form of Government/

517
 Constitution as a rule of the Many in the
interest of all
Polity, however, may degenerate into
Democracy- rule of the Many in the
interest of few ( Elite theory)
Best practicable Government/
Constitution- Mix of Polity and
Aristocracy- named Polity again- don’t get
confused!
26. A An Economic Theory of Democracy
(1957)- Anthony Downs
The book gives a model of how economic
theory can be applied to non-market
political decision-making, such as public
policy. Much of his research eventually
became integrated into public choice
theory- how public policy is outcome of
rational choice of set of individuals who
are rational and self-interested.
27. D John Rawl cannot be associated with
positive liberty, he supported rights of
individual over common good

28. C Both Gandhi and Savarkar were

influenced by Mazzini
29. C John Ruskin- Sarvodaya ; Henry Thoreau-
civil disobedience ; Tolstoy- pacific
anarchism ; Plato & Aristotle: normativity,
justice ; Jainism- non-violence;
Vaishnavism- Catholicism

0. D

1. D Because Ambedkar gave us the ‘the

supreme law’- Constitution- so he is

518
 modern Law Giver
2. B Important, may be asked separately;
remember
3. B Must remember

4. A Lesser known fact but may be asked

5. D Because he compared 158 Constitutions of

his time to come up with 6 pure types of
Constitution/Government
6. D Graham Wallas wrote ‘Human Nature in
Politics’
Arthur Bentley wrote ‘The Process of
Government’
Both these books help usher behavioural
approach in political science

7. D In this classic book Alexis de Tocqueville

compares Democracy in USA with France
and other western European nations
8. D

9. C Anarchic world order is brute reality

accepted by all schools of IR Theory
40. B Must remember Hugo Grotius and his 3
justifications for war
Also Jus ad Bellum and Jus in Bello
41. C

42. D Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, Belize,

Barbados, Canada, Grenada, Jamaica,
New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, St Kitts
and Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent and the
Grenadines, Solomon Islands, The
Bahamas and Tuvalu- these

519
 commonwealth nation accept Monarch of
UK as their Constitutional head of state
43. B

44. C Remember who coined IR terms- favourite

topic for ETs
45. B Golden Triangle, Golden Crescent both
are areas of illicit opium and other banned
drug production
46. A Yugoslavia was founding member of
NAM
47. A Better to remember Revolution named as
colour- favourite of ETs
48. D Actually, it was end of Japan as a colonial
power

49. D Oft- repeated; must remember

0. C BIMSTEC members: five from South

Asia, including Bangladesh, Bhutan, India,
Nepal, and Sri Lanka, and two from
Southeast Asia, including Myanmar and
Thailand.
1. D Very Important fact for this year’s exams
Note: India would be the next president of
G-20 in Dec, 2022
2. C Yes, India had 2+2 with Russia, too in
December 202
3. B

4. B Note; under article 359, Right to life &

liberty- 20 & 21- cannot be suspended
5. A Inter-state council, this time, is important

6. D

520
 Range of articles on a issue/office must be
mapped and remembered
7. A Subject matter of parts of Constitution
should be remembered
8. C No joint sitting for breaking the deadlock
in case of constitutional amendment bills;
neither required for money bill
Thus, joint sitting only for ordinary bill
Note: only a simple majority required to
pass bill during the joint sitting.
9. B

60. B As head of the state, president take oath to

Preserve, Protect, and Defend the
Constitution of India
Article 60- oath to President
61. C 85(2) simply says that president may
dissolve the Lok Sabha from time to
time…there may be occasion when the
president may use his discretion to decide
on the dissolution, without going by the
advise of council of minister.
62. D President is bound to give assent to passed
money bill and Constitutional amendment
bills
63. D

64. D

65. D

66. B Article 85(2) gives some situational

discretion to the President in deciding
dissolution of Lok Sabha

521
 But in 1979, when Neelam Sanjeeva
Reddy, the then president accepted advice
of Charan Singh, who could never win the
majority in Lok Sabha, it became
controversial.

