HOPE REVIEWER 2ND

GRADING

ELEMENTS OF DANCE

1. BODY- medium used by the dance artist

2. SHAPES- creating lines and shapes for different dance movements

- can be symmetrical or asymmetrical.

- can be in different shapes such as straight arms, curved lower back, twisted torso, etc.

Head

Neck

Trunk – chest, waist, hips, buttocks, back

Upper extremities – shoulders, arms, elbow, wrist, hands, palms and fingers

Lower extremities – legs, knees, ankles, feet, heels and toes

a. SYMMETRICAL – balanced shape

b. ASYMMETRICAL – unbalanced shape

3. ACTION- bodily movement involved in dancing.

- gestures, facial expression and movement

a. NON-LOCOMOTOR MOVEMENTS – done in stationary place.

b. LOCOMOTOR MOVEMENTS - brings performer from one place to another.

4. SPACE- area the performers occupy and where they move

 a. DIRECTION – dance movements can travel in any direction.

b. LEVEL – movements can be done in a high, medium, or low level.

c. SIZE — larger or smaller actions.

d. FOCUS – focus by looking at different directions.

5. TIME – Dance movements can be executed at varying beats. The timing can be fast or slow,
with pauses or silent beats, or even syncopated.

6. ENERGY- Different levels and types of energies can be incorporated

- can be sharp or smooth, strong or light, free

PHILIPPINE FOLK DANCES

Dance art of rhythmic bodily movements

Modern dance broad genre

- Arose out of Europe and the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Ballroom dance is a set of partner dances

- widely enjoyed on stage, film, and television.

- known as Dancesport

THEATRICAL DANCE- there is fine line between expressing while acting

BALLET DANCE- originated during the Italian Renaissance in the fifteenth century and later
developed into a concert dance form in France and Russia.

- Influential globally

TAP DANCE- form of dance characterized by using the sounds of tap shoes

- Metal “tap” on the heel and toe.

Two major variations on tap dance exist:

Broadway tap- widely performed in musical theater

Rhythm tap (jazz)- focuses on musicality

FOLK DANCE- indigenous dance

- Related to everything of importance in our daily lives

Francisca Reyes – Aquino –first national artist for dance

- mother of Philippine Folk Dance.

-pioneer of folk dancing

Fundamental Positions of Arms and Feet in Folk Dancing

First position of Arms- Raise arms in shoulder level to form a circle in front of chest.

First position of Feet- Bring heels together with toes apart.

Second position of Arms- Open arms side-wards raised below shoulder level with a
graceful curve.

Second position of Feet- Bring feet apart side wards.

Third position of Arms – Raise one arm over head while other remains the same position.

Third position of Feet- Bring heel of one foot to the side of the other foot to touch the
instep of the other foot.

Fourth position of Arms– One arm raised in front of chest with shoulder level forming a
half circle while the other stays in the over head.

Fourth position of Feet- Place the moved foot in the 3rd position forward.

Fifth position of Arms- Both arms raised overhead forming a circle.

Fifth position of Feet- Bring forward foot’s heel to the other foot’s tip of the toes.

Dancing oldest and most popular forms of exercise.

SPECIFIC BENEFITS OF DANCE:

PHYSICAL

Develops cardiovascular & muscular endurance.

Improves coordination, balance, flexibility, & body composition.

Lower risk of cardiovascular diseases.

Lowers body mass index.

 Lowers resting heart rate.

Improves lipid metabolism.

Enables joint mobility (hip motion & spine flexibility).

Helps improve &maintain bone density, thus helps prevent osteoporosis.

Helps recover coordination & neuromuscular skills after injury.

MENTAL/EMOTIONAL

Helps keep the brain sharp

Decreases incidence of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease

Decreases depressive symptoms

Increases self-esteem and improves body image

Aids in releasing emotional and physical tension

SOCIAL

Gives sense of togetherness within a group

Encourages positive social interaction and interpersonal relationship in a group

Contributes to the individual’s potential for self-actualization in society

CULTURAL

Promotes cultural values

COMMON DANCE TERMS USED IN FOLK DANCING

ARMS IN LATERAL POSITION

• BOTH ARMS ARE ON THE SIDES, EITHER RIGHT OR LEFT; AT SHOULDER, CHEST,
OR WAIST LEVEL.

BRUSH

• WEIGHT ON ONE FOOT HITS THE FLOOR WITH THE BALL OR HEEL OF THE OTHER
FOOT. ONE FOOT CARRIES THE WEIGHT WHILE THE OTHER FOOT SLIGHTLY HITS THE
FLOOR.
CABECERAS

• THE COUPLE OCCUPYING THE WIDTH OF THE HALL WHEN DANCERS ARE IN
SQUARE FORMATION (HEAD COUPLES).

CLOCKWISE

• MOVEMENT LIKE THE MOTION OF THE HANDS OF THE CLOCK, RIGHT SHOULDER IS
TOWARD THE CENTER OF AN IMAGINARY CIRCLE. WHEN FACING CENTER,
MOVEMENT IS TOWARD THE LEFT.

