Page : 1 of 94

KLM Technology
Group
Rev: 01
Practical Engineering ENGINEERING SOLUTIONS
Guidelines for Processing
Plant Solutions Rev 1 April 2017
www.klmtechgroup.com

Co Authors
KLM Technology Group Kolmetz Handbook Rev 1 Apriliana
P. O. Box 281
Bandar Johor Bahru,
of Process Equipment Design
80000 Johor Bahru,
Johor, West Malaysia Editor / Author
REFINERY CATALYTIC REFORMING
UNIT SELECTION, SIZING Karl Kolmetz

AND TROUBLESHOOTING

(ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDELINES)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 5

Scope 5

General Design Consideration 9

DEFINITION 23

NOMENCLATURE 25

THEORY OF THE DESIGN 26

Catalytic Reforming Techniques 26

CCR Platforming 35

Common Problems 53

Reactor 54
 Page 2 of 94
KLM Technology Kolmetz Handbook
Group of Process Equipment Design
Rev: 01
REFINERY CATALYTIC REFORMING
Practical Engineering
Guidelines for Processing Plant UNIT SELECTION, SIZING
Solutions AND TROUBLESHOOTING
April 2017
www.klmtechgroup.com
(ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDELINES)

Catalysts 56

Process Variables 64

Troubleshooting 71

APPLICATION

Application 1: Material Balance 79

Application 2: Reactor Design 81

Application 3: Furnace Design 83

REFEREENCE 84

LIST OF TABLE

Table 1: Various Catalytic Reforming Processes 5

Table 2: The composition of two typical feeds 7

Table 3: Examples of research and motor octane of pure hydrocarbons 9

Table 4: Catalytic reaction with catalyst chemistry 18

Table 5: The difference of Reforming processes 34

Table 6: Platforming catalysts CCR operation 41

Table 7: Relative severities of CCR versus SR platforming units 51

These design guidelines are believed to be as accurate as possible, but are very general and not for specific design
cases. They were designed for engineers to do preliminary designs and process specification sheets. The final
design must always be guaranteed for the service selected by the manufacturing vendor, but these guidelines will
greatly reduce the amount of up front engineering hours that are required to develop the final design. The guidelines
are a training tool for young engineers or a resource for engineers with experience.

This document is entrusted to the recipient personally, but the copyright remains with us. It must not be copied,
reproduced or in any way communicated or made accessible to third parties without our written consent.
 Page 3 of 94
KLM Technology Kolmetz Handbook
Group of Process Equipment Design
Rev: 01
REFINERY CATALYTIC REFORMING
Practical Engineering
Guidelines for Processing Plant UNIT SELECTION, SIZING
Solutions AND TROUBLESHOOTING
April 2017
www.klmtechgroup.com
(ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDELINES)

Table 8: Yield comparison of CCR versus SR platforming units 52

Table 9: Economic summary 53

Table 10: Optional response for bad performance 71

Table 11: Operational response for water, sulphur and nitrogen upset 74

LIST OF FIGURE

Figure 1: ASTM D-86 distillation curve for naphtha 7

Figure 2: Sulfur types 8

Figure 3: the decreases octane in some hydrocarbon 10

Figure 4: Generalized catalytic reforming reaction scheme 12

Figure5: Total changes to produce iso-Paraffins and Aromatics 18

Figure 6: Catalytic reforming process flow 20

Figure 7: Semi - regenerative unit 29

Figure 8. Semi-regenerative reforming process 30

Figure 9: Semi - regenerative reactor (Spherical Design) 31

Figure 10: Semi - regenerative reactor 31

Figure 11: Continuous - regenerative unit 33

Figure 12: Basic Platforming Process Flow 35

These design guidelines are believed to be as accurate as possible, but are very general and not for specific design
cases. They were designed for engineers to do preliminary designs and process specification sheets. The final
design must always be guaranteed for the service selected by the manufacturing vendor, but these guidelines will
greatly reduce the amount of up front engineering hours that are required to develop the final design. The guidelines
are a training tool for young engineers or a resource for engineers with experience.

This document is entrusted to the recipient personally, but the copyright remains with us. It must not be copied,
reproduced or in any way communicated or made accessible to third parties without our written consent.
 Page 4 of 94
KLM Technology Kolmetz Handbook
Group of Process Equipment Design
Rev: 01
REFINERY CATALYTIC REFORMING
Practical Engineering
Guidelines for Processing Plant UNIT SELECTION, SIZING
Solutions AND TROUBLESHOOTING
April 2017
www.klmtechgroup.com
(ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDELINES)

Figure 13: CCR Platforming process 39

Figure 14: Catalytic reforming reactions 40

Figure 15: Continuous Platforming Stacked Radial Flow Reactors 42

Figure 16: CCR Platforming Reactor-Intermediate Reactor Cone Area 43

Figure 17: Platforming Unit Heater Radiant Section 45

Figure 18: Vertical Combined Feed Exchanger 46

Figure 19: Recycle Gas Compressor 5 Stage Centrifugal Compressor 47

Figure 20: Separator 49

Figure 21: Debutanizer Overhead Receiver (with Water Boot) 50

Figure 22: Furnace (F1, F2, F3) and reactor (R1, R2, R3) layout. 55

Figure 23: Moving bed reactor 56

Figure 24: Catalyst Components Representation 58

Figure 25: Catalyst Preparation 25

Figure 26: Catalyst regeneration section 64

Figure 27: Influence of P and the feed on C5+ yield 66

Figure 28: Variation in octane number versus TSOR 68

Figure 29: Water-chloride balance 74

These design guidelines are believed to be as accurate as possible, but are very general and not for specific design
cases. They were designed for engineers to do preliminary designs and process specification sheets. The final
design must always be guaranteed for the service selected by the manufacturing vendor, but these guidelines will
greatly reduce the amount of up front engineering hours that are required to develop the final design. The guidelines
are a training tool for young engineers or a resource for engineers with experience.