67. D India has Parliamentary form of

Government, in which PM and not the
president holds the real executive power,
but still all entire Government is run in the
name of president, who is almost bound by
the advise of council of minister headed
by the PM
68. B

69. D Note: President hands over resignation to

Vice-President and Vice-President to
President
Similarly, Dy. Speaker resigns to Speaker
and vice-versa
70. C Important and interesting fact, must
remember
71. D Recently, SCI banned use of the sedition
law till it is reviewed
72. A The Government of India Act, 1919 had
introduced Diarchy in provinces under
which some of the ministers, looking after
transferred subjects, were elected.
73. D garbage can model of organizational
behaviour was developed by Cohen,
March and Olsen
74. D

75. C Also, many times, policy goals are vague,

not well defined

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 SET 3
Question Answer Key Hint/additional Info
No.
1. D (liberal) Communitarianism is one stream
within the liberal doctrine; it is not similar
to Communism/Socialism; it believed in
individual liberty, value pluralism, rights,
etc.

2. B Robert Nozick was Liberaltarian- often

asked
Remaining 4 are famous liberal
communitarian thinkers- again asked
frequently

3. D Definition of Moral Relativism

4. A Universalism- universal human nature,

fate, worth, rights, values- all are related to
liberalism
5. D Meta narrative is narrative of historical
events, grand narrative; post modernism
believes that narratives ( historical
accounts) of past events are not factual
account but done with a purpose; hence it
rejects it
Lyotard is associated with rejecting meta-
narratives.
6. E Opposite is correct; it rejected Platonism
and its idea of structure of transcendental
philosophy

523
7. D This is how Dworkin defined some rights
as trump; they are like fundamental rights
8. C Jeremy Bentham was supporter of legal
rights( oft-repeated)
He was staunch critic of natural right
theory.
For him, natural rights were nonsense
upon the stilts( asked frequently)

9. B Definition of Rationalism
Note the rationalism vs empiricism
dichotomy
0. A Remember these definitions of justice

1. B Reverse: Sovereignty originates in people

and remains there, cannot be delegated
Both Locke and Rousseau gave the
concept of ‘ Popular Sovereignty’

2. C Marx gave ‘Instrumentalist’ view of

capitalist state
The statement ‘Capitalist State help re-
produce social structure needed to
maintain capitalism’ is structuralist view
of capitalist state- given by Luis Althusser

3. A Occasion for disobeying the sovereign: for

self-preservation, to protect honour/dignity
of family, when independence of state is
not in danger, etc.
4. C State was necessary for flourishment of
Individuals, only living as citizen of a
state, individual could attain ‘Eudemonia’(
Flourished and fulfilled life)

524
 5. D Joseph Schumpeter was not pluralist
thinker; he was critical of classical
Democracy and defined Democracy
merely as political method to chose ruler
through periodic election
He wrote ‘Capitalism, Socialism and
Democracy(1942)’
6. A Just remember this
Bentham- father of utilitarianism

7. D Lenin wrote: Lenin- ‘Imperialism, the

Highest Stage of Capitalism’

8. B Robert Nozick was libertarian thinker,

for him welfare state is like slavery as
taxation is like forced labour
He wrote ‘Anarchy, State, and Utopia(
1974)’

9. D Remember this, very important

Also read about these concepts
20. C “Tyranny of Majority”- in Democracy
the permanent minorities may not be able
to pursue their distinct culture, way of life,
and independence as decisions are taken
through majority vote; hence Democracy
may require specific safeguards to protect
minority rights
Alex de Tocqueville wrote ‘Democracy in
America( 1835)’
21. D Refer explanation of Q.N. 2 above

22. C The Capability Approach focuses upon the

moral significance of individuals’
capability of achieving the kind of lives
they have reason to value.

525
 A person’s capability to live a good life is
defined in terms of being in good health or
having loving relationships with others to
which they have real access, have good
education, opportunity, status, and dignity.
23. D labour theory of property was given by
John Locke
24. C It was Justice based on functional division
of society based on aptitude, education &
training
It was very similar to ‘Varna system’ of
early Vedic Period ( note not the caste
system, which is degenerated and
perverted form of the ‘Varna system’)
25. B Marx was not influenced by David
Hume’s empiricism and his focus on
feeling and emotions over
reason/rationality
Remember remaining all, asked frequently
26. A .‘Voluntary Poverty’ denoted renunciation(
leaving) of wants/desires
Just opposite to possessive individualism
of western culture
27. C For Gandhiji, mere theoretical knowledge
was not true education, it should include
skill such as handicraft and other
vocational work

