Long Term Evolution

Dr. K. R. Sudhindra
BMS College of Engineering,
Bangalore-19
 Overview

Evolution of Mobile Communication

 LTE Architecture

Radio Spectrum

Frame Structure

OFDMA Principles

Physical Channels

 Radio Parameters
Evolution of Mobile Communication
System

1G 2G 3G

Analog Digital cellular Digital cellular

cellular
Voice Voice /data Vioce / high speed data

AMPS CDMA 1XRtt CDMA2000

TACS G SM GPRS W_CDMA

80’ 1992 1999 2001 2003

AMPS: Advanced Mobile Phone System

TACS: Total Access Communication System
GPRS: General Packet Radio Services
Standardization of cdma2000--3GPP2
n 3.1M bps
n Support Data and Voice service
at the same time

n 2.4M bps
n Single carrier support 1X-EV DV
Data service
n307Kbps
n CS ANSI- 41 n Voice and Data
n PS mobile IP 1X-EV DO
n 153.6K bps
1X Release A

1X Release 0

Timeframe
1999 2001 2001.10 2002.5
 3GPP UMTS/WCDMA Development
Frequency = 5 MHz HSUPA =5.7 Mbps
(downlink)
3GPP R6
HSDPA=14Mbps

3GPP R5
2 Mbps

3GPP R4
2 Mbps

3GPP R99
Terminal point

2000/03 2001/03 2002/03 2006

 Block Diagram of GSM System

OMC

Um interface
Abis interface

B ISDN
T PLMN
S MSC/VLR
PSTN
PSPDN
B
MS
T BSC
S

BSS(1) SC HLR/AUC EIR

……

A interface
BSS（ n）

Fig.1-1 GSM Mobile Communication Network Structure

Wireless Coverage area Structure

GSM Service Area

PLMN Service Area

• CELL
MSC Service Area
• LOCATION AREA
Location Area
• MSC SERVICE AREA

Cell
• PLMN SERVICE AREA
• GSM SERVICE AREA
 UMTS Rel. 99 Reference Architecture
Co-operating
User Equipment Radio Access Network Core Network Networks

MSC/
SCF
VLR
Um G E
Abis A MSC/
SIM ME BTS BSC VLR GMSC
SIM-ME i/f MS ISDN
BSS
IuCS D C PSTN
F PSPDN
CSPDN
RNS Gs H SMS PDN:

EIR

AUC
Uu HLR - Intranet
Iub - Extranet
Node B RNC Gf Gr Gd - Internet
USIM
Cu Gb
- X.25
Gc
or ME Iur
IuPS SGSN GGSN
SIM SIM-ME i/f RNS Gn Gi
MS
Iub Gp
Node B RNC Gn
Note:
UTRAN SGSN Not all interfaces
Iur are
shown and named
 UMTS Rel. 4 Reference Architecture
Co-operating
User Equipment Radio Access Network Core Network Networks
MSC/VLR
MGW Server SCF
Nb Mc
Nc G E
Um
Nb
Abis MGW MGW
SIM ME BTS
BSC A Mc MSC/VLR Mc T-
SIM-ME i/f MS Server Nc S
BSS GMSC
C G
IuCS Server W ISDN
F D C PSTN
PSPDN
HSS H SMS CSPDN
RNS

AUC
Gs

EIR
Uu (HLR) PDN:
Iub - Intranet
Gb Gf - Extranet
Node B RNC Gr Gd
Cu - Internet
USIM
Gc
or ME Iur
IuPS
SGSN GGSN
SIM SIM-ME i/f RNS
MS Gn Gi
Iub
Node B RNC Gn
Gp
Note:
UTRAN SGSN SCF Not all interfaces are
shown and named
Iur
UMTS Rel. 5 Reference Architecture

Legacy mobile
Applications signalling networks
& Services R-SGW
SCP IP Multimedia
HLR
HSS CSCF networks
Um

EIR MRF
GERAN IMS
MGCF .
SGSN GGSN
PS
PSTN/Legacy/
UTRAN CS-MGW CS-MGW External
to HSS to HSS
Uu
RAN
MSC server/VLR GMSC server/VLR T-SGW
to applications & services

Interfaces supporting signalling

CS
Interfaces supporting user traffic
* Rel 6 and 7 similar with addition
of MBMS and MIMO introduced
 LTE/SAE System Architecture Evolution
PCRF: Policy and Charging Rules Function
HSS: Home Subscriber Server

