THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION:

DEFINITION:
The Industrial Revolution, sometimes divided into the First Industrial Revolution and
Second Industrial Revolution, was a period of global transition of the human economy
towards more widespread, efficient and stable manufacturing processes that
succeeded the Agricultural Revolution. Beginning in Great Britain, the Industrial
Revolution spread to continental Europe and the United States, during the period from
around 1760 to about 1820–1840. This transition included going from hand production
methods to machines; new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes;
the increasing use of water power and steam power; the development of machine
tools; and the rise of the mechanized factory system. Output greatly increased, and
the result was an unprecedented rise in population and the rate of population growth.
The textile industry was the first to use modern production methods, 40 and textiles
became the dominant industry in terms of employment, value of output, and capital
invested.
Many of the technological and architectural innovations were of British origin. By the
mid-18th century, Britain was the world's leading commercial nation, controlling a
global trading empire with colonies in North America and the Caribbean. Britain had
major military and political hegemony on the Indian subcontinent; particularly with
the proto-industrialised Mughal Bengal, through the activities of the Company. The
development of trade and the rise of business were among the major causes of the
Industrial Revolution. Developments in law also facilitated the revolution, such as
court’s ruling in favour of property rights. An entrepreneurial spirit and consumer
revolution helped drive industrialisation in Britain, which after 1800, was emulated in
Belgium, the United States, and France.
The Industrial Revolution marked a major turning point in history, comparable only to
humanity's adoption of agriculture with respect to material advancement. The
Industrial Revolution influenced in some way almost every aspect of daily life. In
particular, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained
growth. Some economists have said the most important effect of the Industrial
Revolution was that the standard of living for the general population in the Western
world began to increase consistently for the first time in history, although others have
said that it did not begin to improve meaningfully until the late 19th and 20th
centuries. GDP per capita was broadly stable before the Industrial Revolution and the
emergence of the modern capitalist economy, while the Industrial Revolution began an
era of per-capita economic growth in capitalist economies. Economic historians agree
that the onset of the Industrial Revolution is the most important event in human
history since the domestication of animals and plants.
HOW THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION CHANGED THE WORLD:
The Industrial Revolution transformed economies that had been based on agriculture
and handicrafts into economies based on large-scale industry, mechanized
manufacturing, and the factory system. New machines, new power sources, and new
ways of organizing work made existing industries more productive and efficient.

THE 4 INDUSTRIAL CHANGES:

First Industrial Revolution: Coal in 1765

The original industrial revolution transformed our economy from agriculture to

industry. Processes became mechanized and products were manufactured for the first
time. During this period, the discovery of coal and its mass extraction, as well as the
development of the steam engine and metal forging completely changed the way
goods were produced and exchanged. Inventions such as spinning machines and
looms to make fabric were making their appearance. Canal transportation began
replacing wagon and mules for moving around these goods.
First Industrial Revolution: Coal in 1765
During this period, the discovery of coal and its mass extraction, as well as the
development of the steam engine and metal forging completely changed the way
goods were produced and exchanged. Inventions such as spinning machines and
looms to make fabric were making their appearance. Canal transportation began
replacing wagon and mules for moving around these goods.

Second Industrial Revolution: Gas in 1870

As the first industrial revolution was driven by coal, the second revolved around the
discovery of electricity, gas and oil. The invention of the combustion engine went
hand-in-hand with these fuel sources. Both steel- and chemically based products
entered the market during this time. Developments in communication technology got
a jump start with the telegraph and later the telephone. Transportation grew by leaps
and bounds with the invention of the plane and car. Mechanical production grew in
speed through the advent of mass production.

The Second Industrial Revolution began in the 19th century through the discovery
of electricity and assembly line production. Henry Ford (1863-1947) took the idea
of mass production from a slaughterhouse in Chicago: The pigs hung from conveyor
belts and each butcher performed only a part of the task of butchering the animal.
Henry Ford carried over these principles into automobile production and drastically
altered it in the process. While before one station assembled an entire automobile,
now the vehicles were produced in partial steps on the conveyor belt - significantly
faster and at lower cost.

Third Industrial Revolution: Electronics and Nuclear in 1969

After another hundred years, nuclear energy and electronics enter the
landscape. Nuclear power began in Europe, grew in both Great Britain and the United
States, went into remission for years, and grew in Asia.