COUNTER CLOCKWISE

• THE REVERSE DIRECTION OF CLOCKWISE, LEFT SHOULDER IS TOWARD CENTER.

MOVEMENTS ARE TOWARD RIGHT WHEN FACING CENTER OF CIRCLE.

COSTADOS

• THE COUPLE OCCUPYING THE LENGTH OF THE HALL WHEN SIDE JOIN THEIR LEFT
HANDS WITH THEIR RIGHT HANDS TOGETHER; EITHER RIGHT OVER LEFT OR LEFT
OVER RIGHT HEADS.

CROSSED ARMS

• PARTNERS FACING EACH OTHER OR STANDING SIDE BY SIDE JOIN THEIR LEFT
HANDS WITH THEIR RIGHT HANDS TOGETHER; EITHER RIGHT OVER LEFT OR LEFT
OVER RIGHT HANDS.

CUT

• TO DISPLACE QUICKLY ONE FOOT WITH THE OTHER.

DO-SI-DO (DOS-A-DOS)

• PARTNERS ADVANCE FORWARD, PASS EACH OTHER’S RIGHT (OR LEFT) SIDE
ACROSS TO THE RIGHT (OR LEFT), MOVE BACKWARD WITHOUT TURNING AROUND,
THEN PASS WACH OTHER’S LEFT (OR RIGHT) SIDE BACK TO OTHER PLACES.

FREE FOOT

• THE FOOT NOT BEARING THE WEIGHT OF THE BODY.

FREE HAND

• HAND NOT PLACED ANYWHERE, OR NOT DOING ANYTHING.

HAYON-HAYON
• TO PLACE FOREARM IN FRONT WHILE THE OTHER IS AT THE BACK OF THE WAIST.

HOP
• A SPRING FROM ONE FOOT LANDING ON THE SAME FOOT IN PLACE OR IN ANY
DIRECTION.

INSIDE FOOT

• THE FOOT NEARER THE PARTNER WHEN PARTNERS STAND SIDE BY SIDE.

JALEO

• PARTNERS TURN AROUND CLOCKWISE (WITH LEFT ELBOWS TOUCHING) USING

WALKING OR ANY KIND OF DANCE STEP.

JUMP
• A SPRING ON ONE FOOT OR BOTH FEET LANDING ON BOTH FEET IN ANY
DIRECTION.

KUMINTANG
• MOVING THE HAND FROM THE WRIST EITHER IN A CLOCKWISE OR COUNTER
CLOCKWISE DIRECTION.

LEAP
• A SPRING FROM ONE FOOT LANDING ON THE OTHER FOOT IN ANY DIRECTION.

OUTSIDE FOOT

• THE FOOT AWAY FROM ONE’S PARTNER WHEN PARTNERS STAND SIDE BY SIDE.

OUTSIDE HAND
• THE HAND AWAY FROM ONE’S PARTNER WHEN PARTNERS STAND SIDE BY SIDE.

PLACE
• A FOOT IN ANY POSITION WITHOUT PUTTING WEIGHT ON IT; THE SOLE OF THE
FOOT RESTS ON THE FLOOR.

PIVOT
• TO TURN WITH THE BALL, HEEL OR WHOLE FOOT, ON A FIXED PLACE OR POINT.

POINT
• TO TOUCH THE FLOOR WITH TOES OF ONE FOOT, WITH THE BALL ON THE FLOOR
AND THE WEIGHT OF THE BODY ON THE OTHER FOOT.

SALOK
• SWINGING THE ARM DOWNWARD-UPWARD PASSING IN FRONT OF THE BODY AS IF
SCOOPING; THE TRUNK BENT FORWARD FOLLOWING THE MOVEMENT OF THE ARM
DOING THE “SALOK”.

SALUDO
• PARTNERS WITH FEET TOGETHER BOW TO EACH OTHER, OR TO THE AUDIENCE,
OR TO THE OPPOSITE DANCERS, OR TO THE NEIGHBORS.

SAROK
• CROSS THE RIGHT (OR LEFT) FOOT IN FRONT OF THE LEFT (OR RIGHT), BEND THE
BODY SLIGHTLY FORWARD AND CROSS THE HANDS DOWN IN FRONT WITH THE
RIGHT (OR LEFT) HAND OVER THE LEFT (OR RIGHT).

SET
• A DANCE FORMATION LIKE A SQUARE OR A UNIT FORMATION COMPOSED OF TWO
OR MORE PAIRS.

SLIDE
• TO GLIDE FOOT SMOOTHLY ALONG THE FLOOR.

STAMP
• TO BRING THE FOOT FORCIBLY AND NOISILY ON THE FLOOR.

STEP
• TO ADVANCE OR RECEDE BY MOVING ONE FOOT TO ANOTHER RESTING PLACE
WITH A COMPLETE TRANSFER OF WEIGHT FROM ONE FOOT TO THE OTHER FOOT.

SUPPORTING FOOT
• THE FOOT THAT BEARS THE WEIGHT OF THE BODY.

TAP
• TO TAP SLIGHTLY WITH THE BALL OR TOE OF THE FREE FOOT, KEEPING WEIGHT
OF THE BODY ON THE OTHER FOOT. THERE IS NO TRANSFER OF WEIGHT.