28. A A hidden fact, was asked in BHU

29. C

0. A

1. C

526
 2. A Obvious fact but was asked in one PG ET

3. B New Institutionalism focuses on norms,

beliefs, practices shaping behaviours.
These are soft aspect of institutions.
4. F As stated above Norms & belief are part of
New Institutionalism
5. D Reverse is correct, capitalism separated
economic and political domains
6. A Why? Because system approach does not
look inside the political system, it
compares at system level only.
7. D

8. D

9. A

40. B Robert W. Cox- critical thinker

41. B ‘Coercion is only part of foreign policy’-

such crude and outlandish statements are
generally wrong
42. B

43. A

44. B This is core them of neo-realism

45. C

46. B

47. C CEPA with UAE became operational from

1 May 2022

527
 Before this, India had CEPA with Japan
and South Korea
India is negotiating CEPA with UK,
Australia, Canada, EU
48. B The five largest spenders in 2021 were the
United States, China, India, the United
Kingdom and Russia- 62% of the total
world’s military expenditure

49. C

0. C Actually, reverse is true- State control over

private sector within its borders has
decreased
1. C • Dependency Theories:
• Raul Prebisch( founder)
• AG Frank- ‘ Development of
Underdevelopment’,
• Cardoso- was also president of Brazil
• Wallerstein- ‘World System Theory’-
Core & Periphery
Dos Santos- "new dependency", which
comprehends the period of the dominion
of multinational corporations after World
War II.
2. B Unique fact, must remember
Note that the president Neelam Sanjeeva
Reddy accepted Charan Singh’s advise to
dissolve the Lok Sabha and make him
caretaker PM; this action of the president
became hugely controversial.
3. D As per art. 74, president almost bound by
the advise of council of minister but still
has some very important discretionary
powers
4. B SCI used Article 142 to issue order to

528
 release one of the convict of Rajiv
Gandhi's killing, Perarivalan.

5. D Its interim president was Dr.

Sachchidananda Sinha

6. D 4th member of the oligarchy- Patel

7. C As per art. 67, No Impeachment required

for removal of Vice President, a resolution
of Rajya Sabha, accepted by Lok Sabha is
required.

8. C Pardoning powers of president and

governor are within the purview of
Judicial review

9. A

60. C Rule of law implies that both citizen and

state are bound by the laws;
Note the state is both creator and child of
law; it cannot act arbitrarily, it is bound by
the law

61. C No where listed but SCI , in its orders,

have indicated many such items consisting
of basic structure of Indian Constitution
62. C Note: residuary powers now rests with the
centre/union
63. A Note: A Supreme Court was set up in
Bengal under this act;
64. C Ambedkar resigned in 1951 on the issue of
Hindu Code Bill

529
65. D Oft-repeated

66. C Though it was implemented fully from

26th January, 1950 to commemorate
public declaration of the resolution of ‘
Purna Swaraj’ on 26 January 1930, the day
Congress decided to celebrate as
Independence day
67. A Only about 11% Indian voted in electing
legislatures who formed the Constituent
Assembly
Statement in the Reason is oft-repeated…
remember this
68. A H.C. Mukherjee was the Vice-President of
the Constituent Assembly- hidden fact…
remember this
Statement 1 is oft-repeated
69. A Following Convention need hundreds of
years of traditions and consensus on
fundamental political values.
70. D

71. B

72. B Now there is No policy-administration

dichotomy; in fact, public policy has
become the life line of public
administration
73. C 6 stages of policy process: Defining
problem, Agenda setting, Policy
alternatives, adoption of policy,
implementation, evaluation
74. A Lasswell wrote ‘The Policy
Sciences(1951)’
75. C CoP 27 is scheduled in 2022 at Sharm El-

530
Sheikh, Egypt

531
 SET 4
Question Answer Key Hint/additional Info
No.
1. D Definition of Cosmopolitanism

2. C Opposite is true; Rawl did not extend his

difference principle to global level

3. C Relativism is just opposite to universalism

4. C Oft- repeated; remember this liberal
definition of citizenship
5. C 1st Gen: civil liberties; political rights
2nd gen: socio-economic rights
3rd gen: group and cultural rights
6. D Obviously as Right of national self-
determination will break nation-state
7. C
8. D Definition of Luck egalitarians
Dworkin was a Luck egalitarian

9. A An economic concept, but also important

in politics as it tells about dilemma in
distribution.
0. D Reverse is true, both can be placed on a
continuum; very strong equality of
opportunity is very similar to equality of
outcome

1. C Plato's second-best state was based on

positive law, made by the ruler following a
constitution
Note that Plato’s ideal state didn’t require
any law!