Fourth Industrial Revolution: Internet and Renewable

Energy in 2000
As we continue moving through the fourth industrial revolution, we see a shift to
renewable energy such as solar, wind and geothermal. However, the momentum
comes not from the shift in energy but from the acceleration of digital technology. The
internet and the digital world mean a real-time connection within more and more
components of a production line, both inside and outside facility walls. As the
development of the Industrial Internet of Things, cloud technology and artificial
intelligence continue, a virtual world will merge with the physical world. Predictive
maintenance and real-time data will lead to smarter business decisions and work order
solutions for a myriad of companies around the world.
This is characterised by the application of information and communication
technologies to industry and is also known as "Industry 4.0". It builds on the
developments of the Third Industrial Revolution. Production systems that already
have computer technology are expanded by a network connection and have a digital
twin on the Internet so to speak. These allow communication with other facilities and
the output of information about themselves. This is the next step in production
automation. The networking of all systems leads to "cyber-physical production
systems" and therefore smart factories, in which production
systems, components and people communicate via a network and production is nearly
autonomous.
When these enablers come together, Industry 4.0 has the potential to deliver some
incredible advances in factory environments. Examples include machines which can
predict failures and trigger maintenance processes autonomously or self-organized
logistics which react to unexpected changes in production.
And it has the power to change the way that people work. Industry 4.0 can pull
individuals into smarter networks, with the potential of more efficient working. The
digitalization of the manufacturing environment allows for more flexible methods of
getting the right information to the right person at the right time. The increasing use
of digital devices inside factories and out in the field means maintenance professionals
can be provided with equipment documentation and service history in a timelier
manner, and at the point of use. Maintenance professionals want to be solving
problems, not wasting time trying to source the technical information that they need.
In short, Industry 4.0 is a game-changer, across industrial settings. The digitalization
of manufacturing will change the way that goods are made and distributed, and how
products are serviced and refined. On that basis, it can truly lay claim to represent
the beginning of the fourth industrial revolution.

INVENTIONS OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION:

SPINNING & WEAVING

Invention: The spinning jenny.

Created in: 1764 and patented in 1770
Created By: James Hargreaves
Use: for spinning wool & cotton.
Invention: The water frame
Created in: 1769
Created by: Richard Arkwright
Use: installed in water powered factories, the machine could
spin large amounts of cotton yarn.

Invention: the spinning mule

Created in: 1779
Created by: Samuel Crompton
Use: The machine made it easier to
produce cotton yarn and thread. The spinning
mule allowed one person to work more than
1,000 spindles at the same time. The machine not
only made production faster, but it also produced a higher-quality yarn.

STEAM ENGINES:

Invention: Watts steam engine

Created in: 1765
Created by: James watt
Use: The Watt engine powered factories and mills,
providing a reliable and efficient source of power. His
invention also led to the early steam locomotive
and steam ships to replace animal-drawn vehicles
and sail-powered vessels. This, in turn, facilitated the
growth of railways and steamships.

Invention: the steam locomotive

Created in: 1803
Created by: Richard Trevithick
Use: The steam engine resulted in the creation of
semi-automated factories, and it increased goods
production in places where water power was not
available. In the 1800s, once coal-fired steam
engines had been adapted for use with railways
and ships, the international trade of goods and resources expanded tremendously.

HARNESSING ELECTRICITY:
Invention: Electric generators & motors
Created in: 1820’s & 30’s
Created by: Michael faraday
Use: Its introduction allowed factories to run longer
hours and produce more goods, while electric lights
provided brighter and safer illumination than earlier
methods, such as gas lamps.

Invention: The incandescent lamp. In 1878–79 Joseph Swan

Created in: 1878 - 79
Created by: Joseph Swan
Use: The light bulb allowed for safer working conditions and
paved the way for other inventions that advanced humanity
as a whole. Electric light provided bright, steady light for
miners without a significant risk of explosion. As a result,
artificial light significantly reduced the number of deaths.

TELEGRAPH & TELEPHONE

Invention: telegraph
Created in: 1837
Created by: William Fothergill Cooke and Charles
Wheatstone
Use: By transmitting information quickly over long
distances, the telegraph facilitated the growth in the
railroads, consolidated financial and commodity
markets, and reduced information costs within and
between firms.

Invention: telephone
Created in: 1876
Created by: Alexander Graham
Use: The telephone helped the Industrial Revolution by
allowing for immediate communication between people,
allowing them to exchange ideas and information. First
patented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876, the
telephone expanded the whole notion of communication.
 GROWTH IN THE AGRICULTURAL CENTRE

Invention: STEEL PLOW

Created In: 1837
Created By: John Deere
Use: a way to improve the process of farming,
increase productivity, and expand usable land for
farmers. Prior to the invention of the steel low, plods were made of cast iron.

Invention: Mechanical Reaper

Created In: 1831
Created By: Cyrus McCormick
Use: The mechanical reaper was used by farmers to
harvest crops mechanically. This machine proved to be
the answer for wheat farmers because it increased
food production as well as made harvesting easier.
Farmers could now process more wheat much
quicker and with less labour force.