This document is entrusted to the recipient personally, but the copyright remains with us. It must not be copied,
reproduced or in any way communicated or made accessible to third parties without our written consent.
 Page 5 of 94
KLM Technology Kolmetz Handbook
Group of Process Equipment Design
Rev: 01
REFINERY CATALYTIC REFORMING
Practical Engineering
Guidelines for Processing Plant UNIT SELECTION, SIZING
Solutions AND TROUBLESHOOTING
April 2017
www.klmtechgroup.com
(ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDELINES)

INTRODUCTION

Scope

This guideline provides knowledge on how to design a refining catalytic reforming unit.
This design guideline can assist to understand the basic design of catalytic reforming with
suitable size, material and heat of combustion. Catalytic reforming is a major conversion
process in a petroleum refinery and petrochemical industries.

The problem of low octane ratings of naphtha is solved by increasing the contents of
isomers and aromatics in its composition. In the catalytic reforming unit of a refinery, the
objective is to convert lower octane value naphtha into higher octane reformate that can
be used for gasoline blending. The function of the reformer is to efficiently convert
paraffins and naphthenes to aromatics with as little ring opening or cracking as possible.
Catalytic reforming is a process whereby light petroleum distillates (naphtha) are
contacted with a platinum-containing catalyst at elevated temperatures and hydrogen.

Reforming involves some reactions such as Isomerization, Dehydrogenation, and

Dehydrocyclization which convert the low octane number components in naphtha into
very high octane number components, consequently enhancing the antiknock quality of
gasoline. Catalytic reforming processes are commonly classified into three types based
on the regeneration systems of the catalyst, namely (i) semi-regenerative catalytic
reformer process, (ii) cyclic regenerative catalytic reformer process and (iii) continuous
catalytic regeneration reformer process. The mechanism for the regeneration steps could
be classified into fixed-bed catalyst system; fixed-bed catalyst combined a swing reactor
and a moving bed catalyst with special regenerator

The theory section explains the selection of the catalytic reforming type, calculation of
sizing, trouble shooting, catalyst, and process variable that effect in catalytic reforming.
The application of the catalytic reforming theory with the examples assists the user to
study the catalytic reforming concepts and be prepared to perform the actual design of
the catalytic reforming.

These design guidelines are believed to be as accurate as possible, but are very general and not for specific design
cases. They were designed for engineers to do preliminary designs and process specification sheets. The final
design must always be guaranteed for the service selected by the manufacturing vendor, but these guidelines will
greatly reduce the amount of up front engineering hours that are required to develop the final design. The guidelines
are a training tool for young engineers or a resource for engineers with experience.

This document is entrusted to the recipient personally, but the copyright remains with us. It must not be copied,
reproduced or in any way communicated or made accessible to third parties without our written consent.
 Page 6 of 94
KLM Technology Kolmetz Handbook
Group of Process Equipment Design
Rev: 01
REFINERY CATALYTIC REFORMING
Practical Engineering
Guidelines for Processing Plant UNIT SELECTION, SIZING
Solutions AND TROUBLESHOOTING
April 2017
www.klmtechgroup.com
(ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDELINES)

General Design Consideration

Catalytic reforming is a major conversion process in petroleum refinery and petrochemical

industries. Catalytic reforming is a process whereby light petroleum distillates (naphtha)
are contacted with a platinum-containing catalyst at elevated temperatures and hydrogen
pressures ranging from 345 to 3,450 kPa (50–500 psig) for the purpose of raising the
octane number of the hydrocarbon feed stream.

The low octane, paraffin-rich naphtha feed is converted to a high-octane liquid product
that is rich in aromatic compounds. catalytic reforming produces reformate with octane
numbers of the order of 90 to 95. Hydrogen and other light hydrocarbons are also
produced as reaction by-products. In addition to the use of reformate as a blending
component of motor fuels, it is also a primary source of aromatics used in the
petrochemical industry.

The first catalytic reforming units were designed as semi regenerative (SR), or fixed-bed
units, using Pt/alumina catalysts. Semi regenerative reforming units are periodically shut
down for catalyst regeneration. This involves burning off coke and reconditioning the
catalyst’s active metals. To minimize catalyst deactivation, these units were operated at
high pressures in the range of 2,760 to 3,450 kPa (400–500 psig). High hydrogen
pressure decreases coking and deactivation rates.

Catalytic reforming processes were improved by introducing bimetallic catalysts. These

catalysts allowed lower pressure, higher severity operation: ∼1,380–2,070 kPa (200–300
psig), at 95–98 octane with typical cycle lengths of one year. Cyclic reforming was
developed to allow operation at increased severity. Cyclic reforming still employs fixed-
bed reforming, but each reactor in a series of reactors can be removed from the process
flow, regenerated, and put back into service without shutting down the unit and losing
production. With cyclic reforming, reactor pressures are approximately 200 psig,
producing reformates with octanes near 100.

Catalytic reforming is conducted in the presence of hydrogen over hydrogenation-

dehydrogenation catalysts, which may be supported on alumina or silica–alumina.
Depending on the catalyst, a definite sequence of reactions takes place, involving
structural changes in the charge stock. The catalytic reforming process was commercially

These design guidelines are believed to be as accurate as possible, but are very general and not for specific design
cases. They were designed for engineers to do preliminary designs and process specification sheets. The final
design must always be guaranteed for the service selected by the manufacturing vendor, but these guidelines will
greatly reduce the amount of up front engineering hours that are required to develop the final design. The guidelines
are a training tool for young engineers or a resource for engineers with experience.

This document is entrusted to the recipient personally, but the copyright remains with us. It must not be copied,
reproduced or in any way communicated or made accessible to third parties without our written consent.
 Page 7 of 94
KLM Technology Kolmetz Handbook
Group of Process Equipment Design
Rev: 01
REFINERY CATALYTIC REFORMING
Practical Engineering
Guidelines for Processing Plant UNIT SELECTION, SIZING
Solutions AND TROUBLESHOOTING
April 2017
www.klmtechgroup.com
(ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDELINES)

nonexistent in the United States before 1940. The process is really a process of the
1950s and showed phenomenal growth in the 1953–1959 period. As a result, thermal
reforming is now somewhat obsolete.

Feedstocks

The yield of gasoline of a given octane number and at given operating conditions
depends on the hydrocarbon types in the feed. Naphtha feedstocks to reformers typically
contain paraffins, naphthenes, and aromatics with 6–12 carbon atoms. In the majority of
cases the feed may be a straight-run naphtha, but other byproduct low-octane naphtha
(e.g., coker naphtha) can be processed after treatment to remove olefins and other
contaminants. Hydrocarbon naphtha that contains substantial quantities of naphthenes is
also a suitable feed. high-naphthene stocks, which readily give aromatic gasoline, are the
easiest to reform and give the highest gasoline yields.