WHIRL
• TO MAKE FAST TURNS BY EXECUTING SMALL STEPS IN PLACE TO THE RIGHT OR TO
THE LEFT.
BASIC DANCE STEPS IN THE 2/4 & ¾ TIME SIGNATURE

BASIC DANCE STEPS IN THE 2/4 TIME SIGNATURE ONLY

BASIC DANCE STEPS IN THE ¾ TIME SIGNATURE ONLY

SWAY BALANCE SERIES

 PERDEV REVIEWER 2ND GRADING

BRAIN: PARTS, PROCESSES AND FUNCTIONS

Brain- most complex organs in the human body

- part of the central nervous system, including the spinal cord.

- It never rests as it functions 24/7.

PARTS:

Cerebral Cortex - outermost layer of the cerebrum

Right cerebral hemisphere- controls the left side of the body

Left cerebral hemisphere- controls the right side of the body

Frontal Lobe front part of the brain

- emotion, speech, and decision making

Parietal lobe near the back of the frontal lobe.

- sensory perception.

Temporal Lobe - side of the head

- memory and hearing, etc.

Occipital Lobe - back of the head

- sight

Limbic System composes parts of cerebral cortex and hypothalamus

- emotions/center for emotions

Pituitary gland- controls many functions of the other endocrine system

MIND MAPPING

Mind map- external mirror of your own radiant

- information easier to remember.

Getting and learning information such as the brain facts and enhancing our
brain functions leads full ‘Powers of the Mind’

EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE

Emotion- subjective state of mind triggered

- stimuli

Affection- human being’s greatest emotion

Basic Emotions

1. Joy- evoked by well-being and success.

2. Sadness- affected with or expressive

LOVE- important components of a complex neurochemical system

Oxytocin- It is a peptide also known as the love hormone

Endorphin, Serotonin, and Dopamine are so-called “feel good”

-promote strong connections/bonds.

Vasopressin- conveys the behavior

Personal Relationship - close connection between the people

Romantic Relationship - mutual love and respect.

Abusive relationship- treats with violence and disrespect

-Abuse in a relationship can be physical, sexual, or emotional.

Social influence – a behavior caused by the people .

- conformity, compliance, and obedience.

CONFORMITY – a behavior to be the same as others. (parang nakikigaya

lang)

Eg. You visit your friend’s home: to show respect, you both ask for the
parents’ or grandmother’s blessing because you were told that it is courtesy;
taking part in a viral social media challenge; SLaughing because everyone is
laughing
COMPLIANCE is granting a request. ( kailangan talagang gawin maaring
dahil narin sa persuasion o pakiusap ng another individual like a friend)

Eg. During examination day, you are required by the teacher to take the test
to complete the requirements for the grading period and failure to do so may
result in a failing grade; Agreeing to donate a small amount to charity at a
supermarket;

OBEDIENCE – a behavior to follow the demand given by an authority.

3. Anger- displeasure and antagonism.

4. Fear- unpleasant; strong emotion caused by anticipation.

5. Trust- belief in the truth.

6. Disgust- feeling of revulsion.

7. Surprise- unexpected or unusual.

8. Anticipation- act of looking forward; expectation or hope.

Emotional intelligence - the capacity to be aware.

People who can help resolve your problem with difficult emotions:
Parents/Siblings; Trusted Friends; Guidance Counselor; Therapist

BECOMING RESPONSIBLE ADOLESCENT IN A RELATIONSHIP

Mutual Respect, Value Quality Time, Trust and Honesty, Well-

communicated Love, Reliability and Security, Non-judgmental
Listening and Presence

LEADERSHIP AND FOLLOWERSHIP ROLES

Some of Leadership qualities

• A great leader encourages teamwork. Built a supportive network.

• Inspire and empower others. Motivates followers by setting example to

them.

• Life-long learners-capacitate themselves.

• Active listeners

• Must be courageous because they might fight other people, make many
difficult decisions and be physically challenged at times.
Some of Followership qualities

• Courage to do responsibility-Supports the leader by doing task and being

reliable performers. A can-do attitude.

• Courage to participate in transformation

• The passion to drive personal growth- followers should seek to enhance

their own growth and development rather than depending on the leader to
do it. Develop a growth mindset.

PERSONAL RELATIONSHIP-ATTRACTION, LOVE, COMMITMENT

Attraction: action or power of evoking interest

CONDUCTING A MINI-SURVEY ON FILIPINO RELATIONSHIPS (FAMILY,

SCHOOL, COMMUNITY)

Social relationships- connections that exist between people who have

recurring interactions.

Home- school partnership occurs through the processes of cooperation,

coordination, and collaboration to enhance learning opportunities,
educational progress, and school success for students in the academic,
social, emotional, and behavioral domains.

a.Home and school partnership- social relationship of an adolescence

Because the school and the home create a collaborative environment to

the students.

b.Parental involvement - school setting in the Philippines.

c.School-community partnership - utilization of school or neighborhood

facilities.

Mini-surveys- primarily focused on a specific top and only fifteen to thirty

questions.

