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    Final Exam

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    Final Exam – Math 5210, Advanced Calculus,

    December 4-11, 2024

    1 Concepts
    For counterexamples, you may use formulas or draw figures, either way, you want to
    make things precise and clear. Provide a brief explanation when the answer is true. No
    need of proofs to justify your answers.
    1. True or False:
    1a. Every continuous function f : [0, 1] → R is uniformly continuous on [0, 1].
    1b. Every bounded and continuous function f : (0, 1) → R is uniformly continuous
    on (0, 1).
    2. True or False: Every bounded and continuous function f : (0, 1) → R has a maxi-
    mum over (0, 1).
    Rb
    3. True or False: If f : [a, b] → R is integrable and a f = 0, then f (x) = 0 for all
    x ∈ [a, b].
    4. True or False: If f : [a, b] → R is integrable, then f : [a, b] → R is continuous.
    5. True or False: If f : [a, b] → R is integrable and f (x) ≥ 0 for all x in [a, b], then
    Rb
    a
    f ≥ 0.
    Rb
    6. True or False: If f : [a, b] → R is integrable and a f ≥ 0, then f (x) ≥ 0 for
    x ∈ [a, b].

    1
    2 Computations
    √
    1. Define an+1 = 1 + an with a1 = 3. Show that an converges and the limit is the
    positive root of x2 − x − 1 = 0.
    Hint: show that an is monotone decreasing and bounded below, you may want to use the
    relation a2n+1 − a2n = an − an−1 .
    2. Let f : [a, b] → R is continuous, and f : (a, b) → R is differentiable. Assume
    f (a) = f (b) and f is not constant on [a, b]. Show that there exists c ∈ (a, b) such that
    f ′ (c) > 0.
    Hint: The Mean Value Theorem.
    3. Define a function f : [0, 1] → R by
    (
    x, x is rational
    f (x) =
    −x, x is irrational
    R1 R1
    Show that f is not integrable by showing 0
    f ̸= f
    0

    4. Let f (x) = x3 − 3x + 1. Show that f (x) = 0 has exactly two zeroes in the interval
    (0, 2), in fact, there is one zero in (0, 1) and one zero in (1, 2).
    5. Give a counterexample that shows that the Mean Value Theorem for Integrals does not
    hold if we replace the assumption that f : [a, b] → R is continuous with the assumption
    that f : [a, b] → R is integrable.
    6. Give a counterexample that shows that in the First Fundamental Theorem (Integrating
    Derivatives) it is necessary to assume that the function F : [a, b] → R is continuous at
    the endpoints of the interval.

    2
    3 Constructing proofs
    Note: Write your proofs in a rigorous and precise way.
    1. In the textbook, we prove the Sequential Compactness Theorem (Theorem 2.36)
    by using the Monotone Convergence Theorem. Here you are asked to do the reverse,
    i.e., prove the Monotone Convergence Theorem by using the Sequential Compactness
    Theorem.
    Hint: use the Sequential Compactness Thm you may conclude there is a convergent
    subsequence, then you will need to show for a monotone sequence, the convergence of
    a subsequence implies the convergence of the full sequence.
    2. Set f : [1, ∞) → R to be continuous, and limx→∞ f (x) = 1. Prove that f is bounded
    and uniformly continuous on [1, ∞).
    3. The second Fundamental Theorem has a more general formRthan we have proved:
    x
    For any integrable function f : [a, b] → R, we define F (x) = a f for all x ∈ [a, b].
    Then at each point x0 ∈ (a, b) at which the function f is continuous, the function F is
    differentiable at x0 and F ′ (x0 ) = f (x0 ).
    Checking the proof in the book we see we cannot use the Mean Value Theorem for
    integrals. You need to estimate the term
    Z x Z x
    1 1
    f (t)dt − f (x0 ) = (f (t) − f (x0 ))dt
    x − x 0 x0 x − x 0 x0

    directly: for example, for x > x0 , using the continuity of f at x0 , for any ϵ > 0 there is
    δ > 0 for |x − x0 | ≤ δ, −ϵ < f (x) − f (x0 ) < ϵ. Then use the Monotonicity of Integrals.
    4. Suppose that the function f : R → R has a continuous second derivative (which
    implies it has a continuous first derivative also). Prove that
    Z x
    ′
    f (x) = f (0) + f (0)x + (x − t)f ′′ (t)dt
    0

    for all x ∈ R.
    Hint: Use the Identity Criterion. Set the right hand side to be g(x) and show g ′ (x) =
    f ′ (x).

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