GERAN MME: Mobile Management Entity

SGSN HSS
UTRAN

S3 S6a

S1-MME

MME PCRF
S4 S7 Rx+
S11

S10
LTE-Uu
S5 SGi
Serving PDN Operator's IP Services
UE E-UTRAN
S1-U
Gateway Gateway (e.g. IMS, PSS etc.)
 E-UTRAN Structure

MME / S-GW MME / S-GW

 Mobility Management
EPC  Serving Gateway

S1  Interface between
EPS MME/SGW & eNodeB

eNodeB
RNC
E- Node B eNodeB
X2 X2
UTRAN

eNodeB
X2

eNodeB
+ =

 Interface between
eNodeBs

 Only one Node in E-UTRAN – eNodeB  Flexible band width

 Evolved Packet Core – EPC  Higher spectrum efficiency
 Evolved Packet System – EPS  High peak rate, Lower latency
Flat and IP-based Network Architecture for LTE

WCDMA/HSPA LTE Flat Structure Without RNC

MSCS
•Less investment
GGSN
MME
x-GW PCRF
HLR HSS •Easy maintenance

SGSN
EPC •Reduce transmission
MGW

RNC RNC
delay

IP Backbone
•Better reliability
IP Backbone

Node B Node B eNode B eNode B

MME/x-GW
Integrates CN & partial
RNC functions

eNode B
Flat network structure and IP-based network can reduce the Full function of Node B
TCO of LTE network. and major function of
RNC
 eNodeB Function

Radio Resource Management

Compression and encryption

Selection MME

Routing

eNodeB Scheduling and transmission

Measurement and measurement reporting

CSG handling
 MME Function

NAS signalling

AS Security control

Idle mode UE Reachability

Tracking Area list management

PDN GW/Serving GW/MME/SGSN

MME Roaming

Authentication
 SGW Function

Mobility anchoring

E-UTRAN idle mode downlink packet

buffering and initiation

Lawful Interception

Packet routing and forwarding

SGW
Transport level packet marking

UL and DL charging per UE, PDN

 PDN GW Function

Per-user based packet filtering

Lawful Interception

UE IP address allocation

Transport level packet marking in the

downlink

UL and DL service level charging, gating

PDN GW and rate enforcement;

DL rate enforcement based on AMBR

 Compare the Architecture of LTE with 3G
IM S
MGW

M GCF PSTN

Ip netw ork P/I/S-C SCF

PS CS
EPC PCRF

PD N-G W G GSN G MSC

CN

MME S-G W H SS SG SN M SC/VLR

Iu
S1

RNC RNC

eNode B eNode B R AN
X2 Node B N ode B

E-UTRAN UTRAN
 Unified Radio Sub-System Platform
SDR One Network Target

GSM/EDGE UMTS/HSPA TD--SCDMA

TD CDMA2000 WiMAX LTE
GSM/EDGE

Universal SDR Platform UMTS/HSPA

LTE

Distributed Integrated Universal

RRU
RRU
RSU Features

 MicroTCA architecture
 Multi-Standard support
 Baseband sharing and
BBU
software configurable
 RRU sharing and
BBU
software configurable

Future-Proof Platform with Smooth Evolution Support

SDR BTS
 LTE Characteristics
LTE Key Technologies LTE Highlights

n Higher Peak Data Rate: Instantaneous

data rate of 150Mbps for downlink and
50Mbps for uplink in 20MHz

OFDM Modulation 64QAM

n Higher Spectrum Efficiency: 3-4 times of
HSDPA, 2-3 times of HSUPA
LTE Requirements

n Flexible Spectrum Allocation: Scalable

channel bandwidth configuration,
Support both FDD & TDD
n 1.4 MHz, 3 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15, 20
MHz MHz, and 20 MHz.

n Better Business Experience: Lower

latency with less than 5ms in ideal
conditions
 LTE FEATURES
1. Multi Standard Coexist
OFDM, OFDMA, MIMO

2. Multi Frequency Coexistence

More Frequency bands are available and standardized

3. Mobile broadband
Increase spectrum utilization reduces the cost of wireless data services.
Ready for multimedia based services