- small sample of people and closed, and uses questions that force the
respondent

STEPS IN CONDUCTING MINI-SURVEY

Step 1: Clarify Your Objectives Ask yourself:

Step 2: Find Out What Else Has Been Done

Step 3: Choose the Respondents

Step 4: Develop the Questions

UCSP REVIEWER 2ND GRADING

State and Non-state Institution

Non-state institutions- back up the government in filling in the gap.

Created to lift the condition of all sectors of the society (Baleña

2016).

- Banks, corporations, trade unions, cooperatives, development agencies,

civil organizations and transnational advocacy group.

Institutions (two major types of state or social institutions)

1. The communist, based on command economy; and

2. The democracy, based on capitalist economy (Panopio 1995).

Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR), and North Korea, are

governed by their respective governments alone.

Democracy is a kind of government based on capitalism.

Political Institutions, State Institutions

The Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) maintain peace and order.

The Local Government Units (LGU) cater the needs of the local
barangays.

The Department of Education (DepEd) quality of education based on the

needs.
Non-State Institutions

Private corporations headed by executives.

Non-state institutions

1. Banks help us keep our money

- avail different kinds of loan

Examples of banks include the Bank of the Philippine Islands, Metrobank,

and Rizal Commercial Banking Corporation (RCBC).

2. A corporation is owned by a group of people

- not responsible for its own debts.

3. Trade unions profit

- maximize working hours and minimize wages

- to protect the labor force of the country.

- Trade Union Congress of the Philippines has the

largest membership.

4. Cooperatives common interest who agreed to work together for easy

and safe.

5. Development agencies promote progress by engaging in projects

- provides financial assistance (Asian

Development Bank (ADB))

Active agencies in the Philippines are:

Japan (JICA)

Canada (CIDA)

U.S.A. (USAID)

6. Civil organizations expose the conditions

 - academic institutions, research teams, mass
media

7. Transnational advocacy take action on matters commonly neglected.

Example: Greenpeace and Human Rights Watch

Function and Importance of Education

Education – process of imparting or acquiring general knowledge.

- achieve the self-actualization

- provides a “productive citizenry” and makes the “self-

actualization”

improvement of community.
desire for self-

fulfillment

- Latin word “educare” means To train, To rear or bring -up (a

child)

Dr. William Little, 2014- Social Institutions has a different meaning

Alvin Toffler- american writer and futurist

- “The illiterate of the twenty-first century”

System of Education in the Phil.

1.Formal Education – hierarchically structure

- Primary and Secondary level is compulsory to

the students

- Elementary and Secondary and Tertiary level

of education
Elementary and Secondary level- administered by the DepEd

Elementary level- composed of kindergarten and 6 years of primary educ.

Secondary – contains 4 yrs of Junior high and 2 yrs of Senior high

Tertiary level- administered by the Commission on Higher Education

Non-formal education – educational activity carried outside

According to UNESCO- non-formal educ can cover programs

- adult and youth literacy

Non-formal Education

Ex: Alternative Learning System (ALS)- happens outside the classroom

Functions of Education

a. Socialization-essential ingredient

- social norms, values and culture

b. Tranmission of Culture -highest possible

c. Social Integration- “nations are built because of education “

- unify individual

d. Social Placement- it could be a cliche

Concept of Social Stratification

Social Stratification – hierarchical arrangement

- Layering from higher to lower class

Social Classes- categorizing individuals

Pyramid of Social Classes

Upper Class- Ellite and most successful

Middle Class
Lower Class

Characteristics of Stratification System

1. Universal but variable

2. Not a matter of individual differences

3. Persists across generations

4. A social beliefs

Forms of Stratification System

1.Close System -india’s caste sytem (best known forms)

Varnas

Brahmin- priest

Kshatriya- kings and warriors

Vaishya- merchants or land owners

Shudra- commoners and peasants

2. Open System of Stratification- class system (best example of system

stratification)

- not based on ascribe status at

birth alone

Status @ birth

Endogamy- marriage within your own caste category

Social Mobility – upward and downward position

Achieved Status – meritocracy / earned

Social Stratification in Sociological Perspective

1.Functionalism-merely only creating social inequality

2. Conflict Theory – opposite of the latter

Karl Max viewed social stratification as creation of inequality

3. Symbolic Interaction – views as a micro level

Government Program & Suggestions in Addressing Social

Interaction

President Obama (2013)- “the defining challenge of our time”

Minority Groups – small group in the society

- to achieve social inclusion

Social Inclusion – fundamental principle

National Capital Region (NCR)- Richest Region

Government Initiated Program

The Philippines Conditional Cash Transfer Program: Pantawid

Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4ps)- human development

- Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD)

– AGENCY

Education for All (EFA)- articulated the country

- Department of Education (DepEd)- AGENCY

Service Delivery Network (SDN)- local health system

- Development of Health (DOH)-

AGENCY

Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP)- disposal of public

alienable
 - Department Of Agrarian
Reform (DAR)- AGENCY

EAPP REVIEWER 2ND

GRADING

Arguments In Manifesto
ARGUMENT- set of ideas

- to persuade the readers

- analyzing an argument

MANIFESTO- declaring publicly intention

- lay out a plan of action

- can adress any topic

- public declaration of policy

Three major ways that authors presents an arguments:

Reasoning- giving logical explanation

Evidence – presenting statistics

Appeal- readers emotions

Parts of an Argument

1.Claim/Conclusion – summarize the main ideas

- What do you want reader to believe?

