: 1006-2467( 2002) 07-1032-05

杨金焕 , 毛家俊 , 陈中华

( , 200090)

: 根据天空散射辐射各向异性的 Hay模型 ,计算倾斜面上辐射量 ,推导得到了冬半年朝向赤

道倾斜面最佳倾角的数学表达式 .对我国一些地区不同方位角的倾斜面上月平均日辐射量及最佳
倾角进行了计算和分析 .结果表明 ,除了直接辐射量占总辐射量比例较大的地区以外 ,一般全年最
佳倾角总小于当地纬度 .当方位角增大时 ,倾斜面上辐射量要减少 ,这在高纬度地区尤其明显 . 因
此 ,必须选择合适的倾角 ,以尽量减少太阳辐射量的损失 . 结果还发现 ,倾斜面方位角与全年最佳倾
角的关系曲线和太阳电池的 I -V 特性曲线形状相似 .
: 太阳能 ; 太阳辐射 ; 最佳倾角 ; 方位角
: T K 511 : A

Calculation of Solar Radiation on Variously Oriented Tilted

Surface and Optimum Tilt Angle
Y AN G J in -huan , M AO J ia -jun , CH EN Zhong -hua
( Dept. of Info rmatio n& Computing Sci ence,
Shang hai Univ. of Elect ri c Pow er, Shanghai 200090, Chi na)

Abstract: Acco rdi ng t o t he ani so tro pic Hay 's model of the sky-di ff use radiatio n and the calculati on of sola r
radi atio n of tilt ed surface, a ma thematical equati on f or ex pli cit calcula ti on of the o pti mum ti lt angle on a
tilt ed surface tow ard the equato r during heating season w as dev elo ped. Mo nthly m ean daily so la r radiati on
o n ti lted surface and the o pti mum til t ang le fo r va rio us a zim uth ang le of til ted surf ace i n so me regio ns of
Chi na w ere calculat ed and analy zed, The result s sho w that , yearly o pti mum ti lt a ngl e is usually smal ler
than local lati t ude, ex cept tho se areas w here pro po rtio n o f beam radia tion t o to tal radi atio n is qui te g rea t.
When azimuth ang le increases, the radia tion o n tilt ed surf ace w ill decrease , w hi ch is qui te o bvious at high
la tit ude. So , selecting co rrect til t angle is abso lutely necessary in order to decrease t he damage in sola r ra-
dia tion. The resul ts also show tha t the curves of relatio nship betw een t he azimuth angle of tilt ed surface
and the o pti mum til t a ng le are v ery simila r t o the characteristic curv es of sola r cell.
Key words: so la r energ y; so la r radia ti on; o pti mum til t a ng le; azimuth ang le

, , ,
[1 ]
、 ,
. , . ,
, .
.
: 2001-11-12
: ( 1939-) , , , ,
. ,
 7 杨金焕 ,等: 不同方位倾斜面上太阳辐射量及最佳倾角的计算 1033

. ks t ks ,
Hay , , ks t = ks .
, .
. ( 2)
Hd Hb Hd
1 HT = Hb + H o R + 2Ho ( H - H ) ×
b o b

1. 1 ( 1+ cos U) + 1dH ( 1 - co sU) ( 3)

2
,
,
Klei n[2 ] :
, HT U , dH T /dU= 0,
HT Hb t、 H dt
dR b sin U
H rt , = ×
dU 2( 1+ Hd / H o ) H b
. Hd
, , , ( Ho - H b ) - dH ( 4)
Ho
. Ko rona kis[ 3] ,6 Rb U ,
63% , dR b
= sin U[ ( sin hcot U - cos h) co s W si nks -
. , Bug ler dU
5% , Cohen π
ks ( si n h+ cos hcot U) si nW] ×
180
, Ineichen
π - 1
6% [ 4] . , Hay [5 ]、 co shco sWsi nks + sin hsi nW ( 5)
[6 ] [7 ]
180
Klucher 、 Perez
[8, 9 ]
. Jai n Hay H = Hb + Hd ( 6)
. co sks = - tan htan W ( 5) ,
Hay Hb Hb Hb
2 + 2 o 1-
H H H
Uopt = arctan ×
, Hb Hb Hb
+ 1- + ( 1 - d)
H Ho H
Hb 1 1 - Hb ( 1+ cos U)
Hd t = Hd Rb + π
Ho 2 Ho tan2htanks + ks
180
( 1) π ( 7)
: Hb ; tan h t anks - ks
Hd 180
Rb , Ho
H b / H= 0, ,
;U . ,
, Uopt = 0.
( 7) , Uop t≠ 0,
Hb
H T = Hb R b + Hd Rb + .
Ho
“ ” ,ks t≠ks , ,
1 Hb 1
1- ( 1+ cosU) + dH ( 1- cosU) . , , “
2 Ho 2
( 2) ” ,Uopt , ,
: H ;d . ( 7) Uop t .
, , , Uopt ,
HT . ,
1. 2 . 1
( 2) U HT .
, , 9 , U , HT , ,
20 3 20 “ ” , , Uop t .
. h, (h- U) < h, , Hb / H
 1034 上 海 交 通 大 学 学 报 36

