SYSTEMS, STRATEGIES & RESEARCH FOR LUBRICATION PROFESSIONALS AN PUBLICATION | FEBRUARY 2016

TLT
T R I B O LO G Y &
LU B R I C AT I O N
Synthetic
T E C H N O LO G Y
Lubricants
12 YEARS Applications, performance and the challenges
of publishing excellence
in bringing a new product to market.

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*;L;ˌHM Q&A with Calumet’s The tribology of Readers pick their Dr. Kenneth L.
Industry report from Lynn Massad driving 1,000 mph favorites Johnson
Dr. Neil Canter

Digital TLT: Sponsored this month by Afton Chemical Corp. at www.stle.org.

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PATROLLING AND PROTECTING OUR CUSTOMERS’ LUBRICANTS, DEEP INSIDE THE EQUIPMENT THEY SERVE.
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 Contents TLT / FEBRUARY 2016 / VOLUME 72 / NO. 2

16 22 24
FEATURES
20 MINUTES WITH… FEATURE ARTICLE PEER-REVIEWED PAPER (EDITOR’S CHOICE)
16 Lynn Massad 28 The challenge of bringing 36 Properties and Performance
synthetic lubricants to of Gas-Expanded Lubricants
With 25 years of industry
market in Tilting Pad Journal
experience, this corporate R&D
chemist discusses the evolution Performance, price and product Bearings
of quality inspections and differentiation are keys to entry, By Brian K. Weaver, Amir A.
technology. but acceptance still can take Younan, Timothy W. Dimond,
years. Zhuosong Wang, Paul Allaire
By Rachel Fowler
By Debbie Sniderman and Andres F. Clarens

LUBRICATION FUNDAMENTALS

22 It’s all in the name

Old habits die hard with the
term soluble oil.
By Dr. Robert M. Gresham

WEBINARS

24 Industry Report: Chlorinated

paraffins under EPA scrutiny
Current deadline for stopping
importation and production is
mid-2017.
By Stuart F. Brown

28
Front cover photo: © Can Stock Photo Inc. / ldambies

W W W. ST L E .O RG T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY FEBRUARY 2016 • 1

 Contents
DEPARTMENTS EDITOR
Evan Zabawski
ALS Tribology
10 Tech Beat Calgary, Alberta, Canada
evan.zabawski@alsglobal.com
New welding approach;
sustainable manufacturing;
PUBLISHER/ SENIOR FEATURE WRITER
magnetocaloric effect using EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Jeanna Van Rensselar
high-entropy alloys. Thomas T. Astrene
tastrene@stle.org CONTRIBUTING EDITORS
By Dr. Neil Canter Stuart F. Brown
ASSOCIATE EDITOR Dr. Neil Canter
Rachel Fowler Dr. Robert M. Gresham
50 Newsmakers rfowler@stle.org Dr. Nancy McGuire

58
Debbie Sniderman
This month’s newsmakers
include Chevron Oronite, CIRCULATION ADVERTISING SALES
COORDINATORS Tracy Nicholas VanEe
Calumet Specialty Products Myrna Scott Phone: (630) 922-3459
Partners, L.P., Chemtura Corp., Judy Enblom Fax: (630) 904-4563
Des-Case Corp. and more. COLUMNS (847) 825-5536 tnicholas@stle.org

DESIGN/PRODUCTION
Joe Ruck
56 New Products 4 President’s Report
Deep groove ball bearings; Darwinian tribology
TECHNICAL EDITORS
amino alcohol product; Patrick Brutto Michael N. Kotzalas
super-resolution microscope 6 From the Editor ANGUS Chemical Co. The Timken Co.
Finding efficiencies Buffalo Grove, Illinois North Canton, Ohio
and more.
Vincent Gatto Dr. Anoop Kumar
Vanderbilt Chemicals, LLC Royal Manufacturing Co.
58 Sounding Board 8 Headquarters Report Norwalk, Connecticut Tulsa, Oklahoma

What is your favorite book on What’s keeping you up David B. Gray Shawn McCarthy
Evonik Oil Additives
tribology, lubrication or a at night? Horsham, Pennsylvania
Ocean State Oil, Inc.
Riverside, Rhode Island
related topic? Dr. Martin Greaves
68 Social Media Marketing The Dow Chemical Co. Dr. Mary Moon
Horgen, Switzerland Presque Isle
64 Advertisers Index Baby steps Innovations, LLC
Michael D. Holloway Yardley, Pennsylvania
ALS Tribology
70 Automotive Tribology Highland Village, Texas William Nehart
66 Resources Calumet Specialty
Speed demon Tyler Housel Products Partners, L.P.
Keep up to date with the latest INOLEX, Inc. Apple Valley, Minnesota
technical literature available in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
72 Cutting Edge Jason Papacek
print and online. Dr. Robert Jackson POLARIS Laboratories
Auburn University
In memoriam: Auburn, Alabama
Indianapolis, Indiana
Kenneth L. Johnson Dr. Zulfiqar Khan Dr. Mehdi Shafiei
Bournemouth University Novelis Global Research
Poole, Dorset, & Technology Center
© Can Stock Photo Inc. / Ammit

United Kingdom Kennesaw, Georgia

Dr. Kook-Wha Koh Paula Vettel

Chrysan Industries, Inc. Novvi, LLC
Plymouth, Michigan Emeryville, California
This Month’s Factoids: Pomp, eh?
Andras Korenyi-Both Jeff Walkup
Tribologix, Inc. Gram & Juhl
Golden, Colorado Englewood, Colorado

Copyright © 2016 Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers. All Rights Reserved. TRIBOLOGY AND LUBRICATION TECHNOLOGY (USPS 865740)
TLT magazine is owned and published in print and electronically by the Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers (STLE). Vol. 72, Number 2, (ISSN-1545-858), is published monthly
The views set forth in this magazine are those of the authors and not necessarily the views of STLE. Material from TLT magazine by the Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers,
may be reproduced only with written permission from STLE. TLT magazine assumes no liability or responsibility for any 840 Busse Hwy, Park Ridge, IL 60068-2376. Periodicals
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2 • FEBRUARY 2016 T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY W W W. ST L E .O RG

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PRESIDENT’S REPORT
Dr. Martin Webster
individuals may focus on either a theoretical
approach using such tools as molecular dynam-
ics simulations or a more experimental ap-

Darwinian proach using nano-tools such as the atomic

force microscope. Combinations between these

Tribology
approaches produce a continuum of specializa-
tions much like Darwin’s Finches.
Our visit to the Galápagos Islands coincided
with an El Niño year in which the cool Humboldt
The Galápagos Islands Current is replaced by a warmer Equatorial Cur-
rent. The changes in sea temperature influence
show us a unique local and global weather patterns. Crucially, it
ecosystem and the also disrupts the distribution of nutrients associ-
ated with the Humboldt Current and has a dra-
fragility of life. matic effect on the entire Galápagos food chain.
The sea lion is just one of the species Lack of food forces some animals to pro-
naturalists study on the Galápagos duce fewer offspring in El Niño years while
RECENTLY MY WIFE JANET AND I UNDER- Islands, which have been described other groups are less affected. Even at the
TOOK AN ECO-TOUR OF THE GALÁPAGOS IS- as an ecological laboratory. early stage of this year’s El Niño, we witnessed
LANDS. This has been on our bucket list for a albatross eggs and even sea lion pups that had
while, and we were anxious to learn more about been abandoned. In our tribological archipela-
the wildlife and ecosystem of this unique archi- existing ideas and concepts were transported go, lean economic times reduced funding
pelago. The islands began to form almost 10 from the worlds of engineering, physics, chem- sources from government and industry can
million years ago, created by undersea volcanic istry and materials science. force some hard decisions. Some activities
eruptions. Subsequent movement of the tec- Over time, new islands have been created such as work toward meeting global fuel econ-
tonic plates moved the newly formed islands to add to the original archipelago. Likewise, we omy and emission standards might be main-
away from the active volcano site. The repeated have seen new tribological islands created that tained while other programs are delayed until
process of island formation and tectonic drift, have added to the original classical topics. A funding returns at a later date.
which continues today, eventually resulted in great example is the emergence of nanotribol- The chance to visit the unique ecosystem
the existing group of islands we see today. ogy, which is now providing us with a mecha- that exists on the Galápagos Islands has left
The island’s most famous visitor was nistic understanding of friction and wear pro- Janet and me with a renewed appreciation for
Charles Darwin. His famous book, The Origin cesses at the molecular level. Furthermore, like the fragility of the life that exists there. Hap-
of the Species, published in 1859, was inspired the final fate of a Galápagos Island that ends pily, Ecuador and naturalists around the world
by some of the observations of the life he up being eroded below sea level, we have seen have recognized the need to maintain the en-
found and catalogued during his stay. This waning interest in some hitherto topical areas. vironment and natural resources on the is-
work was controversial at the time but even- An example would be research into the tribol- lands. Tours such as ours are limited and are
tually formed the basis for the evolutionary ogy of magnetic recording media that had its well managed in order to limit their impact.
biology concepts we know today. heyday more than a decade ago. Visitors to the islands are encouraged to be
Their isolation from the mainland and the Evolutionary forces have created diversity ambassadors for the wildlife that inhabits the
fact that each island represents a different even among a single species. The Galápagos islands to make sure they remain preserved for
stage in an evolutionary cycle creates a unique Islands are home to 13 different subspecies of future generations.
series of different environments. Naturalists birds that are often referred to as Darwin’s Similarly, through various advocacy ef-
and biologists still conduct research studies on Finches. The variations can be recognized by forts, STLE is striving to improve the public
the Galápagos Islands, which have been de- looking at something as simple as the beaks, perception of how important lubrication and
scribed as an ecological laboratory. In learning which range in size and shape from being blunt tribology are to human existence both so-
more about how the evolutionary process has and well suited to crushing seeds to sharp cially and economically. Each of us should
worked on these islands, I began to realize that needle-shaped versions that are adapted to- consider ourselves as ambassadors to carry
parallels exist in the formation and evolution ward probing for food sources. The changes are the message at every opportunity.
of our own discipline. driven by external environmental factors and
Since they have never been connected to can be imperceptibly gradual between the dif-
Martin Webster is a senior
the mainland, life on the islands gained its start ferent sub-species. research associate for
by life forms that were transported by wind, In our tribological world, a group of experts ExxonMobil Research and
ocean currents or carried by visiting sea birds might have a common interest, but their indi- Engineering in Annandale, N.J.
and animals. Likewise when the term tribology vidual expertise may be honed to solve specific You can reach him at martin.n.
was first used to unify our disparate disciplines, problems. Taking our nanotribology example, webster@exxonmobil.com.

4 The word volcano is from the Latin Volcanus for Vulcan, the Roman god of fire.
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FROM THE EDITOR
Evan Zabawski

Finding efficiencies
Necessity is the mother of invention.

DEVELOPING NEW PRODUCTS RE- When diesel locomotives were intro-

QUIRES A KEEN MIND, one like that of duced in the 1950s, water troughs were
John Ramsbottom. Born in 1814, he grew still necessary since passenger vehicles
up in West Yorkshire, England. His father, were heated by steam. Their usage con-
who owned the first steam-driven cot- tinued until the late 1970s, at which time
ton mill in the valley, gave him a 6-inch the remaining cars were converted to
lathe, and John set to work constructing electric heat.
various models of steam engines. Nonstop travel was further enabled
He rebuilt and erected the engine in by Ramsbottom with the first commer-
his father’s mill which included “a larger cial displacement lubricator, invented in
cylinder of 18 inches diameter and 4 feet 1858 but patented and improved in 1860.
stroke, a new beam, connecting-rod, air- The basic design allowed steam to enter
pump, and condenser… he also designed the lubricator—where it would condense
and fitted up new side pipes with slide- and sink—and thereby displace lubricant
valves, and a new parallel-motion.”1 He into the delivery pipes to be atomized
then applied the new illuminant, coal in the steam pipes before being deliv-
gas, to light the mill and later designed ered to valves and cylinders. The rate
and built an automatic machine to man- of oil feed was dependent on the en-
ufacture cut nails. gine doing work (it could not operate
He also patented the weft fork, a while a locomotive was coasting) and
device which stops the motion of the John Ramsbottom seated in front of a model would increase in colder weather since
shuttle the instant the weft (crosswise showing his water scoop. (Photo courtesy of the the steam would condense faster. These
BBC, www.bbc.co.uk/arts/yourpaintings/artists/
threads) breaks. This enabled looms to remained in use until the 1920s.
william-percy.)
work at a high speed and allowed one A portion of new product develop-
weaver to attend to two or three looms at ment requires a problem-solving mind,
a time. This was his most notable inven- but to truly become innovative one has
tion before he went to work at age 25 for Sharp, The Ramsbottom valve became the universal to first perceive the areas of needed improve-
Roberts and Co., a manufacturer of locomotive standard for many years, however its com- ment—like John Ramsbottom. Though most of
engines and cotton-spinning machinery. plexity had the potential for incorrect assem- his innovations are now defunct, his ability
Ramsbottom’s focus switched to the con- bly, leading to failure. to perceive a necessity and invent a solution
struction and working of locomotives, result- He had a more positive and resilient im- remains an inspiration to others seeking to
ing in him developing a telescopic boiler, solid pact with his invention of the water trough develop well-received new products.
coupling rod ends, weldless steel tires forged (aka track pan) in 1860. For express trains to
and rolled from conical ingots and portable operate nonstop, they needed a method of REFERENCE
appliances for reboring cylinders and plan- replenishing their water supply without stop- 1. The Institution of Mechanical Engineers.
ning up valve-faces of locomotives in situ. ping. Ramsbottom selected a section of level (1897), Proceedings - The Institution of Me-
One of his most popular inventions was track several hundred yards long, built a shal- chanical Engineers, Parts 1-2, p. 236.
the tamper-proof duplex spring safety valve. low trough in between the rails and filled it
It replaced the existing pressure relief valves with water. A train was equipped with a water
that relied on a weight for closure but could scoop that could be lowered into the trough,
Evan Zabawski, CLS, is a
open unexpectedly when the engine hit a and the speed of the train would drive the business development/
bump in the track. Early designs that included water up the scoop into the tender. The ad- reliability specialist for ALS
a spring led to over-tightening as a manner vent of the water scoop precipitated the need Tribology in Calgary, Alberta,
of marginally improving the performance of for Ramsbottom to develop a form of speed Canada. You can reach him at
the steam engine but at the expense of safety. indicator as well. evan.zabawski@alsglobal.com.

6 Volcanoes are vents in the Earth’s crust through which lava, rock, fragments, hot vapors and gases are ejected.
To help meet your reliability
expectations

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© 2015 Chevron Oronite Company LLC. All rights reserved. Chevron, the Chevron hallmark, Oronite, and Adding Up are registered trademarks of Chevron Intellectual Property LLC.
HEADQUARTERS REPORT
Edward P. Salek, CAE / Executive Director

What’s keeping you up at night?

A survey of 500 STLE members reveals the market forces that will
impact the lubricants business during the next three years.

GLOBAL ECONOMIC UNCER- affecting their organizations

TAINTY AND PRESSURE ON and personal professional de-
PROFIT MARGINS continue to velopment, reasons for STLE
be the factors having the most membership, satisfaction with
impact on STLE members and benefits and informational
their organizations between needs.
now and 2018. One key finding to note is
That’s according to re- that almost half of the respon-
search conducted in December dents say that STLE member-
2015 for STLE by Association ship is of high value to their
Laboratory, Inc., (ALI) a re- organization. That’s an increase
search and consulting firm with from 2014 when 38% of the re-
offices in Chicago and Washing- spondents rated STLE member-
ton, D.C. The response rate for ship to be of high value. This
the survey was high at nearly Almost half of the respondents say that STLE membership is movement toward a greater
18% (509 completed question- of high value to their organization. perceived value might reflect
naires received out of 2,853 the impact of programs initiat-
survey invitations distributed). ed through the STLE strategic
STLE has been working with ALI on this cial research funding as an issue. That plan, which began in 2013 and emphasizes the
investigative process since 2013 to assist in number jumped to 15% in the current Connect, Learn, Achieve value proposition.
setting strategic directions for the organiza- survey. For government research funding, Satisfaction with individual benefits is
tion. In general the most recent results con- the comparable numbers are 9% in 2014 also high, especially for those considered
firm that many issues identified at the start and 12% in 2015. most important. Topping the list once again
of the research linger as challenges today. • Pressure on profit margins remains the is TLT magazine, which gets a 92% satisfac-
There are, however, a number of new concerns internal issue affecting the most organi- tion rating. Other benefits in the top tier (80%
and areas attracting greater interest than in zations (about 60% of respondents). or greater) are the STLE Annual Meeting and
prior surveys. Profit pressure may be driving organiza- information on www.stle.org.
Here’s a snapshot look at some of the tions to employ fewer staff or less expe- The ALI study is part of STLE’s ongoing
findings: rienced staff to accomplish the same efforts to understand the key concerns and
amount of work. These three issues, all issues facing the organization and its mem-
• Global economic uncertainty and environ- bers. Detailed results from the latest research
mental regulation and scrutiny continue related to productivity and efficiency,
were cited by about 40% of respondents. will be used by the STLE board of directors to
to top the list of market force trends ex- refresh the strategic plan by mid-2016. Watch
pected to have the most impact in the • Workforce transition, especially the need for more details on how the new plan will
next three years. These also were the to replace senior technical staff, is viewed maintain and grow membership satisfaction
primary external concerns in the 2013 and as an issue by about 40% of respondents. and value in the coming months.
2014 research. Not surprisingly, change in That contrasts with the fact that concern
crude oil prices is a new factor that ap- for reduced company investment in train-
pears at the top of the list for 2015. ing and development jumped from 16% in
• Reduction in research funding from both 2014 to 22% in the current survey.
commercial and government sources is an The ALI research also provides STLE lead- You can reach Certified
emerging concern. For example, in 2014 ership with valuable trends information on Association Executive Ed Salek
10% of respondents cited lack of commer- members’ views on environmental factors at esalek@stle.org.

8 The three different kinds of volcanoes—composite cones, shields and cinder cones—are categorized by size, composition and explosive style.
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TECH BEAT
Dr. Neil Canter / Contributing Editor

New welding approach

A new system known as vaporized foil actuator joins dissimilar metals.

www.ford.com
ONE OF THE CHALLENGES FACED IN MANU- just below the melting point of a metal
KEY CO
CONCEPTS
C S FACTURING A COMPLEX PIECE OF MACHIN- substrate enabling the second metal al-
ERY such as an automobile is finding loy to effectively bond to that substrate.
• The problem with resistance
the best approach for joining dissimilar The traditional approach used to
spot welding is the formation metals. This process is becoming more join dissimilar metals is resistance
off joints that become
beco e the weak important due to the growing use of spot welding. Glenn Daehn, profes-
point of the joined
join d metals. lighter-weight, nonferrous metals such sor of materials science and engineer-
as aluminum being used with ferrous ing at The Ohio State University in
• A new process for joining
joiningg metal alloys in automobile manufacturing. Columbus, Ohio, says, “In resistance
kno n as vaporizedd foil
known A significant example is Ford Motor spot welding, a high electrical current
actuator
t t r do
does nott impact
p ct the Co.’s replacement of 1,000 lbs. of steel is passed through the two metals that
physical
h al properties
pr t es of thee with 600 lbs. of aluminum in its best- need to be joined. This generates heat
selling F-150 pickup truck.1 that partially melts both metals togeth-
join d metals.
joined
A previous TLT article described er, forming a weld.”
• Weld strength
stre th is dependent a modification of a technique known Daehn continues, “The main prob-
as cladding that is used to bond one lem with this technique is that the
upon
upon
p the types of metal alloys
metal alloy.2 The modification is known melted portions of metal are never as
used and the speed at which the as high-energy-density fusion cladding strong as they were prior to welding.
t o alloys aree pushed together.
two t g th . and utilizes a high-density infrared arc With the continuing introduction of
lamp to heat the temperature to a point stronger metal alloys, joints have be-

10 Composite cone volcanoes are composed of layers of lava, ash and rock debris, grow to heights of 8,000 feet or more and erupt violently.
 lide. Some alloy pairs weld extremely
well and display very distinguished in-
terfaces such as the weld shown in Fig-
ure 1—between copper at the top and
titanium at the bottom—which shows
curls of titanium interacting with the
copper.
Daehn believes that copper and tita-
nium form the most beautiful interface.
In contrast, the interface between alu-
minum and steel while forming strong
welds does not produce distinguishing
curls.
Daehn says, “Certain pairs of alu-
Figure 1 | A microscopic view of the interface formed when copper (at the top) and titanium minum and magnesium alloys stick
(at the bottom) are joined together through a new technique known as vaporized foil actuator together after VFA but do not exhibit
is shown. (Figure courtesy of The Ohio State University.) good strength. Our ultimate objective
is to push the failure of the welded ma-
terial into the base metals.”
come the weak point. In effect, joints Daehn says, “VFA is a form of im- One area of concern in working
have not become stronger to match the pact welding that facilitates the colli- with dissimilar metals is the possibility
new metals used.” sion of two dissimilar metals at high of galvanic corrosion. Daehn says, “We
The result is a decrease in the joint speeds over a short distance to form a believe that if the metals being welded
efficiency, which is the ratio of the very strong weld without melting the have corrosion potentials within 150
strength of the joint to the strength of metal. A typical piece of metal will millivolts of each other, they will not
the base material. The goal is to achieve move at a speed of 300-700 meters per cause problems. One example of an
100% joint efficiency, but this cannot second during this process. This is typi- alloy combination that is much fur-
be realized using resistance spot weld- cally the sweet spot for the process.” ther apart than 150 millivolts and may
ing. One other problem is the need to cause problems is ferrous alloys and
generate high currents that require a magnesium.”
large amount of costly energy. The researchers will continue to
Some alloy pairs weld
Two other methods for joining dis- examine other alloy combinations and
similar metals are adhesives and fasten- extremely well and display work to make the system more robust
ers. Adhesives are weaker than metal very distinguished in the future. Additional information
alloys while fasteners exhibit joint ef- can be found in a recent reference3 or
ficiencies less than 100%, add weight interfaces. by contacting Daehn at Daehn.1@osu.
and expense and can corrode. edu.
There is need for a new welding ap-
proach that can achieve the 100% joint VFA differs from other welding
REFERENCES
efficiency goal. Such an approach has techniques in that the physical prop-
1. Canter, N. (2014), “Developing
now been developed. erties of the metal are little changed,
metalworking fluids for light
which means that a strong weld should
metals,” TLT, 70 (3), pp. 46-57.
VAPORIZED FOIL ACTUATOR have comparable properties to the base
Daehn, in collaboration with his col- metal alloys used. The researchers have 2. Canter, N. (2011), “A cost-effec-
leagues, has developed a new system evaluated different combinations of fer- tive metal-cladding process,” TLT,
67 (12), pp. 10-11.
to join dissimilar metals that is known rous, aluminum, magnesium, titanium
as vaporized foil actuator (VFA). This and nickel alloys. Daehn says, “In our 3. Liu, B., Vivek, A. and Daehn, G.
system uses a high-voltage capacitor experiments, we collide one piece of a (2015), “Use of vaporizing foil
bank to create a short electrical pulse metal into a second metal at multiple actuator impact welding of
aluminum alloy sheets with steel
within a thin piece of aluminum foil. angles. Then we evaluate the physical
and magnesium alloys,” Light
After only microseconds, a burst of properties and welding interface using
Metals 2015, edited by M. Hyland,
hot gas is generated by the very rapid optical microscopy.”
The Minerals, Metals & Materials
vaporization of aluminum pushing The strength of the weld is depen- Society. DOI: 10.1002/9781119
two pieces of metal together at very dent upon the types of metal alloys 093435, pp. 463-468.
high speeds. used and the speed at which they col-

Mount St. Helens and Mount Rainier in Washington state are impressive examples of composite volcanoes. 11
TECH BEAT

Sustainable manufacturing
A six-step methodology enables manufacturers
to evaluate different production processes
through quantification of sustainability metrics.