2. Reasons/Evidence/Premises – importance of your claim

- Why should the reader accept your

claim?

Types of Argument

1.Inductive – S-G

2. Deductive – G-S

Inductive argument – assertion

Syllogism – form of reasoning

Defending Stand On An Issue

Claim- without evidence is merely an opinion.

-to defend a stand

Persuasive Ad Techniques

Ethos

Pathos- feelings or emotions

Logos

Appeals

1.Logical Appeals- a combination of different types of evidence

- Appeal to Reason

2. Authoritative Appeals- form a variety of techniques

3. Emotional Appeal – have a deep well of options

Writing A Report
Reports- aims to communicate information which has been compiled as a
result of research and analysis of data and of issues.

Writing A Report – many scholars have defined report as any informational

work

- Written in a sequential manner

Report Writing – a structured style of writing

- Written in formal

Good Reports- accurate, objective and complete

Types of Reports

1.Survey Report – to present the information gathered

- To summarize the existing studies (PURPOSE)

2. Field Report- observation and analysis of particular phenomena

3. Laboratory Report – formal record of an experiment

- Aimed at students

- To document the results of experiment

(PURPOSE)

4. Scientific Report- describe the process and progress of technical

- Intended audience and context

5. Technical Report – detailing the results of a project

Basic Structure

1.Introduction-state what your research/project

2. Methodology – state now you did your research

3. Findings/Results – give me results of your research

4. Discussions-

5. Conclusions and Recommendations – follow on logically from the

findings

Position Paper -presents the writer’s stand

- Outlining arguments

- Credible evidence

- Power to change ; Societal Change

Essential Parts of Position Paper

Issue- central concept

- Negative and positive sides

Argumentative Thesis – main idea/sentence

- State the stand of the author

Claims- support the author’s stand

Evidence – proofs
 PHILOSOPHY REVIEWER 2ND
GRADING

FREEDOM AND RESPONSIBILITY

Human Actions- appropriate action of human beings

Acts of Man- actions shared by human and animals

Voluntary Act- act of love or choice

Aristotle’s Distinction of Voluntary and Involuntary Actions

Voluntary Actions- acts originating from the individual

1.Classifications of Voluntary Actions

A. Voluntary- will and reason

B. Related to Compulsion- mixed of Voluntary and Involuntary

2. Involuntary Actions – acts done under:

• force or coercion and ignorance

Classifications of Involuntary Actions

A.Under Compulsion – circumstances (walang laban)

B. Through ignorance of particular circumstances

Human Freedom and Obligation

• according to John Mothershead, Freedom and Obligation are two

indispensable conditions

Human Freedom- not absolute and exercised w/ control

Freedom – choosing a course of action and Free in making choices

-intrinsic

-power and gives you the ability to strive

Negative Freedom – absence of interference

Interference – intentionally imposed

Positive Freedom – absence of coercion

-Active effort on the person who is said to be free

2 Elements that define freedom

1.Voluntariness – ability of a person to act out

2. Responsibility – person being accountable

Obligation – arrives from freedom

Intellectual Choice- based of on moral standpoint

- Normative answers

Practical Choice – psychological and emotional considerations

Intersubjectivity – coined word from the prefix “inter” which connotes

“among and between”

-philosophical and psychological concept

-sharing of subjective

What Philosophers Say about Intersubjectivity

1.Confucius (551-479 B.C.E)- ren or “human-heartedness”

-Virtue central to man

-stresses order

2. Martin Buber (1878-1965)- jewish philosoper

 -“I-Thou” and “I-It”

-Person-to-person and subject -to-

subject relationship

3. Karol Wojtayla (1920-2005)- St. John Paul II

-Participation

-human action is the foundation of

our being

Ethics- deals with the systematic questioning

Moral Agent- ability to discern right from wrong

Moral Decision – choice made based on a person’s ethics

Moral Dilemma:

Dilemma- forced to choose between two or more conflicting options

Social- group bound together by common experiences

Interhuman- life between and among persons

Dialogue – deep and genuine relationship

Ich-Es (I-It) Relationship – experience and sensation

-relationship with oneself

Ich-Du (I-Thou) Relationship – encounters and relationships

-dialogue

Empathy – understand and share the feelings of others

Communication – shared by our interactions with others

Shared Meaning- effective communication is essential for intersubjectivity

Social Construction Of Reality – understanding of reality

The Human Person in the Society

Society – organized group of people

-Interaction-culture

Philosophers who discussed the origin of society

Different types of Societies

1.Hunting and Gathering – earliest and simpliest form of society

- Small size

2. Pastoral Society – domestication of animal for food

3. Horticultural Society – small scale cultivation of plants, fruit and etc.

4. Agrarian or Agricultural Society – further evolution of the pastoral and

horticultural societies.

