PHARMACOLOGY 1

PHARMACOLOGY
INTRODUCTION OF BLOOD PRESSURE :-

Blood pressure is the force of blood against the arteries. An individual should maintain a
normal blood pressure from 90 – 120 / 60 – 80 mm Hg. Blood pressure is given by two
numbers, with one above or before the other – 120/80.120 – This is called systolic pressure
and 80 – This is called diastolic pressure.Blood pressure readings are made up of two values:
• Systolic blood pressure is the pressure when the heart beats – while the heart muscle
is contracting (squeezing) and pumping oxygen-rich blood into the blood vessels.
• Diastolic blood pressure is the pressure on the blood vessels when the heart muscle
relaxes. The diastolic pressure is always lower than the systolic pressure.
Blood pressure is measured in units of millimeters of mercury (mmHg).
When your blood pressure is not within a normal range, it puts you at risk of serious health
problems including heart attack and stroke. High blood pressure is generally a greater risk.
It's called hypertension. Low blood pressure is called hypotension.
Drugs used to treat hypertension are :-
1. Metasartan CH25
2. Lotrel
3. Tenoretic
4. Lotensin HCT
5. Amlodipine
PHARMACOLOGY OF METASARTAN CH25 :-
Metosartan 25 Tablet 10's is a combination of two blood pressure-lowering medicines:
Telmisartan and Metoprolol. Telmisartan belongs to the class of drugs called Angiotensin II
receptor antagonists. It works by blocking the angiotensin II receptor, thereby relaxing the
blood vessels and lowering the blood pressure.
Mechanism of action of Metoprolol :
Beta-2 Receptors Are Responsible for The Stimulation Of Heart Rate And Contractility.
Metoprolol Blocks These Beta-2 Receptors Thus Lowering the Blood Pressure and
Maintaining The Normal Heart Rate And Rhythm.
Mechanism of action of Telmisartan :
Telmisartan Blocks the action of a substance (angiotensin II) responsible for narrowing of the
blood vessels. Thus, it causes the widening of blood vessels and lowering of the Blood Pressure.
Directions for Use :-
Swallow Metosartan 25 Tablet 10's as a whole with a glass of water. Do not crush, break or
chew it. Metosartan 25 Tablet 10's can be taken with or without food. Based on your medical
condition your doctor will advise the dose and duration.
Storage :-
Store in a cool and dry place away from sunlight
Side Effects of Metosartan 25 Tablet :-
• Headache
• Tiredness
• Dizziness
• Slow heart rate
• Stomach pain
• Nausea
• Vomiting
# Fig :-4.1
INTRODUCTION OF BLOOD SUGAR
Blood glucose, or blood sugar, is the main sugar found in your blood. It is your body's
primary source of energy. Your body breaks down most of that food into glucose and releases
it into your bloodstream. When your blood glucose goes up, it signals your pancreas to
release insulin. Insulin is a hormone that helps the glucose get into your cells to be used for
energy.
Diabetes is a disease in which your blood glucose levels are too high. When you have
diabetes, your body doesn't make enough insulin, can't use it as well as it should, or both. Too
much glucose stays in your blood and doesn't reach your cells .Normal range of sugar :-
• Before a meal: 80 to 130 mg/dL
• Two hours after the start of a meal: Less than 180 mg/dL
The most common way to check your blood glucose level at home is with a blood glucose
meter. A blood glucose meter measures the amount of glucose in a small sample of blood,
usually from your fingertip.
High blood glucose is called hyperglycemia . It is of two types -type 1 and type 2 diabeties.
Symptoms that your blood glucose levels may be too high include:
• Feeling thirsty
• Feeling tired or weak
• Headache
• Urinating (peeing) often
• Blurred vision
Hypoglycemia, also called low blood glucose, happens when your blood glucose level drops
below what is healthy for you . For many people with diabetes, this means a blood glucose
reading lower than 70 mg/dL. The symptoms can be different for everyone, but they may
include:
• Shaking
• Sweating
• Nervousness or anxiety
• Irritability or confusion
• Dizziness
• Hunger
Drugs used to treat hyperglycemia type 1 diabeties :-
1. Novorapid
2. Lantus
3. Novolin R
4. Humulin R
5. Aspart
Pharmacology of insulin Novorapid :-
NovoRapid is usually given immediately before a meal, although it may be given after
a meal if necessary. The usual dose is between 0.5 and 1.0 units per kilogram body
weight per day.
Insulin aspart binds to the insulin receptor (IR), a heterotetrameric protein consisting
of two extracellular alpha units and two transmembrane beta units. The binding of
insulin to the alpha subunit of IR stimulates the tyrosine kinase activity intrinsic to the
beta subunit of the receptor. The bound receptor autophosphorylates and
phosphorylates numerous intracellular substrates such as insulin receptor substrates
(IRS) proteins, Cbl, APS, Shc and Gab 1. Activation of these proteins leads to the
activation of downstream signaling molecules including PI3 kinase and Akt. Akt
regulates the activity of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and protein kinase C (PKC),
both of which play critical roles in metabolism and catabolism. In humans, insulin is
stored in the form of hexamers; however, only insulin monomers are able to interact
with IR. Substitution of the proline residue at B28 with aspartic acid reduces the
tendency to form hexamers and results in a faster rate of absorption and onset of
action and shorter duration of action.
Pharmacodynamic of Novorapid :-
Insulin is a natural hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreas. In non-diabetic
individuals, a basal level of insulin is supplemented with insulin spikes following
meals. Postprandial insulin spikes are responsible for the metabolic changes that occur
as the body transitions from a postabsorptive to absorptive state. Insulin promotes
cellular uptake of glucose, particularly in muscle and adipose tissues, promotes
energy storage via glycogenesis, opposes catabolism of energy stores, increases DNA
replication and protein synthesis by stimulating amino acid uptake by liver, muscle
and adipose tissue, and modifies the activity of numerous enzymes involved in
glycogen synthesis and glycolysis. Insulin also promotes growth and is required for
the actions of growth hormone (e.g. protein synthesis, cell division, DNA synthesis).
Insulin aspart is a rapid-acting insulin analogue used to mimic postprandial insulin
spikes in diabetic individuals. The onset of action of insulin aspart is 10-15 minutes.
Its activity peaks 60-90 minutes following subcutaneous injection and its duration of
action is 4-5 hours.
Pharmacology of insulin lantus :-

