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Chapter 3 - Transmission Media

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36 views16 pages

Chapter 3 - Transmission Media

media3

Uploaded by

nyampamebernard
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 3: Transmission Media

• A transmission medium can be broadly defined as


anything that can carry information from a source to a
destination.
• In data communications the transmission medium is
usually free space, metallic cable (twisted-pair cable,
coaxial cable), or fiber-optic cable.
• The information is usually a signal that is the result of a
conversion of data from another form.
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Chapter 3: Transmission Media

Figure 3.1 Transmission medium and physical layer

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Chapter 3: Transmission Media

Figure 3.2 Classes of transmission media

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Chapter 3: Transmission Media

3-1 GUIDED MEDIA

a. Twisted Pair
A twisted pair consists of two conductors (normally copper),
each with its own plastic insulation, twisted together

Figure 3.3 Twisted-pair cable


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Chapter 3: Transmission Media

a. Twisted Pair Figure 3.4 UTP and STP cables

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Chapter 3: Transmission Media

Table 3.1 Major Categories of unshielded twisted-pair cables

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Chapter 3: Transmission Media
• UTP can be connected to RJ-45 in two ways:

• Straight-through cable (T568A or T568B on both ends)


• Cross-over cable (T568A or T568B on one end, then cross 1&3
and 2&6 on the other end)
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Chapter 3: Transmission Media

Figure 3.5 UTP connector

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Chapter 3: Transmission Media
3-1 GUIDED MEDIA Figure 3.6 Coaxial cable

b. Coaxial cable

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Chapter 3: Transmission Media
3-1 GUIDED MEDIA

c. Optic-Fiber
• A fiber-optic cable is made of glass or plastic and
transmits signals in the form of light

Figure 3.8 Optical fiber


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Chapter 3: Transmission Media
• Advantages Fiber-optic over metallic cable (twisted-pair or coaxial):
➢ Higher bandwidth than either twisted-pair or coaxial cable.
➢ Less signal attenuation:
• Fiber-optic transmission distance is significantly greater than that
of other guided media. A signal can run for 50km without
requiring regeneration while we need repeaters every 5 km for
coaxial or twisted-pair cable.
➢ Immunity to electromagnetic interference
• Electromagnetic noise cannot affect fiber-optic cables.

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Chapter 3: Transmission Media

3-2 UNGUIDED MEDIA: WIRELESS

• Unguided media transport electromagnetic waves


without using a physical conductor.
• This type of communication is often referred to as
wireless communication.

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Chapter 3: Transmission Media

Figure 3.9 Wireless transmission waves

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Chapter 3: Transmission Media

1. Radio waves are used for multicast


communications, such as radio and television.
They can penetrate through walls.
Use omni directional antennas

• When an antenna transmits radio waves, they are


propagated in all directions.
• A sending antenna sends waves that can be received by
any receiving antenna.

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Chapter 3: Transmission Media

2. Microwaves are used for unicast communication


such as cellular telephones, satellite networks,
and wireless LANs.
Higher frequency ranges cannot penetrate walls.
Use unidirectional antennas - point to point line of sight
communications.

• Microwaves are unidirectional.


• Sending and receiving antennas need to be aligned.

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Chapter 3: Transmission Media

3. Infrared signals can be used for short-range


communication in a closed area using line-of-sight
propagation.

• Infrared waves, with frequencies from 300 GHz to 400 THz


• Having high frequencies, cannot penetrate walls
• When we use our infrared remote control, we do not
interfere with the use of the remote by our neighbors

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