standard scores (mmw)

STANDARD SCORES
 Standard scores are also called z-values, z-scores,

normal scores, and standardized variables
 The standard score indicates how many standard

deviations an observation is above or below the
mean.
 It allows comparison of observations from different

normal distributions, which is done frequently in
research.
STANDARD SCORES
 A Z-score measures the distance of an observed value

from the mean per one standard deviation
𝑥 − 𝑥ǉ
𝑧=
𝑠
A z-score for an individual value can be interpreted as follows:
• Positive z-score: The individual value is greater than the mean.
• Negative z-score: The individual value is less than the mean.
• A z-score of 0: The individual value is equal to the mean.
STANDARD SCORES
Example #1
Suppose a night-shift technician of an electric company

finished his work in 6.2 hours and a day shift technician of the
same company finished his job in 6.9 hours. And suppose the
mean and standard deviation of the night-shift technicians’
completion time are 5.5 and 0.5 hour, respectively, while the
mean and standard deviation of the day-shift technicians’
completion time are 6.4 hours and 0.5 hour, respectively.
Which of the two technicians is a better worker relative to the
shift to which he belongs?
STANDARD SCORES
𝑥 − 𝑥ǉ 6.2 − 5.5
Night Day Night Shift: 𝑧 = = = 1.40
𝑠 0.5
Hour 6.2 6.9
Mean 5.5 6.4 𝑥 − 𝑥ǉ 6.9 − 6.4
Day Shift: 𝑧 = = = 1.00
𝑠 0.5
s 0.5 0.5
Night-shift technician is a better worker than the day-shift

technician.
Marian Stella
Score 63 78
Mean 55 70
SD 6 16
Example
Marian and Stella obtained the following scores in different
tests. Whose score is better?
Exercises: Marian and Stella obtained the following
scores in different tests. Whose score is better?
Marian’s z-score:
Marian Stella 𝑥 − 𝑥ǉ 63 − 55
𝑧= = = 1.33
Score 63 78 𝑠 6
Mean 55 70 Stella’s z-score:
s 6 16 𝑥 − 𝑥ǉ 78 − 70
𝑧= = = 0.50
𝑠 16
Marian’s score is better than Stella’s.
Normal
Distribution  The normal distribution is a
pattern for the distribution of
a set of data that follows a
bell-shaped curve.
 The graph of a normal

distribution is called a normal
curve.
Properties of
1. The normal curve is bell-shaped.
Normal
Distribution 2. The mean, median, and mode are
equal and located at the center of the
distribution and it is unimodal.
3. It is symmetrical about mean.
4. It is continuous and is asymptotic to the

x-axis.
5. The total area under the curve is 1.00 or

100%.
7-6
• A normal distribution with a mean of 0 and

a standard deviation of 1 is called the
standard normal distribution.
• The z-score measures how many standard

The Standard deviations an observed value is above or
Normal lower than the mean.
Distribution 𝑥 − 𝑥ҧ
• Sample z score is given by the formula
𝑠
• The standard score is useful when we want

to compare two or more observed values
from the different data sets.
Areas
under the
Standard
Normal
Curve
Area under the
Standard Normal
Curve
Given: Between
zero and any
number
Step: Look up the

area in the table
Area under the
Standard Normal
Curve
Given: Between two

positives, or
Between two negatives
Steps: Look up both

areas in the table and
subtract the smaller from
the larger.
Area under the
Standard Normal
Curve
Given: Between a
negative and a
positive
Steps: Look up both

areas in the table and
add them together
Area under the
Standard Normal
Curve
Given: Less than a

negative, or
Greater than a
positive
Steps: Look up the

area in the table and
subtract from 0.5000
Area under the
Standard Normal
Curve
Given: Greater than a

negative, or
Less than a positive
Steps: Look up the

area in the table and
add to 0.5000
Example#10 The mean and standard
deviation of 27 students in a
Biology quiz are 14.9 and 4.5,
respectively.
• What percent of the class obtained
scores from 10 t0 20?
• What percent of the class obtained
scores higher than 20?
• How many students obtained scores
above 10?
• How many students obtained scores
less than 20?
Example#10
Step 1: Convert 10 to z-score and find the
area between z-score and zero.
a. What percent of the class obtained
𝑥 − 𝑥ǉ 10 − 14.9
𝑧1 = = = −1.09
𝑠 4.5
Example#10
Step 2: Convert 20 to z-score and find the
area between z-score and zero.

𝑥 − 𝑥ǉ 20 − 14.9
𝑧2 = = = 1.13
𝑠 4.5
Example#10
Step 3: Add the areas (A).

𝐴 = 0.3621 + 0.3708 = 0.7329
Step 4: Convert the area
to percentage (P).
𝑃 = 0.7329𝑥100% = 73.29%
The percent of the class
obtained scores from 10 t0
20 is 73.29%.
Example#10
b. What percent of the class obtained scores higher
than 20?
Step 1: Subtract the area between z-

score and zero from 0.5000.
𝐴 = 0.5000 − 0.3708 = 0.1292
Step 2: Convert the area to
percentage (P).
𝑃 = 0.1292𝑥100% = 12.92%
The percent of the class obtained

scores higher than 20 is 12.92%.
Example#10
c. How many students obtained scores above 10?
Step 1: Add the area between z-

score and zero to 0.5000.
𝐴 = 0.5000 + 0.3621 = 0.8621
Step 2: Multiply the area by the total

number of students (N).
𝑁 = 0.8621 𝑥 27 = 23
There are about 23 students who
obtained scores above 10.
Example#10
d. How many students obtained scores less than 20?
Step 1: Add the area between z-

score and zero to 0.5000.
𝐴 = 0.5000 + 0.3708 = 0.8708
Step 2: Multiply the area by the total
number of students (N).
𝑁 = 0.8708 𝑥 27 = 24
There are about 24 students who
obtained scores less than 20.

standard scores (mmw)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

standard scores (mmw)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

standard scores (mmw)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

STANDARD SCORES

 Standard scores are also called z-values, z-scores,

 The standard score indicates how many standard

 It allows comparison of observations from different

 A Z-score measures the distance of an observed value

Suppose a night-shift technician of an electric company

Night-shift technician is a better worker than the day-shift

 The graph of a normal

3. It is symmetrical about mean.

4. It is continuous and is asymptotic to the

5. The total area under the curve is 1.00 or

• A normal distribution with a mean of 0 and

• The z-score measures how many standard

• The standard score is useful when we want

Step: Look up the

Given: Between two

Steps: Look up both

Steps: Look up both

Given: Less than a

Steps: Look up the

Given: Greater than a

Steps: Look up the

a. What percent of the class obtained

Step 3: Add the areas (A).

Step 1: Subtract the area between z-

The percent of the class obtained

Step 1: Add the area between z-

Step 2: Multiply the area by the total

Step 1: Add the area between z-

You might also like