SUSTAINABILITY IS ONE OF SEVERAL well positioned to improve all of these vironmental and social metrics is the
TERMS THAT define more environmen- factors because they reduce the fric- most important and relevant to the spe-
tally favorable or green processes, but tion and wear in various applications, cific operation. Selection of the proper
it also encompasses ensuring economic which also enhances the sustainability metrics is dependent upon the condi-
viability and social responsibility. In a of the application. tions such as the required accuracy and
previous TLT article, answering the Karl Haapala, associate professor in completeness of the results and time
“What is green?” question was found to the School of Mechanical, Industrial and resource constraints.” The analysis
be a complex matter when concerned and Manufacturing Engineering at combines the use of life cycle inventory
with defining a process that uses bio- Oregon State University in Corvallis, techniques with unit process modeling.
based raw materials converted into a Ore., says, “Sustainable manufacturing
new substance that has a minimal haz- is similar to quality in that it represents
ard to human health and the environ- a journey of continuous improvement.
ment.1 Rather than using quality metrics, sus- The lens of sustainability
The lens of sustainability can de- tainable manufacturing uses economic,
scribe the economic, environmental environmental and social factors to de- can be used to describe the
and social aspects of a specific pro- velop metrics about a specific manufac- economic, environmental
cess. In manufacturing, lubricants are tured product or process.”
One of the problems faced in show- and social aspects of a
ing that sustainable manufacturing specific process.
should be seriously considered is how
KEY CONCEPTS to best quantify so that companies in-
volved in producing a specific material
• With demand for sustainable can then use this concept to find the The second step is to select and
manufacturing
nufa t g growing,
growi g, one best possible procedure. Haapala and quantify the metrics to be examined in
problem is how best to quantify his graduate research assistant, Michael a specific manufacturing process. Haa-
thhis process.
this proccess. Eastwood, have developed a six-step pala says, “The metrics chosen should
methodology that provides means for be of the highest importance in influ-
• A six-step methodology has manufacturers to quantify sustain- encing how the process is conducted
b en devised
been de d to to quantify
qu tify ability metrics. This approach will en- over the economic, environmental and
able manufacturers to evaluate several social domains that define sustainabil-
sustainability metrics.
different approaches for producing a ity. The scope of the evaluation can
• This strategy has been
be n used
u ed to specific component or assembly and involve a cradle-to-grave approach if
pick the best option not only from an warranted.”
determine which of three
economics standpoint but also from the In the third step, key unit manu-
pathways for
forr making bevel viewpoint of environmental and social facturing processes are identified and
geears generates the best
gears issues. defined. Haapala indicates that what-if
sustainability
stai b lityy performance. Haapala says, “The first step is to scenarios are applicable in this step of
define which among the economic, en- the analysis. He says, “Such factors as

12 • FEBRUARY 2016 T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY W W W. ST L E .O RG

what if the material used in the process
is changed and what if recycled mate-
rial is used can be considered. This step
of the analysis must include knowledge
of how a specific material affects the
process flow and process parameters.”
Once the first three steps are con-
ducted, mathematical models for each
process are developed by gathering
data and devising mathematical equa-
tions for each of the targeted metrics.
Data is obtained through interviewing
experts and doing a literature search
and obtaining information on process
specific parameters that will be used by
the mathematical models to quantify
the targeted metrics.
Application of the models occurs in
step five followed by an analysis of the
results in step six.

BEVEL GEARS
Haapala and Eastwood applied the Figure 2 | In one of the three processes evaluated for sustainability, this bevel gear is pre-
sustainable manufacturing methodol- pared by a mechanical joining technique. (Figure courtesy of Oregon State University.)
ogy to evaluate three approaches for
manufacturing bevel gears. He says,
“As part of a sustainability assessment three bevel gears are functionally Haapala also is initiating work on
with a large OEM, we evaluated two equivalent. Haapala says, “We used a an approach for composability model-
alternative ways to manufacture bevel gate-to-gate analysis which covers the ing that will enable the decision maker
gears to determine if either of the al- raw materials entering the plant, going to provide a small amount of informa-
ternatives offer better sustainability through the process flow and ends up tion about the product and processes
performance.” with the finished bevel gear.” to be evaluated into a software tool. He
Bevel gears currently used are pro- The economic metric used is the says, “Our hope is that the user will not
duced from a singular component de- operating cost of each gear while the have to enter data for each and every
sign made of AISI 4340 steel alloy. The social metrics focused on occupational process in the process flow to get an
researchers examined this design ver- health and safety, which covers workers answer on sustainability performance.
sus two designs where the gear head having acute injuries, lost work days This approach will provide a more in-
also is prepared from AISI 4340 steel and chronic illnesses. A series of six telligent tool for the user.”
alloy and the shaft is a titanium alloy metrics were included in the environ- Additional information can be
known as Ti-6Al-4V. In the first case, mental area. One of them is known as found in a recent article2 or by con-
assembly is done using an inertial fric- the input material non-flyway content. tacting Haapala at Karl.Haapala@oregon-
tion welding process, while the second Haapala says, “Non-flyway content is state.edu.
approach involves assembling the bevel the ratio of material purchased to mate-
gear through a mechanical joining pro- rial used in the finished product. The
cess by press fitting the splines. Figure objective is to reduce this ratio to the
REFERENCES
2 shows an image of a bevel gear pre- lowest figure possible.”
1. Canter, N. (2010), “What is
pared by a mechanical joining process. The result from the analysis is that
green?” TLT, 66 (12), pp. 50-58.
Haapala says, “The objective is to both alternative designs display better
determine if a bevel gear produced us- sustainability performance, but neither 2. Eastwood, M. and Haapala, K.
ing a lighter shaft material delivers bet- alternative is clearly superior compared (2015), “A unit process model
based methodology to assist
ter sustainable performance. No change to the other one. Haapala says, “The
product sustainability assessment
is made to the alloy used in the head next step is to introduce subjectivity
during design for manufactur-
because of the need to retain strength and weightings for metrics into the ing,” Journal of Cleaner Produc-
and resist wear.” process, which will enable experts to tion, 108 Part A, pp. 54-64.
The assumption is made that all evaluate both designs.”

W W W. ST L E .O RG T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY FEBRUARY 2016 • 13

TECH BEAT

Magnetocaloric effect
using high-entropy alloys
A high-entropy alloy exhibits the magnetocaloric effect
at room temperature.

CONCERN WITH CONVENTIONAL REFRIG-

ERATION PROCESSING, WHICH UTILIZES High-entropy alloys containing a face-centered cubic metal
REFRIGERANTS found to have negative
impacts on the environment, is lead-
show promise as a magnetic refrigerator.
ing researchers to evaluate alternative
approaches. One area that is showing Rochester Institute of Technology in Miller also points out that rare earth
promise is to identify metal alloys that Rochester, N.Y., says, “The magneto- metals have mechanical issues such as
can absorb and then release heat when caloric effect allows magnetic fields lack of ductility, which makes them
interacting with a magnetic field. to alter the temperature of a material; difficult to use. He says, “One related
This phenomenon is known as this is greatest just above the magnetic concern is that this metal type also is
magnetocaloric effect. Casey Miller, ordering temperature of a ferromag- difficult to machine.”
director for the MS Program in Ma- net. At such temperatures, an applied An example of a rare earth metal
terials Science and Engineering and magnetic field will cause the magnetic used as a magnetocaloric is gadolin-
associate professor in the School of moments to become less random. This ium. Miller says, “This metal has an
Chemistry and Materials Science at decrease in magnetic entropy must be additional problem in that it generates
compensated by an increase of the lat- sparks when sand blasted.”
tice entropy, which is manifested as a In a previous TLT article, research-
temperature increase of the magnet. ers facing this situation discovered a
KEY CONCEPTS Conversely, removing a magnetic field metal alloy based on manganese, iron,
decreases the material’s temperature to phosphorus and germanium that dis-
• A metal alloy exhibiting the make up for the increased magnetic en- plays the magnetocaloric effect.1 The
magnetocaloric effect can act tropy (see Figure 3). Cycling the field reason this alloy is attractive is because
as a magnetic refrigerator that and taking appropriate care of the heat it displays the magnetocaloric effect at
flow can thus form a magnetic refrig- room temperature and is less expensive
operates without a refrigerant.
erator, prototypes of which have dem- than any alloy prepared from a rare
• Most
M st of the currently onstrated efficiencies in excess of 60% earth metal.
of the Carnot limit—more than double Recently a new type of alloy known
available materials that are
conventional techniques.” as high-entropy alloy was discovered.
magnetocaloric are based on Most of the currently studied metal Miller says, “We know that these al-
rare earth metals that have alloys that are magnetocaloric are based loys have not been examined for the
some negative
g characteristic .
characteristics. on rare earth metals. Miller says, “Rare magnetocaloric effect and felt that it
earth metals are attractive for the mag- was worth evaluating them because
• A high-entropy alloyy that
t at netocaloric effect because the group there are a wide variety of types that
contains no rare earth contains some of the highest magnetic can be tested. Our objective is to find
metals demonstrates the moments per atom on the periodic table. a high-entropy alloy that will exhibit
magnetocaloric effect at The problem with using them is that the magnetocaloric effect around room
room temperature. they are relatively expensive, subject to temperature.”
geopolitical pressures, oxidize easily and Miller feels that high-entropy alloys
are very susceptible to corrosion.” have far superior mechanical properties

14 Shield volcanoes are broad, domed-shaped volcanoes with long, gently sloped sides which, from above, resemble a warrior’s shield.
 Figure 3 | The local magnetic
moment is disordered in no field
(on the left), but becomes or-
dered in an applied magnetic
field (on the right). This transi-
tion can be accompanied by a
temperature change in magne-
tocaloric materials. (Figure cour-
tesy of the Rochester Institute of
Technology.)

compared to rare earth metals and are The high-entropy alloy is prepared be found in a recent reference3 or by
easier to machine. Research documented by mixing the five elements in an arc contacting Miller at cwmsch@rit.edu. A
in another previous TLT article supports furnace under an argon atmosphere. second paper that was recently pub-
Miller’s opinion about high-entropy al- After cold rolling, which was done to lished discusses theoretical work done
loys.2 An alloy containing equal percent- process the alloy into thin sheets, the al- to predict the magnetocaloric effect for
ages of aluminum, lithium, magnesium, loy is sealed in a quartz tube with argon high-entropy alloys prepared with face-
scandium and titanium exhibits a higher gas and annealed at 900 C for one hour. centered cubic transition metal alloys.4
strength-to-weight ratio than any other Miller says, “The rolled alloy is full of
existing metal. crystal defects. Annealing removes these
A high-entropy alloy has now been dislocations, which do tend to affect the
identified that exhibits the magnetoca- magnetic properties of the alloy.” REFERENCES
loric effect at room temperature. The researchers measured the mag- 1. Canter, N. (2009), “Magnetic
netic phase transition as a function of refrigeration: Another way to
TUNABILITY cool,” TLT, 65 (5), pp. 12-13.
temperature for the high-entropy alloys
Miller and his colleagues have deter- prepared with palladium concentra- 2. Canter, N. (2015), “High-entropy
mined that a high-entropy alloy pre- tions ranging from 0-0.5 equivalent. alloys,” TLT, 71 (3), pp. 14-15.
pared with equal parts of iron, cobalt, Miller says, “Our objective is to maxi- 3. Belyea, D., Lucas. M., Michel, E.,
nickel and chromium in combination mize the magnetic entropy change.” Horwath, J. and Miller, C. (2015),
with palladium exhibits the magne- The researchers found that the al- “Tunable magnetocaloric effect in
tocaloric effect at room temperature. loy prepared with 0.5 equivalent of transition metal alloys,” Scientific
He says, “Palladium has the ability to palladium yields the maximum entropy Reports, 5:15755, DOI: 10.1038/
tune the Curie temperature or critical change, which is still about a factor of srep15755.
temperature of the metal alloy, which 20 less than that seen with gadolinium. 4. Kormann, F., Ma, D., Belyea, D.,
is the temperature at which a material Future work will focus on evaluation of Lucas, M., Miller, C., Grabowski,
loses its permanent magnetic proper- other face-center cubic metals besides B. and Sluiter, M. (2015),
ties. By changing the concentration of palladium to determine how they can “‘Treasure maps’ for magnetic
high-entropy alloys from theory
palladium in the alloy, we can tune the be used to tune the magnetic properties
and experiment,” Applied Physics
critical temperature giving us the abil- of the alloy.
Letters, 107 (14), 142404.
ity to dictate the temperature at which Miller says, “We hypothesize that
high-entropy alloys engage in the mag- substituting other face-centered cubic
netocaloric effect.” metals such as aluminum, copper and
Neil Canter heads his own
Palladium accomplishes this role by gold may lead to even stronger magne- consulting company, Chemical
changing the crystal lattice. Miller says, tocaloric effects while further reducing Solutions, in Willow Grove, Pa.
“Small changes in the crystal structure cost.” Ideas for Tech Beat can be
generate large differences in magnetic Additional details on the research submitted to him at
properties.” done with the high-entropy alloy can neilcanter@comcast.net.

Shield volcanoes can cover large areas but never grow very tall due to their lava composition, which is very fluid and spreads without piling up. 15
20 MINUTES WITH…
By Rachel Fowler / Associate Editor

Lynn Massad
With 25 years of LYNN MASSAD – The Quick File

industry experience, Lynn Massad is a corporate R&D chemist

this corporate R&D for Calumet Specialty Products Partners,

L.P. She holds a bachelor’s of science
chemist discusses degree in chemistry and a master’s of
business administration from Louisiana
the evolution of State University in Shreveport, La. Her
career in the lubricants industry began in
quality inspections 1990 while employed as a laboratory
technician at Specialty Oil Co. in
and technology. Shreveport.
Since then she has accumulated 25
years of laboratory and quality control
experience. Lynn also is an STLE Certified
Lubrication Specialist™ (CLS) and Lynn Massad
Certified Oil Monitoring Analyst I™ (OMA
TLT: How do you set specifications? I). She has been a member of the
American Chemical Society for more than 25 years.
Massad: As a laboratory manager setting While earning her chemistry degree, Lynn’s full-time responsibilities at Special-
the specifications on new products, it is ty Oil Co. included analyzing used oil and environmental samples. After graduating
important to have a well-defined pro- she went to work as a chemist for Boots Pharmaceuticals, which was later
cedure for ensuring that the product is purchased by BASF. From 1992-2006 she worked in the pharmaceutical industry as
inspected and verified at critical points a chemist I, chemist II and senior chemist. In 2006 Lynn went to work for TruSouth
during the entire process as well as a Oil, LLC as the laboratory and R&D manager. She established the laboratory and
well-defined procedure for setting spec- developed all products and testing protocols including the TruFuel line of gasoline
ifications at each part of the process. and oil mixtures. She managed formulations for all lubricant and fuel products. In
As the quality and laboratory manager 2013 TruSouth was purchased by Calumet Specialty Products Partners, L.P., and is
of blending and packaging facilities, I now operating as Calumet Packaging, LLC.
was responsible for the quality of ev- In December 2014 she accepted the quality manager position with Lube-Tech
erything coming into the facility and for its new facility in Shreveport. She worked to obtain ISO certification, quality
everything going out. I initiated in- systems and establishment of the laboratory. In September 2015 Lynn returned to
spections for all raw materials, blended Calumet as a corporate R&D chemist. She is happy to work in research and
product and packaged product. Pack- development and expand her knowledge base to include the refinery side of the
aged product inspections include ev- business.
erything from the smallest package (2.6 Lynn was born at Elmendorf Air Force Base in Alaska in July 1969. In 1972 her
oz.) to the largest package (a rail car). family moved to K.I. Sawyer Air Force Base on Michigan’s Upper Peninsula. In 1980
When setting packaging inspec- her father’s transfer took them to Louisiana; she has lived in the Shreveport-Boss-
tion points it is best to understand the ier city area since then. In her spare time she enjoys jogging, reading and
packaging process and consider mul- spending time with her husband, Brad, and two sons, Carson and Barro. She loves
tiple inspections to cover the length giving back to the community by giving presentations to students.
of the process. Approval of the first

16 Cinder cone volcanoes are comprised of loose cinders and are more like sand dunes than a mass solidified by lava.
bottle (beginning) is obviously neces-
sary, but having inspection points like
the middle and end need to be defined
for package type and length of run. For
example, a small run of four 55-gallon
drums may only need a beginning and
end sample. Longer runs should re-
quire more inspections. For example,
thousands of quarts need to have be-
ginning, middle and end inspections
and start-of-shift if it extended into
another shift.
Each inspection point also should
have recommended tests for capturing
the critical aspects of the fluid. Inspec-
tion of raw materials is critical to en-
sure the fluid integrity, yet it should be
quick to prevent demurrage or trans-
portation charges. Inspection of the
blend sample typically has the high-
est number of required tests, verifying
that all of the components were added
and in the correct ratio. It is critical to
have blend procedures that document
the correct mixing temperature, the
time for mixing and the sampling pro-
cedure. It is crucial that the blending
department proactively participates in
developing the blending and sampling
procedure. Bottom line, the sample
must be representative of the tank. In-
spections of packaged product should
be staged based on the stage of the
product: a higher number of inspec-
tions placed on the beginning sample
and fewer on middle and end.
Calumet Specialty Products Partners’ Cotton Valley, Louisiana, facility.
From the beginning of the life cycle
of a product, typically the specifications
are set as the new product enters into Some of the trends we are seeing in Know your supplier’s min and max. Are
the facility process from R&D. Any the licensed motor oil category are in- they acceptable for achieving the neces-
chemical or physical specifications creased certifications by OEMs. Specifi- sary performance of the product? If so,
required per batch should be defined cations on OEM oils need to be under- use API 1509 Annex K as a guideline
with the following in mind: industry stood and accounted for when adding to set ranges -10% (MIN) and +15%
specifications, supplier specifications, new items. For example, dexos1™ pas- (MAX) ranges. If the supplier ranges
customer specifications and critical senger car motor oils (PCMOs) have are not able to meet the desired perfor-
fluid identifiers, instrumentation re- a 13.0 maximum on ASTM D5800, mance, develop a procedure to adjust
peatability and reproducibility and the noack volatility, where API specifica- the treat rate per batch of material to
company quality goal. Physical and tions on the same viscosity grades are meet the performance requirements.
chemical ranges for licensed motor a 15 maximum. The dexos specification On a positive note, many companies
oils can be found in API 1509 Annex is not only lower, it adds a significant want to set their specifications much
K. Standardized test methods such as figure. tighter than typical industry standards.
ASTM should be used since they are In cases where there are no industry The desire to be better and eliminate
validated and contain the accepted cali- specifications for elements, have a pro- any risk is a great strategy unless your
bration, repeatability and reproducibil- cedure for setting specs based on other process becomes bottlenecked. Here are
ity requirements. industry standards or requirements. some variables that should be consid-