4. MBMS – Multimedia broadcast multicast services

5. MIMO – Multiple Input Multiple Output Antennas

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2016

3G Spectrum
 LTE Frequency and Bandwidth
E-UTRAN Band UL: eNode B receive, UE transmit DL: eNode B transmit, UE receive Duplex
Mode
FUL_low – FUL_high FDL_low – FDL_high
1 1920 MHz – 1980 MHz 2110 MHz – 2170 MHz FDD
2 1850 MHz – 1910 MHz 1930 MHz – 1990 MHz FDD
3 1710 MHz – 1785 MHz 1805 MHz – 1880 MHz FDD
4 1710 MHz – 1755 MHz 2110 MHz – 2155 MHz FDD
5 824 MHz – 849 MHz 869 MHz – 894MHz FDD
6 830 MHz – 840 MHz 875 MHz – 885 MHz FDD
7 2500 MHz – 2570 MHz 2620 MHz – 2690 MHz FDD
8 880 MHz – 915 MHz 925 MHz – 960 MHz FDD
9 1749.9 MHz – 1784.9 MHz 1844.9 MHz – 1879.9 MHz FDD
10 1710 MHz – 1770 MHz 2110 MHz – 2170 MHz FDD
11 1427.9 MHz – 1452.9 MHz 1475.9 MHz – 1500.9 MHz FDD
12 [TBD] – [TBD] [TBD] – [TBD] FDD
13 777 MHz – 787 MHz 746 MHz – 756 MHz FDD
14 788 MHz – 798 MHz 758 MHz – 768 MHz FDD
...
33 1900 MHz – 1920 MHz 1900 MHz – 1920 MHz TDD

34 2010 MHz – 2025 MHz 2010 MHz – 2025 MHz TDD

35 1850 MHz – 1910 MHz 1850 MHz – 1910 MHz TDD

36 1930 MHz – 1990 MHz 1930 MHz – 1990 MHz TDD

37 1910 MHz – 1930 MHz 1910 MHz – 1930 MHz TDD

38 2570 MHz – 2620 MHz 2570 MHz – 2620 MHz TDD

39 1880 MHz - 1920 MHz 1880 MHz - 1920 MHz TDD

40 2300 MHz - 2400 MHz 2300 MHz - 2400 MHz TDD

LTE EARFCN channel / band chart
Contd..
Contd..
 LTE EARFCN

Reliance JIO Channel No: 38800

Fdownlink =2300+0.1(38800-38650)= 2315 MHz

2305 2325
2315
Reliance Jio Band / Reliance Jio Bandwidth
 Frame Structure

* LTE FDD- uses type-1 frame structure

 LTE Subframe structure for TDD operation
(Frame Structure type-2)

Figa) configurations with 5 ms periodicity of switching from downlink (DL) to uplink (UL);
Figb) (b) configurations with 10 ms periodicity of switching from downlink (DL) to uplink (UL).
 OFDM Time-Frequency Structure
Tslot

Bandwidth agnostic
DL
N symb
DL RB
k  N RB N sc  1

DL RB
N symb  N sc

• Resource Element

(k , l ) • Resource Block
 NscRB

N scRB
DL
NRB

k 0
DL
l0 l  N symb 1
 Bandwidth Analysis

Nominal
Bandwidth 1.4 3 5 10 15 20
(MHz)

Number of RB 6 15 25 50 75 100

Frequency
Domain Real
Bandwidth
1.08 2.7 4.5 9 13.5 18
(MHz)

No of occupied 1.08/15K 2.7/15K 4.5/15k= 9/15k 13.5/15k= 18/15Khz

Subcarriers =72 =180 300 =600 900 =1200
NO. Of RBs 72/12=6 180/12 300/12= 600/12 900/12=75 1200/12=
=15 25 =50 100
 Subcarrier Types

1. DC Subcarrier

2. Reference Signal ( RS)

3. Data Subcarrier ( Data SC)

4. Guard Subcarrier
 Location of Reference symbols

Fig. Location of Reference symbol within a resource block for a one antenna
system
 Some Calculations

10 msec= 1 frame, 1 sec = 100 frames

In one second = 7x20x100 symbols

Assuming 64 QAM, what is the expected download speed

Bits / Sec = (Subcarrier x Time slots x No of symbols per time slot x bits per symbol)/ 10 msec

=(1200x20x7x6)/ 10 msec
= 100.8 Mbps

LTE Supports 2x2 MIMO = 2x1000 Mbps = 201.6 Mbps ( assuming error coding is NIL)

In LTE, ¾ code error coding is done = 201.6x0.75 = 151.1 Mbps ( Theoretical speed)
 Multiple Access Technologies
FDMA-- Frequency Division Multiple Access FDMA
– Each user on a different frequency
– A channel is a frequency Power