532
2. D Locke’s Two Treatises of Government
was refutation to Robert Filmer’s
Patriarcha
3. D In fact, he advised the king ( prince) to use
religion for maintaining his state; this was
instrumental view of religion, that is, using
religion for controlling emotions of
citizens.
4. C Reverse: Ideas or Forms can be fully
known by knowledge

5. B Both Aristotle and Hegel considered

Women inferior to men

6. A Base/ structure: Economic mode of

production, means of production, relation
of production, class structure
Superstructure: Law, policy, polity, media,
art& culture, etc
Marx – Base determined superstructure;
civil society part of base
Gramsci- civil society part of
superstructure- the capitalist class creates
ideology which maintain their hegemony
in Base

7. D Rousseau, in his ‘Emile’, said that

purpose of education develop men as
natural men and women as natural
women
He differentiated natural roles of men
and women
Mary Wollstonecraft refuted this view of
Rousseau in her book ‘vindication of
Rights of Women’
8. A two dimensional rights of men: in

533
 public/political domain- equal civil &
political rights
In private domain- rights over their wives
9. C Arbit, just mug it up…

20. A End of history- end of ideological conflict

and evolution- human civilization finding
one best ideology for managing human
arrangements
21. B Constitutionalism- associated with Locke
Hobbes’ Sovereign was not bound by any
law/Constitution

22. D doctrine of overlapping consensus: In a

liberal society, individual/groups may
have different conception of justice but all
may have some basic common agreement
point on what must be protected to have
justice in society.
23. A Instead, Marx believed that Our (bodily of
physical) existence determine our
consciousness
Hence, his theory is called materialistic

24. C Thomas Carlyle (1795 –1881) was a

Scottish historian, satirical writer, essayist,
translator, philosopher, mathematician,
and teacher ; a polemicist
It is better to be a human being
dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better to
be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool
satisfied.” – J.S.Mill in his book
Utilitarianism

25. B Hobbes used science/physics , laws of

motion to build his theory

534
 Motion creates emotions, he claimed
26. A Sarvodaya means welfare of all

27. C Gandhiji gave advt. in his magazine

‘Indian Opinion’ seeking names for his
passive resistance. Mganlal Gandhi, his
distant cousin, won the prize by
suggesting ‘Sadagraha’
28. C

29. B

0. E Shamashastry was Librarian in Mysore

Oriental Library
He found the Manuscript in 1905
1. B General System theory was evolved by
Ludwig von Bertalanffy in 1968. This
model subsequently adopted by various
disciplines of social science in following
sequence: Anthropology, Sociology,
Psychology and Political Science.
David Easton is considered as father of the
system approach in comparative politics

2. C Political communication is one of the 4

Input functions, others are: Political
socialisation, interest articulation, interest
aggregation,
3. C Reverse is true; old Institutionalism
suffered more from Eurocentrism and
Ethnocentrism
4. C Remember 3 types of New
Institutionalism
Structural New Institutionalism is also
called historical New Institutionalism

535
 5. D

6. A Examples: Syria, Somalia, Liberia, Sudan,

etc
They may also be termed as failed states
7. C

8. A

9. B

40. D Jus ad Bellum- just causes of war

Jus in Bello: Just Conduct of war
41. A

42. C

43. B

44. D

45. D

46. A Socialism/communism, both as ideology

and form of Government, is still exist
47. B David Easton was pioneer in introducing
system approach in Comparative Politics
System approach in political science was
adopted from the general system theory (
biology), which was given by Ludwig von
Bertalanffy

48. B India began its two-year term as a non-

permanent member of the United Nations

536
 Security Council, 8th time, on 1 January
2021
49. B Bi-polarity was most evident during Cold
War period, also one of the most stable
phase in global politics
Compare this with Hegemonic Stability
Theory
0. B Easy but oft-repeated

1. A Note in India, legal Sovereignty is vested

in the Constitutional; and political
Sovereignty in the people represented by
the Parliament
2. D Very important facts, must remember
Provisions contained in the Preamble are
Not justiciable

