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    Document 12 (2)

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    Document 12 (2)

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    NAME=ANUPAM UPADHYAY

    ROLL NUMBER=14

    COURSE= BCA

    SUBJECT= PROBLEM SOLVING USING


    PYTHON
    FACULTY=SANJIV AGARWAL
    Q1. Write Shorts Notes on
    (i) Generation of computer
    (ii)Generation of programming
    language
    Ans(i). There is five generation of
    computer from 1940 to 1971 onward
    (a).FIRST GENERATION(1940-1956)
    TECNOLOGY:Vacuum tubes

    Key features:huge size,high electricity,and


    limiting processing speed

    Memory:Magnetic drums

    Ex:UNVIC,ENIAC,EDVAC

    (b).SECOND GENERATION(1959-1965):
    TECNOLOGY:Transistors

    Key features:Smaller,faster,and more reilabe than


    first-generation computer

    Mermory: Magnetic tapes and Magnetic disks

    Ex: PDRD SEP-8,IBM1401,CDC1604

    Programming languages: Fortran,cobol,algol

    (c).THIRD GENERATION(1965-1971):
    TECNOLOGY: Intergrated Circuits(ICs)

    Key features : Further size reduction,increased speed


    and effciency,better mermory managment,

    Mermory: single chip of silicon

    Programming language: PL/1,PASCAL,BASIC

    Memory:IBM 370,PDP11

    (d). FOURTH GENERATION(1971-1980)


    Key features: Personal computer,compact,highly
    efficient with the use of chips containing thousands of
    integrated circiuts

    TECNOLOGY:Microprocessors

    Mermory: Semiconductor resulting in large random


    acess memories

    Programing language:UNIX operating system and


    Cprogrming lanuages

    (e).FIFTH GENERATION(1980 ONWARDS)


    TECNOLOGY:Ultra large scale integrated (ULSI)

    KEY features:Parallel processing,faster processing


    speed ,based on artificial intelligence

    Ex : AI-driven, quantum computers

    Programing_language:Advanced_programing
    language like prolog, python

    (ii)GENERATION OF PROGRAMING
    LANGUAGE:
    1. first generation:

    Language type:Machine language

    Key features:Written in binary(0s


    and1s),directly understood by computers

    Usage:computers,low-level,hardware
    specific

    Ex:Binary code(101101)

    2.Second generation:

    Language type:Assembly language

    Key features: Uses shotcodes or


    mnemonics instesd of binary,needs an
    assembler to convert to machine language

    Usage:General-purpose programming for


    applications and software

    Ex:C,Java,python
    3.Third Generation

    Language type:High-level languages

    Key Features:Closer to human


    languages,easier to read and a write

    Usage:General-purpose programing for


    application and software

    Ex:C,python

    4.Fourth Generation

    Language type: Declarative languages

    Key features:Focuses on what needs to be


    done rather than how,abstract and user-
    friendly.

    Usage:Database_management,reports

    Generation

    Ex:SQL,MATLAB
    5.Fifth Generation

    Language_type:AI_and_logic-based
    languages

    Key feartures:Allows the system to solve


    problems on its own

    Usage:AI,experts systems,neural networks

    Ex:Prolog,lisp

    Q2.Explain the different components of


    computer

    Ans. Main components of computer

    1.CPU(central processing unit):

    The brain of the computer that processing


    data and instruction

    2. Memory(RAM)
    Tempory storage for data in use;it’s fast but
    clear when the computer if off.

    3.Storage (Hard drive/ssd)

    Long-term storage for file and


    programs,retains data even when off

    4.Input devices

    Tools that takes inputs for processing(e.g;


    keyword,mouse)

    5.Output devices:

    Tools to display or produce


    data(e.g;monitor,speakers)

    6.GPU(Graphics processing unit)

    Handles visual output like images and


    videos
    Q3: let’s say we have a garden that is 10 mtr
    long and 5 mtr wide and we want to
    calculate its area and perimeter. Write an
    algorithm and draw a flow chart for the
    same.

    Ans.source code
    length=10

    width=5

    area=length*wide

    Perimeter=2*(length+width)

    Print(“The area of the gerden is ”,area)

    Print(“The perimeter of the gerden


    is ”,perimeter)

    Algorithm

    Step1:start
    Step2: input the value of length of garden

    Step3: input the value of width of garden

    Step4: calculate area=length*width

    Step5:calculate_perimeter=2*(length+width
    )

    Step6: print the area of garden as, area

    Step7: print the perimeter of garden


    as,perimeter

    Step8: Ends

    Flow chat of area and perimeter of garden


    Q4: Imagine you are organizing a shelf of
    books in a library. The books are numbered,
    and you realize that two books are out of
    order: Book A (with number 5) and Book B
    (with number 3). You need to swap their
    posions to get them in the correct order.
    Write an algorithm and flowchart for the
    same.