Most feed naphtha have to be hydrotreated to remove metals, olefins, sulfur, and
nitrogen, prior to being fed to a reforming unit. A typical straight run naphtha from crude
distillation may have a boiling range of 150–400◦F (65–200◦C).

In addition to naphtha from crude distillation, naphtha can be derived from a variety of
other processes that crack heavier hydrocarbons to hydrocarbons in the naphtha range.
Cracked feedstocks may be derived from catalytic cracking, hydrocracking, cokers,
thermal cracking, as well as visbreaking, fluid catalytic cracking, and synthetic naphtha
obtained, for example, from a Fischer–Tropsch process.

Light paraffinic naphtha are more difficult to reform than heavier naphthenic
hydrocarbons. Distillation values for the initial boiling point, the mid-point at which 50% of
the naphtha is distilled over, and the end point are often used to characterize a naphtha
(Figure 1). Paraffinic stocks, however, which depend on the more difficult isomerization,
dehydrocyclization, and hydrocracking reactions, require more severe conditions and give
lower gasoline yields than the naphthenic stocks.

These design guidelines are believed to be as accurate as possible, but are very general and not for specific design
cases. They were designed for engineers to do preliminary designs and process specification sheets. The final
design must always be guaranteed for the service selected by the manufacturing vendor, but these guidelines will
greatly reduce the amount of up front engineering hours that are required to develop the final design. The guidelines
are a training tool for young engineers or a resource for engineers with experience.

This document is entrusted to the recipient personally, but the copyright remains with us. It must not be copied,
reproduced or in any way communicated or made accessible to third parties without our written consent.
 Page 8 of 94
KLM Technology Kolmetz Handbook
Group of Process Equipment Design
Rev: 01
REFINERY CATALYTIC REFORMING
Practical Engineering
Guidelines for Processing Plant UNIT SELECTION, SIZING
Solutions AND TROUBLESHOOTING
April 2017
www.klmtechgroup.com
(ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDELINES)

The end point of the feed is usually limited to about 190 °C (375 °F), partially because of
increased coke deposition on the catalyst as the end point during processing at about 158
°C (278 °F). Limiting the feed end point avoids re-distillation of the product to meet the
gasoline end-point specification of 205 °C (400 °F), maximum.

Table 2: The composition of two typical feeds.

Paraffinic Naphthenic
(Arabian Light) (Nigeria)
RON 50 66
Av.Mw 114 119
S (ppm wt) 500 350
Paraffins 66.8 29.3
Naphthenes 21.8 61.85
Aromatics 11.4 8.85

Figure 1: ASTM D-86 distillation curve for naphtha

These design guidelines are believed to be as accurate as possible, but are very general and not for specific design
cases. They were designed for engineers to do preliminary designs and process specification sheets. The final
design must always be guaranteed for the service selected by the manufacturing vendor, but these guidelines will
greatly reduce the amount of up front engineering hours that are required to develop the final design. The guidelines
are a training tool for young engineers or a resource for engineers with experience.

This document is entrusted to the recipient personally, but the copyright remains with us. It must not be copied,
reproduced or in any way communicated or made accessible to third parties without our written consent.
 Page 9 of 94
KLM Technology Kolmetz Handbook
Group of Process Equipment Design
Rev: 01
REFINERY CATALYTIC REFORMING
Practical Engineering
Guidelines for Processing Plant UNIT SELECTION, SIZING
Solutions AND TROUBLESHOOTING
April 2017
www.klmtechgroup.com
(ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDELINES)

Feed hydrotreating is used to reduce feedstock contaminants to acceptable levels.

Common poisons for reforming catalysts that are found in naphtha are sulfur, nitrogen,
and oxygen compounds. Removing these requires breaking of a carbon-sulfur, -nitrogen
or -oxygen bond and formation of hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, or water, respectively.
Hydrotreaters will also remove olefins and metal contaminants.

The reformate stream from a catalytic reforming unit is invariably used either as a high
octane gasoline blending component or as a source of aromatics—BTX (benzene,
toluene, and xylenes), and C9+ aromatics. Reforming for motor fuel applications still
represents the majority of existing reforming capacity. Reformate specifications (octane,
vapor pressure, end point, etc.) are set to provide an optimum blending product.

The octane requirement is met through the production of high-octane aromatics, the
isomerization of paraffins, and the removal of low octane components by cracking them to
gaseous products. Feedstocks to these units are typically “full range” naphtha, consisting
of hydrocarbons with 6–12 carbon atoms; however, the initial boiling point may be varied
to limit the presence of benzene precursors.

Reforming units for the production of aromatics are often called BTX reformers. Naphtha
for these units are specified to contain mostly naphthenes and paraffins of 6–8 carbons.
The desired reaction is aromatization through dehydrogenation of the naphthenes, and
cyclization and dehydrogenation of the paraffins to the analogous aromatic.

Figure 2: Sulfur types.

These design guidelines are believed to be as accurate as possible, but are very general and not for specific design
cases. They were designed for engineers to do preliminary designs and process specification sheets. The final
design must always be guaranteed for the service selected by the manufacturing vendor, but these guidelines will
greatly reduce the amount of up front engineering hours that are required to develop the final design. The guidelines
are a training tool for young engineers or a resource for engineers with experience.

This document is entrusted to the recipient personally, but the copyright remains with us. It must not be copied,
reproduced or in any way communicated or made accessible to third parties without our written consent.
 Page 10 of 94
KLM Technology Kolmetz Handbook
Group of Process Equipment Design
Rev: 01
REFINERY CATALYTIC REFORMING
Practical Engineering
Guidelines for Processing Plant UNIT SELECTION, SIZING
Solutions AND TROUBLESHOOTING
April 2017
www.klmtechgroup.com
(ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDELINES)

Reformate properties

For motor fuel applications, the octane number is the dominant parameter of product
quality. A higher octane number reflects a lower tendency of the hydrocarbon to undergo
a rapid, inefficient detonation in an internal combustion engine. This rapid detonation is
heard as a knocking sound in the engine, so octane is often referred to as the antiknock
quality of a gasoline. Motor fuel octanes are measured at low engine speeds (research
octane number or RON) or at high engine speeds (motor octane number or MON). Table
3 provides a listing of the various octanes of pure hydrocarbons.