Cinder cones are the most common volcano and can form quickly but rarely grow higher than a few hundred meters. 17
 ered when setting specifications tighter: able to step through the entire process
with the product and process owners
• Process capability. Is your process ca- in itself is a team-building opportunity
pable of meeting the tighter specs? and a great way to communicate. Defin-
If not, know the cost to continually ing inspection points, tests and risks is
reprocess to meet the spec. imperative to setting up the appropriate
• Raw material specifications. If your system.
raw material specifications are wid- The product inspections ensure
er than your final specifications al- the integrity of the fluid by testing to
low, a procedure to change treat per the product specifications. PFMEA
batch of raw material is necessary or can help by ensuring the risk of con-
your process will halt. tamination is minimized as well. Us-
ing PFMEA to set quality inspection
• Instrument applicability. Using ASTM points and verify specifications is rec-
methods, allow the reproducibility ommended to aid with communication
and repeatability to be factored into for customer specs and identifying and
the specification for expanded range. minimizing risk. Lynn Massad testing a sample for ASTM
• Annual product reviews. Continue to D5293. This instrument is a good ex-
ample of keeping up with updated ASTM
monitor changes and perform an- TLT: What is the challenge of keeping methods. The most current update
nual product reviews. R&D in touch with operations? changed the calibration procedure
• Market. Does the market need the drastically and it helps improve repeat-
tighter specifications? Massad: Communication, communica- ability and reproducibility numbers.
tion, communication! Communication is
the foundation of successful businesses.
TLT: Do you use PFMEA to set your
quality inspections? TLT: Which lab staffing and metrics • Number of samples. Broken down by
help identify operations? type, if necessary.
Massad: Process Failure Mode Effects • Number of hours, shifts, employees and
Analysis (PFMEA) is a powerful ana- Massad: I was fortunate to have the cost.
lytical tool, especially when used by opportunity to work directly with the
• Sample turnaround time versus the
cross-functional teams. I’m speaking owners at TruSouth Oil, LLC in set-
expectation.
from my quality and lab manager expe- ting up the laboratory. I was fortunate
rience specific to blending and packag- because they challenged me to prove • Number of active products and for-
ing facilities. Engaging members from myself and my results daily. They chal- mulations. Details of changes were
quality, product management, sales, lenged me to have a lab with consis- listed.
tent, solid and verifiable results. The • Number of instruments and down time
owner was persistent in making sure due to instrument issues. Examples
Communication is the that I knew that the integrity of his include calibration, repair, preven-
company and products depended on
foundation of successful the integrity of my lab. His persistence
tive maintenance, etc.

businesses. in questioning and challenging the lab • Results for ASTM interlaboratory round
processes made me better personally robin (or other round robin). This is
and professionally. I grew more pro- my favorite and most important. I
laboratory, blending, packaging, engi- fessionally because they invested time always felt as a lab manager it was
neering and R&D is necessary to un- discussing details with me. imperative to measure yourself.
derstand the impact of failure, define Laboratories are critical to moni- Your numbers are only as good as
and prioritize action items and elimi- toring plant processes and managing you know they are. Celebrate the
nate and alleviate and minimize risk. product quality. I treated the labora- successes and actively correct and
Although PFMEA may not be new tory as a miniature version of a plant learn from errors.
to the industry, I was introduced to it in and built key performance indicators • Results for one to two plant operations
recent years. Learning and understand- for the lab. Metrics are extremely im- that function from the laboratory re-
ing this analytical tool was helpful to portant in identifying and understand- sults. For example, first time pass
me as a quality and lab manager by ing capabilities. As a laboratory man- for blending. Whether or not they
increasing and developing my under- ager, I would report these metrics on a met the plant goal, the data is use-
standing of the overall process. Being monthly basis: ful for improving, especially when

18 Lava is magma flowing out of a volcano and can reach 2,200 F (1,204.4 C) while burning a glowing red or white as it flows.
 some of the failures are repeated. chemistry degree, I worked for Spe- TLT: In your view, has industry cer-
This is a good opportunity to use cialty Oil as a laboratory technician tification (API) helped the industry?
the lab data to help improve pro- testing used oil and environmental How?
duction processes. samples. I performed viscosity, induc-
• Industry report. I would monitor tively coupled plasma (ICP), moisture Massad: Industry certification is neces-
the Petroleum Quality Institute of and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) sary, but is it enough? Unfortunately
America (PQIA) weekly and report analysis by GC. in the blending and packaging industry
any of our products that were test- there are a number of uninformed con-
ed. I also would note any items they TLT: What has been your biggest sumers and suppliers providing sub-
were discussing. challenge over the years? standard products. Certifications like
the API starburst and donut are a start
These metrics are good discussion Massad: Two things: keeping pace with to standardizing products. For blended
points, especially when you need to con- the growth of business and being a lubricants, the API offers certifications
sider new staff, instruments and/or po- working mother. I’ve been blessed with for PCMOs, diesel oils and diesel ex-
tential expansion. If your turnaround is supportive colleagues and family that haust fluid. The API motor oil matters
not meeting expectations and that older are a team and allow me to balance work (MOM) program is intending to pro-
instrument has been down for repairs and family. As my children become more vide a place for reporting problems,
too many times, these metrics will help independent, I look forward to partici- educating consumers and licensing dis-
support the capital request. pating in more industry groups and ac- tributors. Did they wait too long to act
tivities. I’ve recently joined Calumet’s on motor oil quality issues? Were they
TLT: What was your first role or research and development team. I’m not aggressive enough? Is this working
experience in the lubricants industry? excited about the opportunity to learn and is this enough? In my opinion this
from many of my mentors, and I’m is a good start. However, I believe much
Massad: From 1990-1992 while I was ready to focus on what I love. That is more is needed.
in undergraduate school obtaining my why I chose to come home to Calumet. Has API struggled to enforce the

Lava derives from the Latin lavara meaning ‘to wash’ and can flow up to speeds of 62 mph. 19
requirements? I believe that API strug-
gled at developing, implementing and
enforcing their monitoring system.
This struggle and an uneducated con-
sumer base have left the door open for
the entrepreneurial creativity to pro-
vide substandard products.
So how do OEMs and consumers
who want, at minimum, a standard
product ensure they are getting what
they pay for? I believe we are about to
see a big change in certifications to en-
sure blended product quality. But this
brings up some new concerns. I am
concerned with the growing number
of OEM certifications and the associ-
ated cost of these certifications. The
new fees issued for several specifica-
tions alone seem excessive. Looking Lynn Massad’s family. From left to right: Brad, Barro, Carson and Lynn.
at certifications for PCMO and diesel
blended products (API, dexos, Mack,
Cummins, Volvo and Detroit Diesel), products aren’t just for PCMO and die- newer technology as well as faster anal-
makes me wonder if ILMA companies sel. A number of other lubricants don’t ysis times and inspection cost savings.
will be able to survive in the OEM cer- have certifications available. I hope I really enjoy the social aspect of
tification market. PQIA continues its efforts into these technology. From email and texts to
As a formulated motor oil requires other areas. LinkedIn and Facebook, it is very easy
balanced components, a balance is to keep in touch with friends, col-
needed for certifications to achieve the TLT: How has technology and com- leagues and businesses. Collaborative
desired goal. puting aided your job function? efforts are much faster. Information is
usually just a few keystrokes away.
TLT: Where is the industry trending? Massad: I have a passion for new tech- My children laugh when I tell them
nology at work and at home. Com- we didn’t have cell phones in school.
Massad: I’m thrilled to see our industry puters have changed the laboratory I wonder what their children will be
trending toward higher quality. A grow- from data collection and analysis to laughing about in 20 years.
ing number of companies supports big improvements in instrumentation.
PQIA’s efforts to assure the quality and In my 25 years as a chemist I’ve been TLT: Has having STLE’s CLS and OMA
integrity of motor oils in the U.S. PQIA through four laboratory information I certifications benefited your job?
is leading the way to inform consumers management systems (LIMS) imple-
by testing and reporting on the quality mentations. Although it is a struggle Massad: While I was working at BASF
getting the information into the system as a chemist I chose to obtain a mas-
in a usable and structured fashion, it ter’s in business administration to help
is always beneficial. Having access to bridge my gap between chemistry and
Laboratories are critical data and the ability to manipulate and business. The CLS and OMA I certifica-
calculate instantaneously is imperative tions have benefited my job by bridging
to monitoring plant to keeping on top of processes. Setting the gap from chemical and business un-
processes and managing an LIMS system up with the laboratory derstanding to application and perfor-
team can develop process understand- mance understanding. Understanding
product quality. ing and good laboratory practices. the details of the product’s application
Instrumentation has improved is imperative to formulating a product
greatly. From chromatography to IRs, for the right application, price and mar-
and integrity of lubricants in the mar- we now have smaller, less expensive ket. I look forward to becoming more
ketplace. They have done an aston- instruments that have the ability to involved with STLE.
ishing job on identifying substandard collect and manipulate data. Accuracy,
products and protecting and educating precision, repeatability and reproduc- You can reach Lynn Massad at
consumers. The tactics for substandard ibility improvements can be seen with lynn.massad@calumetspecialty.com.

20 • FEBRUARY 2016 T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY W W W. ST L E .O RG

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LUBRICATION FUNDAMENTALS
Dr. Robert M. Gresham / Contributing Editor

It’s all in the name

Old habits die hard with the term soluble oil.

I STARTED MY FIRST “REAL JOB” WITH alworking Fluids Specialist™ certi-

THE DUPONT CO. at the Chambers fication subcommittee meetings, we
Works in Deepwater, N.J., with my got into a minor snit over the use
bright, shiny new doctorate literally of the term “soluble oil” in the stem
in hand. I say literally since they of one of the exam questions. As it
actually photographed it. Anyway, happens, the term soluble oil has
I was confronted by a series of new been around for a very long time in
but not recognizable names for the metalworking industry, and it
things otherwise familiar to me. has definite meaning to the user or
Some of the more notable were practitioner of such metalworking
2B Alcohol, Tolyene and, having fluids (MWFs).
just gone to school in the South, a As early as 1883, Frederick W.
favorite to my sweet, Southern ac- Taylor (see Figure 1), who later in
cent tuned ear was Wuddereyece. 1911 became known as the father
Or at least that is what it sounded of scientific management in steel
like to me. When my technician, mills in Bethlehem and Philadel-
who was born in South Jersey, used phia (I guess he was the first true
these terms, I gave him that deer- Certified Lubrication Specialist™),
in-the-headlights look of total and began experimenting with water as a
absolute incomprehension. This Figure 1 | Frederick W. Taylor experimented with metalworking cooling fluid. He dis-
prompted from him, “Ey, man, I water as a metalworking cooling fluid. (Photo covered one of the metalworking in-
tawt you hadda Ph.D.! Don’t youse courtesy of Explore PA History, http://explorepa- dustry’s holy dictums: Keep the tool/
know nuttin’?” Ahh, no, apparently history.com/hmarker.php?markerId=1-A-251.) workpiece interface cool, and the tool
I did not—at least in that context. will cut better and longer. While he
Most of my experience was with probably didn’t know it, water’s high
reagent-grade solvents and materials you might guess, was Wuddereyece. heat of vaporization does indeed make
from companies like Fischer Scientific, When I asked my technician for “aah- it ideal as a coolant. Over time they also
Eastman Chemical and the like, not with hce” (remember in those days I had a discovered that lubricating this inter-
commercial-grade materials, either with Georgia-style Southern accent), what face also contributed to the quality and
different names or carrying names by I got was the question, “Youse mean quantity of metal removal by the cutting
custom of the inmates at the Chambers wuddereyece?” This, I somewhat later tool. So with the development of colloid
Works. So 2B Alcohol was in fact what learned, with much head-shaking and and surface chemistry science, chemists
I had called Absolute Alcohol, which is similar negative body language, was to learned to emulsify lubricating oil in the
anhydrous (no water). However, it did mean “water ice.” And why water ice cooling water to make a stable coolant
contain 2% benzene as a contaminant as and not just ice (or aahhce as properly with lubricating properties. For you non-
a consequence of distilling off the wa- pronounced)? These other worldly den- chemical types, an emulsion is a stable
ter—hence the 2B. Tolyene was South izens differentiated water ice from dry form of an oil (hydrophobic) material in
Jersey for Toluene. I’ve not figured the ice or frozen carbon dioxide. It is simple water. Milk is one of the most common
why of this one, unless there is some- enough once you know the names and forms of an emulsion. The milk is made
thing mystic or unpronounceable about practice the pronunciations. stable by naturally occurring surfactants
words that contain “ue.” These examples bring me to the point (which are kind of like soap). Equally,
However, my all-time favorite, as of the article. In one of our Certified Met- in industry, oil-in-water emulsions are

22 Scientists believe 20% of volcanoes are underwater but 80% of volcanic eruptions occur under the oceans.
WEBINARS
Stuart F. Brown / Contributing Editor

Industry Report:
Chlorinated paraffins
under EPA scrutiny
Current deadline for stopping importation
and production is mid-2017.

© Can Stock Photo Inc. / photocreo

KEY CONCEPTS

• Chlorinated paraffins
p ffins are
WITH THE EPA SET TO STOP IMPORTATION and production of 99% of all chlorinated paraffins,
the most cost-effective EP an extreme pressure (EP) additive, in mid-2017, metalworking fluid (MWF) formula-
addd tives in the
additives t e market.
th arket.
k tors and ingredient makers are in the process of developing and evaluating new recipes.
This article is based on an STLE University Webinar presented by Dr. Neil Canter
• The MWF industry is inin the on June 10, 2015. Canter runs his own consulting company, Chemical Solutions, is
p ocesss of developing
pr
process d velopp ng andd a contributing editor responsible for writing the monthly Tech Beat column in TLT
evaluating
l t g alternatives
lt t too and serves on STLE’s board of directors.
medium- and long-chain Chlorinated paraffins are the most cost-effective EP additives in the market.
chlorinated paraffins. Other parts of their appeal are that they have no objectionable odor and do not
cause some of the other problems, such as staining copper and promoting microbial
• Currently the EP
EPA indicates growth, that can occur with sulfur- and phosphorus-based EP additives.
that medium- and long- When used in MWFs, chlorinated paraffins react with metal surfaces to serve as
a special type of boundary lubricity enhancer that forms a metal-salt layer between
chain chlorinated
chain chlori atted paraffin
metallic surfaces at elevated temperatures. This layer acts as a barrier to reduce
production and importation
friction, wear and damage (see Figure 1). These compounds range in length from
into the U.S.
S. must stop
stopp by C10-C30 and are divided into groups consisting of short-chain (C10-C13), medium-
the middle of 2017. chain (C14-C17), long-chain (C18-C20) and very long-chain (C21-C30) chlorinated
paraffins. The latter is a fourth type of chlorinated paraffin that was commercialized

24 Volcanoes can be the size of mountains. While some take thousands of years
 aquatic environment. The says, “These alternative extreme pres-
Additives Available to model, however, does not sure additives will need to be used in
Replace MCCPs and LCCPs take into account the sig- combination to achieve the desired ex-
nificant use of chlorinated treme pressure protection.”
„ Sulfurized Additives
paraffins in straight oils, With the EPA intending to elimi-
„ Phosphate Esters
which are not mixed with nate the use of medium-chain and
„ Overbased Sulfonates
water during use and do long-chain chlorinated paraffins in
„ Fatty Esters
not end up in the aquatic the future, Canter counsels chlorinat-
„ vLCCPs
environment. ed paraffin users to get working with
„ Chlorinated Esters
In December 2015 the their suppliers on developing new EP
„ Combinations of these additives
EPA summarized its find- ingredients that will fit into the rapidly
ings on medium-chain and changing regulatory landscape.
Figure 2 | A list of additives to use when medium-chain long-chain chlorinated par-
affins in the U.S. Federal REFERENCE
and long-chain chlorinated paraffins are banned.
Register and requested that 1. December 23, 2015, “Chlorinated
all interested parties submit Paraffins: Request for Available Infor-
long-chain chlorinated paraffins will available data and/or comments about mation on PMN Risk Assessments,”
be banned. The EPA’s rationale is that the risk assessments.1 All feedback on Federal Register, 80 (246), pp. 79886-
medium-chain and long-chain chlori- these two chlorinated paraffin types is 79888.
nated paraffins represent a risk to en- requested by February 22, 2016.
vironmental organisms and display per- Alternative extreme pressure ad-
sistence and bioaccumulative potential. ditives are available, but they are not
The EPA based its ruling on conserva- direct replacements for the traditional
tive modeling. The agency looked at a medium-chain and long-chain chlori- You can reach free-lance
worst case scenario—that all chlorinat- nated paraffins; nor do they offer one- writer Stuart F. Brown at
ed paraffin-based MWFs end up in the stop shopping (see Figure 2). Canter www.stuartfbrown.com.

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FEATURE ARTICLE
Debbie Sniderman / Contributing Editor

The challenge of bringing

synthetic lubricants
to market

The marine market is just one area where new synthetic base fluids
from renewable feed stocks are needed. © nightman1965/iStock/Thinkstock

LUBRICANTS DERIVED FROM SYNTHETIC BASE FLUIDS, such as the API

KEY CONCEPTS Group IV and V products, have been manufactured and used for sev-
eral decades. Some say there has been minimal progress in bringing
• Due to emerging regulations and
to market new base fluids during the past many years. For example
more demanding applications, new polyalphaolefins, polyolesters, polyalkylene glycols (PAGs), phosphate
lubricant products always esters and polyisobutylenes have been sold for at least 40 years and
generate curiosity.
curiosity.
curiosit dominate the synthetic lubricant landscape. Although there is signifi-
cant innovation ongoing in our industry, some think attempts to bring
• Most synthetic lubricant base oils
new synthetic base oil technologies to market need to be better.
are derived from petrochemical Synthetic lubricants solve problems that conventional mineral oils
feed stocks.
st ks. cannot. Like mineral oils, most synthetic lubricant base oils are derived
• Bringing new lubricant products to from petrochemical feed stocks. While a small number of esters are
derived from renewable feed stocks, the vast majority are derived from
market is an expensive proposi-
petrochemical feed stocks.
tion and takes years. Most innovation today in the area of synthetic base fluids is targeted
at developing products from renewable feed stocks. This is, in part,

28 Volcanoes can be active, dormant or extinct.

 American Chemical Technologies

Performance, price and product

differentiation are keys to entry,
but acceptance still can take years.

The drum and tote filling station at ACT

driven by environmental policies and a trend toward more sustainable
where small batch blending also is done.
solutions. There are several start-up companies leading such innova-
tion, spending years and tens of millions of dollars developing their
technologies. Yet, despite this investment, some industry analysts be-
lieve the need for synthetic fluids derived from renewable feed stocks
is not evident.

NEED FOR NOVEL SYNTHETIC BASE FLUIDS

According to STLE-member Daryl Beatty, product development man-
ager at American Chemical Technologies (ACT)—a privately owned
supplier of lubricants for more than 40 years located in Fowlerville,
Mich.—there are many opportunities for new oils that offer new chem-
istries, and there have been many new innovations offering improve-
ments and new applications for existing chemistries in the last few
years. Beatty started and managed his own private label blending com-
pany as a start-up and then began working with ACT.
The pail station at ACT where the product is
“The increased use of Group III hydrocarbons has come on strong,” metered off from a finished bulk tank and
says Beatty. “There’s a new line of Oil-Soluble Polyalkylene Glycol put into pails.
(OSP) Base Fluids from Dow, and a new base stock that has shown
improvements over traditional polyalphaolefins (PAOs). Alkylated
naphthalenes (ANs) aren’t new but have seen a lot of increased usage.
What’s driving them is always going to be whether the same thing can
be done for less money, or something can be done better for the same
money. Cost always factors into it.”
STLE-member Andrew Larson, associate technical service and de-
velopment manager working in the performance lubricants business
for The Dow Chemical Co. in Midland, Mich., says automotive is one
industry where performance and regulations are driving the continued
development of new synthetic oils. Larson works closely with formula-
tors, OEMs, end-users and Dow’s internal R&D group.
Automotive also might offer the greatest opportunity for synthetics.
“Overall, fleets need higher fuel efficiency to meet upcoming govern-
ment regulations and benchmarks in 2017 and 2025,” says Larson. The main station where railcars and tanker
“The automotive industry is looking for any type of technology that can trucks are offloaded and loaded at ACT and
help them improve the efficiency of cars to reach these benchmarks, where railcars wait for unloading in the
and they are spending a lot of money.” building. The main bulk manifold is used for
The industrial market is another performance-based space as higher unloading, loading and blending of products.
demands are being placed on the gear oils, compressors, hydraulic
fluids and turbine fluids. “Customers need higher temperature per- Photos courtesy of American Chemical Technologies.

An extinct volcano hasn’t erupted in 10,000 years and isn’t expected to for the same period of time. 29
 fluids; it will take time.”
Larson says there is a need for new
oils from renewable feed stocks. “Regu-
lations like the EPA VGP have to be
in place to dictate someone to use it.
Many industries have been using min-
eral oils for decades. If the government
tells them they have to change, they
will. But they won’t just pay more for a
© Can Stock Photo Inc. / Frankljunior

fluid. There has to be a reason to do it.