    Ans. Algorithm to swap the positons of two


    books
    Step1. Start

    Step2. Enter the value of first book as,A=5

    Step3.Enter the value of second book as,B=3

    Step4. Assign the value of A as c=A and


    assign the value of Bas B=A

    Step5. Assign B=c

    Step6. print the value of A

    Step7. print the value of B

    Step8. Ends
    Q5. Write a Python program to calculate
    compound interest.

    Ans.

    princ=float(input(“Enter the principal


    amount”))

    rate=float(input(“Enter the rate of interest”))

    time=float(input(“Enter the time of years”))

    n=float(input(“enter the no.of times


    interest”))

    rate=rate/100

    amount=principal*(1+rate/n)**(n*time)

    C_I=amount-principal

    Print(‘coumpond interset of amount:’,C_I)


    Q6: Explain debugging and types of error in
    Python.

    Ans.Debugging is process of finding and


    fixing errors or bugs in the source code of any
    software for ensure it for runs correctly

    Type of Errors in python.

    1.NameErrors: This Error raises when


    identifier is not defined

    Message: NameError;name’variable_name’
    is defined

    2. IndexError: this Error that occurs when


    python interpeter pares yuor code and find
    incorrects code that does not conform

    Message:SyntaxError:invalid syntax

    3.IndexError: The IndexError is thrown when


    trying to access an item at an invalid index.
    4.Runtime Error: Happen during executon,
    often due to invalid operatons

    5.LogicalError: They occurs when the


    program runs without crashing,but produces
    an incorrect result

    Message: No specific error,but output is


    wrong

    Q7.Design a flowchart and algorithm to


    check whether the entered year is a leap
    year or not.

    Ans. Algorithm to check for a leap year

    Step1: start

    Step2: Enter the value of Year whose leap


    year you want to check as Y

    Step3:check(Y%4==0 and (Y%100!=0 or


    Y%400==0)) go to step 4
    Step4: print leap year ,Y

    Step5: print this is not a leap year

    Step6: END

    Flowchart for cheking a leap year


    START

    enter the year


    asY

    (Y%4==0and

    (Y%100!=0or Y%400==0)

    print ''Y" is a print ''Y" is a


    leap year not leap year

    END

    Q8:Explain the memory hierarchy of a


    computer in detail
    Ans.Memory Hieracy of a computer

    1.Registers: register are small,high-speed


    memory units located in the cpu

    2.Cache Mermory:Cache memory ,fast


    memory unit located close to the cpu. It
    stores frequently used data and instruction
    that have been recently acessed from the
    main memory

    3.Main memory: main memory is also know


    as RAM ,is the primary memory of a computer
    system

    4.Secondry_memory:secondry
    storage,such as hard disk drives and solid-
    state drives is a volatile memory unit that has
    a larger storage capacity than main memory.
    5.Magnetic Disk: it is the simply circular
    plates that are fabricated with either a metal
    or a plastic .

    6.Magnetic Tap: it is simply a magnetic


    recording device that is covered with a
    plactic film.It is generally used for the backup
    of data.

    Q9:Design a flowchart and algorithm to


    find greatest between four numbers.

    Ans.Algorithm to find the greatest among 4


    number

    Step1: start
    Step2:Enter the four number as A,B,C,D

    Step3: Check(A>BandA>CandA>D)if it true


    than go to step 4 and if it false go to step5

    Step4:PRINT”A”is greastest number


    Step5:Check(B>AandB>Cand B>D)if it true
    than go to step 6 and if it false go to step 7

    Step6: print”B” is greastest number

    Step7: Check(C>AandC>Band C>D)if it true


    than go to step 8 and if it false go to step 9

    Step8: print”C” is greastest number

    Step9: print”D” is greastest number

    Step10:END

    Flowchart for Finding the Greatest


    Number:
    start

    enter value
    asA,B,C,D

    A>BandA
    >CandA>

    B>Aand
    PRINT B>Cand
    A
    PRINT D
    IS
    PRINT B IS
    GREASTE
    GREASTEST

    END

    Que 10. Convert the following: i.


    (1011.101)2 = ( )10
    (ii).(1011101)2 = ()10

    (iii)(231)10=() 2

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