TDMA --Time Division Multiple Access

– Each user on a different window period in time TDMA
(“time slot”)
– A channel is a specific time slot on a specific Power

frequency

CDMA-- Code Division Multiple Access CDMA

– A channel is a unique code pattern
– Each user uses the same frequency all the time, Power

but mixed with different distinguishing code

patterns
 OFDMA Principle

System Bandwidth

Sub-carriers

Sub-frame

Frequency

Time frequency
resource for User 1
Time frequency
resource for User 2
Time
Time frequency
resource for User 3
n Up to 64 QAM can be used
n Resistance to multi-path interference by Cyclic Prefix.
n Friendly to MIMO.
OFDMA Principle ( Contd..)

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2016

Notion of Orthogonality

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Notion of Orthogonality Contd..

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Notion of Orthogonality Contd..

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Notion of Orthogonality Contd..

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Notion of Orthogonality Contd

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2016

Intersymbol Interference

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Intersymbol Interference Contd..

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Intersymbol Interference Contd..

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2016

OFDMA Transmitter

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2016

OFDMA Receiver

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2016

Differences between DL and UL

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2016

Differences between DL and UL contd..

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2016

OFDMA and SC-FDMA Comparison
 Physical Channel Types
•The LTE air interface consists of physical signals and physical channels
•Physical signals are generated in Layer 1 and used for system synchronization, cell identification and radio
channel estimation.
•Physical channels carry data from higher layers including control, scheduling, and user payload.

Table: LTE Physical Signals

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2016

Contd..
• Alongside the physical signals are physical channels, which carry the user and
system information.

Table: LTE Physical Channel

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2016

Physical Channel Contd..
Cell Search – Signal Flow
Contd..
Initial Access
DL Transmission
UL Transmission
 Radio Parameters
RSRP – Reference signal Received Power

-Used by UE for cell selection and reselection

- reported to enB during Handover

-In other words RSRP (Reference Signal Receive Power) is the average
power of Resource Elements (RE) that carry cell specific Reference
Signals (RS) over the entire bandwidth, so RSRP is only measured in the
symbols carrying RS.

Reference Signal RSRP

Excellent > -80 dBm
Good -80 to -90 dBm
Mid Cell -90 to -100 dBm
Cell Edge ≤ 100 dbM
 Contd..
RSRQ- Reference Signal Received Quality

RSRQ= Nx RSRP /EUTRAN carrier RSSI

RSSI = Received signal strength Indicator

- N is the number of Physical Resource Blocks (PRBs) over which the RSSI
is measured, typically equal to system bandwidth

RSSI is pure wide band power measurement, including intracell power, interference
and noise ( Power signal received by all the downlink channels by UE)

The reporting range of RSRQ is defined from -3…-19.5dB

Reference Signal RSRQ

Excellent > -10 dB
Good --10 dB to – 15 dB
Mid Cell - 15dB to -20 dB
Cell Edge ≤ 20
All quantities are measured over the same bandwidth and normalized to one subcarrier bandwidth.

Contd..
SINR – Signal to Interference Ratio

S: indicates the power of measured usable signals. Reference signals (RS) and
physical downlink shared channels (PDSCHs) are mainly involved

I: indicates the average interference power – the power of measured signals or

channel interference signals from other cells in the current system

N: indicates background noise, which is related to measurement bandwidths

and receiver noise coefficients

Reference Signal SINR

Excellent > 20 dB
Good 13 to 20 dB
Mid Cell 0 to 13 dB
Cell Edge < 0 dB
 References

1. Jorg Eberspacher and Hanz Jorg Vogel “ GSM Switching Services and
Protocols “ John Wiley and Sons
2. Stefania Sesia, Issam Toufik, Matthew Baker “ LTE Long Term Evolution” Wiley
Publication
3. White Paper from NSN on LTE
4. White paper from Agilent on LTE
5. White paper from ZTE on LTE
6. Kumbesan Sandrasegaran Alacatel Lucent Training Materials.

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2016

66
 LTE FEATURES
1. Multi Standard Coexist
OFDM, OFDMA, MIMO

2. Multi Frequency Coexistence

More Frequency bands are available and standardized

3. Mobile broadband
Increase spectrum utilization reduces the cost of wireless data services.
Ready for multimedia based services

4. MBMS – Multimedia broadcast multicast services

5. MIMO – Multiple Input Multiple Output Antennas

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2016

OFDM vs OFDMA