Lantus is classified as a long-acting insulin.
Insulin glargine binds to the insulin receptor (IR), a heterotetrameric protein
consisting of two extracellular alpha units and two transmembrane beta units. The
binding of insulin to the alpha subunit of IR stimulates the tyrosine kinase activity
intrinsic to the beta subunit of the receptor. The bound receptor autophosphorylates
and phosphorylates numerous intracellular substrates such as insulin receptor
substrates (IRS) proteins, Cbl, APS, Shc and Gab 1. Activation of these proteins leads
to the activation of downstream signalling molecules including PI3 kinase and Akt.
Akt regulates the activity of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and protein kinase C
(PKC), both of which play critical roles in metabolism. Insulin glargine is completely
soluble at pH 4, the pH of administered solution, and has low solubility at
physiological pH 7.4. Upon subcuteous injection, the solution is neutralized resulting
in the formation of microprecipitates. Small amounts of insulin glargine are released
from microprecipitates giving the drug a relatively constant concentration over time
profile over 24 hours with no pronounced peak. This release mechanism allows the
drug to mimic basal insulin levels within the body.
Pharmacodynamics of Lantus:-
Insulin is a natural hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreas. In non-diabetic
individuals, the pancreas produces a continuous supply of low levels of basal insulin
along with spikes of insulin following meals. Increased insulin secretion following
meals is responsible for the metabolic changes that occur as the body transitions from
a postabsorptive to absorptive state. Insulin promotes cellular uptake of glucose,
particularly in muscle and adipose tissues, promotes energy storage via glycogenesis,
opposes catabolism of energy stores, increases DNA replication and protein synthesis
by stimulating amino acid uptake by liver, muscle and adipose tissue, and modifies
the activity of numerous enzymes involved in glycogen synthesis and glycolysis.
Insulin also promotes growth and is required for the actions of growth hormone (e.g.
protein synthesis, cell division, DNA synthesis). Insulin glargine is a long-acting
insulin analogue with a flat and predictable action profile. It is used to mimic the basal
levels of insulin in diabetic individuals.
Common Side Effects

• Hypoglycemia (low blood glucose level)
• Injection site allergic reaction
• Lipodystrophy (skin thickening or pits at the injection site)
• Weight gain
• Edema (swelling)
#Fig :- 4.2 #Fig :- 4.3

CONCLUSION
Overall the evidence indicates that the patient reporting of suspected adr has more potential
benefits than drawbacks. The adr that is reported are previously reported during Retrospective
study. Clinical pharmacist has an important role in identifying adr ,educating health care
professionals , designing strategies to improve adverse effect reporting rate .
LIST OF FIGURES
FIG NO. CONTENT PAGE NO.
1.1 Hair conditioner ingredients
1.2 Ts of curry leaves
1.3 Ts of fenugreek seed
1.4 TLC Plates of curry leaves
1.5 TLC Plate of fenugreek seed
2.1 Structure of Benzoic acid
2.2 IR Spectra of Benzoic acid
3.1 Picture of shampoo
3.2 Types of shampoo
3.3 Formulation of shampoo
3.4 Prepared formulation
4.1 Tablet Metasartan 25
4.2 Lantus Insulin
4.3 Novaripd Insulin
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO. CONTENT PAGE NO.
1.1 Introduction of ingredients
1.2 Macroscopy result
1.3 Result of Phytochemical Screening
of Conditioner
1.4 Result of Standardization
Parameters
1.5 Result of Evaluation Parameters
2.1 Procedure of Limit Test of
Chlorides
2.2 Biurette Reading
2.3 Results and Observations
2.4 IR Values
3.1 Formulation of shampoo

PHARMACOLOGY 1

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PHARMACOLOGY

INTRODUCTION OF BLOOD PRESSURE :-

• Before a meal: 80 to 130 mg/dL

Pharmacology of insulin lantus :-

Common Side Effects

#Fig :- 4.2 #Fig :- 4.3

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