lecture 1

Strength Of Materials
Abdalla M Abdalla
Chapter 1: Selection of Engineering
Materials
Some of Materials Engineer responsibilities are :
1) Design Process:
a) Drawing the basic design.
b) Proper selection of materials :
Selection according to different parameters such as :
 Mechanical loads, Wear, Electrical insulation, Thermal properties ,Availability & cost.
 This includes: Selection of the proper manufacturing processes,
2) Proper choice (selecting) of substitute (alternative) materials when needed.
3) Contributing and evaluating materials tests results,
4) Studying and composing materials data sheets before placing an order,
5) Enhancing the performance of the materials by carrying out research activities.
2. Materials Selection:
 One of the most challenging task of materials engineer is the proper selection of the material
for a particular job,
Factors affecting the selection of materials:
(i) Component shape: The shape and size of a component has great effect on the choice of the
processing unit which ultimately effects the choice of the material.
(ii) Dimensional tolerance: There are some materials which can be finished to close tolerance
while others cannot. Obviously, the required dimensional tolerance for finished components will,
influence the choice of materials.
(iii) Mechanical properties: To select a suitable material for specific conditions, all mechanical
properties, e.g., toughness, hardness, strength, etc. guide us.
(iv) Fabrication (Manufacturing) requirements: Method of processing of the material also affects
the properties of a component, e.g.,
forged components can be stronger than the casted components.
(v) Service requirements:
(vi) Cost :
 (A) Cost of the material: In most of the cases, the cost of raw material accounts about
50 % of the finished cost.
 (B) Cost of processing: In most of the industries, the processing cost (labour cost) and
other costs such as overhead costs account for about 50% of the production cost.
 (vii) Availability of the material: The availability of the material becomes a governing
factor. When the desired material supply is limited, then a costly material which is
available in ample quantity may be chosen
Summary:
 The selection of a specific material for a particular use is a very complex process.
However, one can simplify the choice if the details about:
(i) Operating parameters,
(ii) Manufacturing processes,
(iii) Functional requirements
(iv) Cost considerations are known.
3. Engineering Materials:
 Basic Classifications of Materials:
The basic factors for classifications of materials in material science and engineering
are:
(i) The chemical composition of the material,

(ii) The mode of the occurrence of the material in the nature,
(iii) The refining and the manufacturing process to which the material is subjected
prior it acquires the required properties,
(iv) The atomic and crystalline structure of material.
(v) The industrial and technical use of the material.
 Generally, materials engineering may be classified into the
following categories:
1) Metals and alloys.

2) Ceramics.
3) Polymers.
4) Composites.
5) Advanced materials: such as semiconductors, biomaterials, smart
materials, and nanoengineered materials.
1.) Metals and alloys:
 Metals are elements which have free valence electrons which are responsible for their
good thermal and electrical conductivity. Metals readily loose their electrons to form
positive ions.
 The metallic bond is held by electrostatic force between delocalized electrons and
positive ions.
General properties:
 High electrical conductivity.
 High thermal conductivity.
 Ductile and relatively high stiffness.
 Toughness and strength.
 They are ready to machining, casting, forming, stamping and welding.
 Nevertheless, they are susceptible to corrosion.
2.) Ceramics:
 Inorganic, non-metallic crystalline compounds, usually oxides (SiO2, Al2O3, MgO, TiO2,
BaO), Carbides (SiC), Nitrides (Si3N4), Borides (TiB2), Silicides (WSi2, MoSi2).
 Some literature includes glasses in the same category, however; glasses are amorphous
(noncrystalline) compounds i.e. they possess “short range” order of atoms.
3.) Polymers:
A polymer (the name means "many parts") is long chain molecule made up many repeating
units, called monomers. Polymers can be natural (organic) or synthetic. The properties of
polymers are linked directly to their structure, which is dictated mostly by intermolecular
bonds.
 Examples:
Polymers are everywhere: in plastics (bottles, toys, packaging), cosmetics, shampoos and
other hair care products, contact lenses, nature (crab shells, amber), food (proteins,
starches, gelatin, gum, gluten),
4.) Composite:
A combination of two or more materials to achieve better properties than that of the
original materials. These materials are usually composed of a “Matrix” and one or more of
“Filler” material.
 The primary objective of engineering composites is to increase strength to weight ratio.
 Composite material properties are not necessarily isotropic, i.e., directional properties
can be synthesized according to the type of filler materials and the method of
fabrication.
5.) Advanced Materials:
 Materials that are utilized in high-technology (or high-tech) applications are sometimes
termed advanced materials.
 High technology mean a device or product that operates or functions using relatively
intricate and sophisticated principles; examples include electronic equipment (camcorders,
CD/DVD players, etc.), computers, fiber-optic systems, spacecraft, aircraft, and military
rocketry.
 These advanced materials are typically traditional materials whose properties have been
enhanced, and also newly developed, high-performance materials.
 They may be of all material types (e.g., metals, ceramics, polymers), and are normally
expensive.

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Strength Of Materials

(i) The chemical composition of the material,

1) Metals and alloys.

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