Sometimes biofluids have performance
disadvantages along with a higher
price, so the regulations have to be in
place to get them to be considered.”
Automotive is one industry where performance and regulations are driving the continued Although currently the only regu-
development of new synthetic oils. lation is in the U.S., other regions are
adopting voluntary programs such as
the European Ecolabel, which requires
formance out of their fluids as equip- eral oil, which is cheap and works more than 50% of a lubricant be from
ment is getting smaller and processing well enough, the adoption is either renewable carbon sources and more
temperatures are getting hotter,” says performance or regulatory based. Per- than 90% readily biodegradable for hy-
Larson. “More demands are made on formance applications could use them draulic fluids. Larson says, “For a hy-
tighter footprints and the pressure of where using mineral oils will not meet draulic fluid to have this label, it would
faster cycle times, stressing the fluids certain requirements such as fire resis- need to use renewable base stocks.
more. So customers are looking for tance. The marine market is just one These aren’t government regulations,
any extra performance fluids that gives area where they are needed because an but labeling programs like these do
them less downtime. The best way to EPA regulation was issued requiring promote the use of renewable sources.
get a new synthetic introduced is by the use of readily biodegradable fluids,” A cruise ship may be interested be-
demonstrating less downtime such as says Larson. cause they can promote or advertise
a new fluid that can last longer in a sys- At the end of 2013, the EPA issued about their use. Sometimes it is up to
tem without varnishing or needing to the Vessel General Permit (VGP) that the end-user or consumer to drive its
be topped off. There’s always interest in specified requirements for discharges use if they want it.”
a fluid that can meet these needs and is of marine vessels. It covers a lot more Biosynthetic Technologies is an
balanced to be affordable.” than just lubricant, but part of it speci- example of a start-up company that
fies Environmentally Acceptable Lubri- believes there is a need for new base
BASE FLUIDS FROM RENEWABLE cants (EALs) and who has to use them fluids from renewable feed stocks. It
FEED STOCKS (all commercial vessels greater than 79 has operated for six years developing,
Many start-up companies in North feet long). They must be readily biode- manufacturing and marketing new
America invest heavily in develop- gradable, have low eco-toxicity and be
ing new synthetic base fluids from non-bioaccumulative. According to the
renewable feed stocks. According to EPA, the impact of lubricant discharges
Larson, this is because the fluids of- (not accidental spills) to the aquatic
fer performance advantages. “Research ecosystem is substantial.
is showing where they could provide “The regulation has been out for
performance advantages,” he says. “As two years, but adoption takes time and
long as they have unique performance there are many loopholes for exclu-
attributes and aren’t a me-too offering, sion,” Larson says. “All vessels must
then they need to find the applications use an EAL, unless technically infea-
that could benefit. If there is a chance sible. If they have reason why it is tech-
a new product from renewable sources nically infeasible, then vessel operators
gives an advantage to the automotive have to specify in writing why they
market and improved efficiency, they don’t use them and report the use of
would look at it. a non-EAL. For example, some vessels Biosynthetic Technologies’ biosynthetic
“If they are entering a space where only come into port once a year and base oil received ILSAC GF-5 certification.
99% of the market is served by min- have only one chance to change their (Photo courtesy of Biosynthetic Technologies.)

30 • FEBRUARY 2016 T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY W W W. ST L E .O RG

estolide ester materials. The estolide Beatty agrees that there is a need for
molecular structure was invented and renewable feed stocks. He says, “This
patented by the USDA using catalytic is a big thing in esters because by their
reactions to convert fatty acids in veg- nature their fatty acids can come from
etable oils into synthetic ethers. These petrochemical or plant or even animal
estolides are marketed as biosynthetic sources. The fatty acids used in esters
base oils—a new class of biodegrad- often are byproducts of agricultural
able and non-toxic esters. Biosynthetic Figure 1 | API certification of 5W-20 and products. They are successful because
Technologies has exclusive rights to 5W-30 motor oil with Biosynthetic Technol- good products are able to be made from
ogies’ biosynthetic base oil (Photo courtesy
this USDA technology and has filed very low-cost feed stocks.”
of Biosynthetic Technologies.)
almost 100 patents covering the mo- However, Beatty adds that there
lecular structure as well as the methods are only certain areas where using re-
of fabrication, the catalysts and the use According to Barbieri, many for- newable feed stocks matters. He says,
of the molecule in products like motor mulators are willing to invest in as- “Any fluid serving U.S. government ap-
oil and greases. sessing new technologies derived from plications must meet the mandate for
Biosynthetic Technologies has part- non-petroleum feed stocks. Many ma- renewable content in the fluid. Other
nered with Albemarle Corp. to build a jor lubricant companies are currently than government customers, no one
continuous flow demonstration plant evaluating Biosynthetic Technologies’ has ever asked me if the base stock was
at Albemarle’s chemical plant in Baton product, including major oil, lubrica- renewable in 27 years. In today’s indus-
Rouge, La., and is now moving forward tion and chemical companies, as well try, customers want performance, price
with Albemarle on construction of a as two automaker OEMs. and sometimes biodegradability when
commercial production plant. This cat- He says certain regions of the world they have to dispose of things like con-
alytic process uses typical petrochemi- are more receptive to trying new tech- densates from compressors.” Beatty
cal equipment, catalysts and processes. nologies, with Europe being the most says there will be a big future for new
CEO Allen Barbieri and Chief Tech- receptive to environmentally friendly base oils from renewable feed stocks
nology Officer Jacob Bredsguard, both products and with some areas in Asia under two conditions: they perform at
STLE members, explain their success in showing surprisingly high levels of in- least as well as existing products and
optimizing the process for scale-up to terest as well. He says, “China is tak- they are priced equivalently.
a full-scale commercial plant in Texas, ing a very strong look at the fuels and
which will break ground in midyear. chemicals they’re using because of the INNOVATION DRIVES DEVELOPMENT
Barbieri says the product this start- high level of pollution in their envi- Beatty says in North America there are
up offers has both performance and ronment. Over time, we expect to see many customers who want to have pro-
environmental benefits over PAOs, many more regulations encouraging prietary patented products and own the
other esters or Group II or III base oils. their use.” intellectual property, and a novel base
Many oil companies and other distribu-
tors of lubrication products have been
performing field trials, tests and valida-
tions for the last several years. One ma-
jor additive company has achieved API
SN and ILSAC GF-5 certifications after
testing and validating 5W-20 and 5W-
30 (see Figure 1) formulations of motor
oil. Barbieri also expressed customers
have proven significant performance
benefits seen when these biosynthetic
oils are used as a co-blend in formula-
tions for metalworking fluids, greases,
hydraulic fluids and gear oils. No prod-
ucts are for sale yet, but production
© kadmy/iStock/Thinkstock

samples from the demonstration plant

are helping prepare to launch commer-
cial products that are expected to sell
at lower costs than high-grade Group
IV and V products when the full-scale Metalworking is one of the spaces with more visibility and where PAGs offer numerous
benefits.
plant comes online.

Historians and scientists have categorized more than 6,000 volcanoes on the planet in the past 10,000 years. 31
stock is one way to get that. Extend- The USDA’s BioPreferred® Program with new base fluids because they have
ed life and other performance factors requires government agencies and con- access to low-cost feed stocks, and they
cause them to look for new base stocks, tractors (such as FedEx and UPS) to already have spent the capital to syn-
but patent protection is the real hook. use biobased products when they are thesize things. It’s easy to be a blender
In Europe there is more interest in bet- available. They created a category for but takes a lot of money to get into the
ter performance, and everyone in the motor oil and specified a minimum feed stock business.
compressor market is looking for new 25% biobased content to meet the re- “The majors make PAOs and PAGs;
varnish-free products with longer life quirements. Barbieri says other coun- start-ups don’t. Most of the oxides like
and better resistance to bad environ- tries are setting up similar require- ethylene oxide and butylene oxide and
ments. ments for their government agencies. ANs will come from bigger compa-
Another important driver nies. Start-ups also can’t create
for new base oils, according hydro-treated hydrocarbons. It
to Beatty, is the abundant sup- takes refineries with hundreds
ply of natural gas. He says, of millions of capital and pro-
“Looking for ways to use gas duction on a big scale to cre-
and increase its value is like ate them. Although there are a
bringing a solution and look- few companies that are trying
ing for a problem. Making a to create novel base stocks that

© PRImageFactory/iStock/Thinkstock
good quality base stock from it seem to be fairly small, they
is not looking for a better base didn’t differentiate themselves
stock. Gas to liquids are not well. They didn’t offer anything
performance driven but rather that couldn’t be done with ex-
strictly an economic consider- isting base stocks,” Beatty says.
ation from a much lower cost Biomass feed stocks are the plant and algal materials—such “Esters are the only thing
feed stock. as corn starch and crop residues—used to derive fuels. that will be in the range of
“Metallocene polyalphao- someone starting up working
lefins are next-generation with limited capital,” Beatty
products that are much better than He expects in the long term there will says. “They are one of the simplest
traditional PAOs,” Beatty adds. “They be some level of requirement that all things to make and don’t take a lot of
have higher VIs and better oxidative motor contain some level of environ- hardware to produce. There is no limit
stability and are at a cost fairly compa- mentally friendly ingredients, since it to the number of esters that can be
rable to regular PAOs. It arrived on the often drips out of cars and is illegally made, especially if they are made on
market knowing that it would replace dumped down drains, polluting our the small scale. A different ester comes
existing PAOs and other base stocks. water. from every different fatty acid. That’s
There is not a machine out there sit- The USDA will act as guarantor of the main thing a start-up can accom-
ting idle waiting for someone to de- a bank loan for Biosynthetic Technolo- plish in base fluids.
velop a lubricant for it. Everything is gies to construct its first commercial “The reason most new things fail
running on something. All lubricants plant. Biosynthetic Technologies also is in this industry is not for lack of mar-
displace others because they are either working with and will be announcing keting. Everyone looks at something
better or cheaper. It is the same for that several departments in the federal new when it comes along. It’s usually
base fluids. Create something better, government will start using its product, that the product doesn’t have a niche.
do the same for less money or come as well as three branches of the military Most new products do the same things
up with something evolutionary that and other agencies in a select number as other products and offer a different
could be used in applications that of passenger cars and non-passenger way to reach the same results. This is
were more expensive to fill. When vehicles in their fleets. the biggest challenge for start-ups,”
there is a better product, customers says Beatty.
will gravitate toward it.” MARKET CHALLENGES Larson agrees. He says, “Synthetics
Governments also are helpful in Small companies are at a distinct disad- have the stigma that they cost more. A
supporting the use of new non-petro- vantage when it comes to introducing benefit has to be proven. New products
leum derived products for lubricant new synthetic base oil technologies be- have to meet the performance require-
components in several ways. Accord- cause of the costs to manufacture. Be- ments. If performance improvements
ing to Barbieri, they are helping with atty’s company didn’t develop new base can’t be demonstrated, end-users won’t
financing, the use of biobased products oils; he created new formulations from be interested. Unless there’s a regulation
and regulations that would potentially those that were available. He says, “Big to meet, the product must have an ad-
require their use. companies are more likely to come up vantage. If the regulation can be met, it Î Î Î Î Î

32 About 1,500 active volcanoes now exist on the planet with about 20 of them erupting each day.
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can save the customer money by avoid- than 100 years and has become very pressive to many in the industry. It pro-
ing fines. Then, once a benefit is proven, efficient. Bredsguard says, “To survive, vided a lot of validation to the overall
the biggest barrier becomes cost.” start-ups must compete with price. It’s formulation and things took off.”
It takes time for new technologies not possible to be in the market in any
to penetrate the industry because test- significant way if they don’t. Although LESSONS LEARNED
ing every application takes a long time some new technologies may have in- Bredsguard mentions that this indus-
and a lot of money. There are many herent manufacturing benefits or use try doesn’t change quickly or easily. He
standards a new product has to meet. lower cost feed stocks, it is hard to says, “Products that are in use now were
Combined with long development compete in a very old, stable, commod- used 40 years ago. Although the manu-
cycles, OEM approvals, ASTM testing ity-type industry that has economies facturing and processes have changed,
and working with formulators, Larson of scale generated over decades. The it’s not a terribly entrepreneurial indus-
says, “A quick cycle for a new product investment requirement is a challenge try. Once a company is in and becomes
to get into a new application is a few when it requires hundreds of millions established, it’s easy to grow as your
years. It takes longer to get into higher of dollars to create and manufacture at product is seen and appreciated. New-
end applications like aviation. Start-ups a scale that is price competitive. How- comers should expect that it will take
won’t see quick returns and most can’t ever, esters is a sector where such new many years to break into this industry.
wait that long. Trying to introduce a products can compete. There are few Product testing takes years to perform.
esters that are produced in high vol- It takes focus and patience.”
umes and at low prices. This is where Barbieri says the key to their suc-
Biosynthetic Technologies can easily cess is that they are working with oil
There is always an interest compete while we scale to higher ef- companies, not competing with them.
when something new ficiency output.” He states, “Our largest shareholder is
Technically this also is a challenge. BP, an oil company that was looking for
comes along because Start-ups have to do many things to a new technology it wanted. Today we
applications are getting develop products and processes with a are working with more than 80 major
low cost to produce that have compa- lubricant formulators. There is always
more demanding. rable or improved performance charac- a strong interest in improving perfor-
teristics so they can compete and offer mance. It’s important to understand
an advantage. For four years, product what benefits the industry is look-
product into an application in a year and process development at Biosyn- ing for such as lower deposits, higher
won’t be successful. It’s important to thetic Technologies centered on keep- oxidative stability and higher VI; then
understand what’s needed from a regu- ing costs down and delivering some- you must be patient while the industry
latory and certification standpoint first, thing the market wanted. Its product slowly adopts your new technology.
find someone willing to accept it and is biobased, which always generates That part hasn’t been easy, but having
want to try it and then take the time curiosity, but Bredsguard says it also the formulators do the heavy lifting,
and money to do it all.” delivers real benefits and performs well. developing and certifying the formu-
Barbieri says one of the biggest bar- Biosynthetic Technologies’ new lations, then pushing these products
riers to start-ups is the cost of testing product is made with equipment and to the end customers simplifies our
and validating new formulations. He processes common to the petrochemi- business model, allowing us to focus
says, “It is expensive to change a for- cal industry, integrating into existing on product development, leveraging
mulation and do engine or equipment infrastructure. It is made by a continu- the formulation and distribution infra-
testing. Some applications like motor ous process instead of a batch process structure of these big companies.”
oil require regulatory approvals and because it is more efficient. There are Another lesson learned that sur-
certifications. While some customers several recycle streams in the process prised both Barbieri and Bredsguard
aren’t willing to test a new product in so unreacted feed stock is not lost and was the degree to which companies are
their application until it is commer- there is extremely little material waste. willing to spend a lot of money test-
cially available, others are happy to. Performance characteristics were ing a product before it is commercially
Validating that a product has a perfor- improved iteratively with feedback available. Barbieri says, “A finished
mance benefit sometimes can take sev- from the market who sampled the product field trial campaign can cost
eral years of testing, along with a cost.” product. BP as an initial investor $300,000 to run. The willingness for
Another reason it is difficult for helped Biosynthetic Technologies get our major customers to spend tens or
start-up companies with innovative off the ground. Bredsguard says, “Once hundreds of thousands of dollars, in a
technologies to penetrate the industry our technology worked well in a motor few cases millions, testing our products
is they are competing in an industry oil, things took off. Having a working shows that there is a significant level of
that has been in existence for more ILSAC GF-5 grade motor oil was im- interest in the market.”

34 Volcanic eruptions bring forth nutrients such as potassium and phosphorus, producing some of the Earth’s most fertile soil.
REVOLUTIONARY CHANGE OR THE thing with tremendous oxidative stabil- more demanding. He says, “As manu-
TRADITIONAL CULTURE ity that has all the desired properties, facturing processes speed up to push
Whether formulators look for and it would be formulated and tested as products out faster and reduce the foot-
adopt revolutionary changes and new quickly as possible, without hesitation. print of equipment to produce more in
technologies versus preferring the tra- But it’s just not there. People have been a given space, lubricants have to handle
ditional evolutionary culture depends looking for a long time. Most of what higher temperatures packed in smaller
on the product itself. Beatty says there has come around is evolutionary, not spaces for longer times. Oil-soluble
is a need for both. He states, “That’s revolutionary.” polyalkylene glycols got people’s atten-
something that is unique about this Barbieri says the revolutionary aspect tion. It was a novel product offering a
industry—the pace of development is of a new product can be problematic: big change. They provide the benefits
very slow. It takes decades for incre- “While our products offer a strong envi- of traditional PAGs and also are oil sol-
mental improvements to happen. If it is ronmental marketing story, better tech- uble. That was more than seven years
a better product, it will do well. No one nical performance and better fuel econ- ago, and they are still considered new.
has stumbled on anything that has to- omy, the higher product validation and The industry is still finding new ways
tally changed the world in this industry certification costs will still cause many to to use them.”
recently, but we’d love to have some- delay adoption of these products.”
thing revolutionary pop out. There is According to Larson, there is always Debbie Sniderman is an engineer and CEO of VI
no fear of that and no barrier to entry. an interest when something new comes Ventures, LLC, an engineering consulting company.
For example, if someone brings some- along because applications are getting You can reach her at info@vivllc.com.

FOR MORE INFORMATION

American Chemical Technologies: http://americanchemtech.com
Biosynthetic Technologies: http://biosynthetic.com
The DOW Chemical Co.: www.dow.com
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W W W. ST L E .O RG T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY FEBRUARY 2016 • 35

PEER-REVIEWED

Properties and Performance of Gas-Expanded

Lubricants in Tilting Pad Journal Bearings
BRIAN K. WEAVER, AMIR A. YOUNAN, TIMOTHY W. DIMOND, ZHUOSONG WANG, PAUL ALLAIRE,
and ANDRES F. CLARENS
University of Virginia
Charlottesville, VA

Manuscript received Aug. 10, 2012

Manuscript accepted Feb. 20, 2013
KEY WORDS
Review led by Michael Khonsari Gas-Expanded Lubricants; TEHD Lubrication; Phase Behavior; Tilting Pad Journal
© STLE Bearings

ABSTRACT
Editor’s Note: While some Lubricants enable proper function and reduce friction in rotating machinery, but they can
research is directed toward also contribute to power loss and heat buildup. Gas-expanded lubricants (GELs) have been
new technologies for manu- proposed as tunable mixtures of lubricant and CO2 under pressure with properties such
facturing synthetic lubricants, as viscosity that can be controlled directly in response to changing environmental or ro-
alternate research seeks tordynamic conditions. In this work, experimental results of GEL viscosity, gas diffusiv-
to merely modify existing ity, and thermal conductivity were combined with high-pressure phase equilibrium data to
base stocks by other means. understand how these mixtures will behave in tilting pad journal bearings under a range
This month’s Editor’s Choice of industry-relevant high-speed conditions. Simulations were carried out using the experi-
paper investigates tunable mental data as inputs to a thermoelastohydrodynamic model of tilting pad journal bearing
carbon dioxide and synthetic performance. Viscosity could be easily tuned by controlling the composition of the GEL and
lubricant mixtures. Working the effect on bearing efficiency was appreciable, with 14–46% improvements in power loss.
with polyalkylene glycols, This trend held for a range of lubricant chemistries with polyalkylene glycols, polyalpha
polyalpha olefins and polyol olefins, and a polyol ester tested in this work. Diffusivity, which drives how readily CO2
esters, the diffusion charac- and lubricants form homogenous mixtures, was found to be a function of the viscosity of
teristics and energy efficiency the synthetic lubricant, with more viscous lubricants having a lower diffusivity than less
are simulated in tilting pad viscous formulations. Model results for a bearing in a pressurized housing suggested that
journal bearings. The former cavitation would be minimal for a range of speed conditions. Other bearing parameters,
seems to match the perfor- such as eccentricity, temperature, and minimum film thickness were relatively unchanged
mance of mineral lubricants between conventionally lubricated and GEL-lubricated bearings, suggesting that the ef-
and that latter shows promise. ficiency improvements could be achieved with few performance tradeoffs.
It may be safe to say we have
not fully exploited all that we INTRODUCTION
can from current base stock Lubricants are needed for the proper function of most rotating machinery and greatly
technologies. reduce friction in these devices when deployed correctly (Taylor, et al. (1)). However,
lubricants also introduce inefficiencies of their own. In many high-speed rotating ma-
Evan Zabawski, CLS chines, the shear in the lubricant film can create an appreciable loss of power in the
Editor system (Harangozo, et al. (2)). This often manifests itself in the form of heat generation
near the pad and in the lubricant itself. The effect is directly proportional to the viscos-

36 • FEBRUARY 2016 T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY W W W. ST L E .O RG

 NOMENCLATURE n = Index
P = Pressure (MPa)
a1 –a5 = Empirical constants R = Universal gas constant (m3MPa/mol·K)
C = Solubility (kg/kg) T = Temperature (K)
CP = Specific heat (J/g·K) t = Time (s)
D = Diffusion coefficient (cm2/s) V = Volume (cm3)
d = Empirical constant
H = Henry’s constant (MPa)
L = Lubricant depth (cm) Greek
MW = Molecular weight (g/mol) μ = Viscosity (mPa·s)
m = Mass fraction ρ = Density (g/cm3)

ity of the lubricant, with higher viscosity lubricants exhibit- To avoid this tradeoff between power loss and protection
ing greater power losses. For most rotating machines, these of mechanical components, gas-expanded lubricants (GELs)
higher viscosity lubricants are also the most effective at sepa- have been proposed as a tunable lubricant with properties that
rating rotating surfaces and minimizing wear. Consequently, can be adjusted in real time to improve the overall efficiency
there is a tradeoff between lubricants with high viscosity that of a rotating machine (Figure 1). GELs are binary mixtures of
can protect mechanical components and the power losses synthetic lubricants and liquid/supercritical carbon dioxide
that they generate. For rotating machines in the real world, with properties that can be adjusted by changing the relative
dynamic operating conditions can present a range of load- composition of the mixture (Clarens, et al. (3)). The compo-
ing, temperature, and other environmental conditions that sition can be adjusted by setting the system pressure or by
change the rotordynamics and the physical properties of the adjusting the flow rate of the two mixture components, which
lubricant. Engineers typically select fluids assuming worst- in turn will specify a unique composition with bulk mechani-
case conditions, often resulting in unnecessary power losses. cal and thermal characteristics. Preliminary work suggests

Figure 1 | 1—Schematics of (a) a conventional bearing assembly and (b) a GEL-modified bearing. The viscosity is static for the conventional sys-
tem but can be easily controlled using pressure in the GEL lubricated bearing. This means that for (a) power loss ¾ o ¾ +, where o is shear force
and + is lubricant viscosity but for (b) power loss ¾ o ¾ + ¾ xCO2 ¾ P, where xCO2 is the mass fraction of CO2 in the lubricant and P is the pres-
sure in the bearing.