Octane numbers of a hydrocarbon or hydrocarbon mixture are determined by comparing

its antiknock qualities with various blends of n-heptane (zero octane) and 2,2,4-
trimethylpentane, or iso-octane (100 octane). Hydrocarbons may appear to have different
octane numbers when blended with other hydrocarbons of a different composition—these
are denoted as “blending octanes” and may be significantly different from the actual
octane numbers of the individual hydrocarbon components.

Table 3: Examples of research and motor octane of pure hydrocarbons

RON MON
Paraffins
n-heptane 0 0
2-methylhexane 42.4 46.3
3-ethylpentane 65.0 69.3
2,4-dimethylpentane 83.1 83.8

Aromatics
Toluene 120.1 103.2
Ethylbenzene 107.4 97.9
Isopropylbenzene 113 99.3
1-methyl-3-ethylbenzene 112.1 100
1,3,5-trimethylbenzene >120 >120

These design guidelines are believed to be as accurate as possible, but are very general and not for specific design
cases. They were designed for engineers to do preliminary designs and process specification sheets. The final
design must always be guaranteed for the service selected by the manufacturing vendor, but these guidelines will
greatly reduce the amount of up front engineering hours that are required to develop the final design. The guidelines
are a training tool for young engineers or a resource for engineers with experience.

This document is entrusted to the recipient personally, but the copyright remains with us. It must not be copied,
reproduced or in any way communicated or made accessible to third parties without our written consent.
 Page 11 of 94
KLM Technology Kolmetz Handbook
Group of Process Equipment Design
Rev: 01
REFINERY CATALYTIC REFORMING
Practical Engineering
Guidelines for Processing Plant UNIT SELECTION, SIZING
Solutions AND TROUBLESHOOTING
April 2017
www.klmtechgroup.com
(ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDELINES)

Figure 3: the decreases octane in some hydrocarbon

Normal paraffins have the least desirable knocking characteristics and they become
progressively worse as the molecular weight increase, while iso-paraffins and naphthenes
have higher octane numbers than the corresponding normal paraffins. The octane
number of the iso-paraffins increases with the increase of branching of the chain. Olefins
have markedly higher octane numbers than the corresponding paraffins and aromatics
usually have very high octane numbers.

Comparing the different hydrocarbon series, aromatics – except for Benzene – are the
hydrocarbons with the highest octane numbers. Hence, to increase the octane number of
gasoline, the paraffinic and naphthenic contents in gasoline should be transformed into
aromatics and isoparaffins. Such a transformation process is called the Reforming
Process.

These design guidelines are believed to be as accurate as possible, but are very general and not for specific design
cases. They were designed for engineers to do preliminary designs and process specification sheets. The final
design must always be guaranteed for the service selected by the manufacturing vendor, but these guidelines will
greatly reduce the amount of up front engineering hours that are required to develop the final design. The guidelines
are a training tool for young engineers or a resource for engineers with experience.

This document is entrusted to the recipient personally, but the copyright remains with us. It must not be copied,
reproduced or in any way communicated or made accessible to third parties without our written consent.
 Page 12 of 94
KLM Technology Kolmetz Handbook
Group of Process Equipment Design
Rev: 01
REFINERY CATALYTIC REFORMING
Practical Engineering
Guidelines for Processing Plant UNIT SELECTION, SIZING
Solutions AND TROUBLESHOOTING
April 2017
www.klmtechgroup.com
(ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDELINES)

Reforming reactions

Reforming is essentially a treatment process designed to improve a gasoline octane

number and may be accomplished in part by an increase in the volatility -reduction in
molecular size- or chiefly by the conversion of n-paraffins to iso-paraffins, olefins, and
aromatics and the conversion of naphthenes to aromatics. Overall, the reforming
reactions are endothermic. The resulting product stream (reformate) from catalytic
reforming has a RON from 96 to 102 depending on the reactor severity and feedstock
quality.

The principal reforming reactions are the cracking of paraffins, paraffins isomerisation,
dehydrocyclisation of paraffins to naphthenes and the dehydrogenation of naphthenes.
The cyclisation and dehydrogenation reactions produce valuable aromatics. In BTX
production, the objective is to transform paraffins and naphthenes into benzene, toluene,
and xylenes with minimal cracking to light gases. The yield of desired product is the
percentage of feed converted to these aromatics. In motor fuel applications, octane
values of the feed may be raised via aromatization or through isomerization of the
paraffins into higher octane branched species without sacrificing yield. Yield is typically
defined as liquid product with five or more carbons.

A generalized reaction scheme that identifies these key reactions, as well as the reaction
pathways that are required to achieve high product yields, is depicted below. As shown,
two key catalyst functions are served by acid and metal sites. The performance of the
catalyst system, as measured by its activity and selectivity to the desired reactions, is a
function of the balance achieved between these acid and metal sites.

These design guidelines are believed to be as accurate as possible, but are very general and not for specific design
cases. They were designed for engineers to do preliminary designs and process specification sheets. The final
design must always be guaranteed for the service selected by the manufacturing vendor, but these guidelines will
greatly reduce the amount of up front engineering hours that are required to develop the final design. The guidelines
are a training tool for young engineers or a resource for engineers with experience.

This document is entrusted to the recipient personally, but the copyright remains with us. It must not be copied,
reproduced or in any way communicated or made accessible to third parties without our written consent.
 Page 13 of 94
KLM Technology Kolmetz Handbook
Group of Process Equipment Design
Rev: 01
REFINERY CATALYTIC REFORMING
Practical Engineering
Guidelines for Processing Plant UNIT SELECTION, SIZING
Solutions AND TROUBLESHOOTING
April 2017
www.klmtechgroup.com
(ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDELINES)

Figure 4: Generalized catalytic reforming reaction scheme

These design guidelines are believed to be as accurate as possible, but are very general and not for specific design
cases. They were designed for engineers to do preliminary designs and process specification sheets. The final
design must always be guaranteed for the service selected by the manufacturing vendor, but these guidelines will
greatly reduce the amount of up front engineering hours that are required to develop the final design. The guidelines
are a training tool for young engineers or a resource for engineers with experience.