- large scale and long term

cultivation of crops

5. Feudal Society – ownership of land

Rulers(Feudal Kings)- grant their followers or vassals

6. Industrial Society – machinery in the production of goods and services

7. Post- industrial Society – establishment led by the human mind

- aided by highly advanced technology

8. Virtual Society – people organize themselves through communication

technology

Person- primary agent of change

HUMAN PERSON AND SOCIETY

Aristotle – “Men, by their nature, are political animals”

TYPES OF SOCIETY

Pre-Industrial Society

a. Tribal Society
The term “tribe” denotes a group of peoples living

-associates it to other meaning such as “primitive society” or

“preliterate society”

-Tribe - political unit

-Small in scale

-Bound to their spatial and temporal range

-Unity and coherence exist

Feudal Society

-Feudalism refers to the economic, political and etc.

- vassals swore oaths of loyalty

Peasants known as serfs were bound to the land

Medieval world traditional land economy

Post Industrial Society

-manufacturing-based to a service-based economy

Post industrialization most evident in countries and regions

- US, western Europe, and Japan

Daniel Bell- an American sociologist

-First coined the term “post-industrial” in 1973 in his book “The Coming of
Post-Industrial Society: A Venture in Social Forecasting,” which describes
several features of this kind of society

Post-industrial societies are characterized by:

A production of goods to the production

Replacement of manual laborers

Practical knowledge with theoretical knowledge;

Theoretical and ethical

Changing values and norms

Digital Society and the Information Age

Digital technologies – wildly affected our interactions and activity in the

21st century; have significantly changed our way of learning, working, and
socializing

Modern world – people rely with the use of modern technology

Information Society – circulation and control of made-up ideas which

affects political, economic, social and cultural aspects

Digital Citizenship

Digital Citizen – a person who is knowledgeable and responsible enough

Citizen – individual character

-have their rights, it includes civil rights such as freedom of speech and
expression, to stand for what we believe in, and rights to a private life

Digital Age - being a digital citizen requires active participation online, not
just access and use

-“Being Digital Citizens” (2015) Isin and Ruppert suggest that if we

constitute ourselves as digital citizens

The Disembodied Subject- the virtual society and the technological

devices

-People seem to start manipulating personalities as they exhibit different

behaviors in different worlds

-People fall in love in virtual worlds

-Start losing an important element in living – commitment

-Virtual worlds and disembodied relations lack commitment

-Commitment is hard
-To commit is to risk

-In the virtual world, one’s anonymity lessens, if not completely removes
risks

Creative Writing Reviewer 2nd

Grading

Drama- piece of literature

“Dran” means “To do” or “To act”

-Literary genre

Plays- play written for theater

Playwrights – creators

Famous Dramatists

Severino Reyes – known as “Walang sugat”

– father of Tagalog plays and tagalog sersuela

–“Lola Basyang”

Liza C. Magroto- game of trolls and rock of ages

Oscar Wilde- earnest

William Shakespeare – famous english dramatists

Virgina R. Moreno- Filipino poetry

Victor Hugo-

2 main types of Drama

Tragedy- hero is brought down by his/her own flaws (hindi happy ending)

Comedy – humorous plays

Other types:

Farce- buffoonery

Melodrama – dramatic work and exagerated

Sensational and designed

Musical Drama- opera

under ng musical drama ang mga:

Opera- drama set to music

Orchestral

Docudrama – re-enactments of actual events

True events

Also known as “Documentary Theater “

Tragicomedy – blends of both tragic and comic forms

Two main types of Drama

1.Literary- writing

Plot- dramatic structure

Linear and nonlinear

Thought (theme)- based of the story

Characters

protagonist

antagonist

Others:

Flat

Dynamic

Static (hindi nagbabago)

Round
Diction – word choice

Under ng diction ang Dialogue

Dialogue – words written by the playwrights

4 forms of Dialogue

1.Soliloquy – alone/ one speaker

One’s thought aloud

2.Aside- shorter than soliloquy

One or two lines

3.Monologue – to express his thoughts

One speaker

4.Dialogue – conversation between two or more characters

Songs- sound of a dialogue

Rhythm of the actors voice

Spectacle – visual elements

2.Technical Elements – presentation of performance

Scene (Set)- theatrical equipment

Costume -clothing and accessories

Properties (props)- movable object

Sound- effects of an audience

Rhythm dialogue

Lights – intensity and color of lights

Make-up- includes costumes, wigs, and body paints

Other Elements

1.Playwright- author

2.Script – written pages of a play

Division of Script:

Act- long section

Scenes- short sections

3.Setting- place

4.Conflict- internal or external struggle

5.Direction – stage direction

6.Stagecraft- how the play is presented

7. Symbols - hints

Techniques in Drama

Body- posture, gesture, and facial expressions

Space – positioning of objects

Groupings, levels, pathways, and personal space

Level – High, medium, and low

Voice- how an actors speak

Volume, pitch, pausing, intonation, pace, and accent

Movement – timing, direction, and energy

Literary devices in Drama

Allusion – reference to a person and mythology

Dramatic devices- convention

Dramatic Irony- understanding of events

Intertextuality – text within a text

Two types of Reference

1.Explicit reference – direct

2. Implicit reference – indirect

Types of Intertextuality
Allusion- indirect reference

Parody- imitation and satirical

Quotation – direct reference

Appropriation – reworking or re-imagination

Adaptation – film with TV drama

4 types of Allusion

1.Literary Allusion- literary works

2.cultural Allusion – association of a person, place, etc

3.Biblical Allusion - bible

4.Historical Allusion – history

Two main types of Intertextuality

Deliberate Intertextuality – intention

Borrowing from texts through qoutes

Latent Intertextuality – not intention or incidentally

LESSON 3 – One-Act Play

One-Act Play

A play with only one act

10-40 pages/minutes

“tenner” (because it is 10 minutes)

Consists of setting, characters, property, stage, conflict, point of view,

theme, etc.
Short and does not require elaborate setting

2-7 characters

No narrator

Flash Drama

10-minute play

Subgenre of one-act play

MODERN ONE-ACT PLAYWRIGHTS

Moliere and Anton Chekhov – classical

David Ives – comedies

Horton Foote/David Henry Hwang – drama

Cyclops by Euripides – first one-act play in Ancient Greek; a satyr play

Satyr Play – puppets and marionettes

PLOT

Exposition – brief and serves as an introduction

Conflict – drama develops

Climax – turning point

Denouement – the final stage

CHARACTERS ACCORDING TO FUNCTION

Protagonist – main character

Antagonist – opposes main character

Anti-hero – inconsistent

Foil – qualities of main character

CHARACTERS ACCORDING TO TYPE

Round – realistic and dynamic

Flat – one distinct and does not change

Stock – manifests several traits

Scene basic unit of drama

Backdrop Setting – not important for a story

Integral Setting – place and time influences the theme

Staging- process of selecting, designing and etc.

-Position of the acting area

Visual detail- Spectacle

Stage – area where the actors perform

Acting Area - space occupied by the set and used by the actors

Stage Set- first thing that the audience sees

-World of the play

-Physical object

Blocking – position of actors and props on stage

Stage Business – gestures and movements

Scenic Background

Props and Costumes

Lighting and Sound Effects

LESSON 4 – 4 Basic Types of Theater Stages

Proscenium Theater– picture frame

Traditional stage modality

A curtain divides the actors and the audience

A “window”, frames the play on stage

Thrust Stage

Three sides

Fourth side is the background

Often square or rectangular

Raised and surrounded by raked setting

Arena Theater

A central stage

Audience on all sides

“theater-in-the-round

Flexible Theater- “black box” theater

Stylized realism

Stage and seats are not fixed

OTHER TYPES OF THEATER STAGES

End Stage

Audience at the front and does not extend around it

Backstage is behind the background wall

No real wing space to the side

There are entrances

Traverse Stage

“alley” or “corridor stage”

Audience is on two sides facing each other

Like in a fashion catwalk

For confrontation scenes but needs dynamic fast-paced entrances

AUDIENCE

UR upstage right UC upstage center UL upstage left

R stage right C stage center L stage left

DR downstage right DC downstage center DL downstage left

Upstage – away from the stage front; entrance/exit

Center Stage – center of playing area

Downstage – closest to the audience; important character/s is/are placed

LESSON 5

Drama – written literature; “dran” means to do

Play – performance
Scenery – any non-costume visual

Script – form of writing with dialogues

Set – scenery and furniture

Structure – order that actions and scenes are placed

Props – items held/used

Transition and Flow – movement

Proxemics and Levels – distance

Costumes – special kind of clothing and makeup

Blocking – movement of the performers onstage

Audience Awareness – see or watch the performance

Dialogue – what the characters say to each other

TECHNIQUES (WRITING DIALOGUE)

Dash – interruption (-)

Ellipsis – sudden pause (…)

Stage Direction – does or how by the performers; not everything may be

expressed ( )

Off/Offstage – when characters leaves; no longer on stage (yes. Certainty.)

Two Columns – saying both lines

CHARACTER’S WAY OF SPEAKING

Age

Personality

Educational Background

Origin/location

Socio-economic Status (rich or poor)

Reaction towards the topic

Relation to other characters

LESSON 6 – CONTEXTS

Essay- short formal piece of writing

-Written in discursive style

FOUR MAIN CATEGORIES OF ESSAYS

Expository- understudy to research a thought

-Assess proof

-Clarify the thought

-Defined or explain

Descriptive- describe the chosen topic or subject

-Adheres to artistic freedom

-Narrative

-Often anecdotal, experiential, and personal

-Allows writer to express themselves in a creative and moving

ways

Argumentative- present ideas that aim to investigate a topic

THREE SECTIONS OF A SCHOLASTIC PAPER (FORMAT)

Introduction

Main Body

Conclusion

PARAGRAPHS

Topic Sentence – summarizes the main idea

Subsidiary Ideas – support the topic sentence

Context – it is the background

TWO TYPES OF CONTEXT

Literary Context- particular form a passage takes (literary genre)

Genre

Author’s Purpose

Text Structure

Literary Devices

4 TYPES OF LITERARY CONTEXTS

Social Context – how the surroundings, the people

EX: My Neighbor by Ricardo Demetillo

Historical Context – being hooked with the social context

EX: Higaonon by Telesforo Sungkit Jr.