( ) , Uopt
h, H b / H ,h Uopt ,
10°
～ 20°( ). 1
Uopt ( ,
) .
Uopt
. ,
,
1 . , ; ,
. ,
Fig. 1 M ean daily so la r radia tio n o n a tilt ed surface as a .
functio n of the tilted ang le fo r the selec ted r egions
1
Tab. 1 Yearly optimum tilt angle and its mean daily solar radiation in some regions of China M J /( m2· d)

/(°) 22. 82 23. 13 29. 70 30. 63 30. 67 31. 17 34. 30 38. 48 43. 78 45. 68
Uo pt /(°) 17 22 33 24 15 27 26 37 38 43

1 9. 30 11. 86 27. 29 10. 56 6. 59 11. 58 10. 69 18. 59 11. 96 13. 52

2 8. 42 9. 49 26. 18 11. 10 7. 69 12. 07 11. 64 20. 38 15. 64 16. 62

3 8. 45 9. 02 24. 79 11. 59 10. 80 13. 01 12. 94 19. 70 16. 80 18. 57

4 10. 98 9. 51 22. 76 13. 46 12. 59 13. 71 14. 48 20. 09 19. 23 17. 28

5 14. 59 11. 73 22. 83 14. 80 13. 75 14. 28 15. 88 20. 43 20. 27 19. 90

6 14. 61 12. 27 21. 94 16. 29 14. 41 13. 71 17. 71 20. 63 19. 73 16. 70

7 15. 91 14. 23 21. 00 18. 30 15. 04 16. 95 16. 92 19. 13 20. 54 15. 80

8 15. 56 14. 27 21. 22 19. 24 14. 76 17. 67 18. 07 19. 97 21. 07 15. 95

9 17. 18 15. 04 23. 10 15. 84 10. 37 13. 74 12. 77 19. 58 20. 57 17. 55

10 15. 15 16. 05 27. 73 13. 98 7. 96 13. 91 11. 89 19. 98 18. 73 16. 25

11 13. 31 15. 52 28. 45 12. 03 6. 90 12. 76 10. 77 19. 25 13. 43 13. 81

12 10. 82 13. 53 27. 30 10. 54 6. 09 11. 63 10. 09 17. 77 9. 26 11. 54

12. 86 12. 71 24. 55 13. 97 10. 58 13. 75 13. 65 19. 63 17. 22 15. 90

π - 1

2 2 cos hco sWsi nks + si n hsin W

180
( 8)
. , , 、 :V , 0, ,
, . ; ksr kss ,
, Klei n [2 ]
, :
[10 ] [12, 13 ]
, ks

π ks r = - mi n AB ±
2
A - B + 1
2

180 (k - k ) si n W( si nhco sU-

Rb = ss sr a rcco s 2
A + 1
( 9)
co s hsi nUco sV) + cosW( sinkss - sinksr ) × ks
( cos hco sU+ si nhsinU cos V) + kss = min 2 2
arccos AB ± A - B + 1
2
A + 1
( cos kss - co sksr ) cosW si n Usi nV ×
V < 0, ksr AB , ks s
AB ; V> 0 . :
 7 杨金焕 ,等: 不同方位倾斜面上太阳辐射量及最佳倾角的计算 1035

co sh sin h D=
2
b+ c
2
A= +
si n Vta nU t anV
( 10) , U= 0( , V= 0) ,
cos h sin h
B = ta nW tan V- sin Vt an U ( 11)
, ( 9)、 ( 10) , U= ksr = kss = ks = a rcco s( - tan Wt anh)
0 V= 0 ,A B , , ( 11) R b= 1, ( 2)
. V , H = Hb + Hd
, . Bushell
[ 13] .
, V= 0 , ( 11) ( 9) ,
.
ks ,
kss = mi n a c .
a rcco s - + a rcsin
D D ,
ks , 2. ,
ksr = - min (V= 0) ,
- arccos - a + arcsi n c
D D V , HT . ,
( 11) ( V 0
: 80°, H T 14% ) ,
a= sin W( si n hco sU- cos hsin U co sV) ( 57% ) .
b= co sW( co shco sU+ sin hsi n Ucos V) .
c= cos Wsin U sin V
2 ,
Tab. 2 Yearly mean daily solar radiation f or the dif ferent azimuth at optimum tilt angle in some regions of Ch ina
M J /( m2· d)
V/ (°)
0 12. 86 12. 71 24. 55 13. 97 10. 58 13. 75 13. 65 19. 63 17. 22 15. 90
10 12. 83 12. 67 24. 34 13. 91 10. 56 13. 68 13. 59 19. 43 17. 01 15. 69
20 12. 76 12. 56 23. 71 13. 74 10. 52 13. 47 13. 40 18. 83 16. 40 15. 07
30 12. 64 12. 37 22. 68 13. 47 10. 46 13. 14 13. 12 17. 88 15. 44 14. 09
40 12. 49 12. 12 21. 33 13. 12 10. 37 12. 71 12. 75 16. 64 14. 25 12. 81
50 12. 32 11. 84 19. 77 12. 73 10. 28 12. 22 12. 33 15. 21 12. 90 11. 35
60 12. 13 11. 53 18. 13 12. 31 10. 18 11. 70 11. 88 13. 70 11. 47 9. 86
70 11. 95 11. 23 16. 51 11. 89 10. 08 11. 18 11. 44 12. 20 10. 05 8. 28
80 11. 79 10. 94 15. 00 11. 51 9. 99 10. 69 11. 02 10. 80 8. 74 6. 86
90 11. 64 10. 69 13. 68 11. 17 9. 91 10. 26 10. 66 9. 56 7. 58 5. 61