3. D President has to give assent to amendment

Bills passed by the parliament; same with
Money bill

4. D It is Not applicable to 6th Schedule

areas/states
Election to chairperson pf Panchayat
samiti and Zila Parishad is indirect

5. D Provisions that specify the powers,

authority and responsibilities of
Municipalities are contained in schedule
12;
Schedule 11- 73rd amendments

6. C Under PESA-1996, 73rd amendments are

now applicable to 5th schedule areas
7. C CIC- Central Information Commission-

537
 under the RTI act, hence statutory body

8. D Inter-state Council is mentioned in article

263, hence Constitutional body

9. E

60. C Often asked; remember them

61. E Residency condition was there previously

but was removed later on.
62. A ‘Due Process’ doctrine- even the
content/substance of the act comes under
judicial review
63. A Government of India tried to bring
National Judicial Appointments
Commission (NJAC) to replace the
collegium system through 99th
Constitutional amendments, but SCI
declared the amendments un-
Constitutional on the basis of ‘basic
Structure’ doctrine
64. B Note how very few articles mention PM

65. C As the executive come out of legislature,

there is a Fusion of legislature and
executive in parliamentary form of
Government
In presidential form of Government there
is neat separation between legislature and
executive

66. C K.R. Narayana is considered as most

independent minded Indian President who
used his limited discretion on many
occasions.

538
67. E Money bills are presented in the
Parliament only after approval of the
President, hence, president cannot refuse
to give assent to the money bill passed by
the Parliament.

68. B Very important fact

69. C Just remember

70. C

71. B Friedrich Hayek was a libertarian or neo-

liberal thinker; must also know that
Thomas Pogge was also an advocate of
global justice

72. D Principle of common but differentiated

responsibilities (CBDR) was adopted IN
Rio Earth Summit-1992
73. A Judith Ann Tickner wrote ‘Gendering
world politics(2001)’

74. D Implementation of public policy is

exclusively done by public administration
75. C Rosa Luxemburg, a Marxist thinker, is not
considered as feminist thinker.

SET 5

Question Answer Key Hint/additional Info

No.
1. B T.H.Green supported positive liberty

539
 Oft-repeated
2. C Note; when they said political theory, it
meant normative philosophical political
theory
3. B Oft-repeated
4. D No, Ideology is NOT same as theory

5. B Ishiah Berlin was hopeful of its revival

6. B Economic determinism denoted base (

economic structure of society) determining
aspects in superstructure ( law, polity, art-
craft, media, culture); Gramsci turned this
upside down;
To him, civil society, located in
superstructure, through ideology, created
cultural hegemony which helped capitalist
class dominate the Base.

7. D Just remember
8. D Oft-repeated
9. B Literal meaning of Theory
0. C G.H. Sabine said this in his seminal
creation/book ‘A History of Political
Theory(1937)’
1. D Obviously, as no one knew his/her
position, status, endowments ( natural &
social luck, abilities), bias or partiality
would be removed
2. D General will is always morally right, it is
like common or group mind; by its
definition it would be by consensus
because no one can differ if all are guided
by their real or true will( representing their
higher self)

540
 3. D Rousseau Emile advocate for education &
training which develop men and women as
best natural men and women
Rousseau, therefore, believed in natural
differentiation in the roles/duties of men &
women
Mary Wollstonecraft refuted this view of
Rousseau in her book ‘vindication of
Rights of Women’
4. D This was instrumentalist view of the state
Later on, Louis Althusser gave structural
view of capitalist state
Ralph Miliband and Nicos Poulantzas
engaged in a fascinating debate ( called
great debate), former taking instrumental
whereas latter took the structural view

5. D Just remember these facts about Hobbes

6. B On the Principles of Political Economy

and Taxation by David Ricardo
Marx took idea from this book to develop
his theory of surplus labour value
7. B Elements of natural philosophy by William
Thomson
8. C Robert Dahl was a Pluralist, he wrote
‘Polyarchy’

9. B Aristotle’s distributive justice was based on

proportional equality and distribution
based on desert/merit
20. D Rousseau gave concept of ‘popular
sovereignty’- sovereignty reside with
people/body politic cannot be delegated to
people’s representatives, asserted Rousseau