COSMETICS & WEAR:

Invention: Sewing Machine

Created In: 1840’s & 50’s
Created By: Elias Howe and Isaac Singer
Use: Sewing had always been done by hand, but the
introduction of the sewing machine meant that mass
production of clothing became possible, as well as army
uniforms, upholstery for cars, bedding, towels and much
more. The sewing machine impacted both businesses and
families.

Invention: Shoe-Lasting Machine.

Created In: 1833
Created By: Jan Ernst Matzeliger
Use: The Lasting Machine revolutionized the shoe industry.
Instead of taking 15 minutes to last a shoe, a sole could be
attached in one minute. The efficiency of the machine
resulted in mass production—a single machine could last 700
shoes in a day, compared to 50 by a hand Laster—and lower prices.
 PROS & CONS OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION:
CONS:
1. Cities become crowded and dirty
After establishment of factory system, a large amount of population shifted to cities
from rural areas. This made city crowded. High amount of production created high
amount of factory waste. Thus, the condition of cities became extremely dirty, and
lifestyle of labours came in a lower status.

2. Impact on colonial country

Industrial revolution highly and negatively affected the life of people from colonial
countries. A lot of exploitation occurred to the colonial countries. To get extra raw
material they forced labours and farmers of their colonial countries. Farmer from
countries like India and China faced many atrocities and challenges from Imperial
government.

3. Low status of life of labours

Use of Machines hugely increased in the era of industrial revolution. This made the
production cheap to manufacture and cheap to buyer. So, the wages of labour were
quite lower. It affected of their health and status. Their labours were men, women, and
even small children worked in factories. They had to work 14 to 16 hours. Even though
machines made some tasks easier, working in factories caused a lot of issues for the
workers. They didn’t get paid well, and the work was often unsafe.

4. Pollution and climate

With the great amount of production the amount of pollution increased today’s
‘climate change’ concern is also an effect of this industrial revolution. Smoke from
furnaces created negative impact on air. Other wastes from factory created water
pollution and also soil pollution. Moreover, deforestation occurred in a large amount.
Air, Soil, water was polluted a lot.

5. End of craftsmanship
Use of machines increased a lot in the era of industrial revolution. Machines were able
to do task of many workers. This created the end of craftsmanship. Not only in Europe
for trading, in colonial countries, was craftsmanship widely exploited. Textile industries
of India highly exploited by officers of British east India Company. The traditional
system was highly exploited by this.

6. Child Labour
Children were also worked as a labour in the era of industrial revolution. It impacted
their lifestyle. They faced exploitation. Even children of age six or seven indulged in
coal mines, textile factories, street trading and agriculture. This hazardous work
caused many health issues and problems.
 PROS
1. Goods Became More Affordable and More Accessible
Factories and the machines that they housed began to produce items faster and
cheaper than could be made by hand. As the supply of various items rose, their cost to
the consumer declined (see supply and demand). Shoes, clothing, household goods,
tools, and other items that enhance people’s quality of life became more common and
less expensive.
2. The Rapid Evolution of Labour-Saving Inventions

The rapid production of hand tools and other useful items led to the development of
new types of tools and vehicles to carry goods and people from one place to another.
The growth of road and rail transportation and the invention of the telegraph (and its
associated infrastructure of telegraph—and later telephone and fibre optic—lines)
meant that word of advances in manufacturing, agricultural harvesting, energy
production, and medical techniques could be communicated between interested
parties quickly.

3. The rapid evolution of medicine

The Industrial Revolution was the engine behind various advances
in medicine. Industrialization allowed medical instruments (such as
scalpels, microscope lenses, test tubes, and other equipment) to be produced more
quickly. Using machine manufacturing, refinements to these instruments could more
efficiently roll out to the physicians that needed them.

4. Enhanced Wealth and Quality of Life of the Average Person

Mass production lowered the costs of much-needed tools, clothes, and other
household items for the common (that is, no aristocratic) people, which allowed them
to save money for other things and build personal wealth. In addition, as new
manufacturing machines were invented and new factories were built, new
employment opportunities arose. No longer was the average person so closely tied
to land-related concerns (such as being dependent upon the wages farm labour could
provide or the plant and animal products farms could produce).

5. The Rise of Specialist Professions

As industrialization progressed, more and more rural folk flocked to the cities in search
of better pay in the factories. To increase the factories’ overall efficiency and to take
advantage of new opportunities in the market, factory workers were trained to
perform specialized tasks. Factory owners divided their workers into different groups,
each group focusing on a specific task.