This document is entrusted to the recipient personally, but the copyright remains with us. It must not be copied,
reproduced or in any way communicated or made accessible to third parties without our written consent.
 Page 14 of 94
KLM Technology Kolmetz Handbook
Group of Process Equipment Design
Rev: 01
REFINERY CATALYTIC REFORMING
Practical Engineering
Guidelines for Processing Plant UNIT SELECTION, SIZING
Solutions AND TROUBLESHOOTING
April 2017
www.klmtechgroup.com
(ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDELINES)

The reforming reactions are classified into eight general classes that include the following
reversible reactions:

 Isomerisation of paraffins and naphthenes to form branched paraffins and

naphthenes.
 Dehydrocyclisation or ring closure of paraffins to naphthenes and the ring opening
of naphthenes.
 Ring expansion and ring contraction of naphthenes.
 Dehydrogenation of naphthenes to aromatics and hydrogenation of aromatics.

The kinetic model also includes the following irreversible reactions:

 Hydrogenolysis of paraffins to lighter paraffins and hydrogenolysis with

hydrodealkylation of naphthenes to lighter naphthenes and paraffins.
 Hydrocracking of paraffins to lighter paraffins.
 Hydrodealkylation of aromatics to lighter aromatics and paraffins.
 Condensation of olefins and aromatics to coke.

Typical catalysts that consist of platinum supported on alumina (with or without other
metals or modifiers) are bifunctional in that separate and distinct reactions occur on the
platinum site and on the alumina. The platinum typically performs dehydrogenation and
hydrogenolysis, while the acidic alumina isomerizes, cyclizes, and cracks. The
dehydrogenation of naphthenes to aromatics is probably the most important reaction.
Feeds contain cyclopentanes and substituted cyclopentanes, as well as cyclohexanes
and their homologues. Six carbon ring cyclohexanes, for example, can be directly
dehydrogenated to produce aromatics and hydrogen.

These design guidelines are believed to be as accurate as possible, but are very general and not for specific design
cases. They were designed for engineers to do preliminary designs and process specification sheets. The final
design must always be guaranteed for the service selected by the manufacturing vendor, but these guidelines will
greatly reduce the amount of up front engineering hours that are required to develop the final design. The guidelines
are a training tool for young engineers or a resource for engineers with experience.

This document is entrusted to the recipient personally, but the copyright remains with us. It must not be copied,
reproduced or in any way communicated or made accessible to third parties without our written consent.
 Page 15 of 94
KLM Technology Kolmetz Handbook
Group of Process Equipment Design
Rev: 01
REFINERY CATALYTIC REFORMING
Practical Engineering
Guidelines for Processing Plant UNIT SELECTION, SIZING
Solutions AND TROUBLESHOOTING
April 2017
www.klmtechgroup.com
(ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDELINES)

Naphthene De-hydrogenation

Dehydrogenation is a main chemical reaction in catalytic reforming, and hydrogen gas is

consequently produced in large quantities. The hydrogen is recycled through the reactors
where the reforming takes place to provide the atmosphere necessary for the chemical
reactions and also prevents the carbon from being deposited on the catalyst, thus
extending its operating life.

• Endothermic -52.8 kcal / mole

• Favored by high temperature and low hydrogen pressures
• Equilibrium limited, except at low pressures
• R = kPHC / ( 1 + KPHC )
• Octane changes from 107 to 124

Isomerization

Dehydrogenation is typically catalyzed by the platinum function on the reforming catalyst.

Five member ring cyclopentanes must be hydroisomerized to give a cyclohexane
intermediate prior to dehydrogenation to aromatics.

Acid-catalyzed reactions together with the Pt-catalyzed dehydrogenation function are

largely responsible for hydro-isomerization reactions that lead to the formation of
aromatics.

These design guidelines are believed to be as accurate as possible, but are very general and not for specific design
cases. They were designed for engineers to do preliminary designs and process specification sheets. The final
design must always be guaranteed for the service selected by the manufacturing vendor, but these guidelines will
greatly reduce the amount of up front engineering hours that are required to develop the final design. The guidelines
are a training tool for young engineers or a resource for engineers with experience.

This document is entrusted to the recipient personally, but the copyright remains with us. It must not be copied,
reproduced or in any way communicated or made accessible to third parties without our written consent.
 Page 16 of 94
KLM Technology Kolmetz Handbook
Group of Process Equipment Design
Rev: 01
REFINERY CATALYTIC REFORMING
Practical Engineering
Guidelines for Processing Plant UNIT SELECTION, SIZING
Solutions AND TROUBLESHOOTING
April 2017
www.klmtechgroup.com
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Paraffin conversion is the most difficult step in reforming. For that reason, the ability to
convert paraffins selectively is of paramount importance in reforming. Paraffins may be
isomerized over the acidic function of the catalyst to provide higher octane branched
paraffins.

• Equilibrium limited
• Slightly exothermic – 1.0 kcal
• Favored by low temperatures
• Rate can be expressed by R = k (PHC / PH )0.5
• Change from 0 octane to 89 octane

Hydrocracking

Another acid catalyzed paraffin reaction is cracking to lighter products, thus removing
them from the liquid product. Octane is improved through the removal of low octane
paraffinic species from the liquid product by their conversion to gaseous, lower molecular
weight paraffins.

• Produces C4 and lighter

• Rate can be expressed by R = k (PHC / PH )0.5

These design guidelines are believed to be as accurate as possible, but are very general and not for specific design
cases. They were designed for engineers to do preliminary designs and process specification sheets. The final
design must always be guaranteed for the service selected by the manufacturing vendor, but these guidelines will
greatly reduce the amount of up front engineering hours that are required to develop the final design. The guidelines
are a training tool for young engineers or a resource for engineers with experience.

This document is entrusted to the recipient personally, but the copyright remains with us. It must not be copied,
reproduced or in any way communicated or made accessible to third parties without our written consent.
 Page 17 of 94
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Paraffin dehydrocyclinization

Paraffins also undergo cyclization to cyclohexanes. This reaction is believed to proceed

through an olefin intermediate, produced by Pt-catalyzed dehydrogenation

• Endothermic -63.6 kcal / mole

• Favored by high temperature and low hydrogen pressures
• Equilibrium limited, except at low pressures
• R = kPHC / ( 1 + KPHC )

After cyclization, cyclohexane undergoes dehydrogenation to aromatics. Cyclopentanes

undergo hydro-isomerization to cyclohexane, followed by dehydrogenation to aromatics.
Aromatics are stable species and relatively inert. Reactions of substituted aromatics
involve isomerization, hydrodealkylation, disproportionation, and transalkylation.