541
21. D Hegel supported corporatist state
Corporatism: State recognizing and
incorporating all business/social
associations such as trade guilds, farmers
union, and other interest groups.
22. A Just remember this; also Rawls gave
concept of overlapping Consensus’
23. B Timaeus was written by Plato

24. B Remember these concepts and thinker, may

be asked in many ways
25. B End of history- end of ideological conflict
and evolution- human civilization finding
one best ideology for managing human
arrangements
26. D And Gandhiji called Tagore ‘Gurudev’

27. C Gandhiji called Socrates ‘Satyavir’- brave

who died for truth
28. C Udasin or Neutral state was most powerful
but far away from the circle of states
29. B Dalit Shoshit Samaj Sangharsh Samiti (DS
4) was founded by Kanshi Ram

0. C reverse; For him, political freedom is

meaningful only after social reforms

1. B

2. D

3. D

4. F System approach does Not perform deeper

542
 analysis of parts and their interactions;
hence it is called black box approach
5. A Oft-repeated
Remember ? S.E. Finer called pressure
group anonymous empire?
6. A Democratic Peace Theory- Michael Doyle
Perpetual peace Theory- Immanuel Kant
7. D Morton Kaplan- system approach in IR

8. C

9. B

40. D Offensive: Power Maximization,

Hegemony
Defensive: Security Maximization
41. C Liberal Thinkers
Kant, Thomas Paine, Bentham, Woodrow
Wilson, Karl Deutsch, Michael W. Doyle,
Robert Keohane , Joseph Nye, David
Mitrany, Norman Angell, Michael Doyle,
Francis Fukuyama, David Held, John
Hobson, Richard Rosecrance, Alfred
Zimmern

Realist Thinkers: Raymond Aron, E.H.

Carr, Robert Gilpin, John Herz (Security
Dilemma), George Kennan, Henry
Kissinger( Shuttle Diplomacy), Stephen
Krasner, Hans Morgenthau( father of
classical realism), Susan Strange( Casino
capitalism, retreat of state), Kenneth
Waltz( father of neo-realism), John
Mearsheimer, Robert Kaplan, Robert Jervis
42. C All of them belonged to Constructivist
School

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43. D All of them are prominent Feminist IR
thinkers
44. B After WWI, ottoman Empire was
dismantled and institution of Khalifa was
abolished by British Empire
45. B

46. D QUAD is important for this year

47. D Recently in News as growth reports were

published by IMF and World bank
48. B Very important, oft-repeated

49. C Not that Mrs Gandhi used the term

‘hegemony’ but she stressed no
interference of external powers in India’s
role and position in South Asia
Gujral Doctrine is oft-repeated
Non-reciprocity means, India will give one
sided concession to its small neighbours
0. C Yes, Burma ( now Myanmar) also signed
Panchsheel.
1. C Remember these landmark cases

2. C

3. C Important; may be asked

4. A 44 has become important ; must remember

important DPSP and corresponding articles
Note: Participation of workers in
management
of
Industries was inserted through 42nd
amendments 1976

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 5. B Expenditure charged on the Consolidated
Fund of India are not voted by Parliament
during the budget session
6. D Important pre-independence Constitutional
reforms must be read carefully; will be
asked
7. D

8. D In both USA and India, Judiciary becomes

custodian and interpreter of Constitution
9. A Very important…asked separately

60. D Oft-repeated; must know

61. B

62. B

63. C

64. B

65. D 74th amendments contained provisions for

district planning committee
66. B PESA-1996 is not applicable to 74th
amendments, hence, it is not implemented
in 5th and 6th schedule areas
67. B 86th Amendments, in 2002, inserted 11th
duty- ‘the duty of a parent or guardian to
provide opportunities for education to his
child or, as the case may be ward between
the age of six and fourteen years’
Note: Swaran Singh Committee in 1976
recommended Fundamental Duties; which

545
 were inserted in part IVA through 42nd
amendments-1976

68. C It was One of the first democratically

elected Communist governments in the
world; However, barely after 2 year, in
1959, the state Government was dismissed
under article 356
69. C Just remember