, V ,
U, ,
V . 2
V Uopt . ,V 0°
～
90°
, Uop t I -V
.
2 , ,
, ,
, . 90°
2
( ) , .
Fig . 2 Y ea rly optimum tilt ang le as a function o f the differ -
,
ent a zimuth for the selected regio ns o f China
.
 1036 上 海 交 通 大 学 学 报 36

1993, 3( 4, 5): 373- 380.

3 [ 5] Hay J E. Ca lcula tio n of mo nthly mean so la r radia tion
fo r ho rizo ntal a nd inclined surface [ J]. Solar Energy,
( 1)
1979, 23( 4): 301- 307.
.
[ 6 ] K luch er T M. Ev alua tio n of models to predict insola-
( 2) “ ”,
tion o n tilted sur faces [ J ]. Solar Energy, 1979, 23
. ( 2): 111- 114.
, [ 7 ] Pe rez R, Stewa rt R, Arbog ast C. An a nisotr opic
, , ho urly diffuse radiation model for slo ping surfaces:
. description, per for mance v alida tio n, site dependency
( 3) , , ev alua tion [ J ]. Solar Energy, 1986, 36( 6): 481- 497.
, . [ 8 ] Abdelrahman M A, Elhadidy M A. Comparison of

( 4) 0°
～ 90°, calculated a nd mea sur ed va lues o f tota l radia tio n on
titled sur faces in Dhah ran, Saudi Arabia [ J ]. Solar
I- V ,
Energy , 1986, 37( 3): 239- 243.
, ,
[ 9 ] Jain P C. M odeling o f the diffuse radia tio n in envi-
.
r onment co nscio us architec ture: the pro blem and its
( 5) , . ma nag ement [ J]. Solar & Wind Technology, 1989, 6
( 4): 493- 500.
:
[ 10 ] Ander sen P. Comm ents on “ Calcula tio n of monthly
[ 1 ] . [ J ]. av erag e insolatio n o n tilted sur faces” by S. A. Klein
, 1992, 13( 1): 86- 92. [ J]. Solar Energy, 1980, 25( 3): 287.
Y AN G Jin-huan. Analysis o f o ptimum tilted a ng le [ 11 ] , . [ J ].
fo r fix ed pho tov oltaic a rr ay [ J ]. Acta Energiae So- , 1988, 9( 4): 369- 375.
laris Sinica , 1992, 13( 1): 86- 92. T AN G Run-sheng , L U En-r ong. Selecting of o pti-
[ 2 ] Klein S A. Calculato n o f mo nth ly av e rag e insolatio n mum tilted a ng le fo r solar collecto rs [ J]. Acta Ener-
on tilted sur faces [ J]. Solar Energy, 1977, 19( 4): 325 giae Solaris Sinica, 1988, 9( 4): 369- 375.
- 329. [12] Gopinathan K K. So la r radia tio n o n va rio usly o rient-
[ 3 ] K or onakis P S. On the choice of the a ng le o f tilt fo r ed slo ping surfaces [ J]. Solar Energy, 1991, 47 ( 3):
south facing solar co llecto rs in th e Athens Basin ar ea 173- 179.
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Bayes
连 军, 林忠钦 , 来新民 , 姚福生 , 陈关龙
( , 200030)

: 针对复杂机械产品制造业广泛存在的大批量生产、小样本检 测的特点 ,在 采用矩法由历史测 量数据构造产

品合格率 参数先验分布 的基础上 ,提出一 种综合历史 数据与当 前小样本信 息进行合格 率估计的 Bay es算法 ,建立
了动态递推模型 ,实现了合格率的准确估计 .采用 统计仿真的方法对 动态估计精度进行 了分析 ,给出 了依据离线测
量数据进行合格率评估的计算实例 .结果表明 ,所 提出的方法是有效 而且实用的 ,为质量问题的及时 发现和控制提
供了依据 .