Ideological Context – people act according to their assumptions and social

norms

Ideology – described as the systems of beliefs and ideas

EX: Epic of Maranao entitled “Darangan”

Cultural Context – aspects of culture

Culture way of life including religion, race, nationality, food, dress, code,
manner, art, music, and literature

EX: Amador Daguio entitled “Wedding Dance”

Socio-political Context –overlapping of social and political arena

3 AREAS OF CONCERN:

Social Issues – problems in the society

Politics – activities of the government

Religion – institutionalized system of beliefs and practices

LESSON 7 – CRAFT ESSAY

Craft Essay – discusses matters of creative construction

PARTS

Introduction – provide the reader with a “road map” of the essay in a

logical order

Body Paragraphs – three body paragraphs, these will be the arguments,

evidence, or topics that support your thesis; include substantial examples
and evidence

TYPES OF ORDER

Chronological Order – order of time, good for narratives

Spatial Order – good for descriptions

Emphatic Order – least important to most important

Conclusion – should wrap-up your essay

CESC REVIEWER 2ND GRADING

Human rights are inherent to all human beings

Human rights that you should know as a young citizen

1.right to live

2. right to education

3. right to have a home

4. right to express

5. right to have a safe environment

6. right to have freedom of religion

7. the right to vote

8. right to be provided with basic needs

Social equity is an active commitment to fairness, justine and equality

Education role in challenging gender-based violence

Participatory development (PD) seeks to engage local populations

Participatory Learning and Action (PLA) is an approach for learning

about and engaging

Empowerment concepts of active citizenship into action.

-the process of becoming stronger

-Degree of autonomy and self-determination

-Creating a healthier and higher quality of life (AIMED)

Empowered citizens do not sleep idly at the sides

Advocacy is to initiate cause-oriented group

- action that speaks in favor

Advocacy promotes equality, social justice, social inclusion, and human

rights.

Advocacy and empowerment concerned with a shift of power

Types of Empowerment

1. Social Empowerment – force that strengthens persons’

2. Educational Empowerment – higher education

3. Economic Empowerment – a powerful tool against poverty.

4. Political Empowerment – dwells on the youth’s participation

5. Psychological Empowerment – erases the traditional and patriarchal

Commitment is dedication to a particular organization,

-Ability to work hard

-Backbone of a group or organization.

Definition from two (2) perspectives

Social Movement Perspective mobilization of people

Institutional Perspective reach and inclusion of inputs

Community needs assessment a method used to identify the strengths

and resources available

Need is something that is necessary for an organization to live

Assessment systematic basis

Two related gaps in results of a needs assessment, lead to:

1.The assessment (size, direction, characteristics, etc.) of each gap; and

2.The relationship among the gaps.

Three perspectives on need in a need’s assessment:

1.Perceived needs

2. Expressed needs

3. Relative needs

Education Needs – need focus on availability of schools

Social and gender equality needs – provide aid with respect to gender

Needs assessment determining an organization’s needs.

-What and How/ addresses these concerns

Three main parts of Needs Assessment

Initiation

Data Collection & Analysis

Final Production

Political, Economic, Social and Technological (PEST) Analysis is the

first analysis performed during needs assessment

-Analyzes the external environmental

factors

Political- must be aware of any law

Economic- hiring more workers

Social factors- residents can easily inform

Technological factors- determining the number of dumb trucks

Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) Analysis

a simple but useful framework

Community needs assessment identifies the strengths and resources

available in the community to meet the needs

Methodologies/Methodology -systematic step-by-step

Community Action- healthy community is a form of living democrac

-increases the understanding

-broad range

-activities which vary in their objectives

-involvement of local citizen

Building community and social capacity – share knowledge, skills and

ideas.

Community resilience – to support itself.

Prevention – a focus on early access to services

Maintaining and creating wealth – helping people into employment or

developing community enterprises.

Partnership and collaboration work hand in hand to effectively identify

the needs

Coalitions are broad groups that bring together

Stakeholders are persons or organizations that are impacted

Back Up- partners

STEPS OF METHODOLOGIES OF A COMMUNITY ACTION

1.PARTNERSHIP BUILDING deals for possible scouting of partners

Internal stakeholders are your employees, management, executives,

shareholders, boards and committees.

External stakeholders are your clients & customers, civic leaders &
politicians, other businesses, your professional network, and community
members.

2. COMMUNITY PROFILING is a data sheet that records information

3. NEEDS ASSESSMENT to identify the strengths and resources

4. WORKING WITH A CORE GROUP/LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT -

PARTICIPATORY ACTION PLANNING this entails the collaboration

5. RESOURCE MOBILIZATION preparatory work and operation

-Securing new and additional

resources

6. SOCIAL ACTION coming together to help improve their lives

7. EVALUATION.

There are two primary goals of evaluation:

Understanding what is going on; and

Empowering communities to take care of themselves.