70. A Remember these latest Amendments

71. D Rawls did not extend his difference

principle at global level; this is one
criticism against his concept of global
justice
72. D Pye was pioneer is linking political culture
to political development
73. D Çatch All Party are those which try to
attract all segments of voters disregarding
any specific political ideology
74. D 1st UN summit on human environment was
held in 1972 AT Stockholm, Sweden
75. A 2022 is the 50th anniversary of the World
Environment Day
World Earth Day is celebrated on 22 April

546
547
 Tips & Tricks to prepare for MCQ Tests

• Very Different strategy from essay Type Questions

• Do Extensive Study- read widest possible things related to
syllabus
• No need of deep understanding; one need to recall few facts,
that’s all
• Develop the knack of picking up odd facts/figures, News,
person/place, etc.
• Like only Indian PM not to face Lok Sabha for seeking
vote of confidence
• Name of school of Plato, and so on.

• Make note of odd or unique facts & figures

• Revise your notes multiple times…devise innovative ways to

remember facts
• Like record in your own voice and listen while walking or
doing exercise
• Playing MCQ quiz in a group
• Try to think and recall about facts/info while walking,
relaxing, wathing TV, and even brushing.
• Revise daily in last 30 days.

• Practice as many quality MCQs, sample papers as possible

• Rule of Thumb- at least 5 times of actual numbers of
questions
• Learn from the options of MCQs- make notes
• From the wrong answers of MCQs make multiple MCQs
• Make MCQs from the related information as in the given
MCQ
• For example: MCQ: who is the current MD of IMF
• Related MCQ: who was the first MD of IMF

548
 Tips & Tricks to tackle MCQs

• First, mark on the questions you are sure about

• Then return back to questions you are confused about
• Devide the confusing questions in two parts- ones in which
you are able to eliminate two options ( 50:50 game) and
remaining about which you don’t have any clue
• For the first part, do elimination and guess intelligently
believing your gut feeling
• For second part, don’t guess. Just mark any one option
(better B or C) in all remaining questions.
• The MCQ may include words like- denote, implies,
informed, indicate, etc. be fully aware about meaning of
these words; in case of confusion see the Hindi version of
the question, you may get the clue!
• How to tackle doubtful MCQs?
• Use 50:50 trick- eliminate most unlikely options
• In case of matching type of MCQ, sometimes even if
you know one match, you get the right option; try this.
• If more than one option is correct, check for those
option which is definitely wrong; all codes/options
containing the wrong one can be eliminated.
• Hard, crude, outlandish statements are generally
wrong. Options containing words ‘Only’, ‘Never’,
‘No way’, etc. are generally wrong
• Statements containing hard data, lots of specific
information, and general/standard statements are
generally correct.
• In case of options containing statements, normally the
correct one is the longest one, why? Because the

549
 question setter needs to right completely correct
statement, it becomes longer.
• If more than one option seems correct, go for the best
option.
• In case of Assertion/Reason type of MCQ: go for
option A even if the reason(R) statement only slightly
relates to or explain the Assertion(A) statement.
• Guess? Depends
• 0.25 per 1.0 (1/4th) negative marking- Guess if you
can eliminate 2 options (50:50)
• Don’t guess those MCQ you don’t have any clue
• Should we fill one option (either a, b, c, d) in remaining
questions?
• Yes, Do it
• more probability in b and c option
• For example: suppose after doing all tricks you are
completely clueless about 10 MCQs; if suppose you
choose option b or c in all them, chances are that at
least 2-3 would be correct( law of avaerages, yes)
• You loose: 7*1 = 7 marks ( if 3 correct); you gain 3*4 =12
marks; net gain= 5 marks !

BEST OF LUCK !

550
551
Table of Contents
Part I:
Part II:
Part III:
Part IV:
• Part 2: 75 MCQ- Subject/Domain based ( Pol Sc)
Chapter I
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapter 19

552
Table of Contents
Part I: 4
Part II: 4
Part III: 4
Part IV: 4
• Part 2: 75 MCQ- Subject/Domain based ( Pol Sc) 12
Chapter I 237
Chapter 2 237
Chapter 3 237
Chapter 4 237
Chapter 5 237
Chapter 6 237
Chapter 7 237
Chapter 8 237
Chapter 9 237
Chapter 10 237
Chapter 11 237
Chapter 12 237
Chapter 13 237
Chapter 14 237
Chapter 15 237
Chapter 16 237
Chapter 17 237
Chapter 18 237
Chapter 19 237

553