Fire Fountains are fiery masses that volcanoes shoot straight up, as high as 200 feet. 37
that significant power loss reductions in a tilting pad journal the lubricant, creating air cavities that are then rapidly com-
bearing are possible using these mixtures when compared to pressed by the dynamic load. This causes a collapse of the air
conventional petroleum-based lubricants in a flooded lubrica- cavity on the surface of the material, resulting in an erosive
tion bearing. GELs are made using synthetic lubricants because damaging effect on the bearing surface.
their chemistry is more homogeneous than conventional petro- In order to fully estimate the phase behavior of GELs in
leum and the properties of the mixture can be more easily pre- journal pad bearings, it is necessary to make assumptions
dicted. This has the added advantage of enhancing the thermal about thermodynamic equilibrium in the lubricant. Tempera-
characteristics of the fluid because synthetic lubricants tend to ture has an important impact on phase behavior in the GEL.
have higher thermal conductivities and viscosity indexes. As Grando and coworkers (28) applied a two-phase modeling
a result, the pad temperatures in GEL systems are lower, and approach to a journal bearing lubricated with a mixture of
several other important process parameters such as lubricant polyol ester (POE) and refrigerant with a mass fraction of
film thickness, eccentricity, and stiffness/damping behavior can 7.13%, comparing both equilibrium and nonequilibrium flow
be maintained within acceptable ranges. conditions to the classical Reynolds approach that utilizes
Though GELs are a relatively new concept for improving boundary conditions in the cavitation region to assume ther-
the energy efficiency of rotating machines, mixtures of syn- modynamic equilibrium. Their results produced pressure pro-
thetic lubricants and carbon dioxide have been studied for files that were very similar to that of the classical approach,
their behavior in refrigeration systems. The phase behavior suggesting that the generalized Reynolds approach used here
and flow properties of these mixtures have been reported for a is accurate for the GEL systems being proposed. They studied
range of lower temperatures and mixture compositions (Hauk an equilibrium case where the pressure returns to the supply
(4); Yokozeki (5); Hauk and Weidner (6); Youbi-Idrissi, et pressure at the end of the cavitation region and a nonequilib-
al. (7); Bobbo, et al. (8)). The diffusion of carbon dioxide rium case where the gas has not been reabsorbed, resulting
into various fluids (Matthews, et al. (9); Wang, et al. (10); in a multiphase flow throughout the bearing. The multiphase
Zhang, et al. (11); Tharanivasan, et al. (12); Shiflett and Yo- flow simulations had only minimal effect on the maximum
kozeki (13); Sheikha, et al. (14); Tharanivasan, et al. (15); film pressure in the loaded region and produced a wider over-
Yang andGu (16); Farajzadeh, et al. (17); Hou and Baltus all pressure profile, indicating adequate support for the same
(18); Rasmussen and Civan (19); Etminan, et al. (20); Mo- bearing load but under a lower eccentricity. This behavior
ganty and Baltus (21)) and the diffusion of refrigerants into could be beneficial for the case of GELs, resulting in a more
lubricant oils (Yokozeki (22); Prata, et al. (23); Gessner and stable rotor motion while reducing friction forces.
Barbosa (24); Barbosa and Ortolan (25); Marcelo Neto and This work tests the hypothesis that GELs will not exhibit
Barbosa (26)) have been described in the literature. Despite significant cavitation in journal bearings using a combination
this effort, a number of important parameters have not yet of experimental and modeling tools. The results of this analy-
been explored, including the diffusion of carbon dioxide into sis help establish the feasibility of using GELs over a range of
synthetic oils and the implications of using these mixtures operating conditions and GEL properties to understand how
in rotating machinery bearings in terms of phase behavior, the technology could be deployed. The relationship between
cavitation, thermal behavior, and oxidative stability. carbon dioxide composition in the GEL and viscosity is re-
This work characterizes the phase behavior of GELs and ported for a library of representative lubricants and the power
simulates their behavior in tilting pad journal bearings. In loss from using these lubricants in a bearing is reported. The
fluid film bearings, the lubricant pressure profile changes con- thermodynamic and thermochemical properties of GELs are
siderably as it passes through the region of shaft support. In also studied and incorporated into the modeling effort.
standard journal bearings and load-on-pad tilting pad journal
bearings, the pressure in the lubricant film is highest directly EXPERIMENTAL
below the region of peak load and then quickly drops as the CO2 diffusivity into a group of representative lubricants was
lubricant film expands through this zone. In conventionally measured using a modified pressure-decay method developed
lubricated bearings, this pressure drop can result in cavita- by Hou and Baltus (18). Lubricant was added gravimetrically
tion, which can result in pitting or other forms of enhanced to a pressure vessel of known volume and dimensions. The
corrosion. Khonsari and Booser (27) described two primary vessel was sealed, placed into a 25°C water bath, and pres-
forms of cavitation in journal bearings: gaseous cavitation surized with 30 psi of CO2. The vessel was then thermally
and vapor cavitation. Gaseous cavitation, the most common isolated and the pressure was recorded using a pressure trans-
form, involves phase separation as the fluid film expands in ducer (Omega Engineering PX41). The CO2 diffused into the
the divergent region of the pad and the pressure drops below lubricant until an equilibrium pressure was achieved. The
the gas saturation pressure. This low-pressure cavity of air time to reach equilibrium ranged between 20 h and 7 days,
is then reintegrated into the fluid as the pressure increases depending on the molecular weight of the fluid. Each pres-
again, resulting in no damaging effects on the bearing. Vapor sure curve could then be fit by nonlinear regression to Eq.
cavitation, which is more typical in dynamically loaded bear- [1], derived from Fick’s law for one-dimensional diffusion,
ings, results from pressure drops below the vapor pressure of Henry’s law, and a mole balance of the gas column above the

38 The worst volcanic disaster of the 20th Century is considered to be the eruption of Mount Pelée in 1902 on the island of Martinique in the Caribbean, which killed
 fluid film. The full derivation of Eq. [1] can be found in Hou been used in the past by other researchers to analyze the oxi-
and Baltus (18). dative stability of various fluids, including lubricants, often
  in conjunction with one or more other metrics of oxidation
P k ∞ 1
ln = such as total acid number (TAN) or oxidation induction time
P0 HCO2 n=1 (2n + 1)2
    (Hamblin (30); Adamczewska and Love (31); Maleville, et al.
(2n + 1)2 π2 DCO2 t
× exp − − 1 , [1] (32); Cerny, et al. (33)). Methods that utilize these metrics,
4L2
including differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) (Hamb-
where lin (30); Adamczewski and Love (31); Maleville, et al. (32);
8RTV Oil ρOil Erhan, et al. (34)), TAN (Hamblin (30); Cerny, et al. (33);
k= . Erhan, et al. (34)), and the rotary bomb oxidation test (RBOT;
π2 VCO2 MW Oil
Maleville, et al. (32); Erhan, et al. (34)) were also considered
The regression resulted in outputs of diffusion coefficients, but were found to be challenging to apply to a pressurized
DAB (cm2/s), and Henry’s constants, H (bar). Because Henry’s CO2 environment because these methods typically require the
law is only appropriate for predicted solute mole fractions use of pressurized oxygen atmospheres (RBOT), oxygen flows
at very low concentrations, this parameter could be used for (DSC), or reagents that could react with the carbon dioxide
method verification purposes but is generally less important (TAN). Two replicates each of pure lubricant and GEL pres-
when considering higher concentration lubricant–CO2 mix- surized to 2.76 MPa were loaded into sealed pressure vessels
tures. The diffusion coefficients do provide some insight into and placed into an oven at 100°C. Each week the samples
how GELs form, how the two components separate, and what were cooled to room temperature and the CO2 was removed
physical mechanisms are the primary drivers of this process. from the GELs by depressurization and a vacuum pump. Sam-
The accuracy of this method was verified by measuring ples were then measured for viscosity at 40°C before being
the Henry’s constant for a mixture of carbon dioxide and pressurized and placed back in the oven.
n-dodecane. Henry’s constants for this mixture were pub-
lished by Henni and coworkers (29), with an empirical equa- Test Lubricants
tion developed for predicting the values at any temperature. Seven lubricant base stocks representing three of the most
At 25°C this value was calculated to be 79.36 bar, within 3.3% common synthetic lubricant chemistry classes were analyzed
of our experimentally measured value of 76.72 bar. Two rep- to calculate a CO2 diffusion coefficient and Henry’s constant.
licates were measured for each lubricant, with the cutoff time The lubricants included were three polyalkylene glycols (Dow
for the data used in the regression established by the shorter Chemical Company, Midland, MI), three polyalpha olefins
of the two replicates. (Chemtura, Fords, NJ, and ExxonMobil Chemical, Houston,
The viscosity of the pure lubricants and GELs was mea- TX), and one polyol ester (POE; Chemtura). These three
sured using an Anton Paar MCR 301 rheometer equipped with synthetic oil types are widely used in bearing and gearbox
a high-pressure cell rated to 15 MPa. The CO2 was delivered to applications. The lubricant selection within each class was
the pressure cell using a Teledyne ISCO 500HP syringe pump based on viscosity grade and molecular structure. A total of 11
with a constant-temperature jacket. The temperature jacket en- lubricants were evaluated for viscosity, diffusivity, and thermal
sured the delivery of liquid CO2, allowing for the calculation of stability as pure fluids and as GELs.
the CO2 mass fraction via volumetric measurements and mass The lubricant used for modeling GEL phase behavior in a
balance calculations. The temperature of each sample was con- tilting pad journal bearing was a POE because POEs are known
trolled to within ±0.1°C using a Peltier-style temperature con- to be highly compatible with CO2 and because extensive litera-
troller integrated into the rheometer. All measurements were ture data are available detailing the high-pressure fluid-phase
performed at 40 and 100°C, which represent a typical operating behavior of POE–CO2 mixtures. A combination of experimen-
temperature range in bearing and gearbox environments. tal and published parameters was used as inputs to the model.
The thermo-oxidative stability of the pure lubricants and Viscosity and carbon dioxide solubility data were obtained from
GELs was also evaluated, using viscosity as an indicator of Hauk (4) for a POE 3. The effect of dissolved carbon dioxide
degradation, by monitoring the viscosity of the lubricants sub- on the viscosity of the GEL was measured experimentally and
jected to high temperatures and pressures over 6 weeks. The the results were fit using a modified Grunberg and Nissan equa-
synthetic lubricant base stocks tested contained no antioxi- tion, which has previously been used to accurately predict the
dants and were susceptible to thermo-oxidative breakdown viscosity of these mixtures (Grunberg and Nissan (35)):
under the conditions tested in this study. The petroleum oil
lnμMix = m1 lnμ1 + m2 lnμ2 + m1 m2 d. [2]
benchmark used in this study did contain phenolic antioxi-
dants, but because this is an industry standard for these ap- The POE thermal conductivity was measured using a
plications, it was appropriate to benchmark its performance to Decagon KD2 Pro equipped with a KS-1 sensor for measuring
the synthetic fluids selected. Our analysis represents a conser- the thermal conductivity of liquids. The thermal conductivity
vative analysis of the potential of synthetic lubricants in GELs. was also measured for a polyalkylene glycol and polyalpha
The use of viscosity as an indicator of oxidative stability has olefin of similar viscosity. The density was obtained from the

30,121 people. Only two people survived: a shoemaker living on the edge of the island and a prisoner locked in a dungeon cell with thick stone walls. 39
manufacturer of a POE 2926 lubricant. The effect of dissolved
carbon dioxide on thermal conductivity was found to be neg- 16
14 100 C
ligible, and Hauk (4) had previously reported that the effect 40 C
on density was minor. The properties of the POE 3 and the 12
25 C

Pressure (MPa)
POE 2926 were considered together and found to be con- 10

sistent because both had similar chemistries and viscosities. 8

The specific heat of the pure lubricant was estimated from 6
values reported by Totten and coworkers (36) for a polyol 4
ester. Again, the effects of temperature and pressure on pure 2
lubricant thermal properties were assumed to be negligible 0
for the ranges considered in this study as demonstrated in 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Mass Fracon CO2
Larsson and Andersson (37). The Jensen equation (Jensen
and Jackman (38)) was used to calculate the specific heat of
Figure 2 | High-pressure fluid-phase stability curves for POE and
the lubricant–carbon dioxide mixture:
carbon dioxide. GELs form above the isotherms; below them multiple
CPMix = mCO2 CPCO2 + (1 − mCO2 ) CPoil. [3] phases exist. Experimental data are from Hauk (4) and model results
are from this work.
Modeling Framework several other rotordynamic performance metrics such as
The solubility of carbon dioxide in POE was calculated as a stiffness and damping coefficients. The model is based on
function of temperature and pressure conditions using a set the two-dimensional forms of the generalized Reynolds and
of empirical isotherms developed from experimental phase energy equations. The use of the generalized Reynolds equa-
behavior collected by Hauk (4). This approach for modeling tion highlights the importance of variable viscosity in bear-
high-pressure phase behavior, shown in Eq. [4], was used by ing performance because it accounts for changes in effective
Jeng and coworkers (39) and Youbi-Idrissi and coworkers viscosity due to temperature and turbulent flow. To converge,
(7) to describe the behavior of high-pressure and high-tem- the model relies on several key assumptions. First, it assumes
perature mixtures of synthetic oil and refrigerants including instantaneous mixing of the lubricant locally. This assumption
carbon dioxide. is reasonable due to the large amount of shear taking place in
the bearing. Second, the thermal expansion term in the energy
P = a1 C + a2 CT + a3 C2 + a4 C2 T + a5 C2 T2 [4]
equation is assumed to be negligible. Due to the small change
The fit was performed using a nonlinear regression in the in pressure per node, the resulting compressive heating and
MATLAB Surface Fitting Toolbox. The empirical coefficients cal- cooling term is found to be multiple orders of magnitude
culated by the regression are given in Table 1. Figure 2 illustrates smaller than the conduction and convection terms. The ef-
that the solubility model matched the experimental data well for fectiveness of this model has been demonstrated and paired
the temperatures and mass fractions of carbon dioxide expected with experimental data from Taniguchi and coworkers (41).
in a GEL-lubricated bearing. The average relative error between
the experimental data and their fit was 1.2%. GELs do not eas- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
ily form at CO2 mass fractions much higher than 20% because Diffusivity
the pressure required to maintain an equilibrium mixture at The diffusion of CO2 into seven representative lubricants was
that composition is too high. Because the model only needed to measured and the results are presented in Figure 3. Gas dif-
cover the mass fraction range from 0 to 20%, this approach was
more computationally efficient than using an equation of state
while maintaining comparable accuracy. These phase behavior 100
data were then used to specify the other model inputs, including
supply pressure, GEL viscosity, and specific heat.
DAB · 10 (cm /s)
2

The thermoelastohydrodynamic (TEHD) finite element

10
model described by He (40) was used to model the perfor-
-6

mance of the GEL in a tilting pad journal bearing. The model

provides estimates for the pressure and temperature profiles
within the bearing, power loss, and eccentricity as well as
1
10 100 1000 10000
Viscosity (mPa·s)
TABLE 1—EMPIRICAL COEFFICIENTS OF EQ. [4]
a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 Figure 3 | Diffusion coefficients as a function of lubricant viscosity.
The fitted line has a slope of —0.535, a relationship found comparable
−150.3 0.5926 525.1 −3.317 0.004917
to others reported (Moganty and Baltus (21)).

40 • FEBRUARY 2016 T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY W W W. ST L E .O RG


              

       



   

   


     

F 

 
         
Figure 4 | GEL viscosity as a function of mixture composition at (a) 40°C and (b) 100°C.

fusion into lubricants has been shown to correlate well with Viscosity
molecular weight, which is typically proportional to the vis- The viscosity–mass fraction relationship of GELs for three
cosity in synthetic lubricants. Diffusion has been shown in the representative lubricants is shown in Figure 4 for composi-
past to be a function of solvent viscosity for a variety of fluids, tions up to 20% CO2. The experimental data were fit using the
including ionic liquids, organic solvents, aqueous solutions, modified Grunberg and Nissan (35) equation. As discussed by
and oils (Moganty and Baltus (21); Ferrando, et al. (42)). This Clarens and coworkers (3), these fluids also exhibit Newto-
relationship held for the GELs evaluated here with a log-linear nian behavior for a wide range of shear rates, thus validating
relationship between viscosity and CO2 diffusivity observed.
The slope of the relationship between viscosity and diffusiv-
ity (−0.535) was highly consistent with values reported by
Moganty and Baltus (21) for other fluids (−0.66 to −0.44).
For the lubricants measured in this study, the diffusion coeffi-
cients decreased by an order of magnitude between the lowest
and highest viscosity lubricants. From a practical standpoint,
these data are important in the design of GEL systems because
they will drive the design of gas–liquid exchangers and de-
termine the residence times needed to cycle the lubricants
through and either add or remove gas, depending on the stage
in the cycle. Because diffusion and low-concentration solubil-
ity information is also relevant for the refrigeration industry,
Table 2 presents both the diffusion coefficients and Henry’s
constants for all of the lubricants analyzed.

TABLE 2—DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS AND HENRY’S CONSTANTS

FOR LUBRICANT–CO2 MIXTURES

Lubricant μ40 (mPa·s) DAB (cm2/s) H (MPa)

PAG 1 18.9 3.87E-05 2.053

PAG 2 53.9 2.07E-05 1.103
PAG 3 59.2 1.82E-05 1.165
PAO 1 39.6 2.11E-05 3.188
PAO 2 323.6 8.35E-06 0.839
PAO 3 1044.2 3.76E-06 0.377
POE 1 53.0 1.47E-05 1.657

42 • FEBRUARY 2016 T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY W W W. ST L E .O RG

the Newtonian fluid behavior assumption in the TEHD model TABLE 3—BEARING MODEL INPUTS USED IN THIS WORK
used in this work. These results suggest that the viscosity Parameter Value Unit
properties of GELs can be specified using pressure for a range
Bearing diameter 3.81 cm
of lubricant chemistries. These data would be used in a con-
Pad thickness 1.52 cm
troller designed to specify the GEL properties in response to Length 2.54 cm
some external signal. These signals would include parameters Clearance 0.03 mm
such as operating temperature and loading, depending on the Bearing Preload 0.5
application. The controller would then modify the CO2 flow Pivot Offset 0.5
rate in the lubricant stream and the pressure inside of the Configuration Load on pad
lubricated component to change the viscosity of the fluid to a No. of pads 5
Oil supply temperature 40 ◦C
more optimal value. This change (and subsequent thermody-
Oil supply rate 1 gpm
namic equilibrium) in the system would be achieved relatively
Radial load 111.2 N
quickly compared to experimental diffusion times because Pad thermal conductivity 50.09 W/m K
the high shear rates encountered in these components would Convection coefficient 73.6 W/m2 K
allow for rapid mixing of the lubricant and carbon dioxide.