These design guidelines are believed to be as accurate as possible, but are very general and not for specific design
cases. They were designed for engineers to do preliminary designs and process specification sheets. The final
design must always be guaranteed for the service selected by the manufacturing vendor, but these guidelines will
greatly reduce the amount of up front engineering hours that are required to develop the final design. The guidelines
are a training tool for young engineers or a resource for engineers with experience.

This document is entrusted to the recipient personally, but the copyright remains with us. It must not be copied,
reproduced or in any way communicated or made accessible to third parties without our written consent.
 Page 18 of 94
KLM Technology Kolmetz Handbook
Group of Process Equipment Design
Rev: 01
REFINERY CATALYTIC REFORMING
Practical Engineering
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(ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDELINES)

Aromatic De-alkylation

• Differs from De-methylation only in the size of the fragment removed from the ring
• Favored by high temperature and high pressure

De-methylation

• In severe catalytic reforming conditions

• Inhibited by attenuation of the metal catalyst function by addition of sulfur or a
second metal

Small amounts of olefins are formed that also undergo a number of isomerization,
alkylation, and cracking reactions. In particular, they appear to play an important role as
an intermediate in cyclization reactions. The dehydrogenation of naphthenes and
paraffins is rapid and equilibrium concentrations are established in the initial portions of a
catalyst bed. Isomerization reactions are sufficiently fast that actual concentrations are
near equilibrium.

The observed reaction rate for dehydrocyclization is reduced by the low concentrations of
the olefin intermediates that exist at equilibrium. Hydrogen partial pressure significantly
affects olefin equilibrium concentrations and has a significant impact on aromatization and
dehydrocyclization of paraffins. Lowering hydrogen partial pressures results in an

These design guidelines are believed to be as accurate as possible, but are very general and not for specific design
cases. They were designed for engineers to do preliminary designs and process specification sheets. The final
design must always be guaranteed for the service selected by the manufacturing vendor, but these guidelines will
greatly reduce the amount of up front engineering hours that are required to develop the final design. The guidelines
are a training tool for young engineers or a resource for engineers with experience.

This document is entrusted to the recipient personally, but the copyright remains with us. It must not be copied,
reproduced or in any way communicated or made accessible to third parties without our written consent.
 Page 19 of 94
KLM Technology Kolmetz Handbook
Group of Process Equipment Design
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Practical Engineering
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Solutions AND TROUBLESHOOTING
April 2017
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(ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDELINES)

increase in the rate of aromatization, a decrease in the rate of hydrocracking, and an

increase in the rate of coke formation.

Table 4: Basic Reaction Relationships

Reaction Rate Delta Heat of Favored By

Reaction
De-hydrogenation Very Fast Very Endothermic High Temperature
Low Pressure
De-hydrocyclization Slow Mildly Endothermic High Temperature
Low Pressure
Isomerization Fast Mildly Exothermic High Temperature

Hydrocracking Moderate Exothermic High Temperature

High Pressure
Aromatic Slow Exothermic High Temperature
De-alkylation High Pressure
De-methylation Slow Exothermic High Temperature
High Pressure

As a result of the reactions taking place during the process, reformates consist – mainly –
of branched paraffins and especially aromatics, most of which have fewer than 10 carbon
atoms. Figure 5 shows the total changes taking place in the reformer to produce the
desired aromatics and isoparaffins.

These design guidelines are believed to be as accurate as possible, but are very general and not for specific design
cases. They were designed for engineers to do preliminary designs and process specification sheets. The final
design must always be guaranteed for the service selected by the manufacturing vendor, but these guidelines will
greatly reduce the amount of up front engineering hours that are required to develop the final design. The guidelines
are a training tool for young engineers or a resource for engineers with experience.

This document is entrusted to the recipient personally, but the copyright remains with us. It must not be copied,
reproduced or in any way communicated or made accessible to third parties without our written consent.
 Page 20 of 94
KLM Technology Kolmetz Handbook
Group of Process Equipment Design
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Practical Engineering
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(ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDELINES)

Figure 5: Total changes to produce iso-Paraffins and Aromatics.

These design guidelines are believed to be as accurate as possible, but are very general and not for specific design
cases. They were designed for engineers to do preliminary designs and process specification sheets. The final
design must always be guaranteed for the service selected by the manufacturing vendor, but these guidelines will
greatly reduce the amount of up front engineering hours that are required to develop the final design. The guidelines
are a training tool for young engineers or a resource for engineers with experience.

This document is entrusted to the recipient personally, but the copyright remains with us. It must not be copied,
reproduced or in any way communicated or made accessible to third parties without our written consent.
 Page 21 of 94
KLM Technology Kolmetz Handbook
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Table 4: Catalytic reaction with catalyst chemistry

Promoted By Temperature Pressure

Naphthalene Metal Function High Low

De-hydrogenation
Naphthalene Acid Function Low No preference
Isomerization
Paraffin Acid Function Low No preference
Isomerization
Paraffin Metal and Acid High Low
De-hydrocyclization Function
Hydrocracking Acid Function High High

De-methylation Metal Function High High

Aromatic Metal and Acid High High

De-alkylation Function

Process Overview

The catalytic reforming process consists of a series of several reactors, which operate at
temperatures of approximately 480 °C (900 °F). The hydrocarbons are reheated by direct-
fired furnaces between the subsequent reforming reactors. As a result of the very high
temperatures, the catalyst becomes deactivated by the formation of coke (i.e., essentially
pure carbon) on the catalyst, which reduces the surface area available to contact with the
hydrocarbons. Reforming reactions highly endothermic, so several reheats and reactor
stages are used. The basic purpose of the reactors is to reform the “straight chain“
molecules into aromatic and branched aromatic molecules.

Catalytic reforming is usually carried out by feeding a naphtha (after pretreating with
hydrogen if necessary) and hydrogen mixture to a furnace where the mixture is heated to
the desired temperatures 450 °C to 520 °C (840 °F to 965 °F), and then passed through
fixed-bed catalytic reactors at hydrogen pressures of 100 to 1000 psi. Normally, two (or

These design guidelines are believed to be as accurate as possible, but are very general and not for specific design
cases. They were designed for engineers to do preliminary designs and process specification sheets. The final
design must always be guaranteed for the service selected by the manufacturing vendor, but these guidelines will
greatly reduce the amount of up front engineering hours that are required to develop the final design. The guidelines
are a training tool for young engineers or a resource for engineers with experience.

This document is entrusted to the recipient personally, but the copyright remains with us. It must not be copied,
reproduced or in any way communicated or made accessible to third parties without our written consent.
 Page 22 of 94
KLM Technology Kolmetz Handbook
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REFINERY CATALYTIC REFORMING
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Guidelines for Processing Plant UNIT SELECTION, SIZING
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April 2017
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(ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDELINES)

more than one) reactors are used in series, and reheaters are located between adjoining
reactors to compensate for the endothermic reactions taking place. Sometimes as many
as four or five are kept on-stream in series while one or more is being regenerated. The
on-stream cycle of any one reactor may vary from several hours to many days, depending
on the feedstock and reaction conditions.

The product issuing from the last catalytic reactor is cooled and sent to a high-pressure
separator where the hydrogen- rich gas is split into two streams:

 One stream goes to recycle where it is mixed with the feed, and
 The remaining portion represents excess hydrogen available for other uses.

The excess hydrogen is vented from the unit and used in hydrotreating, as a fuel, or for
manufacture of chemicals (e.g., ammonia). The liquid product (reformate) is stabilized (by
removal of light ends) and used directly in gasoline or extracted for aromatic blending
stocks for aviation gasoline.

These design guidelines are believed to be as accurate as possible, but are very general and not for specific design
cases. They were designed for engineers to do preliminary designs and process specification sheets. The final
design must always be guaranteed for the service selected by the manufacturing vendor, but these guidelines will
greatly reduce the amount of up front engineering hours that are required to develop the final design. The guidelines
are a training tool for young engineers or a resource for engineers with experience.

This document is entrusted to the recipient personally, but the copyright remains with us. It must not be copied,
reproduced or in any way communicated or made accessible to third parties without our written consent.
 Page 23 of 94
KLM Technology Kolmetz Handbook
Group of Process Equipment Design
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REFINERY CATALYTIC REFORMING
Practical Engineering
Guidelines for Processing Plant UNIT SELECTION, SIZING
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April 2017
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(ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDELINES)

Figure 6: Catalytic reforming process flow

There are several types of catalytic reforming process configurations that differ in the
manner that they accommodate the regeneration of the reforming catalyst. Catalyst
regeneration involves burning off the coke with oxygen. The semi-regenerative process is
the simplest configuration but does require that the unit be shut down for catalyst
regeneration in which all reactors (typically four) are regenerated. The cyclic configuration
uses an additional swing reactor that enables one reactor at a time to be taken off-line for
regeneration while the other four remain in service.

These design guidelines are believed to be as accurate as possible, but are very general and not for specific design
cases. They were designed for engineers to do preliminary designs and process specification sheets. The final
design must always be guaranteed for the service selected by the manufacturing vendor, but these guidelines will
greatly reduce the amount of up front engineering hours that are required to develop the final design. The guidelines
are a training tool for young engineers or a resource for engineers with experience.

This document is entrusted to the recipient personally, but the copyright remains with us. It must not be copied,
reproduced or in any way communicated or made accessible to third parties without our written consent.
 Page 24 of 94
KLM Technology Kolmetz Handbook
Group of Process Equipment Design
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REFINERY CATALYTIC REFORMING
Practical Engineering
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April 2017
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(ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDELINES)

The continuous catalyst regeneration (CCR) configuration is the most complex

configuration and enables the catalyst to be continuously removed for regeneration and
replaced after regeneration. The benefits of more complex configurations are that
operating severity may be increased as a result of higher catalyst activity but this does
come at an increased capital cost for the process.

Below are general design consideration of catalytic reformer

 Reactor inlet pressure typically 4 to 24 barg.

 Reactor inlet temperature typically 500 to 525˚C
 Hydrogen to feed ratio 5:1
 Coke formation decreases catalytic activity and catalyst needs to be regenerated
 Three types of operation, depending on catalyst regeneration:
 Semi regenerative: requires plant to be shut down for regeneration (every 3 to 24
months)
 Cyclic: - swing reactor in addition to ones on stream
- swing reactor regenerated
- reactors switched when catalyst activity drops (without shutdown of plant)
 Continuous : continuous removal and regeneration of catalyst
 Modern designs use moving beds with continuous regeneration

These design guidelines are believed to be as accurate as possible, but are very general and not for specific design
cases. They were designed for engineers to do preliminary designs and process specification sheets. The final
design must always be guaranteed for the service selected by the manufacturing vendor, but these guidelines will
greatly reduce the amount of up front engineering hours that are required to develop the final design. The guidelines
are a training tool for young engineers or a resource for engineers with experience.

This document is entrusted to the recipient personally, but the copyright remains with us. It must not be copied,
reproduced or in any way communicated or made accessible to third parties without our written consent.
 Page 25 of 94
KLM Technology Kolmetz Handbook
Group of Process Equipment Design
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REFINERY CATALYTIC REFORMING
Practical Engineering
Guidelines for Processing Plant UNIT SELECTION, SIZING
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(ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDELINES)

DEFINITIONS

Catalytic reforming - a process for improving the octane quality of straight-run naphtha
and of mixed naphtha containing cracked naphtha

Coke - formed in the processes to convert the residuum fuels to the more desirable
distillate products of naphtha and lighter through to the middle distillates

Crude oil - a mixture of hydrocarbon compounds. These compounds range in boiling

points and molecular weights from methane as the lightest compound to those whose
molecular weight will be in excess of 500.

De-butanizers - A fractionator designed to separate butane (and more volatile

components if present) from a hydrocarbon mixture De-butanizers are used in refineries
to remove butanes and lighter compounds from product streams

The material balance - the process represented by the process flow diagram is either
shown in table form on the bottom of the flow sheet or on an attached but separate table

Octane numbers - a measure of a gasoline’ s resistance to knock or detonation in a

cylinder of a gasoline engine. The higher this resistance is the higher will be the efficiency
of the fuel to produce work.

Regenerator - A unit including reboiler, still column and other related facilities to
regenerate (or re-concentrate)

Heat duty - The rate of heat absorption by the process.