Thermo-Oxidative Stability finite element code (He (40)) for a range of speeds from 200
The thermo-oxidative stability of pure lubricants and GELs, to 20,000 rpm. Model inputs are summarized in Table 3.
shown in Figure 5, was found to be unchanged by the ad- Pressure and temperature distributions are shown in Figure
dition of carbon dioxide to the lubricant. In all cases only 6 for the loaded pad #4 of the bearing for low- and high-
mild fluctuations in viscosity were found, typically within speed cases. For the low-speed case, both lubricants showed
the margin of error. Visually, all of the synthetic lubricant and little change in temperature as the fluid passed through the
synthetic-based GELs remained clear at the end of the 6-week loaded region. As expected, the pressure increased by about
period. The petroleum-based ISO VG 68, however, became 0.5 MPa as the fluid passed through the region of high load-
black as the lubricant began forming higher molecular weight ing and then dropped rapidly as the fluid expanded and ex-
species despite the fact that it contained phenolic antioxi- ited this support region beneath the shaft, returning to the
dants. This behavior is typical of petroleum-based lubricants supply pressure. This pressure spike was enhanced at higher
because they degrade more quickly than synthetic lubricants. speeds, shown in the lower panels, with an overall change in
Future studies might explore the impact of higher tempera- pressure of over 7MPa with the pure POE and 5 MPa with the
tures or longer contact times as well as other mechanistic GEL. Both lubricants exhibited higher operating temperatures
connections using modified DSC or TAN methods that are under high-speed conditions, with the temperature increasing
compatible with pressurized carbon dioxide environments. by approximately 20°C across the length of the pad. In this
case, the GEL produced lower operating temperatures than
Thermoelastohydrodynamic Modeling the pure POE by approximately 6 to 10°C. This has impor-
The performance of pure POE and a GEL containing POE tant implications for long-term bearing performance because
and 20% mass fraction CO2 was modeled using the TEHD lower operating temperatures are commonly associated with
lower rates of wear and increased component longevity.
To evaluate the likelihood that a bearing operated using
68 GELs would not produce a multiphase fluid film, the pressure
and temperature distributions from the analysis above were
63
substituted into the Jensen solubility model to determine the
composition of the GEL as a function of position in the fluid
Viscosity (mPa*s)

58
film. This approach assumes a uniform distribution of carbon
53 dioxide in the bearing due to mixing, as well as thermody-
namic equilibrium in the form of instantaneous mixing at
48
ISO 68 ISO 68 + CO2 PAO 1 all locations within the bearing. Figure 7 illustrates how the
POE 1 POE 1 + CO2 PAO 1 + CO2
43 PAG 2 PAG 2 + CO2
solubility of carbon dioxide in the GEL changes as a func-
tion of position for the low- and high speed cases. For the
38 low speed case, the pressure spiked but never fell below the
0 10 20 30 40 supply pressure at constant temperature; therefore, the CO2
Time (days)
solubility remained constant through the region of support
because mass transfer was limiting carbon dioxide dissolution
Figure 5 | Thermo-oxidation of lubricant–CO2 mixtures does not ap- into the lubricant.
pear to influence the long-term stability of the lubricants compared The high-speed case presents a more relevant discussion
to lubricants alone. on the solubility of the GEL and the operational consider-

W W W. ST L E .O RG T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY FEBRUARY 2016 • 43

 Pure POE - 200 RPM GEL - 200 RPM

0.7 41.0 6.4 41.0

a. b.
40.8 40.8
0.6 6.3
40.6 40.6
0.5 40.4 6.2 40.4

Temperature (°C)

Temperature (°C)
Pressure (MPa)
Pressure (MPa)

0.4 40.2 40.2

6.1
40.0 40.0
0.3 39.8 6.0 39.8
0.2 39.6 5.9 39.6
39.4 39.4
0.1 5.8
39.2 39.2
0 39.0 5.7 39.0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Circumferenal Direcon (cm) Circumferenal Direcon (cm)
Pure POE - 20,000 RPM GEL - 20,000 RPM

10 105 15.5 105

c. d.
100 100
8 13.5

Temperature (°C)
95

Temperature (°C)
95
Pressure (MPa)

Pressure (MPa)
6 11.5
90 90
4 9.5
85 85

2 7.5
80 80

0 75 5.5 75
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Circumferenal Direcon (cm) Circumferenal Direcon (cm)

Figure 6 | 6—Pressure (solid lines) and temperature (dashed lines) distributions on the loaded pad #4 of the tilting pad journal bearing. Profiles
are shown for (a) POE at 200 rpm, (b) the POE-based GEL at 200 rpm, (c) POE at 20,000 rpm, and (d) the GEL at 20,000 rpm.

ations involved in the local phase behavior. High-speed sys-

GEL - 200 RPM
tems are more likely to adopt GELs because of the greater
0.3
overall energy savings. As with the low-speed case, an increase a.

in pressure was observed through the loaded region on pad

#4. There was considerably more heat in this system and the
CO2 Mass Fracon

0.2
operating temperatures across the pad began at values above
the supply temperature and increased across the length of
the pad. CO2 solubility increased with the pressure buildup 0.1
on the pad but because of the higher temperature the overall
value was low and it dropped to its lowest value at the end
of the pad. 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
In a bearing operated as in the low-speed case, these con- Circumferenal Direcon (cm)
ditions could result in multiphase flow through the region GEL - 20,000 RPM

of support because not all of the carbon dioxide would be 0.3

b.
dissolved into the lubricant locally. This behavior is com-
monly avoided by adjusting the CO2 flow rate or by modify-
CO2 Mass Fracon

0.2
ing the operating pressure. This would effectively control the
mixture such that the amount of carbon dioxide delivered
to the bearing would only be enough to reach the solubility
0.1
point of the minimum pressure and maximum temperature
conditions, eliminating the solubility spike and subsequent
drop as the fluid exits the region of support. Because changes 0
to these operating inputs would have a direct effect on the 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Circumferenal Direcon (cm)
temperature of the bearing, any adjustments to the system
would be performed in a stepwise fashion to enhance the
control over the mixture properties. Maintaining proper film Figure 7 | GEL composition in the fluid film region along pad #4 of
thickness would remain an important consideration in these the tilting pad journal bearing at (a) 200 rpm and (b) 20,000 rpm.

44 • FEBRUARY 2016 T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY W W W. ST L E .O RG

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 operational decisions as well.
2.5 In an effort to avoid localized phase separation and cavita-
POE
tion, additional simulations were conducted to understand
80% POE + 20% CO2
2 the operating conditions that could produce pressure drops
below the ambient supply pressure. A second low-speed case
Power Loss (kW)

1.5 was performed using twice the previously used radial clear-
ance in the bearing. For both the pure POE and GEL, the pres-
1 sure and temperature distributions appeared similar to those
in Figure 6, with the only exception being a slight drop (<0.1
0.5
MPa) below the ambient pressure in the divergent region of
the fluid film. These results indicate that even though local-
0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000
ized phase separation is possible under certain sets of operat-
Speed (rpm) ing conditions, this separation does not occur in the critical
region of load support and is no more likely to be detrimental
to the bearing than a standard lubrication environment.
Figure 8 | Power loss as a function of speed.
These results suggest that cavitation in GELs would not
be any more acute than in conventionally lubricated bearings,
but the effects of this phase behavior on power loss were also
of interest. The power loss estimates are presented in Figure
8 for a range of shaft speeds. Reductions of 14–46% were
0.5
possible though the highest values (e.g., 46% reduction) are
POE
0.4
for low-speed conditions. Over the entire range of speeds
80% POE + 20% CO2
measured, reductions around 20–25% were the average. These
Eccentricity Rao

0.3 results confirmed that significant power loss reductions can

be expected for a variety of gas-expanded lubricant formula-
0.2 tions when compared to both petroleum-based lubricants and
synthetics alone.
0.1 Ensuring proper rotordynamic performance is another key
element in the implementation of the GEL technology. One
0 important performance measure is the eccentricity ratio of
0 5000 10000 15000 20000
Speed (rpm)
the rotor being supported by the bearing. Figure 9 shows the
eccentricity ratio for both the pure POE and GEL cases. Syn-
chronously reduced stiffness and damping coefficients, shown
Figure 9 | Journal eccentricity ratio as a function of speed. in Figure 10, were significantly lower when the bearing was

3
3
Dynamic Damping Coefficient, Cyy (lb·s/in) · 103
Dynamic Sffness Coefficient, Kyy (lb/in) · 106

2
2

1 1

POE POE
80% POE + 20% CO2 80% POE + 20% CO2
0 0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 0 5000 10000 15000 20000
Speed (rpm) Speed (rpm)

Figure 10 | Synchronously reduced stiffness and damping coefficients as a function of speed.

46 In 79 AD Mount Vesuvius buried the city of Pompei under 13-20 feet (4-6 m) of superheated volcanic ash, killing 11,000-16,000 people. The Vesuvius eruption
 CONCLUSIONS
24 The formation of gas-expanded lubricants was analyzed us-
ing experimental and modeling techniques of high-pressure
Minimum Film Thickness (m) · 10-6

20 phase behavior and bearing performance to understand the

16 benefits and potential challenges associated with deploying
POE this technology. The diffusion of carbon dioxide into synthetic
12 80% POE + 20% CO2 lubricants was found to be a function of the lubricant viscos-
allowable film thickness

8 ity as previously demonstrated for other gas–liquid mixtures,

while the viscosity effects of introducing CO2 was highly con-
4 sistent across a range of lubricant classes. GEL viscosity for
0 a variety of base lubricants of all viscosity grades was shown
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 to be dependent on the mass fraction of the carbon dioxide
Speed (rpm)
present in the system.
The TEHD modeling results suggest that despite the higher
pressures inside the bearing, any pressure drop experienced
Figure 11 | Minimum film thickness as a function of speed.
during GEL lubrication will be comparable to standard lubricat-
ed bearings. Modest levels of phase separation were expected as
operated using a GEL. There are competing effects with this the fluid exits the region of support under low-speed operating
change in equivalent stiffness and damping values. Though conditions but the CO2 and lubricant were rapidly reintegrated
the damping coefficients were reduced, the corresponding re- before reaching the end of the bearing pad. Even if the phase
duction in stiffness coefficients can result in greater effective separation persisted, this behavior would not be detrimental to
damping of the unbalance response due to increased rotor the bearing or to the ability of the fluid to support the bearing
motion at the bearings (Barrett, et al. (43)). However, this load. Furthermore, any thermal expansion was considered to
effect is specific to the supported rotor. These bearing results be negligible, with lower overall operating temperatures also
indicate, however, that the bearing could be suitable for sup- expected in a GEL-lubricated bearing, resulting in lower rates
port of a flexible rotor while also increasing the energy effi- of wear in the bearing and a long-term cost savings for the
ciency of the bearing in cases where the specific rotordynamic user. Other rotordynamic performance parameters, such as ec-
characteristics—for example, the shaft loading—are favorable. centricity and minimum film thickness, were well within the
A future study will address the effect of the GEL lubricant on acceptable range for GEL-lubricated bearings, though signifi-
the natural frequencies, unbalance response, and stability of cant effects on synchronously reduced stiffness and damping
a flexible rotor. coefficients were found. The improvements in system efficiency
Minimum film thickness, another key parameter of bearing were appreciable and these unique and tunable properties of-
performance directly related to eccentricity ratio, is reported fered by GELs make them a promising approach for improving
in Figure 11 for the two lubricant cases. The GEL-lubricated the energy efficiency of rotating machinery.
scenarios resulted in adequate film thickness except at very
low speeds (e.g., <200 rpm), where the film thickness was ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
just below the typical minimum threshold of 10−5 m (Martin Acknowledgment is made to the donors of the American
and Garner (44)). It is unlikely that a bearing operating under Chemical Society Petroleum Research Fund for partial sup-
these conditions would use a GEL with a high mass fraction of port of this research. Additional financial support came from
CO2. For speeds above 4,000 rpm, the GEL actually provided the National Science Foundation (Award No. CBET-0967915)
a thicker lubricant film than conventionally lubricated bear- and from the Rotating Machinery and Controls Laboratory
ings, providing the benefits of better load support as well as at the University of Virginia. Test lubricants were generously
greater bearing efficiency. donated by Dow Chemical, ExxonMobil, and Chemtura.

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Oil and Bitumen,” Energy and Fuels, 24(1), pp 533–549. 42. Ferrando, N., Mougin, P., and Defiolle, D. (2008), “Solubility and Dif-
fusion Coefficient of Hydrogen Sulphide in Polyethylene Glycol 400
21. Moganty, S. and Baltus, R. (2010), “Diffusivity of Carbon Dioxide in from 100 to 140C,” Oil and Gas Science and Technology, 63(3), pp
Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids,” Industrial & Engineering Chemis- 343–351.
try Research, 49(19), pp 9370–9376.
43. Barrett, L. E., Gunter, E. J., and Allaire, P. E. (1978), “Optimum Bear-
22. Yokozeki, A. (2002), “Time-Dependent Behavior of Gas Absorption ing and Support Damping for Unbalance Response and Stability of
in Lubricant Oil,” International Journal of Refrigeration, 25(6), pp Rotating Machinery,” Journal of Engineering and Power, 100(1), pp
695–704. 89–94.
23. Prata, A., Grando, F., and Silva, A. (2004), “Improving Compressor 44. Martin, F. A. and Garner, D. R. (1974), “Plain Journal Bearings under
Design through Modeling of Phase Change and Two-Phase Flow Phe- Steady Loads: Design Guidance for Safe Operations,” First European
nomena,” International Compressor Engineering Conference, West La- Tribology Conference, London, England, September 25–27, 1973.
fayette, IN, July 12–15, 2004.
24. Gessner, T. R. and Barbosa, J. R., Jr. (2006), “Modeling Absorption of
Pure Refrigerants and Refrigerant Mixtures in Lubricant Oil,” Interna-
tional Journal of Refrigeration, 29(5), pp 773–780.

48 • FEBRUARY 2016 T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY W W W. ST L E .O RG

NEWSMAKERS

TOP STORIES Research was developed at The Ohio This achievement is listed in an
State University’s Nanoprobe Labora- article titled Top Ten Science Stories
BHARAT BHUSHAN AND PHILLIP tory for Bio- and Nanotechnology and of 2015. To read this article, go to
BROWN WIN 2015 IChemE GLOBAL Biomimetics. www.52-insights.com/inspirations/top-
AWARD “Oil spills are devastating to natural ten-science-stories-of-2015.
Bharat Bhushan, STLE Life Member and habitats and wildlife,” says Bhushan. “We are humbled and proud that
Ohio Eminent Scholar, and postdoctor- “Today oil spills are sometimes handled our work has gained significant atten-
al researcher Phillip Brown were present- using dispersants more toxic than the tion,” says Bhushan.
ed with an IChemE Global Award at the oil itself. Additionally, the emergence
Chemical Engineer’s (IChemE) Global of fracking has shed new light on in- DOW CHEMICAL, DUPONT
Awards 2015 in Birmingham, UK, rec- dustrial water contamination. We de- SEEK MERGER
ognizing outstanding achievement in veloped a durable coating that, when Dow Chemical in Midland, Mich., and
chemical and process engineering in applied to a mesh or membrane, can DuPont, based in Wilmington, Del.,
the Water Management and Supply help reduce the environmental impact are merging to form a company val-
category for their research, Separating of various industries by separating oil ued at about $130 billion as they try
oil from water. from water.” to counter falling commodities prices
The black-tie event was attended by The work began more than 10 years and weakness in some key markets that
more than 450 people from 18 countries, ago when Bhushan began building and have pressured their giant agriculture
hosted by BBC business journalist Steph patenting nano-structured coatings and chemicals businesses.
McGovern at the Hilton Metropole. that mimic the texture of the lotus The two companies will first form
A new mesh has been developed leaf. Since then he and his team have DowDuPont, then separate into three in-
using a special coating that contains worked to amplify the effect and tailor dependent publicly traded companies
thousands of tiny holes that act like a it to different situations. focused on agriculture, material science
colander. When a mixture of oil and “Nature reaches a limit of what it and specialty products.
water is poured over the treated mesh, can do,” says Brown. “To repel synthet- The proposed merger would tempo-
the oil gets trapped and the water ic materials like oils, we need to bring rarily create the world’s second-largest
passes straight through, separating the in another level of chemistry that na- chemical company behind BASF. It
liquids and helping to clean oil spills. ture doesn’t have access to.” comes as both Dow and DuPont have
seen recent declines in agricultural per-
formance and been pressured by activ-
ist shareholders to control spending
and shift away from commodities to
faster-growing parts of their businesses.
“Overall this transaction represents
a tectonic shift in an industry that
has been evolving over the last many
years,” says Dow chairman and CEO
Andrew Liveris, calling the merger a
seminal event for employees and cus-
tomers of the two companies, which
have a combined workforce of more
than 110,000.
DuPont chairman and CEO Edward
Breen says the industrial logic behind
the deal was compelling. “When I look
at DuPont and Dow, I see businesses
that fit together like hand and glove,”
Breen says.
Liveris will be named executive
chairman of the combined company,
while Breen will be CEO. The company
will have dual headquarters in Midland
and Wilmington.
STLE Life Member Bharat Bhushan (second from right) and Phillip Brown (second from left)
are presented with the IChemE Global Award for their research Separating oil from water. The deal, which the companies ex-
pect to close in the second half of 2016,

50 • FEBRUARY 2016 T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY W W W. ST L E .O RG

 Calumet’s new plant expansion in Louisiana, Mo.

is sure to be scrutinized by antitrust To help meet this demand, Chev-

regulators. CHEVRON ORONITE ADVANCES ron continues to expand its auto-
DuPont announced a plan that is PLANS IN CHINA motive field test and bench testing
expected to reduce costs by $700 mil- San Ramon, Calif.-based, Chevron Oronite capabilities in China both in the
lion in 2016 compared to this year. continues to expand its operations in heavy-duty and passenger car seg-
Dow, meanwhile, says it is taking full China, announcing that it has recently ments. In addition, the company
ownership of Dow Corning, currently completed the registration of a Wholly leverages its technology center in
a 50-50 joint venture between Dow Foreign-Owned Enterprise (WFOE) Omaezaki, Japan, to offer a full range
and Corning. Dow said the move is based in Ningbo. In addition, the com- of formulation expertise and testing
expected to generate more than $1 bil- pany continues to increase its techni- capabilities from bench tests to engine
lion in additional adjusted earnings and cal support and product development dynamometer testing, and to comple-
increase its product offerings in the capabilities in China through a growing ment the product and technology
building and construction, consumer technology center of expertise located work already underway in China.
care and automotive markets. in Shanghai. “As lubrication technology rapidly
The material science company The establishment of Chevron (Chi- evolves in China, Chevron is well pre-
would combine DuPont’s performance na) Chemical Co., Ltd. as a WFOE is a pared to provide innovative additive
materials segment with Dow’s perfor- critical milestone as Chevron advances solutions to our customers, along with
mance plastics, performance materials its plans to establish a manufacturing the necessary in-country technical sup-
and chemicals, infrastructure solutions facility in Ningbo. The project timeline port to help them navigate the emerg-
and consumer solutions units, exclud- currently calls for blending and ship- ing needs of the market,” says Jerry
ing its electronic materials business. ping activities to begin in 2020. All Wang, technology manager–China of
The specialty products company Oronite product manufacturing and Chevron Oronite.
would combine DuPont’s nutrition and sales activities in China will eventually
health, industrial biosciences, safety be conducted under the WFOE. “Our CALUMET’S PLANT EXPANSION
and protection and electronics and ongoing and significant investments in Calumet Specialty Products Partners, L.P.,
communications segments with Dow’s China will continue to strengthen our headquartered in Indianapolis, Ind., is
electronic materials business. ability to provide customers with the pleased to announce their polyol esters
The new company’s board will have exceptional reliability that they will plant expansion has been completed in
16 directors, consisting of eight current need to meet the escalating demand in Louisiana, Mo.
DuPont directors and eight current this growing market,” says Jirong Xiao, Calumet started producing new ma-
Dow directors, and two independent vice president, sales and marketing of terial in January 2016. This expansion
co-lead directors. Chevron Oronite. doubles its capacity and allows Calu-

Venus may have at one time produced more volcanoes than any other planet in our solar system, though they are all now extinct. 51
met to capitalize on its biggest strength: meet future market demands in the au- to market need.
its people. tomotive petroleum additive industry When automotive lubricants such
With the vision of its executive team worldwide. as engine oils and transmission fluids
and the innovation of its Missouri per- The expansion features the building are formulated with antioxidants, they
sonnel, Calumet delivers world-class of a new ADPA plant that doubles the provide excellent protection against
options for polyol esters in specialized ADPA capacity of the Latina facility. It lubricant degradation and help reduce
lubricants. is expected that this new plant will be- automotive emissions as mandated by
The Missouri facility has a rich his- gin producing Naugalube® antioxidants the EPA; European Union; Japanese
tory entering its sixth decade of pro- before the end of 2016. Ministry of Economy, Trade and Indus-
ducing polyol esters. It has more than “As the transportation sector gears try; and other countries.
400 years of combined experience up for the latest requirements in greater “Chemtura is the ADPA market
among its more than 30 staff members fuel efficiency, the market is indicating leader for lubricant additive applica-
including plant operations, plant man- a step increase in antioxidant demand tions,” says Laurence Messé, global as-
agement, technical and commercial. in years 2017 and 2018,” says Kerim set manager inhibitors. “As such, we’re
The corporate support groups in- Wewer, head of asset management committed to meeting the increased de-
clude technical, regulatory and HS&E. EMEA. “Our efforts are part of a long- mand for antioxidants and the evolving
To learn more about Calumet’s polyol range capacity expansion program that needs of the global lubricant industry.”
esters, visit www.CalumetSpecialty.com. started in 2014 to ensure a continuous
supply of high-quality antioxidants to DES-CASE ACQUIRES OILMISER
CHEMTURA EXPANDING LATINA, the industry.” PRODUCT LINE
ITALY SITE In 2014 and 2015, Chemtura in- Goodlettsville, Tenn.-based, Des-Case
Philadelphia-based, Chemtura Corp. will creased APDA capacity at its Elmira site Corp., a manufacturer of specialty fil-
expand its Latina, Italy, site to increase in Ontario, Canada, and at its Latina tration products that improve process
capacity for primary antioxidants (AD- site. Additional capacity increases and equipment reliability and extend lubri-
PAs) as one of the company’s efforts to expansions will be initiated according cant life for companies around the world,

From the lab

to the field —
We can help design and demonstrate performance in all
phases of lubricant development.
QCustom additives QField technical service
QStandard and unique QFormula development
application testing The specialty additive company!

The Elco Corporation | 216-749-2605 | sales@elcocorp.com or www.elcocorp.com

52 • FEBRUARY 2016 T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY W W W. ST L E .O RG

 CALL FOR
TRIBOLOGY
EXPERIMENTS
STLE is inviting members and their organizations to submit ideas
for hands-on experiments focused on important areas of research
within the fields of tribology and lubrication engineering for the
society’s 4th Annual Tribology STEM Camp to be held as part of
STLE’s 71st Annual Meeting & Exhibition at Bally’s Las Vegas Hotel
and Casino in Las Vegas, Nevada, May 15-19, 2016.
STLE’s goal is to expose high school students, who have interest
in STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics),
about career opportunities in the fields of tribology and lubrication
engineering.
STLE is looking for short hands-on experiments lasting about
15-20 minutes, which are safe for high school students to run and,
most important, are fun activities that will help students understand
the principles of friction, wear and lubrication. In addition, we’re
asking for donated supplies and volunteers to help conduct the
experiments, too. Any ideas and write-ups of various tribology or
lubrication-related experiments would be greatly appreciated.
© Can Stock Photo Inc. / YellowPaul

If you can help, please contact Karl Phipps, kphipps@stle.org or

Bruce Murgueitio, bmurgueitio@stle.org at STLE Headquarters or
visit www.stle.org for more information. Deadline for submission
ideas is Feb. 1, 2016.

Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers, 840 Busse Highway, Park Ridge, IL 60068, info@stle.org, www.stle.org.
announces its acquisition of JLM Systems Woodfall comes to Monson from market opportunities; working with
Limited, most popularly known in the in- Bunge North America where he was suppliers; and providing support for
dustry for their OilMiser products. national account Sea-Land Chemical’s lubricant testing
The OilMiser product line includes manager for their business, SLC Testing Services. She pre-
oil mist adapters, oil sampling prod- industrial oils viously worked as an alloy chemist and
ucts, reservoir aspirators, equipment group. Woodfall as a hazard communications specialist.
adapters and more that protect gear- also worked for Charlene Levitte was hired as a cus-
boxes and hydraulic reservoirs from Afton Chemi- tomer service representative. Her roles
harmful contamination. The Vapor cal as an account include assisting customers with plac-
Guard oil mist adapter, which enables manager in the ing orders, product and service ques-
oil to condense back into the reservoir Houston area. He tions and concerns; maintaining cus-
creating a safer work environment, is started his career tomer records by updating account
Mike Woodfall
the company’s leading product and an in a lab working information; and working with account
important strategic fit to Des-Case’s with D.A. Stuart as an application en- managers to identify and assess cus-
desiccant breathers. Dick Gangnon, gineer. tomer needs. She previously worked as
president of JLM Systems, has always Woodfall has a chemical engineer- a field support administrative assistant.
stood by the goal of “saving a million ing degree from University of Illinois. Rita Closson was hired as a recep-
gallons of oil, one ounce at a time.” STLE-member Craig H. Mott, vice tionist. Her roles include welcoming
“Bringing the OilMiser array of president, LMW Group Monson Co., visitors by greeting them in person or
products into the Des-Case product says, “We are very fortunate to have on the telephone, answering or refer-
portfolio will continue our growth such a high-quality individual on board ring inquiries and maintaining employ-
as the industry’s top resource to help to help us support and grow this very ee and department directories. She pre-
companies improve equipment reliabil- important territory. Woodfall has the viously worked as an office manager.
ity,” says STLE-member Brian Gleason, perfect background for this position “As we continue to grow, the addi-
president & CEO of Des-Case. “Equally being involved in both the industrial tion of talented and committed staff
important, with our global network of lubes and metalworking markets.” remains important,” says Sea-Land
distributors and OEM partners, we’ll Chemical Co. president and STLE-
enable the OilMiser product line— ADDITIVES INTERNATIONAL NAMES member Joseph Clayton. “We welcome
which has been trusted by hundreds TECHNICAL SALES MANAGER them to our team.”
of companies for years—to address Additives International, based in Flint,
far more reliability needs around the Mich., announces the addition of
world.” STLE-member Aaron Myers as techni-

TLT
Gangnon says, “I’ve always been an cal sales manager.
innovator and problem-solver. OilM- Myers has held a series of technical
iser products have played a key role in and sales roles for Gateway and then
helping increase equipment reliability, Lubrizol, and brings a wealth of experi-
but in the hands of Des-Case, they will ence in emulsifier and rust prevention
T R I B O LO G Y &
support so many more global reliabil- additives. Myers holds a bachelor’s of LU B R I C AT I O N
ity engineers in their efforts to improve science degree in chemistry with a mi- T E C H N O LO G Y

equipment uptime. I feel like I’m leaving nor in communications and biology
my innovations in the hands of a leading from University of Pittsburgh. Want to be recognized in TLT?
company that will take them far.”
Following the sale, Gangnon will SEA-LAND CHEMICAL CO. APPOINTS TLT is interested in hearing from our
become a product technical consultant THREE EMPLOYEES readers. Let us know what’s happen-
to Des-Case to help provide a seamless Westlake, Ohio-based, Sea-Land Chemi- ing in your company. If you have news
transition. cal Co. has appointed three employees about a new employee or if someone
as part of its ongoing commitment to in your company has been recognized
PROMOTIONS & TRANSITIONS growth and to providing excellent ser- with an award or any other interest-
vice to customers in the U.S., Canada ing items, let us know. Please send
MONSON CO. HIRES TECHNICAL and Europe. us your news releases and photos
SALES REPRESENTATIVE Sarah Krzyminski was hired as prod- for publication in Newsmakers to TLT
Leominster, Mass.-based, Monson Co. uct coordinator to assist the company Magazine, Attn: Rachel Fowler, 840
announces the addition of STLE-mem- in managing its specialty chemical Busse Highway, Park Ridge, IL 60068,
ber Mike Woodfall as technical sales rep- portfolio. Her role includes research- rfowler@stle.org.
resentative for the Southwest region. ing new chemistries, applications and

54 No planet besides Earth shows active volcanoes, but Io, one of Jupiter’s moons, shows volcanoes that are erupting.
 71st STLE
Annual Meeting & Exhibition

May 15-19, 2016

Bally’s Las Vegas Hotel and Casino
Las Vegas, Nevada (USA)

Technical and professional development

you can’t get anywhere else!
When it comes to advancing your career and upgrading
your technical knowledge, STLE’s Annual Meeting &
Exhibition is a singular event in the lubricants industry.
1,600 of your peers in the lubricants community are
expected to participate in STLE’s 71st Annual Meeting
& Exhibition. Please join us in Las Vegas for a unique
experience that blends the best of industry education,
technical training, professional certification and
new technologies.

PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS
• 400 Technical Presentations
• 13 Industry-Specific Education Courses
• 90-Exhibitor Trade Show
• Commercial Marketing Forum
• Networking
• New Products
• Professional Certification
• Peer Recognition
• Emerging Technologies
• Student Posters
• Business Planning

Visit www.stle.org for regular program updates

and to register.

Follow us on #STLE2016

Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers, 840 Busse Highway, Park Ridge, IL 60068, info@stle.org, www.stle.org, 847-825-5536
NEW PRODUCTS

NYCOBASE® 9300 DEEP GROOVE BALL BEARINGS

NYCO introduces a new synthetic ester Nycobase® 9300, responding to the short- Featuring super-finished raceways and controlled internal
supply and high-cost issues induced by the increasing demand and limited availability geometries, Timken® deep groove ball bearings deliver
of C8/C10 acid. Nycobase 9300 is a highly refined neopolyol ester, produced through run-quiet operation with best-in-class noise and vibra-
NYCO stringent ester manufacturing processes, with a high level of purity as dem- tion performance. The Timken Co. recently launched
onstrated by very low acid and hydroxyl numbers. Technical performance level will its 6000 series deep groove ball bearing line in North
be at least similar when replacing TMP C8/C10 ester by Nycobase 9300, especially in America, which completes the company’s global roll-out
industrial applications such as gear oils or automotive lubricants like engine oils. No of the series to its OE customer base and global distribu-
change in formulation is required other than switching from one ester to the other tor network. The new line, which is used in a wide variety
at the same treat rate. Nycobase 9300 also exhibits a high level of biodegradability of applications and conditions, meets ISO standards and
as per OECD 310B. dimensionally interchanges easily with competitor prod-
ucts. It reflects another step in the company’s ongoing
NYCO commitment to offer Timken customers and end-users an
Paris, France even broader range of bearings and power transmission
+33 (0) 1 45 61 50 00 components.
www.nyco.fr/en
The Timken Co.
North Canton, Ohio
(234) 262-3000
www.timken.com

VUTARA 352 SUPER-RESOLUTION FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPE

Bruker Corp. announces the release of the first quantitative super-resolution microscope, the Vutara™ 352. The Vutara 352 offers speed,
imaging depth and resolution to deliver significant advantages over competing approaches, now also adding real-time quantitative capabili-
ties. For the first time, this represents an entirely new dimension of functionality in super-resolution microscopy, including the ability to
perform pair-correlation, co-location, cluster and live-cell analysis with super resolution. The Vutara 352 is also compatible with Bruker’s
Opterra multi-point confocal microscope, creating a unique combination of super-resolution and confocal capabilities, where both instru-
ments are designed for high-speed imaging. This enables the visualization of large-scale, high-resolution structural context in correlation
with super-resolution imaging in even the most challenging live-cell applications. Based on Bruker’s proprietary biplane technology, the
Vutara 352 leverages high-performance
data acquisition and image processing
capabilities to perform the entire imaging
workflow, from acquisition through local-
ization to quantitative analysis. Utilizing
GPU processing, completion of an entire
workflow cycle can be accomplished in a
matter of minutes, providing a significant
enhancement to work throughput.

Bruker Corp.
Billerica, Mass.
(978) 663-3660
www.bruker.com

56 The most dangerous volcano today is Popocatépetl, just 33 miles (53 km) from Mexico City. It spews thousands of tons of gas and ash into the air each year.
CORRGUARD® FLEX
AMINO ALCOHOL PRODUCT
ANGUS Chemical Co., a leading manufacturer and marketer of
nitroalkanes and their derivatives, adds CORRGUARD FLEX, a
new primary amino alcohol product, to its CORRGUARD metal-
working fluid additives portfolio. CORRGUARD FLEX is a glob-
ally compliant, multifunctional additive that extends the life
of metalworking fluids. It also offers excellent neutralization,
effective pH control and is compatible with a wide range of bio-
cides. CORRGUARD FLEX is easy to formulate, broadly registered
with low secondary amines (less than 0.2%) and designed for
enhanced flexibility, enabling metalworking fluid manufacturers
to optimize the functionality of their formulations. CORRGUARD
FLEX leverages the proven benefits of ANGUS’ unique amino
alcohols as well as the company’s formulating expertise and
testing services to help metalworking fluid formulators solve
their market and regulatory-driven challenges.

ANGUS Chemical Co.

Buffalo Grove, Ill.
(847) 808 3742
www.angus.com

Send us your new product news with color photos to: TLT Magazine, Attn: Rachel Fowler, 840 Busse Highway, Park Ridge, IL 60068, rfowler@stle.org

We’re Going Further

With Lubrication Additives
Pilot Chemical manufactures the leading synthetic
sulfonates for metalworking and lubrication
formulations, utilizing our proprietary ice-cold
sulfonation process.

The Aristonate® product line offers high purity, oil

soluble sulfonates with excellent emulsification
and corrosion protection properties. Our
Aristonate® C-5000 is a high molecular weight
calcium sulfonate ideally suited for industrial
lubricant formulations, including hydraulic fluids,
gear oils, turbine oils, greases and spindle oils.

Learn more about our Aristonate series sulfonates www.pilotchemical.com | 1.800.70.PILOT

W W W. ST L E .O RG T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY FEBRUARY 2016 • 57

SOUNDING BOARD

What is your
favorite book
on tribology,
lubrication or a

© Can Stock Photo Inc. / racorn

related topic?
For a science most laypeople have never heard of, tribology has spawned a small library of reference
books. Most TLT readers naturally chose books that most closely relate to their jobs and areas of technical
expertise. Books dealing with fundamentals and key principles of tribology are most popular, but
many readers selected texts dealing with specialized areas of tribology, including nanotribology and
biotribology. Among the technical areas still missing a definitive reference book, survey respondents
cited cold rolling, lubricant chemistry (particularly relating to engine-oil additives), viscosity and
boundary layer theory. For pure pleasure reading, STLE members cited Tom Clancy, Ernest Hemingway,
Ayn Rand and Michael Crichton as among their favorite authors. Note: Many of the technical books cited
in this article are available at www.stle.org.

Lubrication Fundamentals by Don Oil-Mist Lubrication Handbook: Modern Tribology Handbook by

M. Pirro, Ekkehard Daschner and Systems and Applications. It Bharat Bhushan. Very comprehensive
A.A. Wessol. Covers the broad range helped us introduce this awesome and filled with details and descriptions
of lubrication. technology almost 16 years ago. of lubrication mechanisms.

Lubricants and Lubrication, 2nd Chemistry and Technology of Lubricants and Lubrication by Theo
edition. Lubricants by Roy M. Mortier, Mang and Wilfried Dresel. It is a
Malcolm F. Fox and Stefan Orszulik. large volume that briefly describes
The Principles of Lubrication by A condensed, driven chemical nearly every practical aspect of
Alastair Cameron. A classic that analysis that is very useful for the lubrication and tribology. The book
explains so much that is still relevant. highly skilled chemist. Mostly is strictly structured, which makes it
correct and has stood the test of time easy to find the topic you need.
The Lubrication Engineers Manual. well.
It is the foundation of lubrication Tribology in Metalworking: Friction,
principles. Handbook of Lubrication and Lubrication and Wear by Dr. John
Tribology: Volume 1-Application and Schey.
Metalworking Fluids, 2nd edition. Maintenance by George E. Totten.
It covers everything and does so in a Synthetics, Mineral Oils and Bio-
relatively detailed way. Lubricants and Related Products by Based Lubricants by Leslie Rudnick.
Dieter Klamann. A good compilation
Synthetics, Mineral Oils and Bio- of facts, test methods and other The Practical Handbook of
Based Lubricants. background information. Machinery Lubrication.

58 During the past 400 years, nearly a quarter of a million people have been killed as a direct result of volcanic eruptions.
The Practical Handbook of Intermolecular and Surface Forces How many
ma y work-related
Machinery Lubrication. One of the by Jacob N. Israelachvili. This book books do you
ou have in your
our
easiest to read and relate to. describes the forces at work in the personal library?
boundary layer.
Grease Lubrication in Rolling 1-5 7%
Bearings by Piet M. Lugt. The Practical Handbook of 6-10 27%
Machinery Lubrication. Easy to read
Practical Lubrication for Industrial and understand. Lots of pictures. 11-15 11%
Facilities by Heinz P. Bloch.
16-20 3%
Lubricant Additives: Chemistry and
Exxon Encyclopedia for the User of Applications by Leslie Rudnick. Mo e than 20
More 52%
%
Petroleum Products.
Based on responses sent to 13,000 TLT readers.
The one that really got me started
Chemistry and Technology of was Lubricants and Related Products
Lubricants by Roy M. Mortier, by Dieter Klamann. It’s an intelligent
Malcolm F. Fox and Stefan Orszulik. and practical guide on how and Tribology: A Systems Approach
I have always found it a useful where lubricants work. to the Science and Technology of
reference, especially when I was new Friction, Lubrication, and Wear. This
to the industry and now. I prefer journals like Wear, Tribology book covers the basics well and offers
Letters, etc., to books. They contain good models for characterization.
Metalworking Fluids, 2nd edition. newer information.
Great starting point book that hits The Lubrication Engineers Manual
almost all topics relevant to the TLT. It keeps me up to date on the by U.S. Steel. It’s old, but there is a
formulation and upkeep of MWFs. latest technologies. lot of good information in there and
specifications.
ASM Handbook, Volume 18: The Lubrication Engineers Manual.
Friction, Lubrication and Wear Extremely beneficial in helping me The Friction and Lubrication of
Technology. This one has lots of obtain my Certified Lubrication Solids, Volume I by F.P. Bowden &
basics, photos and test data on a very Specialist™ certification. D. Tabor.
wide range of materials, systems
and different wear and lubrication Handbook of Lubrication and Drive It Forever: Secrets to Long
examples. Well done with lots of Tribology—it’s a good general Automobile Life by Bob Sikorsky. It’s
references. resource and appropriate for my level. something I can relate to.

What technical area of tribology or lubrication engineering

do you feel is missing a definitive book?

Cold rolling. The newer areas of nanotribology The thermodynamics of the

and biotribology, probably because tribology processes and thus the
A book on lubricant chemistry so much remains to be explored in study of nanotribology related to
written from a mechanical these areas. industrial applications. I have not
engineering viewpoint, just found important articles related to
as Alastair Cameron’s was on A comprehensive update on this area.
lubrication mechanics from a biobased lubricants. This is a
chemist’s viewpoint. complex and evolving arena with Surface technology and tribo-layers.
multiple drivers. Yet, it is difficult
Metal deformation processes. I have to fully grasp and to assess the Nano additive wear and friction
not found studies with research opportunities even for the well research with gear oils. I can’t find
results yet. initiated. anything on this specifically.

Indirect aftereffects such as famine, climate change and disease most likely have tripled that number. 59
SOUNDING BOARD

Chemistry of engine oil additives is A general book on lubricant Tribology testing and simulations
poorly publicized. Many additives applications (if it doesn’t already related to field performances of
are used for engine oils, but since exist). Good application knowledge products.
just three companies dominate in is often a trade secret and passed
additive R&D, chemical information down in the industry. Having access Advances with coatings.
about their composition is often to more detailed information on
confidential. More than 10 million specific applications could help Developments in coolant technology,
metric tons of engine oils are not increase market competition for including the adverse effects of hard
disposed properly and end up lost suppliers looking to enter new water.
in the environment. This is a shame markets.
as we don’t really know what kind Sheet metal deformation. Lubricant
of chemicals are emitted with waste choices are dependent on too many
engine oils. outside variables.
Is
s the
t eaamount
ou
u t of
technical information
Value of viscosity film strength in a Regulations and health and safety
you’re consuming digitally
shock-loading environment. Several issues. It is important to develop
versus print increasing or
different types of milling operations. these products.
decreasing?
Variables are too numerous to count.
I have published a paper on oil
Increasing 70%
Case studies or experiences in filtration but am unaware of a book
lubrication. We often encounter Decreasing 2%
% specifically on the subject.
various lubrication cases in the field
that need solutions. The same
sa e 28% Materials science in general but
Based on responses sent to 13,000 TLT readers. specifically fine particle analysis as
Air compressors. We see point-of- a root cause of progressive failure in
sale material but not much technical lubes.
info.
Lubrication reliability—it’s a fast- Making the application, calculating
A real-world applications guide to developing area. and understanding of lambda more
industrial equipment. accessible to general engineers.
A book that links technical aspects
Additive chemistry for engine oils. of tribology/lubrication and Metalworking fluids—nobody wants
The chemistry is proprietary so no commerce/business practice. to give away all of their secrets!
one wants to share.
A book specifically on commercial Asperity scale contact modeling.
Green lubrication. Biodegradable vehicle automotive gear oils. It
and environmentally friendly is this way because most books Hot and cold rolling of ferrous and
lubrication information. Examples of concentrate on engine oil topics. nonferrous metals.
green technology applications.

Boundary layer theory. The subject

requires a multidisciplinary
approach.

An ebook with animations and/or

film clips that shows lubricants in
action.

Nanotechnological tribology because

it’s the future.
© Can Stock Photo Inc. / mady70

More could be written on

formulation in most areas.

60 • FEBRUARY 2016 T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY W W W. ST L E .O RG

 Call for Papers!

2016 STLE Please mark your calendars for the 2016 TFC,
Tribology Nov. 13-15 in Chicago’s historic Drake Hotel.
We’ll again gather an international community
Frontiers to share tribology’s most cutting-edge research.

Conference
March 15 Abstract Deadline
The Drake Hotel Chicago
STLE is seeking papers for the following
Nov. 13-15, 2016
technical tracks:
• Surfaces and Interfaces
• Biotribology
• Fluid Lubrication
• Lubricants
• Machine Elements and Systems
• Energy/Environment/Manufacturing
• Tribochemistry
• Materials Tribology
• Beyond the Cutting Edge

For full details on the technical program, abstract

submission process, registration and housing is
available on www.stle.org.

© Can Stock Photo Inc. / rudi1976

Places of Interest • The Art Institute of Chicago • Museum of Science and Industry • Follow us on:
Field Museum • Shedd Aquarium • Willis Tower • Lincoln Park Zoo •
John Hancock Building • Navy Pier • Millennium Park • Michigan Avenue shopping

Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers, 840 Busse Highway, Park Ridge, IL 60068 • info@stle.org • www.stle.org • 847-825-5536
SOUNDING BOARD

What is your favorite book not related to your work?

Anything by Tom Clancy because of Anything written by Daniel Silva or The Path Between the Seas: The
the realism and detail. Steve Berry. Good escapist thrillers. Creation of the Panama Canal,
1870-1914 by David McCullough. I
The Oz Principle. Jurassic Park. All of Michael sailed my vessel through it with my
Crichton’s books are exciting, father and my father-in-law plus my
World Made by Hand by James spellbinding and make science children and wife.
Howard Kunstler. A good warning interesting for everyone.
about techno-narcissism and the The Dark Tower series by Stephen
need to get a grip on managing the Pygmy by Chuck Palahniuk. Once King because it is an epic tale that
world better. you find the rhythm of the book, lets the reader escape the real world
it’s a great read. Funny with some for a while and enter another world.
Anything about golf. I think about thought-provoking ideas thrown in.
it when I am not thinking about Tiger Head, Snake Tails by Jonathan
lubrication. Fenby.

© Can Stock Photo Inc. / zbynek

The Long Ships by Frans G. The newspaper.
Bengtsson. Great Viking tale told
with historic accuracy and humor. Mutant Message Down Under by
Marlo Morgan.
Nausea by Jean-Paul Sartre.
The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest
The Universe in a Nutshell by The Native American Plains Flute Hemingway. It fits so much emotion
Stephen Hawking. by Richard W. Payne. Making Native and descriptive text into such a short
American flutes is a hobby of mine novel and just about sums up the
Making Children Mind without and I love knowing their history struggles of life.
Losing Yours by Kevin Leman. The here in America.
title says it all and it is very good The novella Tales From Firozsha
advice. The Big Sleep by Raymond Baag by Rohinton Mistry.
Chandler. A brilliant work of noir
Boating for Dummies. I just bought fiction where dialogue is crackling Atlas Shrugged by Ayn Rand.
a boat. and gallows humor co-exists with
dark human impulses. Mental Edge: Peak Performance and
The Road Taken by Rona Jaffee. The the Inner Game with Mega Brain
book chronicles the lives of a family The New Rational Manager by Technologies by Michael Hutchison.
of women over four generations, Charles Kepner and Benjamin To me brain development is the most
showing how the roles of women Tregoe. It covers problem solving the important matter now.
have changed so dramatically. But way it should be covered.
the real reason it is my favorite is The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes.
that it is just a great story. I am Pilgrim by Terry Hayes.
Life of Pi. Perfect balance of action
Pretty much any crime fiction—Ross Moment in Peking, which portrays and psychological metaphor.
Macdonald, Elmore Leonard, Robert China in the early 1900s.
B. Parker. Mindless but enjoyable. The Brothers Karamazov by Fyodor
The Bonfire of the Vanities by Tom Dostoevsky.
English Creek by Ivan Doig. Wolfe. The story is a drama about
Beautiful descriptions of growing up ambition, racism, social class, Cooking books. I like to mess
in Montana. politics and greed. around in the kitchen.

Editor’s Note: Sounding Board is based on an email survey of 13,000 TLT readers. Views expressed are those of the respondents and do not reflect the opinions of
the Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers. STLE does not vouch for the technical accuracy of opinions expressed in Sounding Board, nor does inclusion
of a comment represent an endorsement of the technology by STLE.

62 • FEBRUARY 2016 T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY W W W. ST L E .O RG

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64 In 1963 an undersea volcano created Earth’s newest land mass, the one-square mile Surtsey Island off the southwest coast of Iceland.
METALWORKING STLE’s
FLUID MANAGEMENT E XCLUS
PROGR E
AM
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PROGRAM
Feb. 23-25, 2016, The Sheraton Suites Philadelphia Airport,
4101 Island Ave., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

The STLE Metalworking Fluid Management Program offers a solid overview of metal-
working fluid management and is tailored to provide individuals with a comprehensive look
at the latest techniques and practices that are sure to improve their metalworking fluid
operation. Optimize your metalworking fluid management capabilities and become a more
valuable asset to your company.

This program includes the following topics:

• The various operations that use metalworking fluids
• The fundamentals of fluid and additive chemistry
• Analyzing factors affecting the quality of metalworking fluids and the work environment
• Learn about the unique aspects of metalworking fluid microbiology and toxicology
• Review a broad range of condition monitoring tests, learning how to use condition
monitoring to manage metalworking fluids in individual sumps and large central systems

What’s in it for you?

• Improve your knowledge and understanding of metalworking fluid management, with
content specialized to your field
• Document what you’ve learned and validate your expertise with a post-course exam
• Participate in case studies to solidify knowledge after learning important concepts
• Find solutions to common metalworking problems you encounter
• Includes lunch (2 days) and breaks
• Group discounts available
• FREE White Paper: Metalworking Fluids: TLT Best Practices Series
• Optional STLE Certified Metalworking Fluids Specialist (CMFS™) exam sitting (to be held
after the program concludes on Thursday, Feb. 25). NOTE: Must register for
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sitting will be cancelled.

CLASS SIZE IS LIMITED! Pricing:

Call (847) 825-5536 or $625 (STLE members)
Register at www.stle.org $770 (Non-members, includes one-year
Registration Deadline: Feb. 15, 2016 STLE membership)

Sponsored by the Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers and the Metalworking Fluid Education & Training Committee
RESOURCES

TECHNICAL BOOKS
SMALL MOLECULE MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY: INDUSTRIAL CATALYSIS: A PRACTICAL
STRATEGIES AND TECHNOLOGIES APPROACH, 3RD EDITION

Editors: Werngard Czechtizky and Peter Hamley Author: Jens Hagen

Publisher: Wiley Publisher: Wiley

Stressing strategic and technological solutions to Despite the fact that more
medicinal chemistry challenges, Small Molecule Me- than 90% of production pro-
dicinal Chemistry: Strategies and Technologies pres- cesses in industry are cata-
ents methods and practices for optimizing the chem- lyzed, most chemists and
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drug discovery programs with respect to quality and costs. This book also Industrial Catalysis: A Practical Approach, 3rd
focuses on small molecules and their critical role in medicinal chemistry, edition, emphasizes industrial aspects of catalysis and
reviewing chemical and economic advantages, challenges and trends in also is particularly well suited to studying on one’s
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STLE LOCAL SECTION MEETING CALENDAR

Events listed here are local section STLE CERTIFICATION EXAM ly when it comes to certain feed stocks.
programs. For further details and a The two-day event will be held
STLE is offering a certification exam
full listing of other upcoming section June 21-22 in Liverpool, UK. The con-
on Feb. 25 from 1-4 p.m. at the Shera-
events in your area, visit www.stle.org. ference will bring together the lead-
ton Suites Philadelphia Airport, 4101
Meeting announcements can be sent ing executives and experts from across
Island Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. For the
to TLT Magazine, Attn: Rachel Fowler, the entire value chain for two days of
online registration form, go to www.
rfowler@stle.org. informative presentations, interactive
stle.org; click on the certification tab at
discussion and excellent networking
the top and go to registration. Online
FEBRUARY 2016 opportunities. To learn more, go to
registration closes two weeks prior to
STLE Canton Section: Real-Time Monitor- www.wplgroup.com/aci/event/oleofuels.
the exam date. Onsite registration may
ing to Detect and Differentiate the Metal For more information and to regis-
be available on a first come, first serve
Wear Particles in Lubricant (Speaker: ter, contact Cheryl Williams by email-
basis. For more information and for
Professor Jiang (John) Zhe, University of ing cwilliams@acieu.net or call +44 (0)
other methods of registering, you may
Akron), Feb. 10, 5:30 p.m. (registration 203 141 0623.
contact STLE headquarters by email-
and networking), 6 p.m. (dinner), 6:45
ing certification@stle.org or call (847) RELIABLE PLANT
p.m. (speaker presentation), Courtyard
825-5536. CONFERENCE
Canton, 4375 Metro Cir. NW, North
Canton, Ohio. Contact: Paul Shiller, OLEOFUELS 2016 The Reliable Plant Conference serves
paul.shiller@uakron.edu. the machinery lubrication, oil analysis
Oleofuels 2016 is the progression of
and reliability professionals workshops,
STLE Detroit Section: Driveline Fluids & ACI’s highly successful European Bio-
learning sessions and case studies cov-
GM Approval Process (Speaker: Khaled diesel series of events which ran from
ering today’s trends, technologies and
Zreik, GM), Feb. 24, 4:30 p.m. (registra- 2008-2013. The change of name re-
issues. The conference will be in Lou-
tion), 5 p.m. (speaker presentation), 6 flects the fact that the event will now
isville, Kentucky, April 5-7, 2016, at the
p.m. (dinner), Powers Court Building, cover all fuels made from oils and fats
Kentucky Convention Center. Register
Green Glass Building, 17199 N. Laurel including biodiesel, hydrogenated veg-
early and save at http://conference.reli-
Park Dr., Livonia, Mich. Contact: Beth etable oil and bio jet as well as take a
ableplant.com.
Zou, qzou@oakland.edu. more global view, which is key especial-

66 • FEBRUARY 2016 T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY W W W. ST L E .O RG

SOCIAL MEDIA MARKETING
Jerry L. Kennedy

Baby Steps
When it comes to digital marketing, don’t be afraid to try something new.

YOU MIGHT HAVE NOTICED So let me ask you: When

THAT MY LAST COLUMN WAS was the last time you tried
A REPRINT FROM AN EARLI- something new in your digital
ER TLT COLUMN. There’s a marketing mix? I’ve been
very good reason for that: twin sharing tips for improving
baby girls. They were born in your efforts in this regard for
May, and I took over taking a few years now; my guess is
care of them full time when my that even though those arti-
wife went back to work in Sep- cles may have seemed inter-

© Can Stock Photo Inc. / master1305

tember. The thinking was that esting at the time, they were
I could work from home; the probably relegated to the
reality is that work gets tucked “we’ll try it someday” pile.
between diaper changes, feed- Well friends, today is that
ings, walks and naps, and not someday. If you find that your
as much of it gets done as I Babies have a lesson to offer marketers—if something isn’t online marketing efforts
would like. Fortunately, I have working, create a different approach. haven’t generated the results
a very supportive business you’d like, perhaps you’ve
partner who has picked up a proved “that the thing
tremendous amount of slack couldn’t be done that way”
and made sure our clients don’t suffer while They are the living proof of the old adage, “If and that it’s high time to try something new.
the girls and I sort our schedules out. at first you don’t succeed, try, try again.” So what will it be? Is it time to start a
Those of you who are parents will under- You’ve probably heard the oft-repeated company blog? How about setting up that
stand the on-the-job education I’m getting. I misquote of Thomas Edison regarding his at- business page on Facebook or the business
think I’ve learned more about life in the past tempts to make an efficient filament for incan- profile on LinkedIn? Is it maybe time to con-
eight months of watching them grow than I descent light bulbs that goes something like: “I sider an overhaul of your Website with a view
have in my previous 42 years, and one of didn’t fail 10,000 times; I succeeded in finding to making it more discoverable? Whatever
those lessons relates particularly well to the 10,000 ways that didn’t work.” While it makes for you decide, take a page from the playbook
topic we discuss in this column, namely digital a clever coffee mug, it’s not actually what Edi- of my eight-month-old daughters: Try some-
sales and marketing. son said. What he did say is far more interesting thing new and if it doesn’t work, try some-
My daughters are developing new skills at (and valuable). The actual quote is as follows: thing else.
a blinding, sometimes terrifying pace. They’ve
“…after we had conducted thousands of
started crawling, sitting up, pulling them-
experiments on a certain project without
selves into a standing position and taking
solving the problem, one of my associates,
their first shaky, hesitant steps. What I’m fas-
after we had conducted the crowning ex-
cinated with, though, and what I think can be
periment and it had proved a failure, ex-
applied to your marketing efforts, is how
pressed discouragement and disgust over
they’ve developed these new skills. It’s simple
our having failed ‘to find out anything.’ I
really: They try new things.
cheerily assured him that we had learned Jerry Kennedy earned his stripes as an operations
That’s all there is to it. I watch them do it
something. For we had learned for a cer- and sales manager in the lubricants industry. He is
pretty much every day. When the toy box they
tainty that the thing couldn’t be done that currently the co-founder of CDK Creative, a digital
tried to use to prop themselves up is a little too marketing agency that brings his real-world
way, and that we would have to try some
light and tips over, they bank that information sales and operations experience to the world
other way.”
and try using something else the next time. of online marketing. Learn more or request a
When the angle they were leaning at causes a (as quoted in the January 1921 issue of consultation at http://cdkcreative.com.
tumble, the next time they try a different angle. American Magazine) Email him at jerry@cdkcreative.com.

68 • FEBRUARY 2016 T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY W W W. ST L E .O RG

CALL FOR
STUDENT
POSTERS A N NUAL
M E ETIN
G & EXH I B I T ION

1 6 STLE
20 THE CRITERIA FOR POSTER
SUBMISSIONS ARE AS FOLLOWS:
• The poster must present original work by the
student during the 2015-2016 academic year.
THE SOCIETY OF TRIBOLOGISTS AND LUBRICATION
ENGINEERS is seeking student posters for the 71st • The student may submit only one poster as the
Annual Meeting & Exhibition at Bally’s Las Vegas Hotel and lead author.
Casino in Las Vegas, Nevada (USA), May 15-19, 2016. • As the lead author of the poster, the student
should have performed the major portion of
Event organizers are inviting students from all areas the work.
of tribology research to participate in a special session
• Lead authors must be full-time graduate or
dedicated to student posters. The posters must deal with
undergraduate students registered during the
an aspect of tribology research that can be translated
2015-2016 academic year.
into friction, wear and lubrication. Student poster
research topics can be co-authored by faculty and other • Posters can be no larger than 48 x 48 inches.
researchers, but only students may exhibit their posters • Posters must be set Sunday afternoon or
and discuss their work at the session. The posters will Monday morning. The author must be present at
be judged by a conference committee, and awards the poster display during the judging session
will be given to the best nine posters. Monday, May 16, during lunch and during the
scheduled conference break that afternoon.
STLE is now accepting abstracts for posters at
www.stle.org. The deadline for abstract submissions
is March 15, 2016. Notification of acceptance will be THREE AWARDS WILL BE GIVEN IN
sent to students shortly after this date. EACH OF THE FOLLOWING CATEGORIES:
Platinum: superior scientific and presentation
quality ($300 prize)
Gold: good technical quality ($200 prize)
Silver: overall quality worthy to be
encouraged ($100 prize)
Winners will be announced during the Presidents
Luncheon Tuesday, May 17.
For additional questions about
the student poster session,
please contact Merle Hedland,
mhedland@stle.org.

MAY 15-19, 2016 - LAS VEGAS, NEVADA

Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers, 840 Busse Highway, Park Ridge, IL 60068, info@stle.org, www.stle.org, 847-825-5536
AUTOMOTIVE TRIBOLOGY
Dr. Edward P. Becker

Speed Demon
Scientists use tribology and a supersonic car in an attempt
to reach 1,000 mph on land.
When a distinguished but elderly
scientist states that something
is possible, he is almost certainly
right. When he states that
something is impossible, he is
very probably wrong.
—Arthur C. Clarke’s first law of prediction

IN 2015 THE STANDING LAND SPEED RE-

CORD TURNED 18 YEARS OLD, which is
also the longest standing land speed
record in history. The Thrust SSC re-
corded an average speed of 1,228 km/h Essentially a jet fighter without wings, the Bloodhound SSC is poised to travel 1,500
(763 mph) over two runs in opposite feet per second on land.
directions within one hour, becoming
the first land vehicle to break the sound
barrier. Why has that record stood for the team plans to use winglets on the ping the 17,000-lb. vehicle is quite an-
so long? Perhaps going faster (on the front of the vehicle. Also, the wheels other. Remember that kinetic energy
ground) is impossible. themselves are quite special. The varies as speed squared, so increasing
Don’t tell that to Richard Noble and wheels are expected to rotate at more the top speed by 33% means dissipating
Andy Green, who between them hold than 10,000 rpm and experience maxi- about 77% more energy. Mechanical
the last three land speed records and mum radial forces of over 50,000 lbs. brakes (which convert kinetic energy
are currently managing project Blood- Rubber tires would disintegrate under to heat) would melt without a prohibi-
hound SSC, with the not-so-modest those conditions, so these wheels are tively large heat sink, so the Blood-
goal of achieving a land speed in excess solid aluminum. hound SSC will use air brakes until the
of 1,609 km/h (1,000 mph), breaking Regarding steering, the human ele- speed is reduced to around 322 km/h
the old record by at least 33%. For ment presents quite a challenge. At (200 mph), at which point the mechan-
comparison, that would be the equiva- 1,609 km/h (1,000 mph), the car will ical brakes can be used to bring the
lent of a baseball player hitting at least be traveling almost 1,500 feet per sec- vehicle to a safe stop.
93 home runs in a single season to ond. Average human reaction time is Just what does SSC stand for? Super
break Barry Bond’s record total of 73! around 0.25 seconds, so to react to the Sonic Car, of course.
The engineering challenges are track conditions, you or I would need
manifold. Accelerating the vehicle re- to see—and process—visual informa-
quires thrust from both a rocket engine tion from at least 367 feet in front of
and a jet engine. However, two of the the car. Andy Green, a British Royal Air
most interesting problems are tribo- Force fighter pilot, has faster reaction
logical. Specifically steering and brak- times than most, but even with world-
ing are both friction-related concerns. record reflexes of 0.1 seconds he will
The Bloodhound SSC will have still need to know what is coming from Ed Becker is an STLE Fellow and past president.
front-wheel steering, so downward almost 150 feet away. He is president of Friction & Wear Solutions, LLC in
force on the nose wheel must be main- Getting the vehicle up to 1,609 Brighton, Mich., and can be reached through his
tained throughout the run. Currently km/h (1,000 mph) is one thing; stop- website at www.frictionandwearsolutions.com.

70 Well into the Middle Ages many believed volcanoes were entrances into the fiery underworld.
 S T L E C E R T I F I C AT I O N
Invest in your greatest
asset—yourself.
Credibility. Respect. Integrity.

Those are the qualities immediately conferred upon you

when you attain one of STLE’s technical certifications.
Becoming STLE certified not only verifies your technical
expertise, it demonstrates your professional dedication
to your employer, customers and peers.

STLE offers four technical certifications:

Certified Lubrication Specialist™

STLE’s signature certification is held by more than
1,500 lubrication professionals and remains the industry’s
standard for technical excellence. Independent studies
show that CLS-certified professionals earn more money,
supervise larger staffs and are more likely to receive raises.
Designed for technical specialists, CLS also is held by
hundreds of sales and marketing reps.

Certified Oil Monitoring Analyst™ I & II

STLE’s OMA certification is for the predictive maintenance
professional and demonstrates proficiency in sampling and
analyzing oil properties. OMA I is for the individual taking
the oil sample on the shop floor. OMA II is for the person
responsible for running the proper tests, interpreting data
and managing the lubrication program.

Certified Metalworking Fluids Specialist™

STLE’s CMFS certification verifies knowledge, experience
and education in this growing and specialized field. CMFS
is for individuals with responsibility for metal-removal
or forming management, application and handling of
metalworking fluids and related materials.

Invest in your greatest asset—yourself. Plan now to attain

your STLE certification.

For more information or to schedule an exam, contact

STLE Certification Program Manager Alicia Skulemowski
at certification@stle.org, 847-825-5536.

Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers, 840 Busse Highway, Park Ridge, IL 60068, info@stle.org, www.stle.org.
CUTTING EDGE
Drs. Wilfred T. Tysoe &
Nicholas D. Spencer

In Memoriam: Kenneth L. Johnson

We mourn the passing of a great tribologist.

IT WAS WITH GREAT SADNESS are remarkable for their breadth and
THAT WE LEARNED OF THE PASS- elegance in many areas, including
ING of professor Ken Johnson, a Life contact mechanics, lubrication, rhe-
Member of STLE, last September. Pro- ology and the wheel-rail contact. His
fessor Johnson was born in Barrow- work on the contact of windscreen
in-Furness, an industrial town at the wipers (Surface Energy and the Con-
southern tip of the Lake District in the tact of Elastic Solids) produced the
north of England, where he attended ‘JKR’ theory of adhesion that remains
the local grammar school. His senior the basis for understanding nanotri-
school years coincided with World bology.
War II when, according to a May 2010 Professor Johnson’s attain-
article in the News and Star newspa- ments are reflected in the plethora
per, he did his bit by cutting wood for of awards that he received, including
pit props with his scout troop. his election as a Fellow of the Royal
He studied mechanical engineer- Society, the William Prager, Royal So-
ing at the University of Manchester, ciety, Timoshenko and Tribology Gold
Faculty of Technology, which subse- Medals and the ASME Mayo D. Hersey
quently became UMIST, and received Award.
his bachelor’s of science degree in He was always a strong supporter
1944 and his master’s in 1948. He then of Tribology Letters. When invited to
went to work with Rotol Airscrews in Ken Johnson, 1925-2015, Life Member of STLE join the editorial board of the newly
Gloucestershire, a manufacturer of founded journal at a meeting in Perth
propellers for Spitfire aircraft. It was organized by Gwidon Stachowiak, he
there he first became interested in contact that he felt were in greater need. He had a questioned the need for yet another tribol-
problems while studying propeller vibrations. self-effacing, northern sense of humor as il- ogy journal. When we explained that our goal
He realized that the damping in structural vi- lustrated by his acceptance speech for the was to focus on the science of tribology, he
brations occurred principally due to slip at Timoshenko Medal. He recounts how drawing eagerly agreed and remained a strong sup-
clamped joints. vectors for the five-bladed Spitfire propeller porter of the journal ever after.
He returned to Manchester in 1949 as an as- was invaluable training for dividing a cake or His wisdom and his council will be sorely
sistant lecturer in engineering and earned his a pie equitably for a family of five. missed.
doctorate there in 1954 with a thesis titled The He joked that his name was so common
Effects of an Oscillating Force at the Interface that, during a visit to a colleague at Harvard,
of Bodies in Contact, published in the Proceed- he had the following conversation: Eddy Tysoe is a Distinguished
ings of the Royal Society (A230, 531 (1955)). “Did you write that book on vibration with Professor of Physical Chemistry
Like many of the greatest minds from Man- Bishop?” at the University of Wisconsin-
chester, he was lured to the glitter and prestige “No, that was Dan Johnson.” Milwaukee. You can reach him at
of Cambridge where he became a demonstra- “Did you edit that British Journal of Me- wtt@uwm.edu.
tor in engineering in 1954. He remained at chanical Sciences?”
Cambridge for the rest of his career, being ap- “No, that was Bill Johnson.” Nic Spencer is professor of
pointed a Fellow of Jesus College in 1957 and “Then who the hell are you?” surface science and technology
professor of engineering in 1977. Professor Johnson is perhaps best known at the ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
Professor Johnson, in spite of his intel- for his book Contact Mechanics, which is You can reach him at
nspencer@ethz.ch.
lectual stature, was extremely modest and mandatory reading for any tribologist and,
generous. He invariably gave away his engi- according to Google Scholar, has been cited Both serve as editors-in-chief of STLE-affiliated
neering department research funds to others 14,600 times. His contributions to tribology Tribology Letters journal.

72 • FEBRUARY 2016 T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY W W W. ST L E .O RG

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