Excess Air - The percentage of air in the heater in excess of the stoichiometric amount
required for combustion

Exothermic - A process or reaction that release heat, i.e. a process or reaction for which
the change in enthalpy, ΔH, isnegative at constant pressure and temperature

These design guidelines are believed to be as accurate as possible, but are very general and not for specific design
cases. They were designed for engineers to do preliminary designs and process specification sheets. The final
design must always be guaranteed for the service selected by the manufacturing vendor, but these guidelines will
greatly reduce the amount of up front engineering hours that are required to develop the final design. The guidelines
are a training tool for young engineers or a resource for engineers with experience.

This document is entrusted to the recipient personally, but the copyright remains with us. It must not be copied,
reproduced or in any way communicated or made accessible to third parties without our written consent.
 Page 26 of 94
KLM Technology Kolmetz Handbook
Group of Process Equipment Design
Rev: 01
REFINERY CATALYTIC REFORMING
Practical Engineering
Guidelines for Processing Plant UNIT SELECTION, SIZING
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April 2017
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(ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDELINES)

Lower Heating Value (LHV) - The theoretical heat of combustion of a fuel, when no
credit is taken for the heat of condensation of water in the flue gas.

Naphtha - Any of several highly volatile, flammable liquid mixtures of hydrocarbons

distilled from petroleum, coal tar, and natural gas and used as fuel, as solvents, and in
making various chemicals.

Olefin - Any of a class of unsaturated open-chain hydrocarbons such as ethylene, having

the general formula CnH2n; an alkene with only one carbon-carbon double bond.

Pressure drops - the difference in pressure between two points of a fluid carrying
network. Pressure drop occurs when frictional forces, caused by the resistance to flow

Catalyst - A substance, usually used in small amounts relative to the reactants, that
modifies and increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed in the process.

Catalytic - Causing a chemical reaction to happen more quickly

Aromatic molecules - Any of a large class of organic compounds whose molecular

structure includes one or more planar rings of atoms, usually but not always six carbon
atoms. The ring's carbon-carbon bonds (bonding) are neither single nor double but a type
characteristic of these compounds, in which electrons are shared equally with all the
atoms around the ring in an electron cloud.

Space velocity - The relationship between feed rate and reactor volume in a flow
process; defined as the volume or weight of feed (measured at standard conditions) per
unit time per unit volume of reactor (or per unit weight of catalyst).

These design guidelines are believed to be as accurate as possible, but are very general and not for specific design
cases. They were designed for engineers to do preliminary designs and process specification sheets. The final
design must always be guaranteed for the service selected by the manufacturing vendor, but these guidelines will
greatly reduce the amount of up front engineering hours that are required to develop the final design. The guidelines
are a training tool for young engineers or a resource for engineers with experience.

This document is entrusted to the recipient personally, but the copyright remains with us. It must not be copied,
reproduced or in any way communicated or made accessible to third parties without our written consent.
 Page 27 of 94
KLM Technology Kolmetz Handbook
Group of Process Equipment Design
Rev: 01
REFINERY CATALYTIC REFORMING
Practical Engineering
Guidelines for Processing Plant UNIT SELECTION, SIZING
Solutions AND TROUBLESHOOTING
April 2017
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(ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDELINES)

NOMENCLATURE

% H2 % H2 in Naphtha (w/w), %
%(C1+C2) % (C1 + C2) in Naphtha (w/w), %
%C3 % C3 in Naphtha (w/w), %
%C4 % C4 in Naphtha (v/v), %
%C5+ % C5+ in Naphtha (v/v), %
%excess Excess air, %
%naphtha % naphtha in crude, %
Cao concentration at XA=0, lbmol/ft3
D Diameter of reactor, ft
FAo molar flow rate in, lbmol/h
GC5+ Volume flowrate of C5+, ft3/h
Gnaphtha Volume flowrate of naphtha, ft3/h
HFG enthalpy flue gas, btu/lb
L Length of reactor, ft
LHV LHV fuel gas, btu/lb
Mr Mass molecule naphtha
nXA=0 order of reaction at XA=0, lbmol
nXA=1 order of reaction at XA=1, lbmol
P Pressure, psia
Qduty Duty, btu/h
Qfired Heat fired, btu/h
rec.H2 H2 recycle, lbmol H2/lb naphtha
SGC5+ Specific gravity of C5+
SGn Specific gravity of naphtha
T Temperature, F
TFG Flue gas temperature, F
Tm Mean temperature, F
V Volume of reactor, ft3

These design guidelines are believed to be as accurate as possible, but are very general and not for specific design
cases. They were designed for engineers to do preliminary designs and process specification sheets. The final
design must always be guaranteed for the service selected by the manufacturing vendor, but these guidelines will
greatly reduce the amount of up front engineering hours that are required to develop the final design. The guidelines
are a training tool for young engineers or a resource for engineers with experience.

This document is entrusted to the recipient personally, but the copyright remains with us. It must not be copied,
reproduced or in any way communicated or made accessible to third parties without our written consent.
 Page 28 of 94
KLM Technology Kolmetz Handbook
Group of Process Equipment Design
Rev: 01
REFINERY CATALYTIC REFORMING
Practical Engineering
Guidelines for Processing Plant UNIT SELECTION, SIZING
Solutions AND TROUBLESHOOTING
April 2017
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(ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDELINES)

VXA=0 volume of reactor at XA=0, ft3

Wcrude Crude Flow rate, ton/yr
Wnaphtha Naphtha flow rate, lb/h

Greek Leters

ɛA fractional volume change

η% heat extracted, %
ηcalc Calculated efficiency, %
ρC5+ Density of C5+, lb/ft3
ρnaphtha Density of naphtha, lb/ft3
Φ Average radiant rate, btu/hr ft2

These design guidelines are believed to be as accurate as possible, but are very general and not for specific design
cases. They were designed for engineers to do preliminary designs and process specification sheets. The final
design must always be guaranteed for the service selected by the manufacturing vendor, but these guidelines will
greatly reduce the amount of up front engineering hours that are required to develop the final design. The guidelines
are a training tool for young engineers or a resource for engineers with experience.

This document is entrusted to the recipient personally, but the copyright remains with us. It must not be copied,
reproduced or in any way communicated or made accessible to third parties without our written consent.